CEU eTD Collection BEYOND MOTHERHOOD: UKRAINIAN FEMALE LABOR UKRAINIAN FEMALE BEYOND MOTHERHOOD: in partialin fulfillment oftherequirements forthe degree of Department ofSociology andSocial Anthropology Professor Prem Kumar Rajaram MIGRATION TO ITALY CentralEuropean University Professor Ay Doctor ofPhilosophy Budapest, Hungary Olena Fedyuk Submitted to Supervisors: 2011 By ú e Ça ÷ lar CEU eTD Collection Budapest, May 31,2011 Budapest, reference. ofbibliographical inthe form is made acknowledgment appropriate where except person, byanother published and/or written previously contains nomaterials thesis The institutions. other inany degrees other any for accepted nomaterials contains thesis the that I herebystate Statement 2 CEU eTD Collection Abstract pressure of the pubic opinion and various forms of exploitations. of and forms opinion various the pubic of pressure the from themselves protect themselves, about strong feel families, transnational the within ties keep integrity, personal maintain earnings, maximize themto which enables and identification, performativity of regimes various between shift daily women how explores dissertation this lives and personal professional women’s ruptureinto brings where migration site the the at also but andfamily, of migration intersection atthe only not practices situational the into translated is trope asanidealized how Seeing motherhood undertaking. worth project abeneficial into migration turn and relationships and intimate social economic of avariety engagein to learn women migration, andin home at ofmotherhood modes the between fields social transnational in positions their within Shifting mobility. female often surround that states andUkrainian Italian both of discourses blaming resist and absences with prolonged deal to women allow that and practices meanings of shifting of dynamics themultifaceted capture to able are as experience motherhood of lens the through which analyze nor those as trope motherhood under Italy to migration Ukrainian analyze which studies the neither North, global the to South global the from women of migration with dealing literature transnational in extensively addressed been has motherhood Though them. within powerand the struggles these fields shape that workand negotiations emotion the capture and to fields, social transnational migrants within responsibilities distributed unequally with the and dealing sense of making justifying, of mechanism address the to very me allows two between the distinction Such practice. a situational as and motherhood trope a as betweenmotherhood distinction ananalytical Iintroduce migration andcarrying strategizing imagining, in ofmotherhood role dynamic out bring To bywomen. led projects migration familial such in ofmotherhood centrality the indicated has research my Naples, and workers Bologna in care-anddomestic Ukrainian among conducted fieldwork Drawing onthe migration. feminized transnational, this response in to and emerged weretriggered and continuities mechanisms ruptures, coping of andaskswhatkinds to Italy migration women’s Ukrainian of practices shifting the into looks dissertation this project, familial generational cross- transnational, of form asa Ukraine from migration labor contemporary Conceptualizing 3 CEU eTD Collection Acknowledgements inspiring life stories, I dedicate this work. this dedicate I stories, life inspiring and intimate most their with me names,shared their me giving without who othermigrants, many these and To on. carry me made that passion with work ofmy importance the in andbelieved me with andstories food rooms, who sharedtheir (Toscana) andHalyna Ferrara in Havrysh Kateryna Brescia, in Baranova Zhenia Milan, in andMarta Valja Bologna, in Sopushynski and Stepan Marijka Nelia, Rurka, Olha Vynarchyk, Marija Naples, in Silvana and Bukhovka Volha Podoba, Olha dear friends thank my I wantto me. for Italy ofmigrants’ doors opened upthe activism and spirit whose amazing Oksana awarmto Pronyuk hug andthanks wanted togive I Finally Petrenko. andTanya Rivera Grace Vianello, Francesca Kulick, Orysia Schober, Elisabeth Center), Writing (CEU Academic Timar Eszter texts: of my andediting comments their with me helped have stages who atvarious people thank alsoto want I endeavors. their in luck of best the them wish andto world around the all scattered SocAnth fellows Curie Marie as all to as well Sibiu, in Films London andAstra of University Goldsmith Halle, in Institute MaxPlanck in people thank to wanted I encouragements. generous and her most this project in interest unflagging her for Pine, Frances goto thanks special My years. these all for andsupport inspiration of was asource that network afunctioning creating but for trainings, and numerous support financial generous the through possible research my making only not for Stewart, Michael to especially and, Program Fellowship Doctoral CurieSocAnth gotoMarie andthanks gratitude Special years. five intheselast times happiest the hardest and the of some though me with went and work my criticized and encouraged drafts, countless on my readandcommented have pressures, work ownand their who, despite Steur, andLuisa Szoke Alexandra Halmai, Gabor NedaDeneva, Simionca, Anca Schober, Elisabeth department this in co-fighters my people, wonderful group of a without happen would never this dissertation Finally, way. constructive in the most the seminar onwith carried odds, technological all who against Rabinowitz, gotoDan thanks Special seminar. this of participants the andall department, this in upseminar writing first upthe picking Vedresfor Balazs geographies, embodied on migrants’ chapter the with help his for Andreas Dafinger wantto thank I dissertation. ofthis stages various on comments insightful his for Vlad Naumescu thank specially wantto I department, the Within work. an academic into andpuzzles indignations inspirations, shapemyideas, to me and helping especially to my supervisors Ay supervisors tomy especially CEU and Anthropology, andSocial Sociology of Department the to you say thank to would like I ú e Ça ÷ lar and Prem Kumar Rajaram for believing in my project inmy believing for Rajaram Kumar and Prem lar 4 CEU eTD Collection Table of Contents of Table BEYOND Chapter 5. Second generation in migration: Shifting roles within the transnational families time and maintaining connections between Ukraine ...... 60 and Italy. inmeasuring ofphotographs therole absence: and distance of Materiality 4. Chapter space...... 42 and labor roles, family and migration of Intersection frames: 3.Theoretical Chapter Chapter 2. Contextualizing labor migration ...... 19 from Ukraine Chapter 1. Introduction...... 7 ...... 5 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...... 4 Abstract...... 3 Tough choices: who gets ...... 99 to go to Italy? family transnational maintaining concern vs. national orphans:” and“Euro mothers Migrating Transnational families as sites conflictedof ...... 85 interests Pictures sent home from Italy: the “no-story” photographs...... 81 Pictures from home: connecting ...... 75 to the “real” life. Photographs: performing migration and family ties...... 73 Asymmetries of ...... 72 keeping in touch The role and place of photographs in a migrant’s family...... 70 andItaly between Ukraine circulating Ukrainian mini-vans and reputation: oftrust Networks The role ofobjects in maintaining transnational ...... 63 connections Ethnographic vignette: Two departures...... 60 Spaces...... 53 ...... 49 Labor Gender -defined family roles...... 47 Ethnographic epilogue: Gendered expectations in the context of the mostly female migration female the ofmostly thecontext in expectations Gendered epilogue: Ethnographic .31 Italy in migrants ofUkrainian representation and life Organizational community? Migrants’ Overview of theeffect of Italian migration legislations on Ukrainian migration...... 29 Ukrainian migration, Italian context: Specifying ...... 21 the location Generalbackground: Politicizing labor migration from Ukraine...... 19 Research and Fieldwork ...... 13 Methodology ...... 92 ...... 66 ...... 35 MOTHERHOOD: UKRAINIAN FEMALE LABOR MIGRATION TOITALY LABORMIGRATION UKRAINIAN FEMALE MOTHERHOOD: 5 ...... 88 ...... 1 CEU eTD Collection Bibliography...... 217 maintaining transnational families...... 176 while intimacies and subjectivities new developing motherhood: Beyond 8. Chapter Napes by Ukrainian migrants...... 152 and Bologna in spaces public of use the Geographies: Embodied Migrants’ 7. Chapter care-work regimes and work-related ...... 120 disciplines though self amigrant of construction exploring care-work: the of Narratives 6. Chapter irto’...... 214 migration’ ‘motherly beyond migration the female of understanding Expanding Conclusions: 9. Chapter Afterword...... 212 Cinderella’s tough choices: what is discovered in migration?...... 205 Worlds apart: “in Ukraine ...... 201 they are all decent” Motherhood and money: “we came to Italy to earn”...... 197 Italian men as gate-keepers; the keys to which Italy do they hold?...... 192 Learning to set the price...... 187 What does the future hold?...... 184 Extended vignette: ACase Study of Three ...... 179 Marriages Possible links between paid care-work, intimacy and sexuality in migration...... 176 Home away from home? The meaning of meaning The home? away from Home Mini-buses: overturning ...... 162 hierarchies Parks: the rhythms of uncertainty...... 159 Our Migrants’ visibility in the streets: ...... 154 voices noises. vs. Embodiment and lived ...... 153 spaces Discussing space in migration literature...... 152 Modes of visibility: construction of a migrant self...... 146 Undesired ...... 142 intimacies ...... 135 and language sleep, food, names, through and employer migrant disciplining struggles: power Entangled Commodifying the body ofa care - worker...... 130 Introduction to the care-work: disciplining ...... 126 the body Centrality of the work regimes in migration...... 123 Ethnographic encounter: migrants’ ...... 120 regimes Defining the ...... 116 second generation? and the whole family...... 113 generation younger ofthe astothefuture anddecision-making Strategies a migrant? Staying Italy...... 105 in reunification the experiencing generation Younger again: thesame Never maps: migrants’ geographies...... 155 our places 6 ...... 168 CEU eTD Collection Chapter 1. Introduction Bologna to reconnect to her teen-age sons: “It took me two years at least to gain their trust again. trust their gain to atleast me two years took “It sons: herteen-age to reconnect to Bologna form herreturn was after it how painful saying by interview our to back goes then Oksana between 2003-2006. Bologna in community Ukrainian aboutthe memoirs her bookof sheworks on customers with shenot busy is times the andin thing” her “not thingsis selling that complains up.She picking really is says it she and here ajob shestarted since ever villagers the for newspaper anA4format andprinting together putting been she hasalso that me tells shop.Oksana tiny the in her embroidery of exhibition an organize to lady old the convince to she manages herpurchase haspaidfor customer her time when again bythe once which Irealize qualities, has strong leadership My interviewee as ashop workto assistant. now Oksana is resolved paidincome, other ofany lack For Ivano-Frankivsk. in home, their awayfrom kilometers shopafew village asmall opening husband her shesupported Italy, in earned money the with Instead, herprofession. to related remotely even a job, get to impossible it found 2006 she in Italy from return her after spark, creative with anundeniable programmer, computer A professional instruments. andbuilding buckets nails, by surrounded cabin, this in place of tobeout sheseems howmuch andmore more realize I andprices, farming about hercustomer with enthusiastically chatting Oksana As Iwatch world.” to the connection only “her is interviewee, my to according which andacomputer, machine a cashier both supporting by atable stool onatiny perched Isit tothe villagers, shopoffers Oksana’s necessities other many ropes and bulbs, of a variety clothes, table flowery buckets, by Surrounded place. takes ourinterview daysandwhere these which sheruns store, convenience atiny enters who lady an old greet to commentary herpassionate interrupts Bologna, in worker domestic as working a years who hasspentthree migrant old returnee year a Oksana, forty-seven Italy. to migration female Ukrainian her reiterates Oksana Indeed, take. would our conversation that direction the imagine could I research, my in figures central the of one Pronyuk, Oksana again yet to interview nearby village asmall to Ivano-Frankivsk 2010 Isetoutfrom winter in When those children who are now separated from their mothers will grow up. will mothers their whoarenowseparatedfrom those children now,when all years from migration this of consequences the to have face will Ukraine a mother? without have a child can childhood of kind What a withoutmother?! family a is What migration. thematernal It’s mothers! It’s Italy. workin to gone who has Look at 7 vision of the consequences of consequences the of vision CEU eTD Collection I really miss from Italy is our comradeship… that friendship, that inspirational creative powerthat creative inspirational that thatfriendship, ourcomradeship… is Italy from miss really I “What sadness: with of comments asudden all she her, to has brought migration that disruptions and separation of words pained the Among all these events. of many behind force driving only the practically remains people, various helpfrom engagedmuch and though Oksana, association, in four years of the existence of existence yearsofthe four in time, theChristmas over store small convenience the herin by 2010wheninterviewed I However, on by brought migration. lives of migrants’ disruption thanone outmore points Oksana Bologna in onherlife memoirs of herbook In closer. andexperiences lives their bring to aneffort in Italy in working to mothers delivered andsteadily events the during taken meticulously records video and photographs pictures, children’s word, written the of exchange bythe borders by separated families the connect to trying onthefamily, ofmigration effect onthe is emphasis Oksana’s her activities, eachoneof In Ukraine. Western the over all andchurches libraries schools, in campaigns awareness concerts, exhibitions, numerous andpoetry, fiction migrants’ of volumes collected several has alsofacilitated She migration. in time onthe memoirs of monographs two of publication and the three years for monthly publishing been has has which she Wave” Migrants’ page “Labor the newspaper Italy,” in “OurPeople photo-exhibition traveling a organizing migrants, oflabor the families to dedicated Pilgrimage walking nine-day annual the organizing in role areher victories outstanding most her Among Ukraine. from migration female of theissue surrounding discourses theblaming confronting andespecially migration about labor awareness raising activism, in and experience strength gatheredmuch has Oksana these years 1 by organized events the of 2006atone in contact first my became who Oksana, I met alone. home andhassince returned disintegrating his marriage found wife, his with to Italy who migrated thoughhas and Olexander, daughter, her 25-year-old with terms on talking get to trying still Italy is return from uponher efforts ofyears whofour after Alla, time: same the at who returned Bologna had from friends groupareOksana’s the of organizers other two the Among herchild. mourning the mother of image the to reference religious a clear called families, andtheir migrants thereturned for support social group of a organized in2006she Uponherreturn me.” towarmthem uptowards hearts, their tomelt Two years I.e. Had one continuous employment for the same company for many years. many for company same the for employment continuous one Had I.e. [prolonged] labor migration (Pronyuk 2009:6). (Pronyuk migration labor [prolonged] by the trial the were for ready them none of and workandearnings, for searching left people These before. families and homes their left never whohad were mothers, left years of work experience and one single entry in their labor record book labor record their in entry single andone work experience years of had20 who have doctors, and teachers workers, andplants’ werefactory country the who people left The country]. the [of potential labor andthe intelligentsia people, educated were highly they migrants; labor tobecome were notlikely [Ukraine] who left people The Pieta , they had not managed to add a single member totheir member a single add to had notmanaged , they 8 1 . The people who people The . Pieta Pieta. , with In CEU eTD Collection the participants; it is in these struggles and tensions I locate the emerging coping mechanisms coping emerging the locate I andtensions struggles these is in it participants; the by all renegotiations constant to a subject are hierarchies Such gender. and age, status, legality migrants’ on networks based hierarchal complex create fields these social within dependencies and responsibilities care-flows, of anddirectionality strength The 2004). and Levitt Schiller (Glick fields social transnational migrants’ constituting thus migration of place andthe home of place the with women link meaning, and strength their in heterogeneous and simultaneous connections, The lives. and personal social new professional, establishing of ways find time, with especially they, which in Italy, in spaces heterogeneous inhibit women migrant time, same the At outdoors. the for warmly up andaredressed lunch had proper have children suretheir to make a daytrying times toseven asfive as often call women some as Ukraine, in school-day children’s and their the Italy tasks in working-day their follow simultaneously activities daily Their Ukraine. in families their with connections andfrequent strong maintaining in invest women migrant that time resources and energy, significant the due to least the not in phenomenon, dynamic and durable a remains very it biographies, into migrants’ brought have might this migration that changes the Despite toUkraine. ofreturnees record low anda very stay ofmigrants continuous Khomra, Ozhevan,and Prymak2006;Shuster 2009;Pronyuk 2009) 600 thousand at estimated which is Italy, to migration Ukrainian Today’s era. Soviet the during and families careers their whomof started most professionals,” andthe out“themothers as Pronyuk points i.e. et al.2009), 41and60(Markov between numbers of migrants chapterin 2). number thereare 20000Ukrainians registeredonly (More Greece. 2009) debate in etthe al. (Markov on age is / thecase relation Greece itstotalof are intheir (where% are women 40s)butin 70 andmajority 2 were women, inItaly Ukrainians all In2007about83%of gender andagecomposition. duetoits Ukraine in debates and public political onein visible the most has become destination, migration largest second as the estimated which is toItaly, Migration whole Ukraine. the for event dramatic anda life and personal familial professional, established thepreviously with break a point, turning major a standsfor migration Ukraine, in migration labor of significance the about debates public upthe multifaceted sums hereeloquently whose author, voice the For migrants. of life-trajectories andindividual families migrants’ society, economy, Ukrainian the for migration this to linked dilemmas of upthe sums multiplicity book(2009) Pronyuk’s from quote The our families.” and in society the in ourpositions into so immersed where here,weare re-create to impossible Thatis Revolution. the Orange ofon a support ordemo in performance a choir or an paper, on a church cleaning, of hours endless after working, activists migrant agroupof we hadas Compare toPortugalonlywomenwith 38% of Spainor 50,3 %women.The only othercomparable gender 9 is characterized by both a both long-term by characterized is (Markov etal. 2009;(Markov 2 mostly CEU eTD Collection streets of Italy might be a brief example of a spatial rupture. ofa spatial example bea brief might ofItaly streets the in andmigrant foreigner of role the with terms to andcoming Ukraine in home of geography socio-spatial the experiencing between dissonance the space, of terms In Italy. in lady cleaning a as salary ahigher for working and instead Ukraine in position a prestigious upof orgiving loss her with toterms come hasto woman which amigrant in negotiation of process theongoing to refer sphere might alabor rupture in Similarly, Italy. in established relationships intimate contrary, on the or offamily, andlack Ukraine have in women might migrant situation family the between dissonances ongoing the constitute also Ruptures biographies. or professional life personal changes in abrupt the only not from stem these sites all in triggers migration that ruptures Various byit. shaped presenceandis responds migrants’ c) to connections, transnational andmaintaining incorporation for opportunities migrants shapes pathways and specific provides b) of migration, place tothe connections multilayered creates andemotionally, bodily experienced a) being which, locality specific asa thelatter to refer I andspace of migration intersection Byaddressing the self. ofmigrant a new marketable the formation often trigger negotiations and These tensions employer. andthe migrant the between andintimacies dependences regimes, disciplining creates multidirectional often andcare-work domestic homes, employers’ ofthe privacy the in Performed hierarchies. genderedandethnic andreinforces workers for demand gendered creates that regime labor specific a as andcare-work domestic paid into look to me allows andmigration labor of intersection The project. migration familial an ongoing within position changing gender and age, on their based other toeach relation in responsibilities not equal but mutual and negotiate assume members family non-migrating and their Migrants project. cross-generational familial, a but as abroad working and home of leaving act as an notonly migration Iframe and family, ofmigration intersection atthe when looking Thus, continuities. as I describe and negotiations what spheres processes and main three inthese ruptures howI locate hereto refer I briefly 3) (chapter chapter theoretical nuancedwaymy amore in in discuss intersections will these I While and 3)space. andcare-work 2) labor roles, family defined andgender- 1) family i.e. sites, specific three with migration of intersection atthe unfold will argument - my Italy? to Ukraine from migration labor and feminized transnational i.e. migration, of type particular responsetothis in came byand triggered were and continuities mechanisms as coping aswell ruptures ofkinds - what questions, scope of bythe initial Prompted histories. family andtheir biographies their into brings migration that ruptures and professional personal with dealthe to order develop in migrants that and strategies 10 CEU eTD Collection migration and family by looking into the experience of migrants’ reunification in Italy with their with Italy in reunification ofmigrants’ experience the into by looking andfamily migration of attheintersection occurring andcontinuities theruptures todiscuss 5continues Chapter thefamilies. within responsibilities and care of directionality the and absences prolonged the despite intimacy maintaining of strategies the butalso families transnational within separation of pain the notonly discusses chapter the objects, these transporting mini-vans of system the and borders across objects material of the flow of meaning andpractical symbolic onthe focusing By by borders. separated families within migrants’ emerging 2008a) (Carling oftransnationalism andmoralities connections long-distance onthe focuses four chapter children, from particular, and, in family the from separation aprolonged in women bymigrant experienced ruptures central the oneof Locating studies. inmigration issues similar engagedwith the literature to relation workin my andposition sites specific ofthe intersection atthe andcontinuities ruptures aboutthe argument my of discussion nuanced a go more into 3 will Chapter Ukraine. from migration of labor context thewider into it embed and andNaples) Bologna particularly (and to Italy migration Ukrainian for background and historical socio-economic theimportant address 2will chapter chapter, introductory the Following space. and labor family, genderand with migration of intersection the at evolve chapters ethnographic my continuities, and ruptures with concern analytical onmy Building in migration. andstrategies practices daily into tomotherhood linked beliefs and judgments ofmoral translation of seetheprocesses to me allows distinction methodological This practice. situational a as motherhood and a trope as betweenmotherhood distinction analytical an I introduce motherhood, done around work emotion of mechanisms the capture To children. their neglecting of women accusing often discourses, andpolitical public of issue andan life” a better them “provide to be able to inorder children with separation of adilemma is It levels. onmany functions motherhood migration this within introduction, this of opening the from seenAs itis obligations. moral various embedded in heavily particularly is asamigrant mother anda a woman of Theposition conviction. with choices upon these andact practices situational and choices one’sposition, andjustify explain allows to that 2003a:95) (Hochschild feeling” themselves in transnational social fields as fields social transnational in themselves and position senseof tomake migrants allows that the mechanism define I 2008a:1457). (Carling dimensions moral inherent have to appears andreturning behind left being leaving, of experience transnationalism of concept the to refer I fields, social transnational within support and care of flows as the well as entitlements, and responsibilities of offlows directionality the capture To in which migrants and non-migrants are positioned differently andwherethe differently are positioned non-migrants and which migrants in emotion work; emotion 11 “an active stance vis-à-vis one’s own one’s stancevis-à-vis “an active moralities of moralities CEU eTD Collection sphere of Italian homes involves considerable emotion work (Hochschild 2003b) that brings 2003b) that work emotion (Hochschild considerable homes involves Italian sphere of the intimate workin and performing intimacy, howromance, and explores romance vs. of money dichotomy up the break to seeks 8thus Chapter continuities. and new ruptures of discussion the conclude Iseekto families transnational beyondmigrants’ created onintimacies Focusing men. Italian with establish women migrant that relationship andsexual the intimate into 8, looks chapter part, ethnographic final 6)the 5and andspace (chapters labor of experiences and individual 4), 3and (chapters to family inrelation mechanisms andcoping ruptures of exploration the Following connections. experiential and social meaningful establish to migrants allow that place-making of practices situated andthe theruptures understanding for important is experience as alived atspace Looking Ukraine. backin families andmigrants’ migrants, other Italians, of observation scrupulous under the self a gendered migrant of andperforming self-identification migrants’ discuss to me allows andBologna Naples in spaces public in visibility ofmigrants’ modes the Exploring looks into the “inscription of difference and belonging in urban space” (Ayse Ça (Ayse urbanspace” in andbelonging ofdifference “inscription the into looks 7 chapter chapter, theprevious in workspaces and regimes labor of onthediscussion Building force work gendered demand flexible in global the reflects which often self, migrant a new of construction the capture to me allows regimes care the of experiences and emotional the bodily of centrality the Discussing biographies. personal and professional women’s andin the place to ofconnection new forms thuscreating migration, in achievement senses of strongest the one of becomes often herownfamily) in wife anda mother of position non-paid tothe opposed (as care-giver a paid of position a new the job, of challenges the with cope to Learning ofmigration. experiences and immediate central most the one of it andmake labor to are linked homes, Italian space of intimate the entering and skills linguistic of lack mobility, downward drastic as such ruptures, of Anumber andmigration. labor of intersection the into andlooks families ofmigrants’ the issues from focus its in 6 stepsaway Chapter families. transnational within andentitlement obligations hierarchies, the shifting further migration, pioneered have who women the andfor migrants arrived newly both for ruptures of newtypes creates ofthe new arrival generation the indicates, asmy material However, life. inone’sfamilial continuity the create and separation bridgethe to anattempt in undertaken isoften migration in members withfamily reunification The wholefamily. the of support and needs by the and sustained of name the in out carried is that project migration familial the within andage life-stage gender, of onthemeaning perspective new a up opens stories migration and family individual into generation younger the of thearrival Introducing children. . 12 ÷ lar 2001:601). lar CEU eTD Collection working in Italy before. Many of my contacts, especially among the older generation, first arrived first generation, older the among especially contacts, ofmy Many before. Italy in working whobeen had members tojoin family came they unless Italy; in arrival first their of places the werenot these locations that admitted contacts my ofthese places, Inmost andRome. Ravenna Ferrara, andVenice, Mestre Padua,Brescia, Milan, i.e. Italy, Northern in mostly cities and smaller larger several in contacts expanding my I visited Bologna, in stay ofmy months few first the In 2). chapter in (see more affiliations religious and all all regions from Ukrainians for andunity infrastructure senseof some provides that organization overarching only the indeed is UGCC that Italy in arrival uponmy realized I church, the attend to those who them donot anxiousto expand UGCC and was the with very affiliation their to due contacts about my was doubtful researchI ofmy beginning the in While migration. feminized the surrounding discourses andpublic self-representation of struggles the into aninsight me gave Zarvanytsja way to ontheir church every in migration of presentations pilgrims’ and priests’ to listening while Bologna, which werein contacts, first get my to allowed me Pilgrimage the Joining children. their to life in chances better togive attempt their in migration in of mothers sacrifice the andemphasizes donations migrants’ the with constructed is debatedmonument The much world. the throughout scattered children her for –Ukrainemourning ofMother as asymbol Pieta, called andtheirfamilies, migrants labor to dedicated amonument to establish - Mary, Mother of icon miraculous widely-known a of home and the pilgrimage the of –adestination monastery, Zarvanytsja in been allocated had andaplace 300participants hadover Pilgrimage 2010the In Ukraine. from members family their and some of ofItaly parts other from migrants including a participants, hundred wereover there again, event this by attending work field my when2008, Ifinished In short vacation. a or for event this for Bologna backfrom whocame migrants wherewhom labor of many 40 participants, had 2007it itin whenjoined I Thus, event. public anoticeable into since ever has beengrowing 2006 it August in event asanannual started it andwhile families migrants’ labor to was dedicated called Migrants theReturned for Association but active small and a Caritas, of chapter Sambir the (UGCC), Church Catholic Greek Ukrainian the of community Bologna the by organized Ukraine, in Zarvanytsya to Sambir from Pilgrimage walking nine-day a research with I started my However, 2008. 