Air University Anthony J. Cotton, Lieutenant General, Commander and President

Air Command and Staff College Brian Hastings, Colonel, Commandant Bart R. Kessler, PhD, Dean of Distance Learning Robert J. Smith, Jr., Colonel, PhD, Dean of Resident Programs Michelle E. Ewy, Lieutenant Colonel, PhD, Director of Research Liza D. Dillard, Major, Series Editor, Essay Advisor

Selection Committee Kristopher J. Kripchak, Major Michael K. Hills, Lieutenant Colonel, PhD Barbara Salera, PhD Jonathan K. Zartman, PhD

Please send inquiries or comments to Editor The Wright Flyer Papers Department of Research and Publications (ACSC/DER) Air Command and Staff College 225 Chennault Circle, Bldg. 1402 Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6426 Tel: (334) 953-3558 Fax: (334) 953-2269 E-mail: [email protected] AIR UNIVERSITY AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE

Cognitive Radio Cloud Networks Assured Access in the Future Electromagnetic Operating Environment

Lawrence O. Jones Major, USMC

Wright Flyer Paper No. 63

Air University Press Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Project Editors Accepted by Air University Press in October 2016, Belinda Bazinet published in October 2018 Maranda Gilmore

Copy Editor Carolyn B. Underwood

Cover Art, Book Design, and Illustrations Daniel Armstrong

Composition and Prepress Production Vivian D. O’Neal Print Preparation and Distribution Diane Clark

Disclaimer AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of Director and Publisher the author and do not necessarily represent the Dr. Ernest Allan Rockwell views of the Air University Press, Air University, the , the Department of De- fense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited.

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Air University Press Contents

List of Illustrations v Foreword vii About the Author ix Abstract xi Introduction 1 Thesis 2 The Problem 3 Contested 4 Congested 5 DOD Growing Spectrum Requirements 7 The Solution 8 Cognitive Radios 9 Cloud Computing 12 Cognitive Radio Cloud Networks—the Best of Both Worlds 14 Getting to the Finish Line 15 Moving Forward with Cognitive Radios 16 Slowing Down in Cloud Computing 16 Always Leaning Forward 16 Recommendation 17 Conclusion 17 Notes 17 Abbreviations 21 Bibliography 23

iii

Illustrations

Figure

1 JTRS increment 1 tactical networking capability 1 2 Constraint on the EMS 3 3 Proportion of population 6 4 DOD spectrum requirements 7 5 DOD electromagnetic spectrum 9 6 Haykin’s cognitive radio and Boyd’s OODA Loop 10 7 Dynamic spectrum access 11 8 Distributed Common Ground System–Army 13 9 Global public cloud market size forecast, 2011–20 14

v

Foreword

It is my great pleasure to present another issue of the Wright Flyer Papers. Through thisseries, Air Command and Staff College presents a sampling of exemplary research produced by our residence and distance- learning students. This series has long showcased the kindof visionary thinking that drove the aspirations and activities of the earliest aviation pioneers. Thisyear’s selection of essays admirably extends that tradition. As the series title indicates, these papers aim to present cutting-edge, ac- tionable knowledge—research that addresses some of the most complex security and defense challenges facing us today. Recently, the Wright Flyer Papers transitioned to an exclusively elec- tronic publication format. It is our hope that our migration from print editions to an