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From Victorian to Modernist: the Changing Perceptions of Japanese Architecture Encapsulated in Wells Coates' Japonisme Dovetailing East and West

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From Victorian to Modernist: the Changing Perceptions of Japanese Architecture Encapsulated in Wells Coates' Japonisme Dovetailing East and West From Victorian to Modernist: the changing perceptions of Japanese architecture encapsulated in Wells Coates' Japonisme dovetailing East and West Anna Elizabeth Basham Submitted as a partial requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy, awarded by the University of the Arts London. Research Centre for Transnational Art, Identity and Nation (TrAIN) Chelsea College of Art and Design University of the Arts London April 2007 Volume 1 - thesis IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl.uk VOLUME 1 2 Acknowledgement For making this research possible I should like to thank: my Director of Studies, Dr. Yuko Kikuchi, and my Second Supervisor, Professor Toshio Watanabe, for all their advice, hard work, and in particular, for their enthusiasm for my research; the University of the Arts London (UAL) for enabling me to study on a full-time basis by awarding me a studentship in 2003 and for financing my research at the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal in September 2004. I should also like to mention the TrAIN (Research Centre for Transnational, Art, Identity and Nation) and thank members and contributors to the stimulating seminars and lectures, which have expanded my horizons. I should also like to thank the following organisations: The Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal, for allowing me to study the Wells Coates Archive and in particular, Andrea Kuckembuck, Collections Reference Assistant, for her help with the examination of the archive; the Hyman Kreitman Research Centre, Tate Britain for access to the Wells Coates files of the Unit One archive; the University of East Anglia for permitting my study ofthe Wells Coates files within the Pritchard Papers. For assistance with my research I should like to thank the staff of the following libraries: UAL, Royal Institute of British Architects, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University College London, Courtauld Institute of Art, the Kent Institute of Art and Design libraries at Canterbury, Maidstone and, in particular, Pauline Sowry and the staff at Rochester. For encouraging my research I should like to thank: Dr Tevfik Balcioglu, Simon Bliss, Phil Gomm, Lynn Hammond. Francine Norris, and Dr Ken Tadashi Oshima with whom I had many fascinating and helpful conversations during his time at SISJACISOAS as a Sainsbury Fellow. My final thanks goes to my partner, William Nash, who has unfailingly read everything I have written. 3 Abstract This thesis chronicles the change in perception of Japanese architecture from the Victorian, where it was little recognised, to an inspiration for inter-war modernist architecture and lifestyle; to record, to a lesser extent, how Japanese art, particularly the way in which it was displayed, underwent a similar renaissance, and the part played by architect-engineer, Wells Coates, in this reversal of opinion. Japanese 'influence' on British design from the mid-1850s until the development of Art Nouveau is genera]]y accepted but during the inter-war period inspiration from Japan is less readily acknowledged. However, this experience continued during the 1920s and 1930s and can be perceived as an important inspiration on modernist design and architecture, as the work of We]]s Coates demonstrates. Born in Tokyo, Coates was an eminent figure within the British modern movement and was responsible for some of the most advanced modernist designs in Britain during the inter-war period. He frequently referred to his formative upbringing in the East and it is palpable that this childhood influence had a profound effect upon his work. Coates was fond of listing the skills he had acquired as a child in Japan and explaining how this Eastern training had been dovetailed into his Western scientific education. He considered Japan to be more advanced than the West in many aspects of design and living; an exemplar for a free, uncluttered, modern lifestyle and an inspiration for modem arc hi tecture. However, Coates was not the only modernist designer in Britain to be inspired by Japan. In this thesis I shaH discuss Coates' dissemination of knowledge relating to Japan and Japanese architecture, analyse the use of features taken from the traditional Japanese domestic dwelling by modernist architects-designers in Britain, and to question whether this Japanese inspiration could be considered a continuation of Japonisme during the inter­ war period. 