2007-August between August andNaples Bologna Location and people Research and Fieldwork Methodology project. migration ofthe aspirations and goals shapedbythe pattern a complex into sexuality and motherhood care, money, . Majority of my research was carried out in two main locations in Italy: in locations twomain outin was carried research of my . Majority 13 Pieta (in Ivano-Frankivsk). The The Walk Ivano-Frankivsk). (in CEU eTD Collection parents and one of the generation of children was experiencing migration to to Italy. migration was experiencing ofchildren generation the andoneof parents of generation the of representative one least at which in aunit to family of concept the limiting andNaples, Bologna inboth families twenty interview to out set I respondents. ofmy choice the in me guided dissertation, ofmy sefocus the per notbecome did though These transformations, Ukraine. in stayed children their that indicated 87% 2007only in However, 2009). (Pronyuk Ukraine in care in children their left women these of 200395% In Italy. to over children adult of or their one more bybringing families their money into Italian of flow secure the to determined women migrant Ukraine, in situation and economic political the of precariousness high and Italy, in retiring of prospects of thelack with Faced transformation. afascinating experiencing 2007-8was in toItaly migration Ukrainian 40-50s, their in women 90s by thelate in Pioneered 3). chapter in more (see andItaly Ukraine between move onthe literally the migrants of self-representation of shifts the see to me allowed also and procedures, crossing border the of farce institutional the into insight agreat me gave which back, Budapestand to Italy from going times more and four to Italy Ukraine from going twice these Ijoined rides andItaly. Ukraine between basis on aweekly andgoods migrants thattransport mini-vans Ukrainian in drives was the30-hour theresearch for location invaluable Another migration. Italian for regions sending major the are which region) Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk the (mostly regions Ukraine to Western was limited research my Ukraine In families. their with holidays these tospend home return migrants whenmany thetime, during Ukraine New in OldYear) Christmas, (New Year, celebrations the winter over a month about spent I 2008), August 2007, (August my fieldwork of end the in and beginning the in attended I which Pilgrimages two besides the Thus, Ukraine. in were conducted research of parts my Some 4 and 7). chapter in (seemore Italy within mobility geographic the to andexperiences status their andlink status their within project, migration oftheir years the throughout ofmigrants mobility understandthe to me which allowed timers,” - “first migration the for destinations the main oneof remains Italy, into Ukrainian migration for city gateway a initially which was Naples, and 7). 5 chapters (see plans migration term longer with migrants attracts generally and conditions working secure andmore salaries higher offers which North, up andmoving South the in starting theyears, over ofmigration atransformation experienced have respondents ofas my most migration, into insight a longitudinal indirectly, if even me, gave also but South, the andin North the in situation between the context theItalian for comparison significant a with me which provided Naples, became destination research second Thus, my themove. for money and enough permits residence obtained having ayearortwo, after North andmoved orits vicinity Naples in 14 CEU eTD Collection information that I collected but equally so by the silences I have encountered during my research my during encountered have I silences sobythe equally but Icollected that information by the only was guidednot research agenda my while information andaccess to methodology positioning. Researcher’s both and Bologna. Naples in and shelters hospitals immigrants, for centers various Naples), ACLI Bologna, Caritas (e.g. migrants with dealing organizations andcivic charity Italian representatives, Consulate Ukrainian schools, language Ukrainian inItaly, organizations civic UGCC, Ukrainian mostly contacts included institutional My andpartners. acquaintances friends, as their as well respondents, ofmy employers few the to mostly were limited contacts Italian My Republics). Soviet Asia Central andformer Moldova also but Belarus, Russia, (mostly countries post-USSR other from migrants with contacts as hadclose ages, aswell different of migrants single within observation andparticipant interviews onthe relied also research I my In members. family non-migrating tothe relation in 2008a) (Carling transnationalism of moralities shifting the of understanding abetter me which gave in migration, the family of reunification ofthe experience the into insight as aninvaluable well as andasachild-left-behind, both asamigrant migration experiencing into insight sufficient me gave respondents main my among two generations Including points. some strengthen to me allowed that comparison asanadditional datamostly used this I however, Ukraine, in members family and children non-migrating migrants’ with teninterviews conducted also I and precariousness. sourcesofinsecurities responses toshifting their strategies, situational detailed much families’ into aninsight me and allowed migrant or acircular migrant, a returned asamigrant, labeled be who can of categories the challenge to me allowed It also project. as a familial migration within andentitlement responsibility ideas of them to and linked andage life-stage gender, of the meaning of depth up aninvaluable respondents opened of choice cross-generational This 5). chapter in (see awhile details in toUkraine return to planning still while Italy, in children small their raise to spousesandtry their in bring would they weremarried children when cases many In generations. several over spilling project as a migration in paradigm gender shifting the investigating for space me which gave sons, were mothers their joined and ownyet oftheir a have family not whodid children ofthe The majority means. semi-legal through various twenties early their 18 above and in or legislations) the family of unification the 18 (through under either one child) (or children their in whothenbrought were mothers, comers all first- almost respondents Among my 2009). (Pronyuk old years 21-30 the were between 45% approximately Italy to brought children among that 2007indicated in (Ivano-Frankivsk) migrants returned for organization byan conducted inquiry sociological A small-scale My position as a researcher in many ways determined my ways determined many in as a researcher My position 15 Pieta CEU eTD Collection Ukraine. This situation was so predominant among my respondents that I had to resolve to resolve had to I that respondents among my was sopredominant situation This Ukraine. in husbands their to talk to not askme specifically orwould Ukraine in families their contact to notwant me did often Italy in interviews their in eloquent openand whowere most women those even inUkraine: migrants of families the with Similarly interview. and dry formal a very than more me give or seriously myresearch take ever hardly would parents their of generation the me, up to open whowould generation, theyounger through a family I accessed if work. Similarly, of outside time spending of places leisure,friendships, their closerinto allow me never would they but an give interview me still would the children to me; openup hardly would respondents generation younger the (mother), parents of generation was the through a within family contact initial If my challenge. unexpected quite another, contained Ukraine andin Italy in families Approaching familiy. herown within even discourses these challenge to trying while experience may woman migrant a difficulties of andwhatkind families migrants’ for are they determining how are, discourses how strong these good sense of gave me avery thesefailures However, feelings. their about askthem to me notallow did asayoungwoman position my while behind, left men approach to me for impossible almost it made abroad working women about discourses stigmatized Thehighly wives migrated. their while Ukraine stayed in who husbands those approach not could I that thefact researchwas ofmy theone of failures Particularly, Ukraine. in families transnational while maintaining men Italian with relations intimate and manage trust maintain how they husbands or their from separation prolonged with deal how women about ask questions hard to particularly was Thus, it propriety. sense of aculturally-shared violating without ormen women older with issues discuss to certain me for difficult it made also woman ayoungUkrainian Being and understood. mutual as assumed but unspoken experience migrant aspects of some made respondents sharedmy with I that 2004) (Herzfeld intimacy cultural as certain theresearch, for advantageous notall was migration Ukrainian to an “insider” of position privileged my However, Europe. Eastern from females towards attitudes overall onto me andprojected a andoccupation ofstatus amarker becomes nationality how of experience first-hand get to me which allowed citizenship, my of basis on the migrant bealabor to wasI assumed the time of most holder passport as aUkrainian abroad, trip first was their or illegally beendone have might Italy to trip their whom for respondents my of some to comparison in position arather privileged in put me abroad oftraveling experience and my permit resident a Hungarian of position as aholder my though Even face. Ukraine from migrants labor that regulations andinstitutional attitudes ofthe many experience to me 20s allowed late my in female aUkrainian Thus,being orovercome. resolve not could I which and obstacles 16 CEU eTD Collection parks, call centers, second-hand markets with my unemployed respondents and friends (as most (as friends and respondents unemployed my with markets second-hand centers, call parks, in spent Long hours fieldwork. my throughout week-end routines my became cities Italian many in lots parking mini-vans and bazaars Sunday Ukrainian example spaces.For specific in people with various out carried observation participant the from datacomes part ofmy A significant them. with interview formal a get to managed never I end, the though in inItaly, migrants Ukrainian of realities everyday aboutthe data most ofmy I hadaccumulated families wasthese It with status. their legalizing for endless quests seemingly work and sometimes sharing leisure, their life, in events various in participating close contact, kept very I andBologna) Naples (in ofthese families several With them. with life daily their share to me allowed andgenerously me for flats rented their of doors the openedup briefly more visited, have which I cities, Italian andother Naples Bologna, in families Several andfamilies. migrants individual with accommodation shared in lived I Italy in stay my during thus, observation; participant from comes ofmy material part large Another constraints). ortime agedifferences to the (e.g.due familiarity and offriendship ties further develop to would beunable we was that clear it while aboutme, little so knew and they them about knewI somuch that fact the dueto uncomfortable being visibly respondents my beawkward, would often secondmeeting the interview, up the to follow tried I if However, work. my it for using me in had noproblem and interviews the taping me agree to would They lives. their of stories intimate most the pourout often would advance in arranged meeting or in friends, other through streets, the in I met whom people compartment:” train the of “effect the bedueto to seemed interviews in-depth My most – upinterviews. follow have not did ofthem and most hours, 1-2 lastedfor usually interviews my generations, different of migrants access to equal with earlier described difficulties the Despite and Bologna. Naples in families twenty with conducted interviews - stories life and aresemi-structured materials ofmy core The hierarchies. internal within positions their negotiate members family all while members, its equal for not are networks these within flows and care responsibilities obligations, unit,the a family involves that aproject is migration though even thus connections; the transnational of unevenness the out brought It stayed behind. whohave and those them joined who have members those family migrants, between andrelations “politics” into family insight valuable a most into turned however unit onefamily within interviews insightful equally upwith come to The failure Italy. researchin during my met actually had not butwho I Italy, in knew hadmothers I whom families those byinterviewing Ukraine from data my complement 17 CEU eTD Collection their position to speak up for migrants’ issues. migrants’ up for tospeak position their whouse figures public are they names, unless fictitious touse I decided statements respondents’ my and of misusage my material in confusion avoid to However, hide.” to nothing have “they that testify andthus beidentified should voices their that theyfeel as that migrants and honesty of amatter is it that reasoning name full their indicate should I dissertation my in that insisted respondents ofmy Some experiences. Italian their to name andlast name the full of irrelevance ofa matter but rather, anonymity, ofkeeping a so matter much not me to seemed these names of use The 6). chapter (see names their of version Italian or an Mestre” from “Ira Sambir,” from “Anya like names by generalized go would they own friends their among aseven inappropriate, seemed names last and first their of identification exact the experiences, personal quite many about freely speaking names. While their me full gave respondents never my of majority The analysis. cases for interesting most the presented andothermigrants Italians with the interaction that places these also in It is about labor. notall is migration labor that me reminding kept Naples) in (especially culture youth Ukrainian vibrant emerging the of places and ages, various of migrants for organized dance clubs and abroad, Italy places in historic to various trips Picnics, UGCC. and municipalities cities’ Italian institutions, migrant migrants, individual by organized events cultural thenumerous during collected I which data aboutthe said be to has word A special cleaners.” just arenot “Ukrainians that employers show to their to desire their migration, in experienced downwardwith mobility todeal efforts migrants’ employers, mostsensitive their with even side respondents’ my from andrespect dignity for struggle aconstant witness could I ofthese occasions, was. all On mystipend how much them or tell English in speak countries, other in spent time my project, aboutmy employers the tell to asked andwas a “journalist” or a“book-writer,” as a“scholar,” anemployer to presented was often where I work, at respondents my join I could occasions several On events. andcultural churches police, hospitals, organizations, charity offices, immigration tothe respondents my accompanying data from invaluable got also I countries. other from migrants especially people, various with interact to achance me andgave migration in unemployment with linked precariousness of meaning the into aninsight gave me time) free have never would respondents employed my of 18 CEU eTD Collection Chapter 2. Contextualizing labor migration from Ukraine from migration labor 2. Contextualizing Chapter 2010) and debates on the so-called “Euro/social orphans” (2007-2010) “Euro/social so-called onthe debates 2010) and debates (2009- citizenship dual debates, (2009-2010) taxation and double income foreign the of declaration 2006 and2010, of elections presidential and parliamentary 2004-5, in Revolution Orange the ones, prominent the most name to debates, and socio-economic political numerous of center the in hasbeenplaced Ukraine from migration labor Thus, discourses. migrants’ labor over contestation social and interests political high indicates statistics within confusion The actors. social ofvarious interests differentiated the andserve struggles power wide rangeof a in out played are numbers these that suggests data,it qualitative reliable provide to fail statistics though Even migration. labor Ukrainian accompanying processes crucial the of indicative however, is, people million six some of income andsourceof location fate, the of speculation remarkable The 2006). Malynovska 2008; and Myroshnychenko Burakovskyj, abroad(Libanova, working Ukrainians 1.5 -2million at point statistics state Ukrainian while 92), 2009: (Markov people million –4.5 number modest amore give - andabroad, Ukraine bothin migrants labor Ukrainian to relation stancein anactive taking institutions - both 2009), al. et (Markov Caritas and Church(UGCC) Catholic Greek Ukrainian workabroad. to Ukraine left - population, a 47-million of - out 2009), (Tymkiv people 7-8 million approximately that suggested andpress media Ukrainian in quotedwidely numbers unofficial 2009-2010the in numbers; in discrepancy a vast display Ukraine from migration labor contemporary onthe statistics The Ukraine from migration labor Politicizing background: General and economic contestations, the central ones of which are who has the right to to migrants’ theright whowhich are has ones of central the contestations, and economic political ideological, of set anentire to given rise have asacommunity, nation the of construction ideological nationalistic the in located These ruptures, Ukraine. outside residing families) (andtheir citizens toits trust nation and the the to belonging of questioning i.e. migration; bymass triggered negotiations and ruptures of forms emerging the reveal debates Such place. the first in departure migrants’ triggered that situation andpolitical the economic for responsibility state’s the anddenounce return of prospect the abroad working people deny politicians Ukrainian theterms, substituting through that arguing term this reject migrants labor as “Diaspora” migrants labor to refer choose to politicians while statements; claims and of matter a becomes thesedebates in migrants labor 3 For more detailed discussions on Euro-orphan discourse see chapter 5. chapter see discourse Euro-orphan on discussions detailed more For 19 3 . The very naming of the of naming The very . CEU eTD Collection sociologist Olena Malynovska suggests, despite the ever-growing numbers of its citizens working its citizens of numbers ever-growing the despite suggests, Malynovska Olena sociologist migration, of researchers Ukrainian leading the one of As 2009:89). (Seleshchuk policy migration has no unified still Ukraine state; Ukrainian bythe unaddressed remains largely migration labor discourses, public various in and visibility economy Ukrainian for significance its Despite etal.2006). class (Khomra middle ofUkrainian generator the main became but economy) centralized the of collapse inthepost-socialist industries pivotal their which lost towns the mono-profile in (especially population ofthe pauperization the prevented has notonly migration labor arguesthat citizens Ukrainian of life-standard onthe migration labor Ukrainian of effect essaythe his on in Khomra, Thus, Olexander 2009). 2006; Pronyuk etal. Khomra 2008; al. et Libanova 2009; al. et Markov2009; Tymkiv 2006; Malynovska 2009a; (Vianello and services banking, construction, like them industries to and related tutors), and private and above level college (mostly education consumption), everyday weddings, celebrating goods, consumer purchasing accommodation, of and refurbishment standards(purchase living families’ migrants’ upscaling in mostly invested money, of flow amassive indicates GDP the of billion 141 the to compared which 2009:92) etal. Markov 2009; (Shuster Euro 27billion to amounted banktransfers onthe solely based Ukraine to sent back remittances about the estimations 2007the in economy; whole national the for force economic apivotal remains it and today families Ukrainian many for strategy survival economic of role its served migration labor Thus, 2006). etal. (Khomra and specialists ofdiplomas anddevaluation income low society, ofthe polarization salaries, in delays year-long employment, loss of services, social of collapse massive consequent Union andthe Soviet the of collapse causedbythe life economic and social professional, in ruptures the response a to became major 2000, it early the in phenomenon amass to andescalating 1990s the of beginning the at already Starting migration. this of core economic the reflects definition This 2009). work(Pronyuk of place the in settlement nor development career neither brings work whose and earn, orderto home in away from travels ofa personwho connotation Ithas acommon money.” whoearns “theperson means literally The word which denotes a labor migrant in Ukrainian, in migrant a labor which denotes wordThe citizens. Ukrainian of life transnational the in andarrangements connectivity of new forms and negotiations the of representation real than migration, through available made resources the over struggles power as understood rather be -should Ukraine, in life andpolitical social public, the from migrants ofexclusion attempts the to lead they - though however, debates These ideological instead. state migration their or Ukraine with lie loyalties whether their and trusted can be migrants howmuch remittances, through mostly life Ukrainian in participation based ontheir Ukraine have in migrants whatrights remittances, 20 zarobitchanyn (m) / zarobitchanka (f) CEU eTD Collection 4 Italy to migration on female herdocumentary in Ukraine, of Minister Prime a former Tymoshenko, Italy. in migrants registered officially thousand 195 quotes Caritas while 600 thousand is sociologists by quoted often number unofficial the Ukraine; from migration labor for statistics theoverall asdoes numbers, in confusion asimilar reflects Italy to onmigration data The location the Specifying context: Italian migration, Ukrainian role. prominent aparticularly plays motherhood gender andspecifically chapter, this in discuss later as will I which, in level, andpolitical public onthe discourses and shaming blaming the bymultiple undermined is citizenship social their chapter) of this part the following discuss in will which I Ukraine, of elections presidential in ofvoting organizing (e.g. Ukraine, with links and social political active maintain to seek migrants many While return. (non-) for strategies long-term anddetermine families their with relation self-esteem, migrants’ effect times often which anddiscourses debates andpolitical public of center various the and in state-support, Ukrainian the of side the from neglect complete between analmost themselves thus found migrants Labor 2009). us”(Shuster for interesting not you are voting, all unless are you are 7million, you whatif “So rights: and economic political migrants’ labor Ukrainian concerning debate up the summed - eloquently channels, Ukrainian TV showsseveral on talk political popular the most of one hostof - the Shuster, Savik as Indeed, scene. political Ukrainian turbulent the of interests the from directly stems discrepancy statistical of part big another while migration, labor of category intoa activities economic transnational of array a wide in tofit difficulty the comes from confusion this partofa great citizens; Ukrainian of movements transnational ofthe ofsurveillance lack the to beattributed partially canonly migrants oflabor number on the disagreement striking The 2010). abroad(Malynovska beworking to cited Ukrainians of some-millions the to comparison in number small - aninsignificantly thousand, two only 1991is in independence sinceits hasreceived Ukraine that ofrefugees numbers the diseases.In fact, and tropical disorder bringing nationals exotic by swamped as being EUandUkraine the from refugees re-admission the receiving for abuffer-zone as Ukraine about Yushchenko (2005-2010) of presidency the during debates xenophobic the in vividly particularly through issue the comes surrounding populism andpublic migration oflabor neglect state’s The elections. 2010presidential the after government Yanukovych newly formed bythe invalid as recognized wereexisted finally that migration labor addressing regulations dispersed The few hearings. has passed Parliamentary the never 2007butthe legislation was in made level a state on migration address labor to attempt first the Thus, 2010). (Malynovska migration of spheres the within functions making policy or legislative advisory, up would take organ that aunified created nor hasit migration, labor concerning policy state its out spelled hasneither Ukraine abroad, Here Iuse numbers for 2007 – 2008,when my research was conducted. 21 4 Yulia CEU eTD Collection migration from Ukraine as a whole (Libanova et al. 2008). 80% of all Ukrainian migrants inItaly migrants Ukrainian all 80% of 2008).al. et (Libanova asawhole Ukraine from migration labor the dominating men two-thirds to compared 2008) as al. et Libanova 2009; al. et (Markov old 41-60years 53%being with 2007), (Caritas women are Italy in Ukrainians all 84 %of about the migrants: of profile specific quite the to due Ukraine from migration anyother to incomparable is Italy to migration However, andflexible. affordable migration thus low,and extremely migration in investments the tokeep allowsmigrants that regime entry a offers visa-free it andcultural familiarity, linguistic al. 2009)asbesides et (Markov Ukrainians two million estimated an Russia for is destination The 2008).first al. et Libanova 2009; etal. (Markov Ukrainians for country destination largest the second is Italy to migration that indicate Most researches processes. migration controling agencies andtheir states by the implied categories beyondthe far expand of migration practices how actual the andreveal place processes in of the volume of idea some provide they i.e. two ways, in dissertation my in feature provide they numbers the these sources, of limitations the understand I Though permits. residence without Italy in present ofmigrants numbers actual the about noidea give permits, residence of number the of terms in data an absolute present while numbers, Istat’s interviewees. bythe andunderstood survey the in are constructed waycategories the the in but participants of number the in only are not limitations and its survey, a selective still is households rangeof wide quite a among conducted though research Ukraine’s Open example, For awaream of. I that data of sets inthese oflimitations anumber are There etal. 2008). (Libanova andthepress researchers Ukrainian byvarious usedandcited areoften results and its Ukraine, across households thousand intwenty-two thousandindividuals forty-eight among was conducted research This 2005 andJune2008. between January Ukraine, Open foundation, philanthropic international byanon-partisan conducted survey sociological a Ukrainian of results the is other The Italy. in year issued each permits of number residence on the data which basetheir of both Italy, of organization andCaritas (Istat) Institute Statistical Italian by the generated numbers the onebeing data: quantitative of sources setsof to two here major refer still I reasons, political various for manipulation frequent andtheir statistics migration in inconsistency great the Despite abroad. reside of number voters whena in asignificant context the votes for wrestling a larger of apart rather but tongue the of slip a was hardly people million afew with juggling this acandidate), as ran Tymoshenko 2007(when September in election parliamentary the before days three television onUkrainian screened 2007tobe summer in made documentary the in voiced However, infury. activists migrant even has sent that exaggeration an overt alone, Italy in Ukrainians million 3 quotes (2007) andStep-Mother Mother entitled 22 CEU eTD Collection opportunities a particular city provides for its migrants” (Schiller andCa (Schiller migrants” its for provides city a particular opportunities the for space,has implications of public andtheavailability marketed, and represented is way culture the jobs, of quality and nature the governance, local the of dynamics change the which cities, of restructuring neoliberal “contemporary the ofmigrant: role dual on the comment cities the of restructuring neoliberal global the of outcomes tothe ofmigrants incorporation relate to the place. Thus, Nina Glick Schiller and Ayse Ca andAyse Schiller Nina Glick Thus, place. to the relate to migrants the by invested labor andtheemotion ofmigrants practices situational migration, of imaginations the role in plays a paramount but setting asamere be discarded cannot of migration The location andmaps. global national onthe city the of position the changing ways and cityin various ofthe the face changing ownopportunities, their shaping playin migrants that role active see the but to locations, various in formigrants differently provided opportunities only the see not to is important perspective and historical social economic, its of understanding the location, inthespecific ofmigrants positioning situational the of importance The other migrants. with communication legalization, for opportunities capacities, andremitting saving income, their determining migrants, for opportunities differentiated provide locations different how see to is important it level, national tothe location specific a in done research of basis the on generalizations avoid To experiences. and trajectories incorporation, of level practices, daily individual migrants’ migration, of the course in continuity of forms andnew ruptures the affect institutions andlocal networks transnational also but andstructures legislations national only Not 2006:21-2). etal. UAH)(Khomra (304 Ukraine in salary average the lowest offering as being listed Ternopil with (15.5% and16.2%) ofunemployment level highest had the regions and Chernivtsi Ternopil 2003the Thus,in re-employment. for opportunities of andlack delays salary layoffs, massive in Union, which resulted Soviet ofthe fall the after Ukraine western in ofindustries disintegration devastating particularly the to canbeattributed western regions from migration suchactive reasonsfor The al. 2009). et (Markov inItaly all migrants 80%of constitutes regions and Volyn Rivno, Khmelnyts’k, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Lviv, the from migration Thus, Ukraine. of regions western the from bymigration led still and was pioneered it Ukraine, over all from women migrating more and more for adestination becomes Italy While 2008) Istat 2008; (Caritas/Migrantes women and men of representation equal almost have groups leading the four composition; ofgender terms closein come immigrants groupsof none ofthese leading However, and China). Morocco Albania, Romania, (after group largest – fifth 2008 in and Albanians) and Moroccans Romanians, group (after migration largest were fourth the 2007 Ukrainians Thusin composition. age-gender their as agroupdueto alsostand out migrants Ukrainian In Italy, experience. andprofessional education college 85%have over work, and or domestic care in are engaged . 