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Turkmenistan: Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft Und Alltagsleben

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Turkmenistan: Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft Und Alltagsleben Turkmenistan: Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Alltagsleben Kameltreiber mit Kamelen in der turkmenischen Wüste. Hendrik Meurs DLR Projektträger Bonn Gießen, 2020 1 Zusammenfassung Im Süden Zentralasiens gelegen, gilt Turkmenistan als einer der verschlossensten Staaten der Welt. Etwa 90 bis 95% des Landes beherrscht die Karakum Wüste. Turkmenistan verfügt über die viertgrößten Gasreserven der Welt, deren Export die ökonomische Grundlage des allein auf die Machterhaltung des Präsidenten gerichteten politischen Systems bildet. Basierend auf einer Vielzahl öffentlich zugänglicher sowie bisher unveröffentlichter Daten zeichnet der Bericht ein aktuelles Bild von Staat, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Alltag Turkmenistans. Redaktionsschluss des vorliegenden Berichts: 15. Juni 2019. Vorwort Die vorliegende Studie ist das Ergebnis einer langjährigen Beschäftigung des Verfassers mit dem Staat und der Gesellschaft Turkmenistans. Laufend aktualisiert standen die hier zusammengetragenen Informationen der interessierten Öffentlichkeit bisher im Rahmen des Länder-Informations-Portals der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH zur Verfügung. Um diese einzigartige Dokumentation über eines der unbekanntesten Länder der Erde dauerhaft zugänglich zu halten, veröffentlicht sie die Gießener Elektronische Bibliothek als Forschungsbericht. Ich wünsche mir, dass sie einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zur Information dient und die weitere wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit Turkmenistan anregt. Prof. Dr. Martin Petrick Zentrum für internationale Entwicklungs- und Umweltforschung (ZEU) Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Mai 2020 Über den Autor Dr. Hendrik Meurs hat nach seinem Studium der Geographie in Bonn und London am Lehrstuhl für Anthropogeographie in Heidelberg über die Politische Geographie Turkmenistans promoviert. Hierzu führten ihn zahlreiche teils längere Forschungs- und Arbeitsaufenthalte in sämtliche Länder Zentralasiens und dort insbesondere nach Turkmenistan. Seit 2014 ist er als Wissenschaftlicher Referent beim DLR- Projektträger fachlicher Ansprechpartner für die Zusammenarbeit mit den zentralasiatischen Staaten, dem Iran und der Mongolei. Dr. Hendrik Meurs Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) Telefon 0228-3821-1944 | Telefax 0228-3821-1408 | [email protected] DLR-PT.de | Internationales-buero.de 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................................... 2 Vorwort ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Über den Autor ............................................................................................................................ 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................ 3 1 Überblick .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Übersichtskarten ................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Lage und Größe ................................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Landesimpressionen .......................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Grunddaten ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Naturräumliche Gegebenheiten ...................................................................................... 11 1.5.1 Rohstoffe .................................................................................................................. 12 1.6 Ökologische Probleme .................................................................................................... 13 1.6.1 Wasser und Wasserkonflikte .................................................................................... 13 1.6.2 Naturschutzgebiete ................................................................................................... 16 1.7 Sozialgeographische Gegebenheiten .............................................................................. 16 1.7.1 Siedlungsgeschichte und Architektur ...................................................................... 16 1.7.2 Verkehrsinfrastruktur ............................................................................................... 34 1.8 Flagge, Wappen, Hymne und Eid ................................................................................... 35 1.8.1 Nationalflagge .......................................................................................................... 35 1.8.2 Staatswappen ............................................................................................................ 36 Literaturhinweis Kapitel 1 .................................................................................................... 37 2 Geschichte und Staat .............................................................................................................. 38 2.1 Besonderheiten der Landesgeschichte ............................................................................ 38 2.1.1 Bis zur russischen Eroberung 1881.......................................................................... 39 2.1.2 Entstehung des heutigen Staates: 1881 bis 1991 ..................................................... 47 2.1.3 Die Ära Niyazov 1991-2006 .................................................................................... 51 2.1.4 Die Ära Berdimuhamedow seit 2006 ....................................................................... 53 2.2 Der turkmenische Staat ................................................................................................... 57 2.3 Innenpolitische Themen .................................................................................................. 58 2.3.1 Machtpolitik und Dynastiebildung .......................................................................... 58 2.3.2 Wahlen ..................................................................................................................... 59 2.3.3 Medien und Medienpolitik ....................................................................................... 61 2.3.4 Meinungs- und Informationsfreiheit ........................................................................ 65 3 2.3.5 Gefängnispolitik ....................................................................................................... 66 2.3.6 Menschenrechte ....................................................................................................... 69 2.3.7 Korruption ................................................................................................................ 74 2.3.8 Personenkult ............................................................................................................. 74 2.4 Außenpolitische Themen ................................................................................................ 78 2.4.1 Neutralitätspolitik..................................................................................................... 78 2.4.2 Turkmenistan im regionalen und internationalen Kontext ...................................... 80 Literaturhinweis Kapitel 2 .................................................................................................... 86 3 Wirtschaft und Entwicklung .................................................................................................. 88 3.1 Wirtschaft ........................................................................................................................ 88 3.1.1 Grundlagen des turkmenischen Wirtschaftssystems................................................ 88 3.1.2 Wirtschaftsindikatoren ............................................................................................. 88 3.1.3 Wirtschaftspolitik und strukturelle Probleme .......................................................... 89 3.1.4 Handel und Handelsbilanz ....................................................................................... 97 3.1.5 Erdgas ..................................................................................................................... 101 3.1.6 Landwirtschaft ....................................................................................................... 103 3.2 Entwicklung und Entwicklungspolitik .......................................................................... 112 3.2.1 Internationale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ........................................................ 112 3.2.2 Deutsche Entwicklungs- und Hilfsorganisationen ................................................. 113 Literaturhinweis Kapitel 3 .................................................................................................. 115 4 Gesellschaft und Kultur ....................................................................................................... 116 4.1 Gesellschaftsstruktur ..................................................................................................... 116 4.1.1 Makrosoziale Struktur ............................................................................................ 116 4.1.2 Minderheiten .........................................................................................................
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