4 List of figures Exhibiting Japan in Victorian Britain Fig. 1 The Japanese Court at the International Exhibition, London 1862 (Sato & Watanabe, 1991) 80. Fig. 2 The Japanese Village at Alexandra Palace 1875 from The Alexandra Palace Guide, NAL in (Whiteway, 2004) 131. Fig. 3 Costume designs by Charles Ricketts for the 1926 production of The Mikado (Bradshaw, 1926), left: costume design for a lady of the chorus, 417; right: ''The Mikado", 419. Fig. 4 Early 20th century music inspired by Japan Left: In Old Japan by Haydon Augarde, published in 1913, The Lawrence Wright Music Co., 8 Denmark Street, London W.e. centre and right: In a Chinese Temple Garden by Albert W. Ketelbey, published in 1923, Bosworth & Co. Ltd., 8 Heddon Street, London W.l. Fig. 5 Cartoons from Punch depicting the use of Japanese artefacts in the home Left: The ornamental v. the useful, 16 October 1875, 152; right: happy thoughts, 20 July 1889,30. Cartoons from Punch commenting on the Japanese Village, Knightsbridge and The Mikado Fig. 6 An English village from a Japanese point of view, 24 January 1885,47. Fig. 7 Metropolitan improvements no. 6,28 February 1885,97. Fig. 8 The two very fanny japs at the Savoy, 28 March 1885, 145. 'Our Japanneries' cartoons - Punch 1888 Fig. 9 No.6 Lika Joko visits the Law Courts, 14 July 1888,23. Fig. 10 No. 13 Lika Joko goes Yottin, 1 September 1888, 107. Fig. 11 No. 14 Lika Joko at the seaside, 8 September 1888, 119. Fig. 12 Punch's almanack for 1888 - Lika Joko's Pantomine, 6 December 1888. Fig. 13 Punch cartoons depicting Japanese involvement in the 1900 Boxer rebe11ion Left: "Rubbing it in!" 4 July 1900, 11; right: to Pekin! 18 July 1900,47. Fig. 14 Harmsworth History of the World 1907, types of the chief living races of mankind grouped according to physiological relationship, vol. 1.349-351. The Japan-British Exhibition, London 1910 Fig. 15 Japanese architectural models, plate 21. Fig. 16 The Uji ViI1age (Japanese vi11age). British official report, plate 8. Fig. 17 Street scene in Fair Japan. British official report, plate 9 (Hotta-Lister, 1999). The Japan-British Exhibition, London 1910 Fig. 18 Japanese garden (Griffiths, 2(00) 28. Fig. 19 Kyoto Pavilion (Sato & Watanabe, 1991) 159. Fig. 20 Carpenters at White City. Courtesy Yonosuke Mutsu, plate 11 (Hotta­ Lister, 1999). 5 Fig. 21 The Will Adams memorial, Gillingham, Kent Left: Unveiling of Will Adams memorial, Gillingham, 11 May 1934, Chatham, Rochester & Gillingham News, 18 May 1934, Medway Archives; centre: plaque to Will Adams, photograph: Anna Basham; right: the memorial in March 2002, photograph: Anna Basham. Fig. 22 General Ugaki: Japan's deposed leader in his home, Picture Post, 22 October 1938,29. Japanese mon or family crests Fig. 23 WE Nesfield, design for a parapet for the Great Hall, Cloverly Hall, 1865- 1870, Victoria and Albert Museum, illustration no. 7 (Watanabe, 1991) Fig. 24 Japanese mon or family crests (Japanese Design Motifs, 1972) 12. Christopher Dresser and Japanese mon Fig. 25 Solid silver tea and coffee sets 1879 (Halen, 1993) 155. Fig. 26 Illustration depicting mon (Dresser, 1994) 276. Japanese architecture Fig. 27 (Alcock, 1863) opp. 280. Fig. 28 (Conder, 1878) RIBA transactions 179-192. Shoji andfusuma Fig. 29 (Harada, 1936) shoji, 143;fusuma, 151. Josiah Conder - Illustrations from 'Domestic Architecture in Japan' Fig. 30 (Conder, 1886/7) Middle-class Japanese dwelling (xxvii), to face 112. Fig. 31 (Conder, 1886/7) Different arrangement of shelves in recesses (xxviii), to face 112. Fig. 32 Plan, Transactions of the RIBA 1886/7 vol. II, new series. Josiah Conder - Illustrations from 'Domestic Architecture in Japan' Fig. 33 Interior, showing the tokonoma, ventilating friezes, decorated slides, &c (xxix) (Conder, 1886/7) to face 112. Fig. 34 A gentleman's house and garden (xxx) (Conder, 1886/7) to face 112. Christopher Dresser - Illustrations from Japan: Its Architecture, Art and Art Manufactures. Fig. 35 Left: One of the great gateways in the shrine of Nikko, seen from within (Dresser, 1994) fig. 68, 206; right: Gateway at the entrance of the inner court of the shrine of Nikko (Dresser, 1994) fig. 69, 207. Romantic imagery of Japan Fig. 36 Kanaya's house (Bird, 1984) 56. Fig. 37 Prince Hotta's garden in Tokyo (Worswick, 1980) 79. Edward S. Morse - Illustrations from Japanese Homes and their Surroundings. Fig. 38 Plan of a dwelling house in Tokio (Morse, 1961) fig. 97, 113. Fig. 39 Top left: Guest-room fig. 119, 138; top right: Guest-room, with recesses in comer, fig 120, 139; bottom left: Guest-room showing circular window, fig. 6 121, 140; bottom right: Guest-room of a country house (Morse, 1961) fig. 128, 147. Charles Rennie Mackintosh's inspiration from Japan Fig. 40 6 Florentine Terrace, Glasgow 1906, reconstruction at the Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow (Fiell, 2005) 434. Fig. 41 Glasgow School of Art 1879-1909 (MacKenzie, 1995) 131. Edward F. Strange -III ustrations from 'Architecture in Japan' The Architectural Review 1896 Fig. 42 Left: erection of a house: represented by actors, from a colour print by Kunisada, AR 1896, vol. 1, image, 127, quote, 134; right: second story verandah, from a colour print by Hiroshige, AR 1896, vol. 1, image and quote, 134. Ralph Adams Cram - Illustrations from 'Japanese Domestic Architecture' The Architectural Review. Fig. 43 Left: Shukinro (tea house) Nagoya, AR 1900, vol. 7,9; right: a middle-class house, AR 1900, vol.
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