23 ÷ lar (2009) linking the varying paths of paths the varying linking (2009) lar ÷ lar 2009:189). On the On 2009:189). lar CEU eTD Collection 5 especially regions, thegiven in present groups national migrant other tothe relation in Ukrainians of atthenumber we look if However, 2007). and Albani perregion)(Gabrielli migrants Ukrainian of percentage smaller aneven have regions the of rest 9.7%(the with (Rome) Lazio and 12% with (Bologna) Emilia-Romagna %, 17.9 with (Milan) Lombardy permits, residence with population Ukrainian all of 22.4%, with (Naples) region theCampania in concentrated were mostly - Italy, in group foreign largest fifth the - who 2007were in Ukrainians, 2007a), (Istat to According projects. migration ofindividual objectives and the about as imaginations the well as places, these eachof in up opening opportunities structural and economic the differentiated who follow migrants Ukrainian of mobility internal 2) 4), see chapter 2008) (also 2007a,2007b, (Istat across Italy villages towns even smaller and in butalso cities Italian major in only not Ukrainians of presence 1) high Italy; to migration Ukrainian a city to bigger would move contacts, resources and the language, knowledge some of obtaining after time, only with and city), bigger a in those than well-paid beless may town (which small ora inavillage offer a job would follow a migrant Italy in arrival thefirst after that notuncommon itis 2009)), (Markov Ukrainians 80 %of about employs work(which domestic and care in demand the following fact, In Italy. of territories main five all in Ukrainians of presence even arather indicate status their legalize to managed who have those migrants of the numbers isfourfold), migrants actual ofthe estimates (the Italy in present Ukrainians of number actual the of estimation precise a gives hardly - migrants, to issued permits residence of number the on -based numbers these 2 Though 783. and islands 838 39 41 31 38 East South Centre North 632, 256, West 489, North regions: the in presence Ukrainian onthe numbers thefollowing 2008) gives (Istat Institute Statistical National Italian The level. national onthe position city’s and the cities the of landscape social the these opportunities, shape presence migrants’ andhow migrants to canoffer locations opportunities seewhatdifferentiated to and finally, c) divides, these feeds presence migrants’ how see andto andtheSouth theNorth into divide Italian larger of context the in migration Ukrainian position b) to project, amigration in success of imagination the into fits how it and Italy within migration Ukrainian internal on the reflect to allowed me a) it levels: several on migration this of dynamics the toexplore me allowed Bologna, Naples and i.e. inItaly, locations specific two to women Ukrainian of migration the Addressing 189). ways” (2009: inmultiple asscale-makers serve may migrants Thus, […] representations. and cultural [sic] new ideas ideas, goods, capital, of flows to cities the link can that connections transnational them with bring also “migrants hand, other From interviews From 5 . This factor has resulted in two important characteristics of characteristics two important in hasresulted This . factor 24 CEU eTD Collection Navigator of the UkrainianMigrant the of Navigator migrants, Ukrainian handbook for a practical in Bondarenko, families). their not joining (i.e. alone Italy to whocome individuals for destination the first of aplace remains much very 2009) and Bondarenko 2009; Seleshchuk 2009; (Pronyuk migration Ukrainian and unregistered illegal of city gateway has been ahistorical Naples employment, female ofItalian level low very the Despite employment. offemale in terms (Istat) Italy endin the place from fourth occupies as Naples reasons, same with the explained Naples cannotbe in Ukrainians presence of of level high The women. foreign handsof the in care-work the behind and leave market labor professional the for themselves emancipate to women Italian allows women that the migrant presence of the precisely it is that whoclaim 2003) and Mahler Pessar 1983; Morokvasic 2004a; andHochschild Ehrenreich 2006; Anderson 1998; 2000, Andall 2007; al. et (Passerini scholars migration other of findings confirms also situation This migration. female a largely of proposition the meets care-work of occupation female traditional the for asdemand the 2008), (Istat population) migration female largest the 3 is (it Bologna workers in Ukrainian presenceoffemale thehigh explains this of view, point From this Ukrainians. 80 %of about which employs work, anddomestic care female for demand the understanding in significant which is Italians), (among employment offemale level the in Italy place in thefirst occupies Bologna conditions. andlabor salaries opportunities, oflabor terms in caseofcomparison aninteresting provide to seem andNaples Bologna speaking, Structurally ofItaly. scale onanational positioning and landscapes social cities’ the alters migrants Ukrainian of presence pronounced andhow the migrants toUkrainian offer thesetwocities opportunities what estimate to further canbeuseful groups migrants’ other against cross-check This groups. migrants’ national other among Ukrainians of representation of percent a high of because but also Italy, in places other to compared as Ukrainians of concentration high a is there because only not important is andNaples Bologna on focusing words, other In 1). Appendix (see Bologna and Naples in prominently groups more other migrant to relation in presence higher seetheir to us allows regions these groups in migrant other to inrelation migrants positioning group, national their within Ukrainian migrants of number secondlargest the have region might Lombardy the while that see wecan numbers given the Based on 2008). (Istat Milan groupin migration national largest tenth andthe Rome in largest the fifth and only Bologna, in largest and third Naples, in permits residence group with migrant largest the constitute Ukrainians migration, female the estimations there are still about 200 thousand – 300 thousand Ukrainians in Southern in Ukrainians thousand 300 – about 200thousand are still there estimations toexperts’ now. According until remain tendencies These weaker. are state Italian the of laws andthe worse paid) though (even a job find easier to is where it Naples, to mostly Italy, of South the in arrive - would country, the in permit a residence or a job without start would whom of most 2000s,- the of 90s –beginning the in migrants Ukrainian Usually (2009), gives a brief historic account ofthese tendencies: account abrief historic gives (2009), 25 rd CEU eTD Collection the first cities to initiate protests of support with the protesters in Kyiv during theOrange during Kyiv in theprotesters with support of protests initiate to cities first the among was Bologna Thus, engagement. political migrants’ in role Bologna's in detrimental also migrants’ monthly page in the local Ivano-Frankivsk newspaper Ivano-Frankivsk the local page in monthly migrants’ monastery, toZarvanytsja families and their of migrants Pilgrimage 2006) (since annual the to here Irefer these networks of a few name To networks. and civil institutional transnational first the of some creating Ukraine, to transnationally Bologna andlinked Italy whole the in resonance strong created also but and creativity activism of forms tomany ofmigrants anumber attracted only not that Bologna, in environment social engaging dynamic, a very shaping in resulted has activists of and anumber Potochnyak of father role The 2009). (Pronyuk Italy in Ukrainians all for Coordinator Pastoral postof the held 2001 also who from student, doctoral theology a young Potochnyak, Vasyl father became priest its parish, its hasobtained city whenthe 2002, of beginning the from way.Thus, andinfluential aunique in life and political cultural migrants’ (Ukr. churchcommunity theBologna that note to important is it chapter, this in sections the following oneof in Ukraine away from migrants Ukrainian organizing in plays UGCC role special discuss the will I While center. inits (UGCC) Church Catholic Greek Ukrainian the with community-building migrants’ Ukrainian of terms in place aparticular became Bologna offer. could Naples than families, the of reunification for conditions better wouldguarantee believed which they salaries, andhigher security rights, social more children, for conditions better by the it justifying North, have moved awhile Italyfor in tostay plans solid made families, their of whole orparts the of areunification organized orhave who expected respondents, my of many hand, other the papers.On legalization and resources connections, social experience, skills, language some obtaining after only North and moved Naples, in times many South, the in migration their started had they that indicated generation the older respondents of ofmy Bolognamost in one hand, the On fieldwork. the during conducted interviews in my confirmation atwo-way found fact This The activism of Bologna’s UGCC ofBologna’s activism The events. religious and other patron Bologna’s of festivals during celebrated and group asanational visible migrants Ukrainian making celebrations, andpublic Bologna’sreligious in representation strong very have also inBologna migrants Ukrainian Church, the Italian to own connection close Potochnyak’s father and community church active Through Ukraine. across centers Western andcommunity libraries schools, several in Italy” in people “Our photo-exposition migrants’ collective of presentations conditions of work, legal and social rights / protection (Bondarenko 2009:62). protection / rights andsocial legal work, of conditions better salaries, higher obtain trying to thus ofNorth Italy, and Center to the move Italy. With time, some Ukrainians, especially after receiving after especially Ukrainians, some time, With Italy. hromada surpassed the religious and cultural spheres and was spheres and and cultural thereligious surpassed 26 Nova Zorja permesso disoggiorno permesso hromada , and numerous , ) shapes […] CEU eTD Collection seemed to be quite low. bequite to seemed population and the migrant local betweenthe close of interactions thelevels high, was quite Ukrainians presence of cultural the while where, ofBologna, streets the in me happenedto never has This girlfriend. or aUkrainian them for working Ukrainian hada they that explaining Russian, or Ukrainian broken of words a few with me would address - in me, aUkrainian recognizing - who, men) (mostly Italians encountered times many I Naples, of life city inthe migrants onUkrainian infiltration greater this Reflecting bazaar. Sundaymini-van the through only goods Ukrainian of a supply andprovides store Souvenir Russian has Bologna one contrast, In Indians. and shopsPakistanis number of Arabs, run by agreat through and distributed mini-buses Ukrainian bythe supplied is that products food of presence a great and products food sell that –Polish shops Ukrainian three super-market, Ukrainian a full-size restaurants, has Ukrainian two Naples Similarly, people. mature formore opportunities anddating dancing offering known for andis reputation which hasadubious (“Valentino”), scoresoneplace hardly Bologna clubs, disco two “Ukrainian” migrants Ukrainian offers Naples While Brescia. e.g. places, smaller of number a in but and Rome Naples in only exists not that children school for Sunday Ukrainian organize to able been hasnot city the Thus, as Naples. migrants for open not so is city the Ukrainians, to offers Bologna that representations and cultural political active besides the However, 2007). Neptune the under continues Revolution “TheOrange entitled article in Bologna.in 6 periodical national the example, Thus, for activism. migrants’ press its through national Italian the in Bologna of featuring in but Potochnyak) father including inBologna, activists seven to ofgratitude letters personalized sent Yushchenko president theelections, after (e.g. Ukraine to inrelation migrants ofBologna’s repositioning transnational in only not resulted activities these political All 2007). Lazoryshyn 2009; (Pronyuk Kyiv in protesters the support was sentto that 2600Euro, over collected Bologna Ukraine, in protests of oneweek only andin 284migrants) with round 5buses last (in the elections of rounds three all for Milan in Consulate Ukrainian tothe trips voting organized activists Bologna’s hours, working skipping to linked money of homes andloss Italian in schedules working the with difficulties the Despite squareofUkraine. in the main protesters the among tobecirculated Kyiv, to sent was which Ukraine,” in sons daughters and totheir andfathers mothers Bologna’s address “From public of a letter in It resulted Maggiore). square(piazza main onBologna’s manifestation anunsanctioned formed over 200migrants Kyiv, in Ukraine square of main the in protests the massive of beginning the days after oftwo amatter within 2004; November in Revolution Here theauthor refers to the statueofNeptune as a landmark ofpiazza Maggiore,one of the squaresmain 27 Il Resto delCarlino Il Resto 6 ” (quoted in Lazoryshyn in ” (quoted published an published CEU eTD Collection locations in the minds of migrants; the importance of the such mindwork should be taken into betaken should such mindwork ofthe importance the ofmigrants; the minds in locations the of imagination the in role abig plays divide this of trope a)the following the to attention draw to would like but instead inItaly, migrants Ukrainian of situation the in divide North / South the of existence the arguing not for am I Thus, differences. regional on than rather recourses available to mobilize ability a situational on depended migration in success whose individuals and families migrant many encountered have I dissertation this for research my Throughout 7). chapter in (seemore and “uncivilized” “chaotic” seen“dirty,” as was theSouth because also secure, but could it that salary in increase double- the only of because not asadesired destination North the to related ofthem most Nevertheless, police. the of fear was less andthere legalization in result could that employers with relationships apersonal develop to ajob, without survive to ajob, find to was easier it North; thanthe those opportunities of more times at presented fact in South the in that life fact tothe admit wouldalso they opportunities, structured andmore salaries higher perusing north, themove accomplish orderto in families their with thereunification had postponed and energy money, much respondents invested my of many 2010). While (Hrodetska migrant Ukrainian a of dilemma pleasant” is more it [South] there but better is it as [North] “here opportunities articles in the Lviv newspaper Lviv inthe articles as a Italy in herlife who documents journalist Ukrainian - a Hrodetska, Vira and 8). 5, 7 see now chapters (also examples toa turn few I which closely, more investigated has be to migrants for allows it them fixing for opportunities and ruptures of kind what however, settings, and economic social different very provide these two regions Indeed, 1998:1). (Schneider society” capitalist industrial of emergence the underwrote theNorth, in that, cultures civic orderly, rational, the build to […]unable competitive, intensely as“rebellious, North the to opposition dichotomous in mind public theItalian dominates South which the 1996) in Gribaudi 1996; Goddard 1996; Pardo 1989; Herzfeld 1998; (Schneider differences South / North regional onthe discourse all-Italian the incorporate migrants which degreeto also the but treatment in theexperience notonly reflects stereotyping ethnic of abundance Such /Germans.” Austrians as “stiff “snobbish,” strict,” as“too Northerners the while hearted,” “warm asa family,” me “treating “humane,” more as Southerners the describing inhabitants, the of temperament the to experience their in difference main the attributed respondents Many permit. aresidence and obtaining life, themigrant to adjusting thelanguage, learning migration, into springboard a perfect space, unstructured an unruly, as being Italy of South the described respondents of my most Bologna, and Naples in stay between the difference onthe reflecting or North the to South the from move oftheir Reminiscing interviewees. ofmy number a great by weresupported These observations Express, - sarcastically refers to the North / South differentiated South / North the to refers sarcastically 28 badante in a series of scandalous aseries of in CEU eTD Collection workers spheres as domestic and care-work, agriculture, seasonal and unskilled work. In2007 and unskilled seasonal agriculture, andcare-work, as spheres domestic workers Italian among suchunpopular for labor foreign to request non-seasonal allowing legislation Decreto Flussi migrants. Ukrainian for legality passageto main the and became workmotives, for permits residence allowed (Salvatore 2011;Camilloni 2008; Ministerio dell’Interno 2007, 2011) apply non-nationalfor other, quotas,compete and withother come nationals onfirst serve first basis thousandworkers. domesticBased quota, onthe national Ukrainians have 1800 secured,they can while flows werewithrequesting 98thousand 2010, renewed non-seasonalin shares for workers, 30 including consecutivebe two was planned Decreto will 2009for 2008), it stopped that years. in Flussi Thelegalization 7 hadthe From 2001Italy Italy. in permits residence obtain to and accommodation employment whoprovetheir could migrants allowed all that (2002) – Fini Bossi legalization one-time particularly, legislations, migration thefavorable to islinked jump This 2004). 2003(Caritas/Migrantes in Italy) in migrants all of (5% 112thousand over to skyrocketing 2002, 14000in toover growing slowly and, Ukrainians registered 205officially with chart migration Italian the 1992entered in state asanindependent time first the for featuring Ukraine Ukrainian migration on legislations migration ofItalian effect the of Overview andsuccess. upgrading of dream mobility, their to realize order in respond migrants whichUkrainian to Italy of South andthe North the in available opportunities different into divide Italian larger the with resonates this but and opportunities salaries in difference specific only the not create Naples andBologna them. torecover migrants for available tools andthe ruptures of types the thus affecting migrants, for abilities andremitting earning quality, life the defining opportunities structural sets of two particular provide locations Both migration. about and imaginations choices migrants’ Ukrainian determining in plays it role andthe divide Italian South North/ infamous the to the reference Italy, within migrants Ukrainian of migration internal of significance the explore, to allow these cities that Italy to migration Ukrainian of development thehistorical into perspective by the but locations thetwo in migrants Ukrainian of numbers by high only the not determined was research for my and Naples ofBologna choice the Thus, locations. change these migrants of presence the andtoseehow locations intwo specific differently provided practices situational and andopportunities, ruptures structural estimate differences, in to bring me allows places two addressing these which in scale thelocation I arguefor b) ambitions; the migration reach to order in make they sacrifices andin strategizing migrants’ part in crucial plays asit consideration In the light of the tightening grip on migration policies of the Italian government under Berlusconi (from May , which was carried out on the annual basis from 2001 to2007 from basis annual the outon was carried , which 29 . Decreto Flussi legislation, which 7 originally was a originally CEU eTD Collection 8 bondage, employer-employee its With house. workthat in never who a will man requestfor a job getting thus houses, and employing their of one with relationships closepersonal their mobilizing him.” support needsto awoman Italy in survive to aman for order “in as described respondents my of which most dependencies, gender-differentiated of situation tothe leads Thisoften employer. bythe often more rejected andare regularization ask to for insecure more bothfeel thus and employer their to connection have less jobs seasonal orpetty construction such as settings work impersonal more in employed men, Ukrainian while employers, on their pressure putting ways of and informal the familiarity of anadvantage workers, have live-in asdomestic especially sector, domestic the in working women circumstances Under these 2011). zero(Salvatore to would be equal apermit toobtain chances their 15minutes in as sharp,already o’clock at8 documents ofpackage out the filled of button on“submission” clicked employer sure her/his to make had a migrant that means This 8 a.m. was openedat application online for the time after 15 minutes within beenclaimed have shares 170 thousand the 2007all in Thus, entirely. depends a migrant force thework legalize to on whose desire employer, the with and communication oftrust level close particularly a requires anapplication to file anemployer Convincing migration. shapes Ukrainian qualities throughintrinsic its that also aregulation but permits) residence related orahealth study permits the family, of beingreunification options (other Italy in permit migrants, Ukrainian For country. the in presence ofmigrants actual ofthe indicator reliable themost probably became intention, its original despite Thus, illegally. and resorts farms homes, Italian in working whoare already those migrants legalize to law allows the Instead, country. foreign a worker from particular a for a request would have anemployer that unlikely is very it labor, unskilled seasonal work or a domestic of thesphere in particularly However, origin. of country his/her in embassy Italian the in avisa for apply can beenprocessed, requesthas the after then, who abroad, workerfrom aparticular a out formrequesting thushastofill employer An Italian employer. tothe relation subordinate a creates start the from which right place, work Italian the in demand the to linked is force work aforeign request for The 2007). dell’Interno Ministerio 2008; e badanti colf employment from her own salary. In many cases in my research, migrants spent years spent migrants myresearch, cases in many In her own salary. from employment her to related pay taxes will a migrant adealthat striking often requests, persistent migrants’ after only legalization to agree many but migrants, tolegalize seekopportunities willingly employers Some legalization. obtaining to related of economy favors informal andawhole obligations E.g. Interview, Volodymyr. 8 Thus, it is very common that women secure work permits for their sons or husbands by sons orhusbands their permits for work secure women that common is very it Thus, (domestic and care-workers) requests andcare-workers) (domestic Decreto Flussi is not only the most accessible way to obtain a residence obtain way to accessible most the notonly is Decreto Flussi 30 has created various ties of dependencies, of ties various has created amounted to 60 % of all requests (Polchi all 60%of to amounted Decretto Flussi CEU eTD Collection migration can be linked to both UGCC history (its experience as the Church of the Ukrainian the of Church asthe experience (its UGCC history both to canbelinked migration of conditions the rise in quick andits has inItaly UGCC that ofstrength position unique The 2009). 2008;Bojko (also(Keryk see programs cultural shelter, food, jobs, building, community- guidance, religious of sphere the in migrants for support practical of wide range a andprovides countries inboth migrants Ukrainian for functions representative the of most takes it Ukraine: andin Italy in both message political hasastrong UGCC the migrants to relation In only. role religious the surpasses far by influence sphere of its while Italy, of Church Catholic Roman the to relation in positioning particular its from stems influence Its strong Italy. over all dispersed migrants the for unity of sort some provides that organization single andthe Italy over present all organizations influential the most oneof remains (UGCC) Church Catholic Greek Ukrainian The Italy in migrants Ukrainian of representation and life Organizational community? Migrants’ papers. residence for andre-applying applying waiting, of state the to subjugated areconstantly home at families their tovisit and ability work, life, their which in limbo, oflegal sort some into migrants 3-6 years) puts thefirst (in ayear’stime in reapply to need the embassy, Italian inthe visa a for apply orderto in country home totheir goback needto the responses, in delays The 2008). (Polchi eightthousand visas only hadgiven embassies by June2008Italian in2007, employers byItalian filed workpermits for requests 700thousand after Thus, state. the of bureaucracy the with marathon exhausting andoften a long run migrants permit, aresidence obtaining after Even Italy. in “locked” cohort, main the who constitute migrants theunregistered is it while country, the outof potentially who are those of thenumber indicates registered those officially of number the whereby paradox, afascinating provides legalization This way, Italy. in accumulated payments being unemployment arowwith in months few a for Ukraine to return to Italy, in benefit and securing unemployment their declaring after even, or vacation for home visits consequent Ukraine, to back to travel anopportunity means migrants most for Being legal legalization. their in resulted that networks and professional social the secure could they before illegally, Italy in years three to two wouldspend respondents my average, On regulations. legal state-controlled of andoutside individually negotiated are dependencies and relations which the in fields thesocial constitute often creates boundsthatit the higherthan money; rates which sometime ofcurrency, form another asense,in becomes, thus legalization The them. legalize to promise employer’s the hope of the in places, work or demanding less paid better jobs for change to refusing legalization, negotiating 31 CEU eTD Collection World War II. They seem to be are few and have limited connection to the contemporary labor migration. labor contemporary the to connection limited have and few are be to seem They II. War World and Naples,suggested that Orthdoxchurches inItaly are the ones established byearlier diaspora after was regularly usedthe by UGCC. Otherwise, myinterviews with the UGCCclergymen in Bologna,Rome 11 10 of migration. places 9 all. at representation no to close has Church the while Orthodox inItaly, immigrants andBelorussian Moldovan Russian, of Church the also became but thecountry over all from only Ukrainians not has beenuniting it however, Italy In country. the of regions theWestern in mostly centered Church) Orthodox and Ukrainian Church Orthodox Russian being Churches (thetwo leading church aminority UGCC is Ukraine In community. Ukrainian inthe serve to masses againand duties priest his up take to whenproposing Church, the of help the papersthrough legality obtain could migrant labor simple as a Italy in was working who a priest that uncommon was itnot migration, of stages early the in especially that times, several Iheard Italy in interviews my during Additionally, Lviv. 2008) in 80students to (up Rome in studytheology students Ukrainian ofand anumber Church, Catholic Roman Italian the from salaries receive priests UGCC all thus, own institution; its through of“migrants” number a creating hasbeenalso UGCC (Bojko2009). ofItaly andCenter intheNorth mostly Spain), only 16in (cf. Italy 120UGCCthroughout wereover 2009there by2005.By parishes UGCC 90 emerged there supervision active Under his 2009). Bojko 2009; (Pronyuk Italy in Ukrainians for Coordinator Pastoral of position created onanewly Potochnyak Vasyl Father appointed 2001 UGCC endof the At up. picking started just Ukraine from migration whenlabor 1990s, the in already Rome in community UGCC hadits Thus, Catholicism. Eastern branches of the one of Diaspora show (Shuster 2009)) (Shuster show talk TV Live Shuster in Horodetskyj Seleshchuk, (e.g. Ukraine in on migration researches most on producesandcollaborates Ukraine as Caritas well Issues, as Migration in Commission UGCC the Thus, Ukraine. in functions representative the migrants’ of hastaken most UGCC Italy, As in and 2010. 2006 in elections andpresidential parliamentary Ukrainian in voting for toMilan trips bus 2004-5andwas organizing in Revolution Orange the during Bologna protests in political the of thecore became activists andits UGCC Thus, before. diasporas world Ukrainian in happened idea,asithas and religious under onenational people Ukrainian of unification the would promote This 2009). (Bojko Italy” in diaspora Ukrainian emerging newly the needsof to the “catering to home” migrants ofthe return for “calling from policies its change to adecision made when UGCC 2004, after idea national Ukrainian ofthe asapromoter active particularly became it religious; After World from IIdiaspora western After Ukraineregions of War broughtUGCC Canada andthe USA, to other E.g. in Naples,in the Orthodox E.g. religious holidaysmasses werethe churchbuildings in that heldonmajor 2008. Rome, in Interviews 9 ) and the patronage of the Roman Catholic Church, in which UGCC is conceived as conceived is whichUGCC in Church, Catholic Roman the of patronage ) andthe and takes part in public debates on migration in the printed media and media printed the in on migration debates public in part takes and 10 and has a number of exchange opportunities with Catholic University in University Catholic with exchange opportunities of anumber andhas 11 UGCC’s sphere of influence thus has been far more than only than more far been has thus influence of sphere UGCC’s 32 CEU eTD Collection UGCC newsUGCC paper regional anIvano-Frankivsk in published migration of the issues to dedicated page monthly migration –representing press in Ukraine (with a rare exception of exception arare (with Ukraine in press –representing migration absence of complete duetoalmost striking pressisparticularly Ukrainian of proliferation This site. most active being Leleky.org (Cranes), UGCC web-site in Italy in web-site UGCC (Cranes), Leleky.org being active most the among sites, internet of number anda television, Naples onalocal time hasair community Ukrainian media, other Among Europe. all over countries seven outin comes and it press, Ukrainian anall-European create to attempt the first apartof is inItaly circulates that newspaper another Ukrainian,” “European UGCC. to linked are closely editions these for responsible (e.g journal (e.g organizations and migrant governments municipal local bythe supported are newspapers Italian pagesin Ukrainian newspapers and smaller other Many languages. many in Union Western by newspaper sponsored a similar of a part and is Italy, over all circulates that thousand copies) (23 periodial major another is Newspaper” “Ukrainian their Union; such as Western organizations profit the from come press Ukrainian financing of sources Other Italy. in journal Ukrainian longest-living the and the first became 2000, early the in Potochnyak byfather founded Light], the UGCC also gave rise to the proliferation of Ukrainian migrants’ press in Italy. press in Ukrainian migrants’ of proliferation the rise to gave also UGCC 2009). (Bojko need something whenthey churchonly to who come those migrants denoting Church, the to approach “supermarket” of problem the raise often priests UGCC Thus, support. psychological and social economic, searchfor their through celebrations, cultural of anumber through but practice, religious through notonly Church tothe connected themselves thus, find Many migrants andpeople. culture onelanguage, with nation-state Ukrainian the celebrating ideology national and language theUkrainian UGCC promotes celebration, ofthe andthespirit these events of choice the Through calendar. to the Gregorian according DayandChristmas Nicolas St Easter, of Mother’sDayandcelebrations being significant the most one of andcelebrations, events cultural major of many organizer has beenthe It migrants. for functions multiple UGCC performs Italy, In Ivano-Frankivsk). in newspaper 12 (e.g. UGCC with areassociated activists rights ofA number migrants’ region. Ternopil the Monastery, Zarvanytsja in labormigrant Ukrainian the to monument first the of construction the initiates and now writing), creative migrants ofUkrainian anthology (thetwo-volume writings migrants’ books of of anumber launching in participated It hasalso Pilgrimage. annual the of organizers the one of and is and conferences events public readings, numerous UGCC organizes television. http://www.chiesaucraina.it/ Pieta , and a monthly newspaper page “Labor migrants’ wave” comes out in out a UGCC in comes wave” migrants’ newspaper“Labor page and a monthly , Voce and Ukrainian page in a Avelino news paper aAvelino pagein andUkrainian Nova Zorja ). 33 12 and “Ukrainian Newspaper” web- Newspaper” and“Ukrainian Otto Pagine Otto Zarobitchanska Khvylja, Zarobitchanska Do Svitla ) . Mostpeople [Towards a CEU eTD Collection respondents (especially in Bologna) would still hold Caritas ( card Caritas hold wouldstill Bologna) in (especially respondents my of many years for Italy in staying after Even respondents. my of many for Italy to arrival of months the first in and food shelter providing in role a plays major Caritas Italy.” in survive never would have Caritas,we for wasn’t it that“if admitted ofmy informants Many Ukrainians. including groups, all migrant of needs adegreeaddressthe to that levels ofvarious institutions support of hasanumber Italy staff. lawyers and professional state, Italian the of support have and therefore migrants, with ofworking experience decades of have ofthese organizations most that the fact to related can be such trust of reason the of A part migrants. by the trustworthy more as are seen for migrants institutions Italian organizations, theUkrainian towards attitude theskeptical Unlike andBrescia. Naples,Rome in which are located ones’ of biggest the schools, Sunday language ofUkrainian has been organization such of associations efforts successful most probably ofthe One help. medical andorganizing ofmigrants mobilization political search, job home, diseased migrants the of bodies sending workdisputes, permits, residence obtaining in support legal tofree activity acultural organizing from arange include usually associations public such of activities The members. organization the in employed actively ofit’s number the to limited often are thus these associations of influence The work.” actually that associations other also there but true, casesit’s And insome some money!of out people trick to just organized these are all of that think They Ukrainians. byother any association of distrustful arethoroughly people “Our head ofAs the the migrants. among support popular alarge enjoy not do ones established the most even however, Solerno), 14 13 for thirsty are people everyone, organize need to don’t you Italy, “In Italy: in mobilization civic of level high a tosuch comparison in Ukraine in return upon their migrants Ukrainian of solidarity of lack the about bitterly beenspeaking have inIvano-Frankivsk migrants returned the of support like organizations, Other unemployment. or partial full times of in meals hot even and packages food getting (e.g municipalities local the by andsupported with are collaborating these organizations Most of andpurposes. size various of associations migrant Ukrainian of number a great boasts Italy organization religious Besides oriented unions as ACLI as unions oriented activism in comparison to Ukraine. Olexander, one of the organizers of the organizers one of Olexander, Ukraine. to comparison in activism andmigrants’ of migrants organization civic ground for fruitful an incomparably tobe proves Italy them. within positions in voluntary migrants involve and even questions, and work Sindacato Indipendente Lavoratori Stranieri InEurope http://www.sindacatosilse.org/blog/ http://www.acli.it/ Sportello Immigranti Sportello 13 andSILSE Hope Hope association established in 2003, Evgenia Baranova, explains: Baranova, Evgenia 2003, in established association in Brescia, in 14 provide a wide range of services in solving health, legal health, solving in services rangeof awide provide (Migrant’s windows) run by Christian andworkers’ runbyChristian windows) (Migrant’s 34 Ukraine Plus Ukraine in Mestre and Venice, Mestre in tessera Pieta, ) and rely on Caritas for onCaritas ) andrely an organization for anorganization Kalyna in CEU eTD Collection Italy. “Geographic separation from the family places women’s purity at risk” concludes (Parrenas concludes atrisk” purity women’s places family the from separation “Geographic Italy. to migration female predominantly of picture inthe men non-migrating and migrating position will which work my field a cases go over from willfew I chapter the part of ethnographic this final In migration female the mostly of context the in expectations Gendered epilogue: Ethnographic migrants. for discontinuities asensefurther of triggering often Ukraine, to return ontheir decontextualized become andhomes, families behind and leaving country different a to moving to linked ruptures of set initial the by triggered these activities, All themselves.” into “look or to God” “turn to orhadtime hobbies forgotten re-discovered or prose, poetry writing started had they that Italy in was it that acknowledged many interviews my in that not surprising and itis time, free their up filling of new ways needfor the find often migrants contexts, familiar and familial oftheir out Taken ofnon-work. the time at tongue native the in communication of up lack the fill simply or one’scountry-fellows, to connectivity asensebring of might andUGCC association migrant Ukrainian with engagement the level, anindividual On solidarity. national needfor the of ideas based onthe support, and moral legal housing, work, of terms in network security of sort some to provide aim often organizations of types both migration, labor of pitfalls and main objectives the Considering Church. Catholic Roman sympathetic the from activities and economic social spiritual, cultural, of forms various in gets support (community) UGCC Similarly, migrants. of association registered officially an for available become resources all these deceasedmigrant, body ofthe the Ukraine backto sending for money even or training language event, cultural for or money school space for a for a town municipality ask cannot migrant anindividual while Thus, migrants. for state the Italian by allocated resources into and tap governments municipal the with can engage which migrants through organization of aform provide Italy in Ukrainians of associations civic level, structural On the levels. individual and structural between the differentiate useful it to is andcontinuities ofruptures grit conceptual the against ofmigrants the life in play organizations andreligious civil that roles the Analyzing home. are back once they it withdraw from to free feel Italy in life Church the part in active taking people of as anumber basis, onreligious exclusively people attract does not migrants, for provided programs interms leads though even UGCC) and Catholic Roman (both Church The inItaly. organizations many use of instrumental the to also but Ukraine andin Italy in ofmigrants participation of level differentiated to the only outnot points Thecomment need it.” don’t herethey [religion]…because stoppracticing Ukraine] [in here it, needed when they Italy, in UGCC in involved beenactively have who those Even Italy! not in mobilize, we needto that here Its andbythemselves! themselves is for Everyone ropes’ ends! any You can’tfind Ukraine! in here, do something to try But act. to ready are our people and yourvoice raise you just action, 35 hromada CEU eTD Collection to her own family’s history. In a way not uncommon in migration histories, Tonia’s husband used Tonia’s histories, migration in uncommon a way In not history. own her family’s to witness asasullen her mother by storytold the to Zhenia listened while kitchen, small their in tea, of acup over her husband with breakup her dramatic of story the me recalled Tonia years ago. some 3 inmigration hermother who hadjoined Zhenia, daughter, old 19-year ofher trust the gain re- to learning was just our interview of time the at 7 years, last the for Italy of North the in lived who has 45, Tonia, family. the for insufficient proved or failed migrate to attempt husband’s their after was considered Italy to come to decision the that indicated research women my in Several 2008). Solari 2009a; (Vianello offered migration workthat unskilled into ashamedtotransgress too felt husbands becausetheir to migration turned interviewees their ofsome that bothindicated Italy to migration onUkrainian research their in (2008) and Solari (2009) Vianello masculinity. their maintaining about concern to are expected men while responsibilities more upeven take to them urging fact, in any easier; burden women’s does notmake however, This (2005a:45). boundaries” cancross gender women men, Unlike responsibilities. wide range of a encompass mothering of constructions contrast, In boundaries. cross gender cannot men that means […] This offathering. concepts to do they than mothering of toconcepts greater flexibility they give andfathering, ofmothering gender boundaries strict convey representatives community “While migrants: Filipino the among roles familial onthe reflects Parrenas project. migration their of andfailures successes judge aspirations, personal build migrants which to according values, of grid awhole setting thus eachother, to opposition in andoften relation in areconstructed woman’ a ‘proper of idea andan man’ ‘proper or a ideas the argue that Iwill dissertation my In anddependence. reliance of and networks objectives its of interms generations several into andspilling member family and non-migrating both migrating involving aproject becomes as migration men, of role soaboutthe unavoidably but women of role the of notonly volumes speaks migration offemale cases the discussing Thus, herfamily”. hands andhelp her into everything hastotake awoman evenabit, his family advance and cannot things, together put who cannot a man, you have But if leave. hasto woman a wrong that it’s very think I general In so much. was that already a year… for the family leave to a mother, know? For I could year…how a wasI goingfor Italy, goto to decided Ifirst “When to migration: linked gendered expectations explained 10years) over Naples in stayed (47, Raja respondent my an interview, from excerpt ashort in Thus, beincompetent. to hadproved men their after only Italy to migrate to were forced and women living, earna to was expected man which to according values internalized strong, quite have to seemed andwomen men research both my During and families. women their for and provide protect to impotence beingmen’s the it of side the flip coin; the of one side just is frivolity consequent andthe family ofthe abandonment female the of tales the but 2005a:37) 36 CEU eTD Collection his eyes, because ‘he is so special, he helps to get a residence permit, he has the money.’ And money.’ hehasthe permit, residence geta to hehelps special, so is ‘he because eyes, his then, she finds here [in Italy] some alcoholic man, holds his hand and calls him andcalls holds hishand man, alcoholic some Italy] here[in she finds then, and husband, a has home, at children has she say, Italy]; [in here circus areal make women borders: “Our the over stretch responsibilities familial which women’s way in aboutthe opinion strong very voices Bologna, in interviewed have I whom (39), Tania same. the just responsibility woman’s primarily remains intact keepmarriage to her obligation well-being, financial familial the over upherresponsibility andtaking migrating after children; of andnurtureing upbringing the just beyond far stretch responsibilities familial ofa woman’s range the flexible Indeed, roles. and gender “proper” familial aboutthe imagination migrants’ part of significant as a men, of therole discuss turn here to I onwomen, mostly is dissertation ofthis focus the period. While post-soviet ofthe economy ofthe precarious context the in especially provider, of role stand uptothe to inability men’s to response and in andmotherhood, womanhood proper ofimages gendered the against migration undertake women where to Italy, migration of female ruptures the main one of of thesite becomes model This heath. the family of nurture is woman a and a provider is whichaman in a family of model neotraditionalist forward - puts worker, woman ofa ideology soviet the to response waysin many - which in rose ideology, nationalist Ukrainian of masculinity. a lack signof ultimate an and as weakness but men’s economy, Ukrainian of problem astructural as not was seen families andtheir themselves for agoodliving make to inability whenmen’s women, with migrant interviews my among encountered often otherwise which Ihave thesentiment, illustrates eloquently story Tonia’s daughter. andtheir Tonia with his behavior in scale full itself manifested which then weakness, his internal of but rules, immigration ofthe strictness the of notas a result inmigration hisfailure own. onhis She sees life a enjoying was probably but this time, all jail not in hewas that tothink inclined she is ornot, true was her husband of story migration Israeli surewhether the not really still is Tonia though Even but to jump at the opportunity to go to Italy. hadnochoice Tonia that so fast growing were debts their time, that By prison. in papers andkept without caught he hadbeen that explained He then his with suitcases. Lviv, in home, their in day one toreappear only a year, half for life his family’s from disappeared he then a few months; onlyfor migrant” was a“proper husband Tonia’s But Israel.” workto goto to him for proper more would be it decided then to We never. goabroad allow never work, me hewill that exclaiming exploded, husbandthen “My discussion: first the up in popped Italy migration, labor of idea the on discussed when hadfirst they brutal; so always not were things that recalled Tonia However, by her husbandmoney. ofpaying out Ukraine bailZhenia to she decided presence, Zhenia’s in Tonia at offenses shouted and thehouse, was in daughter teen-age their while women, home was bringing husband her that shehas learnt After Tonia. on putpressure to daughter their 37 amore , looks into CEU eTD Collection symbol ofself-governance, national integrity and military potency. the become free discourse In Ukrainian men. of history-long independence, for fight asa stand Cossacks 15 our women, all here, and some values/morals, have to used we here] came [we Before […] anything. have he doesn’t and now children, comfort, home awife, used have to afamily, have to used becausehe drinking he is this; like think personally I And he drinks.’ anass-hole, husbandis ‘my home, at back their child’s education or to secure their well being. It is also seen as woman’s responsibility to responsibility woman’s seenas It isalso being. well securetheir orto education child’s their for money provide way to no other see whenthey families their from depart women most that not surprising is it such expectations, With strong. relationships and healthy members family the keeping newgeneration, the in values right the installing the family, of protector anatural as seen woman is A as awhole. thefamily for responsible womenwhomade are it is theirfamilies, for provide to failing of terms in masculinity of lack for blamed commonly mostly are men the while However, women. and men both highon built being pressure personal value, of ideas to linked closely is situation whicheconomic game,in blaming intricate an produce roles Thus gender men.” contemporary at our looking again from die wish to immediately probably would they today, alive become would only Cossacks If that. like menarenot contemporary the be.But should way they the men, real some does have land our that clearly demonstrated ofthe Cossack era am I proponent bedifferent. would everything bepatriots, would people our young all only andif country, ofmy a patriot am “I history: national the of perspective the from them condemns but ownher perspective from only not men Ukrainian reproaches Italy, to migration the female about question my to response in 20s), her early in to Italy came single, (28, Olesia quote, the following In pride. national of fantasies the within framed are often thefamilies, for provide to ofmen failure and the masculinity, of ideologies so the language, nationalistic the in framed often women is of departure as the Just children. andLino’s family, their both support workhard to to have Lino sheand both son,but their to birth She hasnow given family. or his her either achoice, with him confronted Tania after todivorce butdecided married was still he Lino, dating started Ukraine, in back who hasachild also Tania, woman. When Italian an children from and hasseveral her than older 20years some whois Lino, man, Italian an with lives herself Tania immorality, women’s the on men ofUkrainian thefailure for responsibility the shifting children, of abandonment banal the beyond far stretch accusations Tania’s 8). While chapter in (see more homes Italian of ruination the for accusations media andItalian Ukrainian families of the ruination for the families from women of departure the blaming media, of accusation direct echoestheless indignation Tania’s family?” [Italian] upanother breaking 16-18 th century politicaland militant society of who men, escaped Polish orRussian serfdomorder in to all our women all have a few lovers… but also married ones. But why you are ones.But also married but a few lovers… have 38 15 ; that epoch to my mind has epoch tomymind that ; CEU eTD Collection Volodymyr does not seem to draw a connection between his story and his opinion about opinion his and story betweenhis a connection draw to seem doesnot Volodymyr him, before earlier 3years wife has arrived his though Even job.” of anykind reference, a by only is everything here because ajob, to find him help to woman some find to needs he herealone, a arrives man If (Italy). here senseto make in difficult it’s men, because for first, has arrived She wife. my course… of tojoinmy wife, came “No, I responded: immediately Italy to toarrive his family from was thefirst he askedif When interview. North) the in mostly Italy, in 4years spent 40s and has mid his (in Volodymyr’s to refer will I these points of some illustrate To women. and their integrities family’s their both andcontrol situation the of top stayon to strongenough proved Italy who arein the men failed, have men those other all while that, is stories these in message important most the course soOf low. fell women these that fault men’s the is it that again yet thus emphasizing and pay, theminimal for themselves prostituting Italy, in wives Ukrainian andcheating frivolous about andstereotypes accusations the to subscribe would of interviewees my most Additionally, them.’ to not but happened, ofit ‘all that fact bythe was increased accounts thesestereotypical in each man, of value personal The families. their protect to were able whichthey in stories success and as different as owncase their position to them allowing thereby with vigor, stereotypes existing respondents re-affirmed allofmy practically However, Italy. women in Ukrainian about populists the of that from different a view have least at or condemn would men Italy to migration experiencing after wasthat assumption My initial alone. Italy to come women their let did not they that fact the through own andmasculinity success their emphasizing often with me, issue this discuss eager to were very wives their with Italy were whoin the men contrary, the On children. their for reputation abad to rise husbandandgives the of theshame becomes mother the of transgression the whole family; her on shadow castsa a woman of migration case, the this In (2005a:55). some ofmen” disempowerment the andpromote women groupof a ofparticular empowerment the enable paradoxically, conventions, gender same these women, and between men elasticity gender ofthe context the in time, at the same but mothers, migrant of the families against work gender conventions of operation “The comments: vulnerable also more men made Philippines women in ofmigrant stigmatizing how when describing Parrenas Thus, with men. discussing for way sensitive topic too this andaUkrainian asawoman made position researcher’s my Italy; in working women the husbandsof the with any interviews to conduct able not Iwas masculinity failed ofmen’s andwomen ideas of migration between link such astrong With migration. in experience might she pressures and stresses the from members the family protect to even and connections, frequent maintain 39 CEU eTD Collection obscures the day-to-day practices of motherhood and dilemmas linked to being a mother within amother being to linked dilemmas and motherhood of practices day-to-day the obscures however, discourses, public in such trope of domination The sacrifice. motherly their through actions andstrategies their to justify order in women themselves, also bymigrant but women, of accusations for only not used sword, a double-edged became thus ofmotherhood, trope The roles. andfemale male proper the about imaginations gendered of awholechain motion sets in but nation, whole the to andbyextension families Ukrainian poses women for of departure that a threat of discourses rigid the in only not embedded is Italy to Ukraine from migration female that demonstrate The vignette within. operate they fields social andthe transnational lives women’s ofmigrating sets thedynamic that ofmothering practices situational and discourses) national Ukrainian embedded in (heavily the motherhood of trope idealized the between tension the i.e. dissertation, my of theme central the opens up vignette ethnographic This Ukraine.” of a“sad story is words, his in it andacountry; a nation as Ukraine of ‘fate’ the of idea andnationalistic Italy in women the between linkage recurrent the repeats also Volodymyr whores. being Italy in women all about Kuchma, president former citing including stereotypes, main the all to he subscribes however, situation; and familial personal his to no reference is there story Volodymyr’s In decisions. herpersonal with woman average an nospacefor with ‘demons’ old-lose-greedy ‘angels’ vs. ofyoung-beautiful-innocent lore clear a creates account His frivolity. women’s “old” the about andcomplains prostitution into forced” or who“lured are women, beautiful more younger the away from theblame takes Volodymyr Ukraine…” story for a sad is girls…This attractive more arethe Those it. that’s and what, how when, them, call just They flats. private in girls,’ ‘call like are more they roads anymore, by the so much women our see don’t thoughyou Even […]. notime in arrival the after she disappears attractive youngand a woman is “And if and prostitution: slavery sex into lured quickly would bevery she attractive, more youngerand is a woman if that that his view explaining by continues then Volodymyr a lover!” of kind some meet will she that hoping still is she her70sand in is a woman if world, the theendof probably is it Lord Gracious, am thinking, AndI woman.’ wanta would who an old ofman, kind bea should ‘But it she goeson: no? And befine, would Anyjob man? old why specifically to myself, thinking AndIam man.’ old an after look to ‘Preferably said: she then But try. will I say ok, I herajob. to find me asked Onewoman this… like had acase I Because, andso on... lovers Italian some about think they age…even pension whoour women areof that see aroundand I look If and attractive. young is woman the if Especially thefamily. with here be to better It’s beherealone. to awoman notsogoodfor It’s here. belucky to have So you that. like behave to are forced them of many but indecently, behave our women of many that saying was somehow Kuchma right (president) cansay that “One ingeneral: women Italy in Ukrainian 40 CEU eTD Collection and emotion work which is done in order to find the ways of bridging them. bridging ways the of find doneinorderto workwhich is and emotion struggles power ofruptures, sites the andexamine to locate me which allow frames theoretical the of some discussing now to turn I levels, on lives multiple women’s bringsinto migration andcontinuities seetheruptures to Trying migration. ofcourse inthe bymigrants and created for available andcontinuities ruptures of analysis inthe organizations andtransnational location of role the addressed also have landscapes. I social thecities’ alters presence migrants’ and how two places in available opportunities differentiated the demonstrated I andBologna, Naples to women ofUkrainian migration the discussing Thus, levels. transnational and local on experienced is that itasaprocess contextualized further have I two nation-states, the between relations the by only characterized as aprocess migration addressing step awayfrom to Attempting migration. by generated resources the over control gain to used are trust of community national from the exclusion of which discourses in contestations, and economic ofpolitical object an it hasmade migration, labor by generated remittances of flow powerful the Ukraine; from flows migration larger the in Italy to migration labor female contextualized have I chapter this In experiences. shape lived women’s that migration up through opening andopportunities ruptures ofother therole itdiminishes Equally families. transnational 41 CEU eTD Collection family roles, labor and space and labor roles, family and ofmigration Intersection frames: Theoretical 3. Chapter an individual, - the - an individual, project of notion use the I successes, and bothfailures analysis my in incorporate to order In out. carried and consumed imagined, is migration which in negotiation as a continuous rather, but work, my as in opposites function do not thus, successes, and Failures power relations. and local the global space own in outtheir carving of process inthe strategies situational create and others over solutions some to favor migrants prompt that andhierarchies powerthe relations canreveal types” “ideal and its ofmigration experiences the lived within inconsistency the hand, exploring other On the migration. attempt to who choose those affect that andopportunities structures wider the of speak volumes individual, highly though home, return to offailure as theexamples just migrant, alabor become to offailure examples the onehand, the On exercise. analytical asan only not important is such categories Challenging a at whendistance? are they herfamily with atpeace much more and secure there more much she feels Italy in ofworking hardships the despite that she realizes athome staying of ayear when one after or stop being migrant areturn become And doesshe her absence? of years the by altered beensignificantly have connections her social of most that andconsidering homes Italian in sector domestic the in working of years bythe professionalized been has care-work of her experience most of if even border, Ukraine’s she crosses moment the amigrant stopbeing hergrandchildren raising help goodto for Italy from return to decided whohas woman Does a migrant? a circular him make does that site, construction Moscow a in available ajob for leave to just Ukraine, to hereturns Italy stay in of months several after When, migrant? asalabor be labeled salary his off mother’s living months for unemployed stayed but Italy in mother working his whohas joined male adult can ayoung instance, For strategy. other touseoneorthe attempts offailed anumber gothrough often they practices, migration combine migrants As labor market. labor global shifting by offered shaky opportunities the to inresponse strategies cross-generational highly-situational of avariety employ which families in exchange andmoney labor involving practices transnational of precariousness the capture and the failure of definitions. Terms like Terms definitions. of failure and the numbers the use of political the from equally stems abroad working Ukrainians of number the to as estimation precise amore upwith tocome the failure earlier, As noted Ukraine. from migration aboutlabor statistics useofinconsistent politicized have the discussed I chapter previous the In . In comparison to the notion of notion the to comparison In . migration project migration allows me an analytic framework in which migration functions migration which in framework analytic an me allows migration labor migration 42 , - which presupposes the successful departure of departure successful the , -which presupposes , circular migration , return migration return migration hardly CEU eTD Collection thus, is an order of field or a code of conduct that disrupts expected or perceived normality, a normality, orperceived disruptsexpected that conduct oracodeof field anorder of is thus, Rupture experience. lived the of thedissonance and tropes) idealized orimagined discourses normative in reflected (e.g. normality of asense as assuming rupture, of idea the employ Here I Italy. stay in prolonged migrants’ through Ukraine in opportunities and loss of illegality, of periods andlengthy downward to mobility related self-esteem of loss qualifications, professional of loss families, transnational within ofintimacy totheloss refer I suchruptures, a of name To few brings. often migration ruptures the into in-depth look to me allow migration one’s of course the for hold on put issues and personal professional familial, unsolved of ends andloose Discontinuities level. concrete onavery totheseconcepts relate rather are but and continuities whaton ruptures debate philosophical a larger engagein Ido to not intend andcontinuities ruptures usage In of my 2003:3). (Ahmed scales” and ondifferent contexts different in [enacted] andmaterialities processes, modes “specific and constituting each other” to relation –in and symbolically materially –affectively, as “enacted to concepts, Ahmed’s similarly see, failures, dead-ends and their situational solutions by referring to by referring solutions situational andtheir dead-ends failures, of theissue address I hierarchies, and networks space-determined and labor familial, complex the in asinserted toItaly Ukraine from migration women’s labor which discusses mywork, In (2003:3). structures” working ofthe institutional and the andconstituencies, histories experiences, and of concepts analytical the refers to asadichotomy, often imagined relation, migration Home andMigration, of Questions Regroundings: / Uprootings volume acollective in (2003), Ahmed Sara participants. ofits lives the into introduces project experiences of migration, I refer to the concept of concept the to refer I migration, of experiences andlived the the imagined between as well tensions as silences, and distances absences, butalso across borders together families thatkeepmigrants’ only the ties not analyze To project. the andgoalsof opportunities shifting the throughout making and negotiation constant are in such projects within and rewards opportunities freedoms, roles, The project. same the within struggles and power hierarchies participants, its various among ofinterests conflicts alwaysentail projects as migration be idealized, not should It obligations. anddifferentiated goals imagination, common the for opportunities alsoprovide projects Migration move. who never andthose who migrate those of andopportunities choices trajectories, the life- andaffect histories familial the in written arethus projects Migration and benefits. hardships andshareits equally theprocess enable and thosewhostay behind whothose migrate which in project asacross-generational and materialized enacted imagined, as aprocess but space, in ofmoving endeavor as an not individual migration toconceptualizing refer I migration, simply than rather projects tomigration referring By levels. and practical symbolic, on cognitive, regrounding as such that allow her to “consider home and migration in terms of plurality of ofplurality terms in and migration home “consider her to allow assuchthat 43 ruptures and seeking to challenge the home vs. home the challenge to seeking ruptures continuities and continuities that the migration the that uprooting , which I CEU eTD Collection the Ukrainian state for institutional support and recognition, in their negotiations with Italian with negotiations their in and recognition, support institutional for state Ukrainian the towards made claims their in reputations, their defending in advocacy public migrants’ used in is It 5,7and8). chapters in (see practices more situational and women’s decisions of a justification and areason excuse, as an serves it when ruptures, fixing for as a tool serves also It organized. and areimagined projects migration which around pillar andemotion imaginative cognitive, practice situational out I turn to the analytical distinction between motherhood between distinction analytical the to turn I out and carried discussed, imagined, is onwhich motherhood layers the multiple of sense To make children. with their ofintimacy loss and distance by caused motherhood their of disruption the with struggle time same the and at children, their for better future a ofproviding obligation motherly their to fulfill order in migrated have they that byclaiming choices their defend themselves they while duties, motherly their neglecting of discourses public byUkrainian areaccused women the levels; on out various played is thus motherhood women’s Migrant and 8). 4,5, up(chapters growing their of on years out missing and children their from separation as prolonged migration during andhardship pain deepest their good”andarticulated children’s their thesakeof as“for departure for reason their formulated both interviewees my of Most spheres. or public political tothe limited simply arenot discourses these dissertation, the be discussed throughout will As it nation. ofthe integrity butthe families ofthe theunity only not threatening as discourses a tragedy andpolitical public media, various in as discussed often is Italy to migration Ukrainian that indicated Ihave chapters previous the In (1997:552). others” from andcriticism guilt, stigma, with cope so,they must doing –husbands.In and –sometimes children, homes, origins, of communities their from space andtime of separations “initiating are they migrate women when that arguing odyssey” –transforming asa”gender migration tofemale refer Avila and Hondagneu –Sotelo motherhood. especially and gender, migration of intersection the at happening is Italy to migration Ukrainian of ruptures central the of chapters, one introductory my in outalready pointed was As it migration. with intersect that sites various in andworked out, materialized as imagined, these contestations, of andnegotiations tension the within lies rather focus analytical my given; or arestatic continuities and ruptures both that assume do I no point at frame, analytical In my normative. the reproduce and resist can doboth: thus, continuities, words, other In and values. practices former than attractive asmore practice presents asituational a way in that “normal” ofthe or re-evaluation setting anunfamiliar in “normal” of forms discovered newly both signify light, this in Continuities, strategies. /situational practices chosen andthe “normal” expected between the conflict . As a trope, motherhood becomes an organizing principle in; it is acentral itis in; principle anorganizing becomes motherhood As atrope, . 44 as a trope as motherly migration motherly andmotherhood andpresented as a CEU eTD Collection gender-defined family roles, labor and space. To explore the ruptures and continuities that continuities and ruptures the explore To space. and labor roles, family gender-defined and migration of ontheintersection focus chosen to have I dissertation my In “normal.” imaginary concept of concept the to switch I andagents. factors various of intersections atthe ruptures topinpoint me allows domains. For my analytical framework, instead of instead framework, analytical my For domains. andinstitutional spatial familial, bodily, through manifestation their of specificity the against out workthem to oneneeds migration are in continuities and ruptures what the understand orderto in argue that I Similarly, (2003:815). state and the family the body, suchthe as scales, and social spatial on multiple with migration gender articulates that argue Pessar andMahler processes, transnational gendering in imaginary social and state of workon the role their In I will discuss below. which sites, rupture several identify I beyondmotherhood, experiences of multiplicity the address to and also Italy, in lives women’s Ukrainian of spheres many in reemerges tension motherhood seeTo how the levels. many on and challenges opportunities and emancipatory experiential new out brings which anexperience becomes migration that claim I dissertation with my contrary, On the motherhood. through only experienced is Italy to migration women’s Ukrainian that argue not wantto Ido project the migration within trope ofthe motherhood centrality the Despite points. at various salient more become which migrant) / legal an illegal or woman foreign exoticized an worker, a domestic as (e.g. identifications other of avariety address to allows us perspective this from motherhood Analyzing and 8). 7 4, 5, (seechapters situation the on depending background, the into orpushed forward canbebrought ofmothers identities when their onmotherhood, take praxis-oriented have a to more women allow practices situational hand, other the On 1997:552). andAvila (Hondagneu-Sotelo gulfs” and temporal spatial accommodate to ownmothering their or“reformulate lives towomen’s introduces migration that changes other multiple accommodate to allow ofmotherhood practices way,situational this In absence. and separation distance, by introduced ruptures the challenges that a continuity mothering, of reinvention creative the become motherhood of practices situational relations, mother-children the to distance and time ageographical which introduces migration, in onehand, on the two levels; on least workat ofmotherhood practices situational analysis my In onmotherhood. discourses normative andcontest bothreproduce practices which daily process in butas a role fluid fixed seeitnotas to a me allows hand, on other the practice, asasituational motherhood Addressing ownchildren. oftheir accusations and relatives husbands, neighbors, of jealousy the against defense their in employers, site as a richer spatial metaphor that alludes to how migration has interrupted the hasinterrupted alludes tohowmigration that metaphor spatial asaricher 45 scales, I prefer to use the concept of concept tousethe prefer I site , which CEU eTD Collection specifically address the positioning of migrants within these fields and address individual emotion individual andaddress these fields within of migrants thepositioning address specifically to allows me migration of course inthe created andcontinuities ruptures of question the with social fields transnational migrants’ in power relations of the analysis the together Bringing Smith 2006a, 2006c) citizenship meanings and citizenship practices (Schiller andCa (Schiller practices andcitizenship meanings citizenship 2006c) 2006a, Smith 2002; and Waters (Levitt migrants of generations several within ties transnational of strength and 2005b) incorporation 2008, Parrenas 2000; ((Gamburd roles familial gender and 2009), the transnational social field approach with the question of the city-scale (Schiller andCa (Schiller city-scale the of question the with approach field social transnational the been combining have studies Several these fields. within unfold power whichthe struggles in site the determine which would focus, a with more specific be coupled hasto approach field social transnational the relation, this In experience. migrants’ to be central to acknowledges which it struggles, thepower analyze to tools with me provide does not this framework However, projects. migration driving relations andthepower the locality of role the byacknowledging families andtheir of migrants the lives affecting andconditions necessaryactors all together bringing of ways with me provides that as aframework perspective social field transnational the approach I fields. these within alliances various orforming this fields members of other of interests competing often the against navigate participants the and all participants, other vis-à-vis arepositioned which migrants in fields power are spaces) social transnational say, to, (as opposed fields social transnational that is other The migrants. to offer they opportunity andtheincorporative localities of positioning global the between relation dialectic the understanding allows focus This presence. migrants’ the by affected andare experience determine migration that sites heterogeneous specific bounded in andnetworks connections multi-layered overlapping, of thepossibility is One framework. analytical my for potentials two distinctive holds perspective as this 1999) Fouron Georges andCa 2004;Schiller Levitt and Schiller (Glick field’ social ‘transnational of framework the employ to choose I research, my Basch, and Cristina Szanton Blanc 1995; Glick Schiller and Levitt 2004; Glick Schiller 1999) Schiller Glick 2004; andLevitt Schiller Glick 1995; Blanc Szanton Cristina and Basch, ‘transmigrants’ 2006a) or 2006c, (Smith life’ 2001) (Pries spaces’ social ‘transnational of theterms employs literature migration ways. Thus, inmany meaningful these connections through localities these and changing states, than rather localities linking states, ofnation borders across spanning andpractices networks arrangements, upon the migrants’ areusedtoreflect ofterms a number studies, In migration these fields. within operate power of that hierarchies within multiple them position and to experiences migration lived everyday into look to means fields, social transnational their within position migrants’ determining each other into spill spheres how these and these sites in develop ÷ lar 2009; Glick-Schiller and G Fouron 2001; Glick Schiller and Schiller 2001;Glick Fouron andG 2009;Glick-Schiller lar (Basch 1993; Glick Schiller Schiller, and Basch1995; Schiller Glick (Basch 1993; 46 ‘transnational ÷ lar 2009) . 2009) lar ÷ . In lar CEU eTD Collection the family members switches his/her position in family status ormigration. infamily position his/her switches members family the when oneof the families within change androtate might and seehow these roles to kin, further or children fatherhood, and to motherhood relation in distributed areunequally responsibilities way these the consider to time, the same and at ornot, women be it families, transnational the of all members of andresponsibility obligation the mutual investigate to me allows This mothers. migrating caseof in high particularly soars families andtheir Ukraine from migrants of obligations moral onthe discussion etc. The receiver, ofa remittance amigrant personis the onwhether also and agebut dependongender roles of thenegotiations which 2008) in (Carling transnationalism of moralities complex the on whichdepends within thepositioning project, this in hasaplace family a transnational of member Every living. standard of a maintaining for demands and consumption for pressure an increasing of source bea can also but migration in support a sense notonly provides of Family andgenerations. borders over stretches that enterprise family as awhole- project the migration into look I behind; families their as leaving women of experience the and onmotherhood notonly I focus research my in limitation this overcome to trying In households. and children their to obligations their to relation in discussed often - is or laborers remitters scale-shifters, whether as - experiences, and their wives and as mothers and foremost most discussed is position their active, to passive from shifted have roles women’s though even that is Morokvasic of critique theabove true for holds whatstill However, remitters. and breadwinners streams, ofmigration pioneers butthe anymore dependents orunproductive followers arenot women works, other theseand In 2005a, 2001b). 2008, 2000;Parrenas 2006; Gamburd andWaters Levitt 2006c; (Smith remittances through home towns their andrescaling connections transnational women maintaining in of role the Chang 2000) 2000; Andall 2003b; Hochschild market labor global feminized ever-more the in ofwomen role central onthe works focusing are the examples, afew name To process. migration dynamic ofthe center the in woman the putting perception, this haschallenged literature the migration of 1983much Since 1983:16). (Morokvasic andignorant.” illiterate isolated, persons, unproductive dependents, asfollowers, women migrant of aconceptualization to has and led aswives mothers presentation stereotypical andtheir wives as migrants’ towomen references symbolic the workon migration, “in important that comments literature the women migration in to ascribed role the of 1983 critique her in Morokvasic Mirjana roles family - defined Gender work. project the migration andmaking connections transnational maintaining put into 2003) Mahler and (Pessar and “mindwork” 2003b) work(Hochschild (S. Sassen 2002; Zimmerman, Litt, and Bose 2006; Morokvasic 2004; 1983, and Litt, Bose2006;Morokvasic (S. SassenZimmerman, 2002; 47 CEU eTD Collection pressure of responsibilities that they take up in the family lies not only in gender but at the but at gender in not only lies family the in up take they that responsibilities of pressure the women, Ukrainian For (Parrenas 2005b:119). children” of difficulties emotional the exacerbate could asthey domesticity women’s of ideology the reinforce […] may ofgender, contradictions internal the Instead, families. Filipino in relations gender egalitarian more of formation the engender notnecessarily does also It […] genderstructure. the destabilize necessarily not does women ofmigrant families thetransnational embodies gender that of contradiction “the concludes, Parrenas run, Inthelong deviant. not if arehidden transformations personal her unshared, remain often her experiences diminishing, are not responsibilities mother's a migration, during experience thatwomen might achievement andpersonal emancipation economic of experience the separation, geographical and thedistance Despite families. ofthe nurturers rolesof female traditionally any ofthe upof giving without responsibility male a seenas usually breadwinner of role onthe taken have mothers which migrant in (2005b:119) gender” of constructions “contradictory creates Parrenas to according This, a distance. from only but providers and material emotional of functions all motherly perform who instead, moms” be"super to trying roles, andfamilial gender established changethe seek donotto often women migrant families, andtheir migration of female stigmatization the due to that argues Parrenas children. their provide for dutyto motherly anda separation of asapain only their migration toframe women for “safer” it is Thus, andchildren. husbands their of suspicions from neighbors, of jealousy the from achievement personal andtheir migration of experience their of aspects positive the hide and diminish to have often returnees the Italy, from who women returned onUkrainian herresearch in 2009b) states 2009a, (Vianello Vianello As women. the to bring it might ofemancipation theexperience minimizes andeventually women for experience unshared alonely migration makes communication, turn, interrupts its in This, children. andtheir women migrant spouses of by both sharedis that andshame suspicion of anenvironment creating families, transnational within intimacy “freezes” argue, I pressure, Such 2008). Solari 2009; Pronyuk 2009b; 2009a, (also see(Vianello migration female discussing for trope themain becomes migration" “motherly while tragedy”, asa“national women of the migration of framing a similar discourse produces public Ukrainian spouses and children. alsobut ontheir themselves, women on not only pressure enormous puts This 2005b:92). sphere”(Parrenas domestic of outside mothers biological also places it men, women vis-à-vis powerof theeconomic increases only not migration Women’s gender boundaries. of transgression the for promise tremendous hold women ofmigrant families “transnational Philippines, the in discourse public In (2005b:40). children” of abandonment with the “equated often is migration women’s that suggests migration, female influx? roles andgender Motherhood Rachel Parrenas, in her meticulous workon Filipino hermeticulous Parrenas, in Rachel 48 CEU eTD Collection remains a job done by some women in order to uplift the burden of unrecognized, non-prestigious unrecognized, the burdenof uplift to order in women donebysome a job remains workoverwhelmingly domestic Paid (2006:202). women among inequalities in entrenched aredeeply ofcare crisis global the of the in light develop women that solutions the that volume collective the in Zimmerman Mary labor? disposable and easily cheap flexible for demand increasing globally inthe migration this of positioning us the about tell what does it care-sector, the in employed them 80 %of over andwith women being toItaly migrants Ukrainian 80%of over with However, homes. their absencefrom often prolonged their for as justifications serve earnings migrants’ level another On ofmigration. their state the of eyes the presencein a migrant’s for justification asole becomes that employment is migrants’ andit routines daily defines migrants’ that aworkregime is it world, ofthe location specific a in employability migrants’ determines that market a labor is it instance, For levels. onmany as functioning migration workin of experience ofthe centrality see the I 1975:58). andMohr (Berger etc.” drillers, cleaners, cement-mixers, diggers, sweepers, minders, Man in John Berger andcontinuities. rupture for site central another provides care-work of experience the gendered families, their within women of migrant the role from aside Stepping Labor Italy). in relationships intimate (e.g. others away in it butlocking children), with conversations daily (i.e. lives their of aspects certain it in practicing i.e. instrumentally, to transnationalism relating distance geographic utilize to manage they often andthat distance geographical from always "lose” donot women that demonstrate also hopeto I such ties. of the functionality denying without ofmigration, place the and home the both to women migrant connecting ties of anddirectionality unevenness the tackle I frame as ananalytical transnationalism of moralities andthe field social transnational Using the andhomes. families to Italian isseenas a threat this from Any transgression work. paid is it that forget to never are they labor, and care emotional toperform homes Italian of privacy the into areallowed women Ukrainian women? While local the of Italy asthe Italy same the it is but Italy, a doorto them opensfor Thus, migration have. women asItalian "start” same the them give doesnot women Ukrainian ofstatus the migrant employers, female Italian emancipated their of example the from learn might women While roles. gender normative from liberation encourage necessarily does not Italy in experience women’s Ukrainian mothers, migrant Filipino Like 2008). Solari 2008; see(Utrata careers (also housewife and fulltime rearing child for daughters adult their tofree role breadwinner’s the up take women gender andage,as of intersection , comments on the nature of labor migration: “It is not men who immigrate butmachine- who immigrate notmen “It is migration: labor of onthenature comments , Global Dimensions of Gender andCarework Gender of Dimensions Global 49 A Seventh argues CEU eTD Collection requires not only the experience of care-work, but a certain maturity of judgments andphysical ofjudgments maturity a certain but care-work, of experience the only not requires people, disease) andfrail Alzheimer’s cancer or stages of (last sick terminally workwith involves which often typeof work, particular This Italy. in agingpopulation increasingly care ofthe taking in involved are Italy in working Ukrainians 65%of Over care. geriatric of –that migrants Ukrainian niche for anational created age, upwith gender coupled Italy, to migration Ukrainian caseof In 5and6). (seechapters inUkraine owndaughtersanddaughters-in-law their for motherhood full-time unrealistic economically otherwise remittances through sustain to order in Italy workin domestic low-prestige prolonged in remain women agedUkrainian as middle factor, life-cycle and addtheage Ialsoseek to triangle -ethnicity – gender theclass To 6). (see chapter countries African from orcare-workers women Bulgarian Romanian, to opposed as care-workers” “reliable as themselves distinguishing in take women Ukrainian pridethat andto the help domestic their legalize wish employers’ to the to linked legalization through itself manifests women, Ukrainian caseof in nationality, to related The ruptures ofcontrol. hierarchies the in class gender and which brings woman, ofanother the control to workersubordinated anddomestic care paid the of toaposition moves her own in amigrant anda house wife amother herposition from shifting aspect; gender the with interwoven workis domestic in mobility downwardprofessional of rupture the issue of The 2009a). Vianello 2006; al. et (Khomra Ukraine in back children their of styles life the middle-class women maintain jobs lowstatus their earnedthrough remittances the using that is be neglected not should that this division class of side reverse The Italy. in jobs prestigious less andseeking Ukraine in jobs professional their losing through experience women Ukrainian that mobility downward the bydiscussing class of address issues the I andmigration labor of intersection at the occur that ruptures the Discussing 2007). (Campani ethnicity gender and class, of the“triangle” addressed has literature migration transnational of much while (1997:552), andnationality class byrace, also but bygender notonly segregated relentlessly occupation an workis domestic paid arguethat andAvila Hondagneu-Sotelo lines. class also but gender line the only along not division i.e. signifies, such commodification that divisions kindof different a of we cantalk that thus, indicating (2009:2), payment” without women, by mainly members, pastbyfamily the in were provided that services of workasa“commodification domestic describes Poland workersin anddomestic care on Ukrainian herarticle in Kindler, Marta this care. provide to have would otherwise who relative female younger a to or free female the non-existent substitute toeither is contract this behind implication the andamigrant, woman) ora (man personin-care between aging is the contract the - if care, geriatric as in or, - a is employer man, official the if even stressthat to important is It 2007). Hondagneu-Sotelo 2004; 2009;Morokvasic Kindler et al.2007; Passerini 2004a; Hochschild and Ehrenreich 2003b; Hochschild (Anderson2000; women other from labor reproductive 50 CEU eTD Collection 2009:186) and to see labor both as a disciplining factor and a sphere of achievement and achievement of andasphere factor a disciplining as both see labor andto 2009:186) work. This prism allows me to “avoid reducing migrants to faceless labor” (Schiller andCa (Schiller labor” tofaceless migrants reducing “avoid to me allows prism This work. care- to related fields social migrants’ within power the relations scrutinizing while experience workthe 2010)of (E. P.Thompson actuality” “human onthe focus will dissertation this In andworkspace. private time, work andfree demarcating with associated struggles power towork, related disciplines rigid the to are subjected migrants home, employer’s the of privacy the in performed tasks hoursandunspecified unregulated of flexible confinements the within even argue that I 2006:12)? al. et (Zimmerman andpaid/unpaid public private/ of negotiations and the work conditions of rigidity work, the of thecost in reflect thehome workto of relocation the does How space? one in andworkcollide where home homes the Italian of confines the outwithin workcarried domestic or care of experience andthe space-time industrial the between thelink is What workers. among discipline rigid introducing thus unit, pertime production of density the increasing for and called time, work offree vs. emergence tothe led home, the from separated spatially became which production, that heargues Particularly, disciplines. and new work regimes of emergence the proclaims capitalism, underindustrial time space and between relations theshifting exploring In his seminal work seminal his In 2003b). Hochschild 2000; 2006; Anderson2006, etal. (Zimmerman odors anddirt pain, labor, the of part exhausting the with deal to care-giver the leaving wife,” daughter, mother/ asa“good image boostone’s but to also care, aspectsof rewarding andmore better enjoy to ability the i.e. surplus, aneconomic only not has created this situation in class division The generations. oryounger people towards healthy i.e. care-experience, rewarding emotionally more a towards themselves orienting thus allowing children, oncare for andtime attention oftheir more spend butalsoto Italy), in thehighest is employment of female level where the Bologna, case in the (mostly force workthe tojoin only women not Italian allow that tosuchadegree Italians of generation the younger from theburden lifted have care-givers, these trustworthy hand, other the On trust.” could they “whom woman, mature strong, as a care-giver” “perfect of theimage mind having in job, this for young person a wantto hire not did families Italian that complained people young many interviews my in Forinstance, employment. sphereof this a worker in of profile a certain of of monopoly adegree created hand, has one onthe less. This, even weekonce aor to - research, case in my most - in , like them to visits their limiting care, day long all migrant’s tothe aged parents their entrust completely to families Italian for uncommon not thatitis practice widespread suchis This care-giver. geriatric the of profile required the perfectly - fitted sixty, and ageofforty the are between ofwhom - themajority Italy, to women migrating which Ukrainian in situation a has This created women. mature with more associate often employers that strength Time, Work-discipline, and Industrial Capitalism Industrial and Work-discipline, Time, 51 E.P. Thompson (1967/2010), Thompson E.P. ÷ lar CEU eTD Collection geriatric care, where the person in-care is frail and depends on a care-giver for basic needs.Such basic for and dependsonacare-giver is frail personin-care where care, the geriatric common in especially which is an employer, to a or from migrant regime, work acertain into herself disciplining by migrant i.e. internally, be directed well can as disciplining unidirectional, from far areprocesses and disciplining controlling stress that to important also is It names. or useof uniform) the through (e.g. appearance use, language space, sleep, food, controlling such as real means very through also sense but ametaphorical orin status legal of terms in only not happening is anddisciplining controlling demonstrates, as researchclearly my However, 8). (see chapter security give legal themcan employment paid hourly of rewards ifthe consider carefully to have very they 5 years, nextthe year for every permits work renewtheir needto the with after, faced even but papers, legality their toobtain takes as it aslong arrangement live-in the stay in to prefer women way,many this In legalization. of process bureaucratic the toinitiate employer their putpressureto on them would allow that dependencies ties of suchmutual establish to migrants allow rarely arduous, less much and rewarding more as economically migrants many seenby homes, though Italian in jobs cleaning hour bythe paid such as jobs, time hand,part other the On as legally. as well morally Italy, presencein migrants’ justifies labor only itis that again emphasize sense,I In this employer. the by beinitiated should which workcontract, a through only is migrants for way legality to the theonehand, On two fold. is dependence this legislations Italian caseof In 2000:196). (Anderson 24 hours aday” employer her to subject be worker may sothe relationship, –servant master/mistress institutionalize andto heremployer on aworker’s dependence enforce usedto isoften state the powerof “The and satisfaction. will employer’s on the status on legality migrant of ofdependencies level amultiple creating employers, the of interests upthe backing is state the relation this In status. with legality employment migrants’ overlap the truein particularly is It (Anderson 2000:165-6). theemployer” two benefits between the confusion and the status, to relation by the but contract employment the by governed simply are not and worker employer betweenfemale relations The owninterests. totheir antagonistic profoundly is which hierarchy status the are reproducing workers “domestic argues, Anderson Bridget employers and care-workers the between and relationship contract the of nature the analyzing In identifications. related andwork- disciplines regimes, ofwork-related types emerging onthe Ifocus andmigration, labor of the intersection at emerging continuities and ruptures the specifically Addressing migration. of place the to hadestablished migrants that connections andimportant rewarding the most ofsome as were that named achievements workand professional was often it Inmyresearch gratification. 52 CEU eTD Collection or of a group of people) and to conduct place-specific studies of sending and receiving localities. receiving and sending of studies place-specific conduct to and people) a groupof or of the location of (either belonging ornational on ethnic built generalizations for scenery background asa location usage of nominal the from stepaside to though essential is it nation-states both in migration labor of situation aboutthe something learn wedo bothcases in that denying Without assuch). migration labor Ukrainian aboutthe claims we make Bologna in working Ukrainians a groupof about by learning asonegroup(e.g. nationally / ethnically identified entity alarger in of migration situation to the ofone group study the orfrom Italy) whole of the in ofall migrants situation the understand to we seem inBologna Ukrainians of agroup researching by (e.g. nation-state whole the in situation tothe one city of drawnontheexample results the from conclusion their toextend pushes researchers often the This unit. research the main remain ofone national migrants literature migration transnational the within even out, point as theauthors Thus, experiences. migration generalizes that perspective an intrinsic remains often lens” “ethnic the literature migration transnational the in aseven approach transnational the successof the announce earlyto too a bit be just might it that suggest scales, city andthe incorporation migrant on article their in (2009), Glick-Schiller Nina and Ayse Çaglar migration. researching to approach as an nationalism methodological the abandon wasto place the first in literature migration the transnational of emergence the had triggered that challenges the ofmethodological One Spaces this exchange. in relations human of levels all commodify tends to andclass, but ethnicity gender, of hierarchies the introduces only not thus, care-work of Commodification andincome. job asaloss of primarily care personin the of thedeath perceives the migrant that degree the to income of asasource in-care or person employer their tocommodify migrants the for common is very it Similarly, resources. as and emotions her body of andself-commodification self-exploitation severe to migrant the leads unemployment of the fears from beredeemed whowould care-worker marketable a professionalized, of confidence the cases,achieving many In employee. the to employer an from directed i.e. isnotunidirectional, ofcare-work context inthe process commodification the shows that andanalysis myresearch However, 2000:121). (Anderson commodified” being is that and “personhood whole the tool, anda as aresource body ofthe migrants’ commodification frequent tothe leads construction this for andneed Thedemand image. marketable successful a presenting at mostly aimed self, migrant the of mode a certain of construction the payinto ofmigration justifications andmoral legalization wages, earning work for of centrality the andcare-work, domestic in involved labor and emotional physical the of intensity The natures. of various ordependencies attachments persuasion, e.g. governmentality, of forms many can take process but violent blatantly a notalways is controlling 53 CEU eTD Collection supporting a rather nationalistic perspective on the Ukrainian politics and history (Keryk 2008; (Keryk andhistory politics Ukrainian onthe perspective nationalistic arather supporting and holidays national Ukrainian celebrating language, Ukrainian also but religion around primarily suchidentity centering migrants, of awareness and identity national a shaping in be detrimental to continues Italy over all migrants organizing in (UGCC) Church Catholic Greek Ukrainian the of role prominent the Similarly, Italians. many for onthemap Ukraine hasput that USSR, the of fall the and not migration, labor was Ukrainian as it by default Ukrainians are called territories USSR ex- the from migrants many Ukraine, from precisely migration significant experienced decade has last the which in Italy, in Thus, out. brings often experience migration that processes identification the reflecting asawayof toItaly migrating Ukrainians the of choose tospeak I level, another On 6). seechapter such (also of workers status thelegal for care notneedto who does employer the for attractive more them making advantage an as borders the across freely move to ability who see their migrants among Ukrainian sentiment negative much generate often countries EU accession recent the most from migrants Similarly, nationals. other of migrants towards attitudes prejudiced intensifying suchhave quotas, that other countries workersfrom domestic and migrants between Ukrainian competition andunfair jealously sense of a generates it Thus, level. on another important workersis quotas as the for to agreements bilateral of lack The Italy. of North the in then available aremore country-fellows of networks and the informal employment semi-legal the for hastheopportunities because Naples just Naples, than in higher twice as areasmuch salaries where the Bologna, in and not Naples, term in visa their and overstay visa on tourist travel to resolve might all regions from migrants Ukrainian states, two the between level national atthe agreements of lack the due to Italy, In orCrimea. Ukraine of East far say, than, Italy with couriers andremittance transportation of network informal developed more much hasa Ukraine Western example For departure. of places onthe depending differentially available practices situational to pushingthem Ukrainian migrants, ofall choices the affect policies orpension workers,taxation quotas for as the agreements to bilateral –Italian Ukrainian of andthelack regimes Thevisa in migration. taken paths individual the of andthechoices migrants for available opportunities the ways determine many thatin basedregulations nation-state concrete on thevery based is suchof essentializing Onelevel connection. of points specific two as on based general in Italy to migration Ukrainian the of understanding - andthe and Naples, Bologna i.e. Italy, it cities specific two to Ukraine Western from mostly families migrant forty some researchwith in-depth onthe primarily - asbased dissertation, between my see relation I the locales nationally and globally (Ay andglobally nationally locales these of position the inshaping migrants of therole is andwhat economy global within dynamics broader responds the to how location reveal the butalso groups migrants of tospecific locations specific in available opportunities structural the of understanding for only not would allow This ú e Ça ÷ lar 2007; Schiller andCa Schiller 2007; lar 54 ÷ lar 2009) lar . CEU eTD Collection lower or unfair payment but also allows to enter the job market without language andprofessional language without market job the enter alsoto but allows payment unfair lower or of risk the imply which might employment, informal for opportunities more much provides 2009b) Vianello 2009; Pronyuk (Nare2007; countries other many from andmigrants Ukrainians arrived firstly for city agateway remained years many which for Naples, environment.” orderly and more asa“safer respondents perceived ofmy what most general, and in schooling for opportunities better work engagements, status and migrants’ legalizing through stability more salaries, higher guarantee can Bologna 5).Thus 2and see chapters (also strategies migration con’s for and ownpro’s their which have each of divide, /South North Italian a larger represent and Naples rescaling (Schiller andCa (Schiller rescaling such in of migrants andtherole localities of rescaling global between locality, relationship opportunities. migrants’ defining asalocality Space work. space in of my aspects discuss three now these I willbriefly experience. lived as space work,and3) through domestic spacereinforced of as division /public private the 2) scale), and national global wayonthe aspecific in (positioned opportunities migrants defining alocality as space roles:1) main inthree spacefunctions dissertation my in Thus, economy. global the in ofthe locality class andpositioning social based ongender, differently available ofopportunities conditions the larger reflect strategies and place-specific individual Migrants’ ofnon-Italians. identification contrasting as a migrants in identity Ukrainian re-enforcing wayof specific own locality their have thus and Bologna Naples Both entrepreneurs. Ukrainian by (semi-)legally onspace)organized chapter (see places recreation and shops,bazaars Ukrainian of number a butthrough identity national the of celebrating through not together arebrought Ukrainians Naples, in Incontrast, Ukrainian. as themselves speakof to time thefirst them for made Italy, in aforeigner being Bologna, in that to the fact it relating Ukraine, in families their Russian with but Italy, in language Ukrainian speakwould respondentsinBologna ofmy some goes suchdegree that a to identification This way. this in “Ukrainianness” out their to act allowmigrants many activists ofcharismatic number a due to 2009) that elections andUkrainian Orangerevolution the during (e.g. activism political and allmigrants, for available programs promoting diversity of part asa municipality Bologna the by supported celebrations national community, core UGCC nationalist-oriented a strong through happens often formation identity national the Bologna in Thus, research. my in locations specific two in differently experienced are however - identifications, – pan-Ukrainian, These broader, community. andcultural linguistic religious, them closest asthenextto church the who attend alike, and non-Ukrainians Ukrainians Orthodox many of Church the hasbecome UGCC Inthisway, 2). chapter inthe (also seedetails 2009) Bojko ÷ lar 2009:184). In case of Ukrainian women migrating to Italy, Bologna to Italy, women migrating Ukrainian caseof In 2009:184). lar 55 This aspect allows me to look into the into look to me aspectallows This CEU eTD Collection infrastructure catering for their own needs as well. Ukrainian migrants’ attitudes towards other towards attitudes migrants’ Ukrainian well. ownneedsas their for catering infrastructure less fact, in but interviews) my (from people” black “less are where there North, move to attempt whenthey prejudices, actupon these migrants Many streets). the in people of mixture ethnic to (referring is“polluted” city the that who claimed respondents, of my many disturbed and China countries African those from groups, andespecially national other of migrants of high the However, visibility Italian. whospoke little Naples,wereareas of Ukrainians central the in especially clients, their of as many Ukrainian, in a words few least sayat to able often were small shopowners Italian 2and7).Thus, (see shops chapters andIndian-owned Pakistani- inmany products food Ukrainian of availability shops, Ukrainian food several of emergence the into presencetranslated ofUkrainian migrants’ level high In Naples, 6). (see chapter and cultured” trustworthy clean, and thus are more Gypsies are not “Ukrainians like comments such racialized of by status means own andtheir migrant the migrants towards all xenophobia the between border the drawing 2007), (Herzfeld Italy in group” migrant dangerous most “asthe Romanians towards attitudes scapegoating shared respondents ofmy many light, this In theUkrainians. among andxenophobia prejudice andracial ethnic the in results often jobs same the for competition job perceived the women, Ukrainian groups than migrant larger constitute migrants female andMoroccan Romanian where Bologna, In Ukrainians. for specifically catering services and restaurants stores, ofUkrainian availability of terms in Naples behind lagging is it However, UGCC. bythe organized orevents hall, city bythe organized festivals cultural such as opportunities the structural through achieved is in Bologna Ukrainian migrants of The visibility andthecity-scapes. relations social effected presencealso migrants’ opportunities, employment of Outside be employed. would migrants wherethe business, seasonal businesses, small of development more effected migrants the of thepresence while less, was women effected for opportunities employment families, low-income ofpercent larger much hasa which Naples, for hand, theother 2000).On 1998; Anderson (Andall class families middle andupper- middle many with a city Bologna, in employment female for important particularly became help anddomestic care foreign cheap relatively hire to an opportunity instance, For andurbanlandscape. relations socio-economic shape cities’ the migrants presence of turn,the Inits and remit. to home touch in with tokeep opportunities accommodation, salaries, ofjobs, interms opportunities differentiated provide therefore andNaples Bologna migrants, For income). the tomaximize tothenorth a move risk to decide might migrant a Ukraine in project investment alarger for (e.g. athome decisions and even the family) of toreunification prior North move to thedecision as such (e.g. decisions migrants’ determine often migration, in networks or available project migration entire the of goal opportunities, financial oflegality, status individual onmigrants’ depend though These factors, orworkreferences. skills 56 CEU eTD Collection specific space where the work (public) is performed in privacy of Italian home (private). Domestic (private). home ofItalian privacy in performed is (public) work spacewhere the specific a andas divide symbolic a as bothways, in functions andprivate public the research, my In asa migrant. self-determination of growth andaprocess professional skills, enquired as indicated interviewees ofmy which many ofmigrant, part on the skill and vigilance particular a requires situation This 2009:2). (Kindler sphere” private the of character intimate the preserve need to andthe tasks domestic out tocarry someone employing of the fact between exist may tension […] under suchanarrangement, workplace. –someone’s ‘public’ something into chores household sphere of as ‘private’ the whatwas has perceived changed household, – in the worker – adomestic a stranger presenceof respond. The to have whichmigrants to relationship, power specific by alsocharacterized is a household “[…] locale”: a“specific householdas private a in work describes Poland, workersin domestic aboutUkrainian when writing Kindler, Marta employee). andafemale employer afemale between difference status and exchange but onmonetary obligations gender the not on based (i.e. one asocial into transformed being is care-work through which the family), within oflabor division a sexual stemming from (i.e. contract sexual and foremost workasfirst domestic onthe position her from and stands random not is a prostitute workerand domestic a between comparison Anderson’s ways” (2000:4). different in very andimagined ordered symbolically twoworlds, the between space imaginary the occupies prostitute, the like worker, domestic The gap. the creates that spheres as separate twothem of imagining the is very it Indeed, them. gapbetween the be caughtin onecannot that doesreal notmean arenot private pubicandthe the “That divide: this in occupy employers female their workers and migrant that position arguesonthe divide Dirty Work? Space as a divide between the public andprivate. the public between asadivide Space 2007). and (Herzfeld 7 inchapter groups (seedetails migrant within various bymigration created powerthe hierarchies into andtolook of cities the opportunities spaceandthe the sharing groupsofmigrants various within seeinteractions to me allows it also Significantly, ofmigrants. numbers the estimate to fails statistics cases when the even in onthecities, migration of seetheimpact to allows me cities the within life andsocial economic the shift presence which migrants’ ways in and the migrants of making anddecision opportunities life, the effect localities ways the various into Looking states the between agreements bilateral of lack and or Bulgarians) Romanians to as compared (e.g. regimes visa of interms andinequality work same places for competitions bythe intensified groupis migrants’ discussing dual, i.e. constructed and experienced, nature of the private / public / private ofthe nature andexperienced, constructed i.e. dual, discussing 57 Bridget Anderson, in her in Anderson, Bridget book Doingthe CEU eTD Collection ruptures and continuities. Reiterating some of the main points, I single out the centrality of centrality the out single I points, main the of some Reiterating continuities. and ruptures of sites the discuss to help me will that frames analytical the out mapped have I chapter this In to. migrated have they places the with connections original andestablish significance of new layers spaces, create of meaning the contest maps, local overwrite migrants spaces, with various engagement experiential their Through ofcontinuities. new forms for allow that connections establish city, ofthe canvas andsymbolic economic social, the in place their finding andthrough bymigrating in brought theruptures experience which migrants in as places Naples and Bologna of fabric social theheterogenious into tolook me allows space to approach This 2008). Kitiarsa 2001; Law 2003; (Low interactions various through new meaning and creating ofthese spaces transformation in result spaces that uses of anddaily imaginations exchanges, social such involves this construction To me, of migration. spaces in construction social ofthe process the into look I of theseplaces usage andimagination relations, social hierarchies, the into looking By andUkraine. Italy between circulate that mini-vans Ukrainian of lots parking onthe organized bazaars Sunday and spaces of employment live-in domestic the from free spend time space to a parks as usageof primarily Naples, and Bologna spacesin public usageof migrants’ into look - I geographies, embodied Migrants’ entitled - 7, chapter in Thus, migration. in encounter they spaces various tothe linkmigrants connections experiential of kind experiences. aslived Space geographies. embodied 7,onmigrants’ chapter in detail great spaceIdiscuss in and public private of the meaning of of overturning this details The takeplace. etc home, from letters reading birthdays, celebrating as with eating, privacy associated spaces,such where events private the migrants’ of equivalent the became places food fast bus stops, parks, asItalian spaces such public contrast, work.In aspacetheir becomes of privacy home spaceofthe employment of form alive-in thosewhochose andespecially alone who Italy goto migrants Ukrainian those For andneeds. demands their tovoice effective it find whichthey ways in and the employers workand their to relation in themselves discipline women migrant inwhich theways effects also divide ofthe part workasprivate domestic space of the 8). Imagining 6 and chapter (see ofthe body migrant the sexualizing regimes, sleep food, name, language, useof migrants’ regulating in manifested regimes suchcontrol research, my case in the of many in workplace; any other that subjugation of order different creates very home Italian spaceof the Entering resist. theyeffectively which andto to workers aresubjected which migrant to regimes regulatory rigid and often real very the determines often construction fictitious how this fact, the aspecthere dueto this chose todiscuss I However, useful. hardly is category an analytic and as eachother, into spill andpublic private spaces of the divide making this workcomplicates Here I look into the relation between body and space and what and space and betweenbody therelation into HereIlook 58 CEU eTD Collection connections. transnational of materiality the capture to tries and borders, bythe separated families the between connections the into looks chapter next the objects, and other them transport that andmini-vans photographs of the flow into By care. alsolooking butof ofremittances only not directionality the and determine member family non-migrating their vis-à-vis migrants position 2008a) (Carling transnationalism of discuss how moralities will I these relations. negotiating into put is that work andtheemotion social fields transnational within the inequalities of discussion the by Istart material, ethnography-based my of section which opensupthe chapter, the following In to?” return to a migrant for there is “What asked: be to needs question crucial a return, goand to opportunity the discussing when level; another to statement Morokvasic’s of critique the pushes This escape. even or emancipation women’s spacesof become migration spacesof the while family, non-migrating tothe from migrants i.e. unidirectional, become often support and care of the flows entitlements; and obligations of anequaldistribution donotimply roles andgender.These moralities transnational the by dictated roles their perform members family andnon-migrating migrating which in project, afamilial isindeed toItaly women Ukrainian of sense,migration this In children. andgrand children of youngerthe generations needs the of to strong particularly and oriented whole family ofthe strategies household with intertwined are thoroughly research my in women ofthe migrant andstrategies trajectories suggests,the analysis Morokvasic’s 2004:7),unlike (Morokvasic transition” post-communist of context new the to adapt to mobility special and use innovators social as “act who do women, ofmigrant endeavor entrepreneurial individual due to undertaken is such though migration even onelevel, the On such ofanalysis. critique some offers Italy in working women Ukrainian of the case dissertation, my in Idiscuss practices transnational the of understanding the for be accurate to very mobility” in “settled of metaphor Morokvasic’s Ifind Though (2004:7). return” exclude before, as and doesnot, forever leaving implied nolonger which“departure in migration, European in phase anew andheralding strategies,” household than (rather initiatives ofindividual “aresult mobility,” in as “settled migrants characterizes USSR, the of the fall after and EastEuropeans Central the of networks border andcross- practices transnational the of analysis herinsightful in (2004) Morokvasic Mirjana andwives. as mothers only migration in women of positioning the challenge to time, same the and,at levels and experiential practical political, imaginary, on ofmotherhood significance the address both: achieve to order in tag this unpack seek to I chapters ethnographic the following In migration.” “motherly dubbed as often is discourses andpublic media Ukrainian in that ofthis migration context the in motherhood 59 CEU eTD Collection between Ukraine and Italy. and Ukraine between connections maintaining and time measuring in photographs of role the absence: and ofdistance 4.Materiality Chapter and a smile that is supposed to cover up the sadness. As we drive away, she waves her at waves away,she wedrive As sadness. upthe cover to supposed is that and asmile eyes her in tears with the mini-bus jumping into before admonishments some themfinal giving hugsher children, Thewoman be quick. byesmust good so the schedule, hours behind half and a one are We stretch. to a minute for just the mini-bus of out get travelers four all but house, her in restroom use the to opportunity the the passengers offers woman The thepassengers. to says hello driver, the with chats the mini-van, into with migrants, are popular bagsthat travelers’ checkered in packed safely which are her belongings, loads assheenergetically woman, the behind shyandstay appearrather although than mother, their are taller They woman. the goodbyeto saying children twoteenage only are There home. her actually houseis the doubtif me makes posture thoughher gate the outside stacked house; herbags newly renovated her of gates the of outside waiting is She village. a small from woman upa pick to westop way our 2008.On October in toBologna fromIvano-Frankivsk ofthese mini-vans onone atrip took I yet. just units border no mobile are where there Slovenia, go through to Italy way onthe from route change their strategically buses the controls, border mobile Austrian the by cargo excess with caught being Fearing employers. from down passed gifts second-hand and fruit toys, children’s oneeuro, costing ware household products, families—food totheir migrants sent from packages with overloaded are literally mini-buses the however, Italy, thewayfrom On Bologna. in parking of two days the during migrants Ukrainian to besold to - all ketchup, bread or chocolate, Ukrainian magazines, woman’s some dye, hair often those aremost sale; for Italy to bring thedrivers up byproducts taken spaceis Some ofthe employers. Italian for souvenirs some as as well food, or homemade medicine, mostly but birthdays, for presents occasional contain usually home sentfrom packages The few ofcharge. is free Italy to Ukraine packages from sending even though van, half-passenger half-cargo/ the spaceof cargo empty the occupy a bags Only few driver. the and behind to seatsnext the crammed often in are women nine to six Italy, way to Onthe andHungary. Slovenia through afternoon on Sunday back returning Austria, and Hungary through toItaly andhead Ukraine leave mini-buses of hundreds Thursday Every Hungary. with border waitatthe to have will bus the hours areaandonhow the many towns in small and in villages homes their from pick to has bus the people many how on hours, depending 30 24 to from last Bolognacan to Ivano-Frankivsk town of Ukrainian the West from A busride departures Two vignette: Ethnographic 60 CEU eTD Collection woman in her mid-40s is crying, wiping away her tears, and the bus driver teases her: “Why are “Why teases her: driver bus andthe away hertears, wiping is crying, hermid-40s in woman a his passengers, of way.One his in atthepeople andwaving honking outslowly hedrives God!” “With saying: and times three himself crossing prayer, ashort After seat. driver’s the hops into and closed Mercedes decade-old doorofhiswhite, theside salon,slides into passengers his few heurges Finally, Bologna. in toanassistant goodies Ukrainian unsold allthe leaving car, the of back the packages in of amass as he rearranges farewells, their speedto up urges them driver bus The leaving. whois friend a to goodbyes their saying mini-buses, the of one around huddles women group of A small thedriveway. blocking for youth the scold to heart the have car Italian by who arrive women the Only the packages. todeliver women the help but can boxes and sacks heavy those not drag will Italians themini-buses; upto right packages andtheir women Ukrainian cars drive Italian modest A few peers. expatriate their with ties social forge and products Ukrainian consume here to comes generation younger the Ukraine, to andpackages money tosend to these places who come ofmigrants, generation older the ease.Unlike their company, their cars, their displaying beer, Ukrainian drinking them, to next proudly standing young migrants few a scene, crowded this of inthemiddle right areparkeduncomfortably cars fancy of A couple sale. for magazines orwoman’s dye hair theright have bus drivers remaining the any of whether see to mini-buses between the quickly maneuver packages, their “checked-in” who have Those sent home. packagestobe the and payfor weigh orderto mini-buses in the sides of queue atthe bags hugechecked carrying women dozen Ukrainian A few week. the following onceagain route the repeat to soastobeable Italy in adayortwo after depart the mini-vans as all noon, until only crowded,but is inBologna mini-buses Ukrainian lot for parking the week same onSunday, The environment, this time in Italy. familiar another ease in at more much soon and are make-up, puton their inItalian, calls make phonesto their in SIM-cards the change companions My Italy. to arriving finally God for the day before, exploded into andshouts“ cheers into exploded day before, the tears with homes their who women, left same the border, Italian the crosses finally bus when the trip, 24hours After and departures. arrivals of turmoil emotional the with familiar too are only and roadwell ofthe know peculiarities They the trips. previous from oneanother with acquainted already are women ofthe most fact, years.In for same drivers the with trip this taken have women many Italy; to trip first their day was this that traveled I whom with women the none of For on. andmove hurry by needto the somuch trivialized children, her a from mother of separation witnessed—the had just scenethey painful the themselves from distract to and partly silence, ofthe rid toget partially Ukraine, in andcorruption prices about upaconversation picks immediately Everyone sight. from roaddisappear onthe standing two the figures until children 61 Viva Italia! Viva ” hugging each other andpraising eachother ” hugging CEU eTD Collection objects that link places of home and places of migration. Figuring prominently in my analysis are analysis in my prominently Figuring ofmigration. andplaces ofhome places thatlink objects andmaterial people of flows the tangible explore I particular, In andnetworks. connections ofthetransnational materiality seekgrasp the to I these ruptures, overcome which migrants through see themechanisms To thefamilies. within interactions as day-to-day, well as intimate, the loss absenceof andthe separation, of address rupture to the order in byborders separated families transnational at look I chapter, this In migration. of course inthe newcontinuities create and these ruptures heal both to order in workneeded emotion ofthe and thus rupture, of sites central the oneof become and migration family chapters, previous the in was discussed As it a gasstation outsidejust ofUdine, thefirst stop ofUkrainian mini-vans Italyin (Strij, 2007). from previousFor trips. thosewhowish to travelfurtherthan Bologna, it possible is change to mini-buses in heading to theEUborder Chop, in and further on,toBologna,Many Italy. ofthetravelers knoweach other passengersreorganizing Figure 1.Drivers and packagesUkraine, between Strij, in before twomini-buses meanings. shifting the locations’ negotiate andto connections the sense of make alone to left often is as themigrant intersect, ever hardly - migrants, individual of experiences fragile bythe mostly space united onesocial constituting – although locations, 7 and8). seechapters home and place of migration the meaning of discussion detailed amore way(for aparticular in each place in lives their anchoring migrants two locations, the between oflinks anumber remain butthere migrants for engagement andemotional meaning their in arenotequal locations two The families. andtheir by migrants negotiated and contested are as they aretransformed, places ofthese the meanings migration, of course the In family. missing just than more in rooted is it separation, painful doinvolve departures both Although families. their from separation a painful as only experiences migrant portray that Ukraine in discourses popular to posechapter achallenge open upthis that departure of two portraits The nods. and everyone thewoman, responds to Italy!” goback wantto Iwon’t months three –“In months!” inthree Italy beloved your to be back Youwill you crying? 62 These two CEU eTD Collection only asa only not photographs the of life social the reveals families separated bythe received sent and being while acquire photographs the that meanings differentiated the Understanding these objects. of exchange of thecourse andin time of thecourse in with both, but changes them in inscribed only isnot objects of themeaning i.e. Appadurai; suggested by objects approachto thedynamic is argument my for central is What migrants. andindividual the families of part onthe involved labor emotional of as unevenness the aswell andabsence by separation caused ruptures the heal that i.e. work, focusonmy main the far from too me would take 1989), sense (Mauss Maussian classical in a more gifts, of anexchange orrather chain commodity as a canbeclassified photographs ofthe exchange whetherthe over debate The (1986:3). lives” social have persons, like commodities, that conceit the justifies […] This argument broadly. possible to argue that what creates the link between the exchange and value is andvalue betweenexchange the thelink whatcreates arguethat to possible it makes exchange, of or functions forms onthe simply than rather are exchanged, that things the on “focusing that shows Appadurai Arjun Value,” of Politics and the “Commodities essay his In connections transnational inmaintaining objects of The role section. following the in I explain that considerations and analytical experience my fieldwork stems from families their and migrants between circulating photograph andthe andItaly Ukraine connecting mini-vans the on focus to choice The couriers. the mini-van via families andtheir migrants between exchanged photographs of circulation 2) the and, andobjects remittances migrants, transport orderto in andItaly between Ukraine circulates that mini-vans of network elaborate 1) the cases; empirical ontwo do so byfocusing I chapter In this enterprise. an all-family cansucceedas migration look into both the both into look I together, keep families that ties transnational the of andpractices dynamics the understand To themselves. individuals pathsof diverging as often the as well distance, geographical absences, separation, byprolonged areintensified struggles their families, other Unlike (2001b:83). Globalization” of “Servants workers domestic ofFilipina lives transnational workon the seminal her in Parreñas, Rachel project. migration the within familial position and anindividual’s gender cycles, life on based responsibilities duties and differentiated of hierarchies of number a created has families transnational within responsibility of distribution unequal that indicate experiences Migrant distributed. are care providing for responsibilities andhow ofcare-flows directionality the into looks chapter This families. their from themselves migrants to offered support of kind the and also ofthis care, objects the across supportborders, ofand other forms emotional whothose provide means of connection, but as a practice and a relationship in itself. in a and relationship but asapractice ofconnection, connections describes transnational families as “sites of conflicting interests” conflicting of as “sites families transnational describes and distances purposefully maintained by migrants in order that order in bymigrants maintained purposefully 63 an exploration of the practices the of an exploration politics , construed , CEU eTD Collection of home and migration. The bus drivers, who have a chance to see migrants in both their inboth seemigrants to a chance whohave busdrivers, The and home migration. of places link that connections the in ofmeaning themultiplicity families their to revealing of chance little very have women migrant dissertation, the in and further chapter this in demonstrate will As I migration. from motherhood performing of practices and lived the of motherhood, trope idealized the dissonancebetween for guilty feel and often absence, their upfor make to expected are they good, common the for consent and family’s the with migrate women if Even are migrating. that families the of themothers is it that fact bythe aremagnified these obligations migration, female Ukrainian caseof and in connection, transnational andnourish torevitalize obligation migrant’s the often is it Thus, (2008a:1457). transnationalism” of “moralities the within andnon-migrants migrants of positioning differentiated the stems touch from in keeping put into labor of emotional the the inequality that suggests (2008) Carling Jorgen behind. thefamily leaves who assomeone the ofmigrant totheposition linked is families transnational power of axis within another I arguethat roles, gender/familial “proper” to linked being to addition In a distance? at mothering of practices andsituational meaning shifting andthe families their within andintimacy trust negotiate to Italy in working women Ukrainian for required is representation of whatkind is emerges that question specific more The fields. social transnational migrants’ within power the relations into look to chains, care and existing ties transnational of strength the denying not and,while family oftransnational category the unpack to attempt I basis, onaweekly andItaly Ukraine between these objects circulate that mini-vans courier of network elaborate ofthe as theas well of role photos, and content the flow Analyzing andseparation. causedbyabsence ruptures the bridging of practices situational the locate I that these negotiations in is It project. migration afamilial within members family the of and position course the life the changeof throughout negotiated arecontinuously relationships these within commitments The 2007:393). whenwhy” howmuch, and whom, (Baldassar for care “whoprovides which determine shared expectations, as as culturally well connections, these into andresources time invest to members offamily ability on but andcare, love individual on dependent arenotjust families transnational within relations Therefore, (2007:392-3). course” life andindividual family the over which change histories), andmigration relations (family commitments and negotiated expectation), (cultural obligations (ability), ofcapacity “dialectic on the depends care of exchange the that Baldassarargues Loretta families, transnational within andintimacy distance between the the relation In her workexamining the family. sides of both bepresenton to thathave (time, money) and opportunities commitment involves connections, transnational Maintaining home. at back andfamilies migrants for meanings different have tokens 2006). These al. et Zimmerman 2005b; Parrenas 2000; (Gamburd oflove” tokens “materialized as literature migration to in referred often are andphotographs packages remittances, Monetary 64 CEU eTD Collection processes and practices reflects the concerns and emphasis of the participants in theresearch, in participants the of and emphasis concerns the reflects practices and processes ontransnational focus researcher’s the what extent to asking worth is research.“It migration intransnational questions fundamental the oneof tackles families migrant among objects of circulation awider within tophotographs attached value andsymbolic the material Addressing content. its through families transnational connect to mobilized theimage, in message inscribed as a also but exchange transnational of anobject only not as photograph the analyze to me allow will This 1997). (Hirsch materiality/mediality two-fold as their well as photographs, of potential expressive powerful analysis—the of levels additional several up which opens photographs, of theflow is chapter this in secondfocus My (1986:5). context” social and human their illuminate that thethings-in-motion is it view pointof a methodological from significance, with things a thoughfrom even […] Thus, trajectories. their uses,their forms, their in inscribed are meanings their for themselves, things the follow to have “we ofthings circulation historical concrete, the understand to order in that suggests Appadurai connections. family transnational circumvents, times at beyond,and extends that trust of network arare creating thus families, and their migrants ofindividual projects migration economic the enable networks howthese demonstrate will I practices, transportation mini-van Ukrainian of functions andsocioeconomic activities the analyzing In cities. Italian different in contacts forging also while andnumbers information useful of exchange the in results that communication of 30hours some with migrants provides itself bus onthe trip the very Finally, difficult. would be otherwise that transportations facilitate even or regulations border about information legal useful canprovide drivers mini-vans points, crossing border- atthe own connections their Due to migrants. arrived thenewly for and accommodation jobs for contacts as first serve often drivers while 7), chapter in (seedetails migrants Ukrainian for andsocializing gathering weekly a of place become towns have Italian in lots Parking meaning. and economic social animportant and have oftransport a means just than more aremuch buses Ukraine. in back their families with them andconnecting of migrants socializing transfers, remittance for network door-to-door a vital, providing migrants, and irregular regular for transport of means accessible beenthemost have mini-vans decades, two almost For 8). seechapter (also families transnational within maintained distances deliberate look into to me allows networks familial migrants’ of outside exist that these networks of analysis the on Focusing drivers. and thebus migrants between trust of network aparticular forges but also Ukraine, of outside freely to move unable simply often whoare migrants, the of families the to as compared position privileged a more them gives This two places. in established lives witness these to bear some contexts andItalian Ukrainian 65 theoretical point of view human actorsencode ofhuman view point These networks of mini- of These networks CEU eTD Collection 8 not protest, and do why pay they were asked drivers thebus When highway traffic. of middle the and in daylight broad in any explanation without driver a mini-van from money demanding police TVchannels. Ukrainian major the oneof in news the wayto its even found it - that Ukraine, restof the to Italy from routes the linking territory of strip kilometer hundred three -a Strij, Chopto borderin Ukrainian Hungarian- from leading ontheroad phenomenon wasa common such extortion blatant This (DAI). road police local the by out roadscarried onUkrainian practices bribery reason due than noother 100 EUR to to Italy) to Ukraine 80 EUR(from from fees transportation rise to had drivers mini-bus the years, many in time the first when 2008, for in dramatically escalated conversations, daily expressed in eagerly sharedandvery commonly although sentiment, This families. andtheir migrants to“milk” seeks also now but place the first in migrate to pushedpeople notonly politicians ofits negligence greedand the through that institution as anabstract state, theUkrainian towards migrants among indignation particular andcause clashed styles These two justeasy. is abroad money making that assumption basedonthe demands bribing openandshameless would encounter they home, arrival with every that complained respondents of my majority absolute The officials. customs and border ofUkrainian behavior the ofbusiness with style client-oriented compare this but not who could bymigrants, appreciated andstrongly gesturewasrecognized Thissmall extensively). (Ukr. a lot or hadspend migrant) enough(first-time yet earned hadnot either a migrant coming from Ukraine that idea the on was based discount The clients. the from and appreciation result–respect animportant yielded gesture the of symbolism the however, a difference; of huge make not did Euro 20 any case In Euro. was100 thereturn while EUR, cost 80 would toItaly Ukraine from ride 2007,abus In Italy and Ukraine between circulating mini-vans Ukrainian reputation: and oftrust Networks common issues. of discussion the aspace for establishing thus pictures), the (who received families andtheir pictures) (who sentthe migrants both onby were commented that experiences common of abridge always created —almost pictures afew orshowing albums browsing through — conversation the into pictures bringing However, in Italy. relatives migrant their of experiences the sayabout to orlittle understanding limited hada members research—family in my problems the main one of encountered I Ukraine, in families migrants’ to visits my during Indeed, 2007:332-3). (Wilding her research” or his conducts and lives ethnographer which the under conditions theparticular toreproducing as opposed June2008 INTER TV channel, “Novyny.” 16 roztratylas) A journalist investigation resulted in candid camera reportage onDAI reportage camera candid in resulted investigation Ajournalist while at home in Ukraine (a time of not earning but spending but notearning of (atime Ukraine in home at while 66 CEU eTD Collection Ukraine. Officials’ attempts to rip off migrants reflect the wider perspective of many non-migrating of many perspective the wider reflect off migrants torip attempts Officials’ Ukraine. ofin life ofthe insecurity as part apathy with was viewed business, his to destructive was blatantly roads, which onUkrainian extortion this, the to comparison In price. high exceptionally the about was infuriated he pay 20Euro, hadto he finally When check. luggage the toavoid officials border to the 10 Euro pay wanted to Ivano-Frankivsk, to Bologna atrip from took whom I with drivers, the of one post, border Slovenian-Hungarian a crossing While a migrant. of thelife dominates expenditures andprecise saving strict of regimes the abroad, while regulate, to impossible seenis as Ukraine spentin The money routines. bureaucratic way solve to shortest the as whoseeit andmigrants, source ofincome, as alegitimate see migrants who authorities, both by internalized aremostly these practices authorities, andUkrainian migrants between clashes constant andthe migrants in fuel corruption of thesecases that outrage general the Despite own my state?!” from thisattitude I tolerate can How this?! with live I How can fornothing!!! money blood-earned my money, my get roadand the on stand there men just healthy strong, andthese fat, nothing, acent for gives me nobody ever hard, so working Italy in andyouth health my lose I night, dayand working I am state?! my EUR], 20 word, just pushes his hand into the driver’s rolled-down window and20 window rolled-down thedriver’s handinto his pushes word,just a even not a word, and without over, the van wave and they car isaDAI there side] Ukrainian the [on border 200 Hungarian-Ukrainian m the 2km, starting from “Every outrage: with commented migrant One aspade.” with money who “shovel countrymen, offellow dislike perceived their and and officials, state its Ukrainian the of greedandruthlessness unbridled ofthe proof further as DAI’sextortion the view migrants bribing, with linked areoften practices border-crossing While 2-3years.” anther for last only will business [mini-van] whole Italy this if won’tbe surprised I Italy. back from andfruit Italy in sell to things we carry if even ourownexpenses, tocover possible not just it’s road, onthe police DAI this with But earn more? not do they people, if from we more ask can How notincreased. have Italy here in salaries your that weknow 2005.Because in did asyou just today, a parcel of per kg EUR 1.5 youpay Imean, years. unchangedfor people our for keep prices to try “We commented: drivers the ofblow.One a significant be would suchadelay services, cheap relatively and flexible personalized, toprovide ability ontheir depends business whose drivers, mini-bus For families. and their migrants between arrangements established of whole routine a disrupt and packages, of delivery timely the delay would also It mini-van. acramped in journey hours of 24-30 after to, passengers their subject wantto not did they said drivers that something which is hours, 3-4 to up take could search the was legal, everything Even if cargo. andthe the vehicle checkof scrupulous aparticularly in result could bribes paying not that explained ofthem many hryvnja , 20 hryvnja . Each policeman takes20 policeman . Each 67 hryvnja every 2 km! What for?! And is this And is for?! 2 km! What every hryvnja [approx. 3,5 [approx. CEU eTD Collection packages to migrants after sometimes as much as 30 hours of driving. Many migrants start Manymigrants driving. as as 30 hoursof much sometimes after tomigrants packages hoursdelivering 3-4 spend many buses another Italy, in adestination to arrival Upon businesses. their of thesuccess to contributes conditions andliving working of migrants’ knowledge personal the drivers, many For orworks. lives mother) (usually relative migrant their exactly where describe to wasable member nofamily Ukraine in interviews my During families. migrants’ many of attitude the with also but officials, state of attitude aforementioned the with only not contrast sharp stands in ofmigrants andworkrealities life the of understanding busdrivers’ The Ukraine.” in passto customs through and then, by yourself, this all organize to than trouble less much still it’s difficult, so roadis the though Even noquestions. to, ifIneed Italy ware andhousehold from pieces furniture can bring I Ukraine, from food I canbring it. theytake me, takewith need to whatI If this is andhowmuch. carrying I’m what ask never bags.Andthey my all with you know, door, door to From region]. Ivano-Frankivsk town in [a Tlumach in doorstep to my me and deliver bags, allmy with [Toscania], Montalcino in here doorstep my up me from pick and they knowme, bus drivers “My flights: to transportation of means this prefers still she way, one hours 30 around her takes thoughit Even bus. same the on annually twice home goes 8yearsnow, for Italy beenin Olhawhohas example, For clients. the from favors personal various accommodate to ability and the delivery precise efficiency, friendliness, are business for valuable beparticularly to thought are that features the Among requests, is very difficult to restore. specific migrant’s toaccommodate orflexibility politeness of lack the negligence, through lost, once trust, andthe clients, their among of mouth word by spread thereputation on depends company each particular of andpopularity business The keeping. arecord for note-book a school down in them jots merely pertrip, transfers money 100-150 andbetween upto200bags receives who a driver documented; becalled nominally can only transportarrangements the of nature as the theserelationships in crucial trust is The home. packages sending started they since or toItaly trip their first used from theyhave services whose oneortwo mini-buses, to loyal” “stay migrants Most news,messages. letters, medicine, with packages sendingsmall like services personalized and provide money, transfer Ukraine, in families totheir migrants from packages carry Mini-vans business. the mini-van of success the to thekey remains andtrust Flexibility as an“ATMmachine.” seethem often grandchildren and children their that andremark drainer as a money Ukraine to trip their perceive women many families; inmigrants’ reflected also is migrants for painful though attitude This easy-go. easy-come, of that is asremittances received and abroad earned the money of value symbolic The Ukraine. in earned money than value less abroadhas earned money the that Ukrainians 68 CEU eTD Collection such as buying medicine or cosmetics, revealing both the lack of reciprocity within transnational within reciprocity of lack both the revealing orcosmetics, medicine buying such as transactions, simple from families their toexclude migrants for showapropensity above cited examples The migrants. for preferable and easier relationship monetarily-based these making andreputation, trust of networks informal on heavily relies interest, economic on based though the migrants, with relationship Their locales. two the between exchanges ofthe complexity the thus witnessing andUkraine, bothItaly in see migrants to opportunity aprivileged have busdrivers the regimes, byvisa islimited cross borders to whose ability families, migrants’ Unlike press 2009). (UNIAN premises the from police unprepared ousted the sheer force and,using vehicles andtheir drivers mini-bus the protect to rushed women Ukrainian of hundreds bazaars, Sunday weekly the oneofduring them confiscate to andtried congregate mini-buses where Ukrainian lots twoparking the oneof raided Rome of police when the 2009, 29, March On Rome. in mini-buses Ukrainian protect to order in police Italian fight were to ready women asking a asking down lists of things from individual migrants, who preferred this trusted this who preferred migrants, individual from things of down lists would take drivers howbus occasions onnumerous observed I In Bologna, thesefavors. for extra be paid to notrequest whodid instead, drivers onthe relying dye, andhair hermedicine buying in her family involve to notbother did woman the home, apackage sent had she though even connections; transnational within care-flows ofthe directionality the understanding for revealing particularly is incident small week.This dyenext the bring to them andasked medication the for receipt onthe price the paid womansimply The dye. hair buyher to forgot they that said but Ukraine herin purchasedfor medication the her thenpassed bus The drivers for. asked had she what bought they if drivers asked the inUkraine, herfamily to tosendapackage partner Italian her with who woman, hadcome Ukrainian a stations, a gas stop at Atone such Bologna. to come not who could migrants that packages different four up pick to locations agreedupon in times stop four hadto mini-buses the one of Ukraine, to Bologna wayfrom goods.On my of transaction this from excluded simply often are quite rare, families Ukraine packages from are only Not Italy. to send to apackage usesa theopportunity that family rare quite it is discount; anactual than rather gesture isasymbolic this that research indicates my However, Ukraine. from any packages of delivery and free perkg, Euro 1,5 only available, prices delivery cheapest the in itself manifests also flexibility This packages.” up their So wepick Bologna. to them drive who cannot people old very workfor and villages remote small, in live them ofSome up. it or pick parcel bringthe to workplace] [their leave cannot perday.They hours twenty-four homes Italian up in are locked Italy women workwhohere in “Some services: onthis commented Bologna andfrom to going driver Onebus them. for product particular or a anypackage have they - if members, family their of -instead them, asking morning phones onFriday cell drivers’ calling favor of their own families. With this level of trust, it is not surprising that Ukrainian that surprising not it is trust, of level this With own families. their of 69 economic relation economic over CEU eTD Collection always present and it is always pictures from home that occupy the prominent position in them. in position prominent the occupy home that from always pictures is and it always present are but components various and contain shapes, and forms numerous in come shrines These flag. aUkrainian times many souvenirs, and religious political home, pictures from family icons, of composed shrine little some has these dwellings each oneof impersonal, However employer. a migrant’s householdsof the or a half-room in aroom, orsimply accommodation shared-room rented are mostly dwellings —these Ukraine to back sent are presents and valuable furniture good —all employers awayItalian by given andthings furniture borrowed with equipped Scarcely years. for people same the by inhabited even if temporal, arehighly thesedwellings lives, migrated that whole family a where aflat Unless it’s there. wholive people the of individuality of signs bear many rarely Italy in Ukrainian migrants of dwellings The 2). (Figure homeland with their association andactive spaceofremembrance a little corner”: “Ukrainian their created (50) Ihor and Anna (49) Italy, in workplaces their in who live migrants, Ukrainian many Like Ukrainian statehood, mace.2007.) (Bologna, Ukrainiana flags, picture ofUkrainian Prime Minister Tymoshenko andher party’s flag,and a symbol of picturesdecoratedgrandchildren, with of icons andreligious Holysouvenirs from places.There are two also Figure 2.The mantelpiece aroomin ofan Italian home, where aUkrainian couple works andlives, is family. a migrant’s in photographs of place and The role fields. social transnational within members family migrating andnon- ofmigrating positioning as differentiated the as well hierarchies life-cycle gendered and which reveal families, migrant care of within flows directionality ofthe analysis detailed more a now to proceed will I and migrants, families between the circulated photographs of examples at Looking networks. family these outside trust their place often migrants that andthefact families 70 CEU eTD Collection disrupted order in future. in order disrupted this re-establish to possibility the hope for giving things, of order right” “the thusestablish pictures The together. is family whole the inwhich pictures orpre-migration visits ofmigrants’ pictures are homes migrants’ in exhibited migrants of pictures only the sense that makes therefore It separation. of afamily to remind is away whois mother a migrant of apicture displaying contrast, In reunification. and future ofreturn possibility the toimagine enables dwelling migrant’s a in family the of apicture display to sense, this In 2007:68). andFrohlich (Drazin future” the for possibilities of andrealization preservation the but past, the of recapturing the in lie only does not practices framing behind photographic “the motivation byDrazin: was formulated others not but images certain displaying of choices inmigrants’ large looming thatIfound factor Another in such spaces on the basis of one criterion, i.e. they all they mean i.e. one criterion, of onthebasis suchspaces in with together these pictures aworkplace, with space coincides living when the However, andicons. flags small calendars, religious pictures, leaders’ political pictures, family i.e. together, be kept not would home at that objects with sharea territory where they table, or abed-side a shelf space of crammed alimited occupy often pictures the dwellings, migrants’ most In “theirs.” really ofwhatis anasylum demarcates often home pictures from of display a collide, spaces often whose workandprivacy workers live-in For domestic 2009). Miller 2004; 2001; Margold absence (Wolbert and distance up tomake for which helps ofsharing, a form become themselves in framing andtheir photographs the families, oftransnational context the In enterprise. the of migration and imagination goals very the butfrom ofmigration times in families transnational the within allocated andresponsibilities roles differentiated bythe notonly dictated are choices such that Iargue whom? andby remembered be to intended what is aredisrupted, interactions familial of androutines experiences where daily families, transnational in us asking: to leads recollection future the for memories selected certain preserve to intention as pictures a materialized of adisplay Viewing (2007:51). relatives” assorted with infuture memories share to intention collective a family’s out map home the in ‘framing’) wecall (which photos contextualizing ways ofmaterially rangeof “the accidental: seen as be not spacesshould visible absence orfrom display public their photos, of locations that suggest (2007) andFrohlich Drazin homes, English in photographs of framing different of onthesignificance article their In was together. family dayswhenthe the from ones the were ondisplay thepictures while in the computer, or envelopes, albums, stored in were such pictures Most of Italy. sentfrom mothers) (often relatives their of displayed pictures seenany hardly have I Ukraine in families the migrants’ of homes the to my visits in contrast, In display. on Ukraine pictures from of number hada wentto home I every Italy, in migrants toUkrainian visits On my 71 home . all other objects are placed are objects other CEU eTD Collection deduce, if only Valentina’s relatives cared to to know it. cared relatives Valentina’s only if deduce, to be sodifficult not which would but toadvertise, doesn’tlike which Valentina a fact, Italian, an to widowed andbecame had married she that not know did Ukraine in family Valentina’s communication, their all Despite onebunch. in album the into them and stuck moment abrief for them at looked family the promenade, seaside atNaples Valentina of Itook pictures the of some and whenpassed Italy, I in Valentina of any pictures did nothave however, Olena, school. to went children Valentina of youngest the and that a flat in lived Valentina was,she knew what it of details any give but couldn’t job, hada Valentina knew that She Italy. in her life of idea little very had Ljubovwith contact constant the who despite Olena, wife, toDmytro’s talk to able was only I Naples), in still was (whenValentina Ukraine in Dmytro, son, oldest Valentina’s to myvisit On it. from wasmissing that still buy roomor newfurniture wife’s his andhis no to had time fix Dmytro was that she how unhappy relating e.g. Ukraine, in life son’s her older of details discussed Valentina occasions multiple On sister. disabled Valentina’s after wholooked care-giver the with touch in andkeeping Ukraine in her newflat of renovations the controlling She wasalso father. sonandthegirlfriend’s middle ofValentina’s girlfriend Ukrainian with the andeven mother, law’s daughter-in- her son,daughter-in-law, i.e. relatives, of widecircle the with contact she maintained a week; times several toUkraine phonecalls hermaking saw I Naples, in Valentina visiting While Ukraine. in and lives gotmarried Dmytro, 28 year-old son, andolder third Her children. younger hertwo over brought she has time that since and ago 6years to Italy (47)came Valentina thanexceptional. rather typical proved her family with communication of pattern Valentina’s research, my Throughout story. (Valentina) migrants’ the of one describe Iwill suchasymmetry Toillustrate communication. the sharefamily’s of andpractical emotional up thelarger had topick abroad, working of effort the of whoontop themselves, migrants butalso by families bymigrants’ only not andinternalized normalized isoften duties of distribution unequal The times. all ispresentat the with family ofseparation pain and the only work, but lived not is life move, doesn’t time which in limbo as anempty Italy in experience and time their present and to Ukraine, in life in interest their indicate constantly also to to but home) at families their than resources more command they phone (since the through touch tobein only not relative migrating the of theduty is it times, the of Most responsibility. themigrant’s becomes separation of conditions underthe connections often maintaining Very experiences. lived of migrants’ ignoring and neglecting to lead often families transnational within touch in keeping of Asymmetries Asymmetries of keeping in touch 72 CEU eTD Collection exchange, they exchange, help of that objects exchange the only arenot photographs that emphasizing thus (2007:55), exchanges” and relationships in participate “photographs that note andFrohlich Drazin UK, the in photographs family workon their In connections. transnational to maintain families migrants’ within invested labor andemotional care-flows hierarchies, of understanding getabetter to help can across theborders, travel migrants like just that Photographs, ofexchanges.” social meaning ofthe part isequally photograph ofthe materiality the utilizing, and receiving giving, of act the to ofcourse central is itself theimage “While such in anexchange: layers multiple the emphasize to goon They (2004:13). andHart Edwards write exchange” of objects as is photographs uses of social widespread the most of one “Perhaps ties family and migration performing Photographs: Ukraine. backto sentby migrants and pictures Italy in to migrants home from sent pictures pictures: of two types discussing onto I move Subsequently, 1975). andMohr Berger 2001b,2001a; 2005b,2008, Parrenas 2001; (Levitt migration transnational on literature the in described exchange object the larger of as a part photographs of of theexchange significance now the proceed by discussing I will broad groups. several into fall did me to andthewaystheywerepresented ofimages research alot during my However, they which waysfunction. orthe in ofimages classification form of anyrigid create aim to do not I homes, andtheir between migrants circulating images ofthe andindividuality the variety Due to motherhood. of trope idealized the on places first the in departure their mistrust of shadow the to relation goupin often offamilies thelife in involvement and devotion ofmigrants’ expectations their migration, female Ukrainian caseof In physically. it from away staying ransom for of a form and athome relations social maintaining a price for of acombination 1457) i.e. (2008: ofcommonality,” “gift the repaying of a form becomes connection, transnational andnourishing revitalizing who depart, those For others. of andimmobility some of mobility andaprocessshapedby belonging social of economy a moral processwithin a guilt-inducing becomes often argues Carling, Migration, members. family and non-migrant migrant for 1457) differentiated (2008: transnationalism” of “moralities the in engagement of inequality this locates work?” Carling at shedo what does and shework does now?”“where or live mother your does “where as such questions answereven not could Ukraine in interviewed most families Ukraine, day in woreonthat children knewwhattheir even Italy in have interviewed I women the of some while However, 2008). (Carling of migration country the in life imagine to difficult very is it stayed behind, whohave members family the for indeed that fact the to attributed canbe unevenness this of A part interviewed. Ihave families transnational among most life other’s each about knowledge of disproportion similar a witnessed have I become aform become of the relationship in itself. Therefore, my focus will be not only on only be not will focus my Therefore, itself. in relationship the of 73 to form relationships, but through relationships, CEU eTD Collection pictures of migrants’ families in Sri Lanka to document visually the absence of the the migrating absenceof the visually document to Lanka Sri in families ofmigrants’ pictures uses (2000) Gamburd a distance. at afamily reenacting love, proving intimacy, of lack the up for making connection, maintaining bearable, more separation making as awayof serve exchanges these All and tapes videos. phonecalls, exchange ofletters, i.e. (2001b:142), communication” constant of “bridges calls she what to attention significant pays 2008) 2005, (2001, Parreñas literature. motherhood transnational specifically, parenthood, oftransnational development the with literature transnational in comes andphotographs objects of onthe flow focus A special families. non-migrating and their bymigrants differentially migration courseof the within assumed andobligations bythe expectations informed are heavily argue, will I representations, Such separation. in life andof experiences andmigration home of representations conscious) not (if as deliberate but snapshots, of collection as anaccidental not families, transnational See the web site http://gendermigration.ha.uth.gr/en/ 17 2004-2007 project Pythagoras 2009and Miller (Daniel families oftheir andthelives lives their into brought has ways migration that ruptures andnew the of out pastandpresent, their senseof making migrants’ within families, homeland, with connections their i.e. lives, outmigrants mapping of as tool a powerful projects hypermedia/online upbyseveral beenpicked recently have Images subjectivities. transforming the migrants’ on more focuses Honk Kong in migrants ofFilipina production expressive at which looks (2004)text Margold’s while families, transnational into families migrants’ in transforming play pictures role the explores families and their inGermany migrants labor Turkish by exchanged pictures on the (2001)text Wolbert’s Barbara backhome. families their and migrants both for experience themigration dominates which (1975:16), absence” an defines that photo “the is words, it his In experience. migration book his in Berger 1975,John In potential. expressive powerful photographs’ useof make works that groundbreaking several been has there literature, migration transnational in rare is photographs and vivid. sharp more real, family transnational of maintaining price emotional ofthe notion the making tothereaderallows pictures the bringing Thus, 2004:171). Afonso and Kurtis, word”(Pink, written into untranslatable is awayin that […] experience embodied ofemotion, experience “evoke to help can this chapter of focus the in photographs Putting 1975). Mohr and 2004;Berger 2001; Margold 2007;Wolbert and Frohlich (Drazin photographs the of framing but content ofthe the and image also on the consumption exchange, Narratives andImages from the LivesMigrants of in Greece.Research Supervisor:Riki Van Boeschoten. A Seventh Man A Seventh 17 ). Following these works, I look at the exchange of the photographs within photographs the of atthe exchange I look works, these Following ). images are equally important to words media for representation of the of representation for media words to important areequally images 74 While the focus on thefocus While CEU eTD Collection photographs possess mediality and materiality, which is crucial for the further circulation anduse circulation further the for which iscrucial materiality, and mediality possess photographs printed some families, among common more becoming gradually which is connection, Skype or communication telephone Unlike home. at “shrines” the little in place secure their these images of some before friends, tomigrant’s places and food parks fast andin employers Italian workto at pride with tobeshown purses awhile women’s in aroundfor carried then are they weekends, on Italy in lots parking the mini-bus from migrants upby picked seen.When immediately be can they that so paperprints, in often more but discs, on recorded sometimes are images The Ukraine. to back Sunday andevery to Italy Ukraine from Thursday every thousands run in that mini-buses overcrowded andoften overloaded the 30 hoursin people: like just andUkraine Italy between travel they communication; transnational place in a special occupy photographs Printed touch. keep in to migrant the of responsibility the primarily remains still it communication; in investment equal into translates hardly communication of suchsimplification However, atanymoment. virtually ”connected” being allows phoneswhich cell of availability Ukraine) andthe to Italy thosefrom (especially phone tariffs low relatively programs), chat andvarious (like Skype programs communication internet free due to easier isgetting andItaly between Ukraine families transnational within connections Maintaining life. the“real” to connecting home: from Pictures separation in family and caring migrant dutiful motherhood, trope idealized ofthe performance image in capture to allows way that a used in and selected but accidental, arenot migration in exchanged photographs very this chapter, of part remaining the in demonstrate will As I stays behind. that theaudience for especially migration, andperforming representing also awayof but connection awayof only isnot literature transnational the in pictures, asdescribed of function the Thus, western goods. to andaccess success own their demonstrating thus employers, their house of the in of luxury ofan object front pose in migrants home, sent pictures the how,in discusses (2000) Andall toItaly countries African from migrants female about Talking perform. photographs that roles only the are not connections transnational absence andmaintaining Documenting village. ofthe local links transnational tothe thatpoint objects presenceof the through people absenceof the it marks a visitor; of attention grabsthe that ofsign migration first and the trace thefirst is it author, the To US. the in produced wrapping plastic anddrink food like objects andlogos,multiple names Bostoncompany with T-shirts dressedin to the villagers referring by of migration the visibility of herdescription starts Boston in working inhabitants ofits third one with Republic Dominican the in a village describing (2001) Levitt Peggy care-givers. aging and young children very of groups contrasting strikingly present thetext photosin The mother. 75 CEU eTD Collection made her laugh but also made her feel really far from her family in Ukraine. in her family from far really herfeel also made but herlaugh made it that picture onthis commented baby.Nadia the of size the approximate even not she could andhow reality with touch was of how sheout a oftwo herself, Nadia, to out mother pointed also It life. nephew’s her in presence Nadia’s acknowledging present, the for gratitude demonstrated also but member, new the family Nadia with only acquainted not back shereceived photo The baby outfit. a setof him sentshe nephew, she hadanewborn that learnt Nadia When Italy. stay in herfour-year during her brother from has received Nadia picture a half-joking 2is Figure herestimates ofthe size of the baby (Ivano-Frankivsk,2004). sentfor hernewborn nephew. jokingly but convincingly Thepicture demonstrates howwrongNadia was in Figure 3. A picture sent to Italy documenting a present from Italy, i.e. aset of baby clothes, which Nadia has Ukraine. in oflife the flow into toback step possibility the open for door the keeping these events, apartof somehow to remain them changes,allowing onthe updatethe migrant such images conversations telephone daily, often frequent, with Along Ukraine. in life of and flow ”normality” of also asense but separation of sharprealization the bring members new offamily birth and the marriages, celebrations, religious and offamily pictures with along images, These grandchildren. and children growthof the mostimportantly capture usually Such images hasmade. family the progress the of updates the absence, duringamigrant’s home happened at have that changes children. of Images relationships. transnational the up absencein the and fill distance the bridge that media aphysical become photographs form material its through addressee; the about informviewer the only not thus, Photographs employees. temporary are where they homes, Italian of privacy the in migrants Ukrainian for theirs” truly is that “something “home,” demarcating or bedside table, shelf, wall, onthe can beplaced images printed only Thus, (2001:27). beheld, ownedhowever, can anddisplayed” theaddressee.Apicture, with can beshared sender ofthe ideas only aletter emphasizes: “in Wolbert families, their and Germany in workers guest Turkish among exchange picture of significance the of talking When photograph. the of Images from home, first and foremost, demonstrate the flow of time, the time, of flow the demonstrate and foremost, first home, Images from 76 CEU eTD Collection muscles up some alreadybuilt have now. I like look whatyou know I sothat on ourprinter, it and printed phone cell my photowith this took reads:“I above inscription The Italy. Nadia to in sendit to order in a ofhimself took picture when was sheNadia’s sonfourteen, whom he left 3,Andrij, Figure In yearsof separation (Ivano-Frankivsk, 2006). Figure 4.Updating hismother inItaly onhis new looks; Andrijsends picture this to his motheraftera few times. at provide cannot phonecalls even that closeness provide images visual life, everyday of part area transformations visible where physical world, children’s the In andpresence. interactions daily with comes only that ofintimacy the lack revealing separation, their happened during have might changes that and internal both visual to now?”referring like are you her “what Heasks Italy. in her life orabout howshe is mother does notaskhis his message Rostyslav In Rostyslav” you. Miss Kissyou. lonely!!! I am very back!!! now? Come you like are What “Mother! photograph: ofthe back writesonthe separation) two of (after years Rostyslav a 15-year-old Italy, to sent pictures oneofthe in Thus, research. this in photographs in many clear became children and parents between migrated communication of aspect the visual of significance prime The leave. to decision the making for guilt ofabsencesense of anda a sharp thehome, realization for longing apainful provoke often home from sent pictures Such easier. separation of burden migrants’ make hardly them within encoded messages the and images such However, pictures. in comes through often separation the with frustration and their families, transnational of members vulnerable most the probably are Children andparents. betweenchildren pictures of exchange the for true especially holds This significance. emotional great their emphasize to important is it representation, of messages children. and Mothers - .” While formulated in a slightly joking manner, the importance and intimacy of this of and intimacy importance the manner, joking slightly a in formulated .” While In order not to limit the role of the circulating pictures strictly to calculated to strictly pictures the circulating of role the limit to order not In 77 CEU eTD Collection symbolized the presence of the migrant in the family’s life. thefamily’s in migrant the of presencethe symbolized that objects of presence the documenting chain, exchange the material in circle the closed thus have received presents the of pictures The used. is it and if gownfits the if see happy to was she andthat Italy, from senthome gown present was her a sleeping that explained Nadia picture, “indecent” andsendsuch chose take slightly to waswhyfamily picture sent) her this whom to migrant (a asked Nadia I When gown. her sleeping in unconventionally rather posing is aunt 4Nadia’s Figure trivial theseemingly in Thus, of family. the unity and love dedication, of atoken seenas already is exchange that the material as theydocument families, their of life the in presence migrants’ of as tokens serve often these images category; common most another Italy. from received Presents a a new cell phoneand printer. i.e. money, mother’s ofhis help the with obviously made thatAndrij new ofacquisitions that imageis this message of the phone and when asked, Mykhailyk, - who is three, - says his grandmother is in Italy and is Italy in grandmother three,-sayshis -who is asked,Mykhailyk, phoneandwhen the on tohim talks Lesia Mykhailyk. grandson, Lesia’sfirst to birth andgave got married university, from graduated her daughter meantime, the In years. six for illegally Italy in stayed (51) Lesia Figure 5.Demonstrating apresentfrom Italy,- a brand new sleeping gown (Ivano-Frankivsk , 2005). as“ ability photograph’s the Here, conversations. telephone daily nor by emails, by neither be substituted could new his look, self, new his with up catch to mother his needfor The transformations. major some went through body his and even aman, into transformed he has feels which he in life-time beena have two years the whenwas fourteen, he left whose mother aboy for striking; is image enabler of the unity” (Wolbert 2001:24) comes through powerfully. Another clear Another powerfully. through comes 2001:24) (Wolbert unity” the of Photographs of presents received from Italy in Ukraine constitute Ukraine in Italy from presents received of Photographs 78 CEU eTD Collection home with the family, they shouldn’t doubt the importance of their migration for the family; while thefamily; for migration their of importance the doubt shouldn’t they thefamily, with home beat to chance the sacrifice they thatwhile migrants tell they Importantly, goals. similar for strive and same values the live project, andsocial economic workonacommon families the borders, by separated though even sense that a reinforce these images all money; themigrant’s with phones bought cell senthome, money the with anew acquired car orrenovation, construction house the of progress The money. invests amigrant which into a commonproject of development the isthoseof families ofthetransnational members sentbetween pictures the among out use. a good to put money acquisitions: Material any ofthese details. remember shecanhardly that years) ago(three was so long it says that and shoulders shrugs her shejust thepictures, over As we talk less vivid. areapparently andmemories sentiments these Ira for but this, recalls she as hereyes in has tears celebration.”Nadia the of most throughout her with phone the was on andI her wedding from pictures other and many this sent me She best. the have herto because Iwanted jewelry, expensive thedressandboughthervery for senther money I Italy, wentto I When dress. awhite with wedding heraproper give to resources have never will we andshewas sure childinthe that the family sixth is “Mysister explained: Nadia jewelry. of dressand Ira’s the details on specifically themA lotof focus Italy. to sentwere which wedding, Ira’s of pictures arenumerous there them, Among Italy. was in was whenNadia how it remembering pictures, of hundreds wentthrough both wentabroad) (who never Ira sister her and Nadia request, my After herself. to privately it keeps house but herfamily in her life of part this notdisplay She does a wardrobe. in bags stored hugepaper several Italy in in received and Italy from sent she has pictures the keeps all 2006, in Italy from who returned Nadia, families. their thanto themselves migrants to value emotional greater ofincomparably are however members family the among distributed and migrants from received presents the of pictures The toUkraine. goback to time was it that herdecision confirmed that drops” “last the of was one it that added phone. Lesia onthe communication frequent through upeven be made cannot andit home at lost is migration spentin howtime madeherrealize it sadand,asshe quite Lesia confessed, left reasoning child’s the of comment innocent This him. to it gave and who brought husband) (Lesia’s grandfather was the but it her, from beapresent might it herthat told Lesia to onthephone when talking and ownconclusions his made however, Mykhailyk, Italy. in lived knew already who he grandmother, his present wasfrom the that youngchild to the to explain careful was very family Lesia’s obligation, their Meeting her. for priority top enjoyed family the andthat herloyalty demonstrate to also but separation their despite him for love unconditional her demonstrate to way asa grandsonwasimportant gifta three-year-old to suchanexpensive Lesia, For hundred Euro. a her over which cost car, an electric him sentLesia birthday, third his For phone. the at points 79 One more group of images clearly standing clearly images of group One more CEU eTD Collection migrants’ accounts: “In Ukraine one counts minutes: / Someone has a funeral, / Someone has a /Someone hasafuneral, / Someone minutes: onecounts Ukraine “In accounts: migrants’ in expressed so often life, passing sense of common this expresses poetically lyrics, of collection Kozak, Olha limbo. in captured as section, the following bediscussed in will as it perceived, is life migrants’ while circles, and life up growing development, activities, anddaily interactions offamilial the in fullness life of and flow strength away from home. Similarly, it is the picture sent from home that reinforces the “normality” emotional maintaining for images on these dependent more bemuch to seem Migrants family. andthe bothmigrants equalfor notnecessarily is sentacross theborder ofimages The value asafamily. together keep them that values and internal economic same share the still families borders, the across separated while even that wasted and are not efforts their that them reassure and enterprise migration the of success the capture images these asense, In goals. economic and social ofthe families’ unity the of proofs asmaterialized serve such exchanges of photos the i.e. documentation, the Similarly, 2001). Hochschild 2005b; (Parrenas love materialized of tokens as serve Italy from home sent presents and Remittances migration. through available became ofresources that bestout the by making ofobligation part their performs thefamily that them console the family; to loyalty of sensation their reinforce butalso success senseof migrants’ the notonly evoke remittances due to made progress the demonstrating home, sentfrom Pictures 2004). and alreadywant foryou!Bye-bye!sayyou alot waiting everto -> (Idon’t this (Ivano-Frankivsk, again)!!!” ofourback new carlooks like. you Would like to see Well,more? thenyou have to come back home. Ilove Figure a 6.The sentletter in inscription toNadia by hereldest“This how son runs: is (approximately) the be wasted. wouldnot separation of sacrifice the reunites, when family so the that the rest, of takescare the family works abroad, the migrant a migrant domestic worker and an author published in aUkrainian in published and anauthor worker domestic a migrant 80 CEU eTD Collection Ukrainian women in Italy, to use Wolbert’s (2001) analysis, are (2001)analysis, use to Wolbert’s Italy, women in Ukrainian of pictures the clothes, new fashionable andhappyin smiling them depicting malls fancy from pictures whosend home workers inHongKong Filipina (2004)with byMargold described inthesituation Unlike easy. of is life a migrant’s suggestthat not should and they family, the back to country affluent a more from sent are these pictures that thefact is this to contribute that the factors of One lives. migrants’ the how represent ofthey terms in selected carefully be much more to have Italy from pictures the emotional value, have more Ukraine from pictures while 2007). Thus, (Ramirez scale same the be against or measured value same the have cannot direction other the sentin andthose athome families to their the migrant from sent pictures The 2004). Keryk 2009a; see(Vianello (also children their neglect in of orafeeling and neighbors families extended within gossip the spouse, their of jealousy and mistrust the stir notto cautious beextremely to have alone whomigrate women Ukrainian Similarly, 2007:425). and Emmison Skribis, (Ramirez, themselves” and family extended their agapbetween creating avoid to ones, andsimple unflattering some with goodphotos outthe balance and wanted to as perfect Australia in lives their toportray not wanting of aware quite was she “that answered she those images, include to sheasked When decided why pictures. average some very shotsbutalso beautiful some indisputably would comprise These show therelatives. to which shewouldlater images the select cautiously would her mother reunions herfamily how before describes (2007) Ramirez origin, of country visiting immigrant’s the of herauto-ethnography In representations. with heavily are burdened bymigrants sent home images sothe more andeven home sentfrom images Both photographs “no-story” the Italy: from home sent Pictures 2003). (Vdovychenko (in nolife” is but there / Youlive, move: and wouldn’t standsstill time the And here, / baptism. displayed by their families including their children: “It often happens that we stay in Italy for years for Italy stay in we that often happens “It children: their including families their by displayed as abroad working ofwomen and the feelings to lives andindifference insensitivity growing the talks daily his eachof in emphasized Italy, in UGCC establishing of activists the one of Vasyl, father (UGCC), church Catholic Greek Ukrainian the by organized migrants transnational ofthe the families of well-being tothe dedicated pilgrimage walking nine-day the During back home. the to family loyalty complete and maintaining sacrifice of asaperiod migration going through life, Ukrainian family’s her with lives a migrant message that andconvincing theclear hastohave it life; an easy search of in do it whoabroad go women that opinion public Ukrainian dominant way any the in notfeed should it Finally, athome. situation her by repressed was otherwise that something experience to orbeenable a new life new self, a found has she suggest that not to becareful should woman amigrating a family, of a mother 81 not supposed not to tell any story. As CEU eTD Collection rarely sends home are those of Tuscany landscapes and historical sites. andhistorical landscapes ofTuscany arethose sends home rarely Olha that pictures The family. Ukrainian her to unrelated is that anything for fact, in man; Italian an with in had moved she orthat as anurse new qualifications acquiring sheis that colleagues, with she interacts where jobs has five Italy, in a life lives Olha that acknowledgement for space no is there her family, Within a mother. thatof is family hertransnational with role her grandsons, andnowhastwo up children andhasbrought divorced she is even if ofroles; multiplicity her any denies herfamily within Her position Ukraine. in herfamily to unrelated anything her discussing heard but Inever inUkraine, the of happenings details minor discussing adayonaverage, times several home calling seeI could her toOlha During my visit andemotions. experiences everyday her actual about to talk to hasnobody she colleague), her former with together living started of stayItaly, years in Olha’s of acouple after husband (who, her from and herspeedydivorce her to listen to denial sons’ her after that obvious is it perfect, as sees herrelationship Olha While them.” don’t tell soI […] inItaly me is for it tohowhard stand listening but hecan’t sacrifice, my for grateful he is very andsaysthat me hugs son youngest this, my about talking start when I even But […] money. the take to refuse might they me, for is hardit how knew If they money. this earn to jobs workfive I that them tell to like don’t I but 25) sons(20and my with relationship agreat have “I She comments: degree. or smaller alarger to endedupin to talked I women the of majority which the patterns, the trapped in tobe seems years, five over for Italy in has been who Olha, gothrough. mothers their difficulties the about togetfrustrated family wantthe do not because they or undignified eithervery it because theyfind andfamily, children their to workeven their about truth the to tell reluctant women are thatmany He explains families. their in attitude this generating for themselves onwomen responsibility puts partially however, Vasyl, Father own families.” our by away pushed we get how is This more.’ some stay should you here.Maybe are nojobs here? There would youdo what ’But reasoning: families their heard only they good, for Ukraine to were returning saythey to when phonedhome they that told me have women How many stay. usto who itisourfamilies convince gobackhome, wantto enough and just we whenthen have And bythemselves. getusedtomanaging children used it, gets to everyone a years, after few but us, miss Our families separation. the bearing nights, daysand working home, money sending […] 82 CEU eTD Collection pictures home, thus demonstrating the effort and good intention to keep in touch. in tokeep and good intention theeffort demonstrating thus home, pictures send to opportunity uses any migrant the that fact but the important, is that picture the of content notthe is it photographs, of exchange of importance onthe article ofthis argument initial the to back Going families. their without it enjoying not are they as Italy country sucharomanticized in living and landscape, beautiful most the by surrounded though even that suggesting be to seem These pictures scenery. such vacation in ofloneliness absurdity the demonstrating thus alone, usually is themigrant picture sucha in absence; outthe bring they Moreover, perfectly. aim this serve to seem pictures type “vacation” 27-8). The 2001: (Wolbert a story” tell to supposed not are reason,they this For an alterneity. of apart notbecome senderhas the that proof as a serve place, oranother group toanew belonging as person thephotographed do notsituate that “Photographs families: their away from women migrating Ukrainian the of theintentions for crucial which is point tothe refers then Wolbert family. abouthis andthinks health ingood is Ilyas that than other any story, tell orto life his about anyinformation togive these pictures of point the not is it analyses, as However, Wolbert Germany. in life Ilyas’ about information little surprisingly carry these pictures of All a room. of themiddle orin scenery a landscape, unidentified an against posture, his neutral in height, full standing is Ilyas ofthem most in repetitive; amazingly adecadeas over home back (Ilyas) the family of father sentbythe photographs the describes (2001), Wolbert Berlin). (to family Turkish atransnational within circulating photographs the of description Wolbert’s with greatly coincides settings such of purpose The background. seaasthe the against maybe tree, blossoming or anexotic a church, against present them usually pictures Migrants’ sites. historical local of background the oragainst rare vacations vacation. Lonely Church for the migrants ofBologna (Genoa,2007). Figure 7.The picture istaken duringagroup tour to Genoa organized bythe Ukrainian Greek Catholic Probably the most common type of photographs sent home from Italy are from Italy from home sent photographs of type common most the Probably 83 CEU eTD Collection loyalty and recognition of the differentiated duties and obligations often become rituals called to called rituals become often obligations and duties differentiated the of andrecognition loyalty goals, ofcommon reinforcement The constant migration. in country fellows andfrom Ukraine eyefrom jealous aparticularly with are followed Italy in ofmigrants lives the circumstances, Under these experience. the of part also are us” abandoned have “you children of accusations the many, For experience. the migration of a part are land aforeign in prostitution of accusations and money more for demand with home from husbands their of calls the many, For separation. todealwith families their andhelping own with hardships their dealing burdenof the double have women migrant many environment, anew in scratch from andstarting home awayfrom moving of traumas social mobility, professional downward of stress the with dealing of on top Thus, 2003). Figureembroidering 8.Apicture Italy: from traditionalUkrainian Easter towels apark (Benevento,in inItaly Italy. place, affluent seemingly this in now they live if even Ukraine, in home beis to place best the that again once emphasize to and ofthe family some members by jealousy of feeling possible the allows todampen it send; to picture a”safe” is It design. floral traditional the embroidering while home about are also thoughts their besurethat Onecan role. woman’s traditional the with associated highly activity doing moments free rare their spending depicting are women migrant home, Away from life. Italian in non-participation this isprecisely picture ofthe The meaning towels. Ukrainian traditional embroidering i.e. in the focus, thatis activity their Itis that. indicate to nothing absolutely is there Italy, in taken is thepicture Though workers). live-in domestic aweek for afternoon day andone one (usually time free rare their in are depicted migrants Ukrainian 7two Figure In life. Ukrainian a live they Italy, in even athome that families reminding same time atthe Ukraine, to belonging their assert migrants pictures, Inthese event. apolitical maybe festivals, social or religious of acelebration usually toUkraine: related somehow are which activities social of images the Ukrainian life in Italy. Another ”favorite” topic for migrants’ pictures — with a clear purpose — is — purpose aclear —with pictures formigrants’ topic ”favorite” Another 84 CEU eTD Collection they are not intended to be remembered or shared together in the future. They carry the memory the carry They the future. in shared together or beremembered to intended not are they distance, the bridge andsomehow information necessary carry migration in exchanged pictures While profess. photographs exchanged the that reunification of a possibility but separation not -itis asaunit, family whole the benefiting of the idea with undertaken initially which is - project, amigration 68). Within (2007: argues Drazin thefuture” for possibilities of realization and preservation the but past, the of recapturing the in lie only does not practices framing photographic behind motivation “The migration. of purpose andexperience very the in rooted isheavily families andtheir bymigrants images of andconsumption framing differentiated The these networks. within andhierarchies moralities obligations, aboutthe speaking volumes ties, transnational of composition the larger of reflective thus ofthese flows are directionality and the content The connections. transnational constitute also but maintain only not photographs of theflows restrictions, andeconomic workschedules tight status, legal regimes, byvisa limited often is movement whose transnational themselves, migrants Unlike behind. left was that temporarily “otherlife” ofthe asareminder andserve of intimacy, lack a for compensate absences, the in to fill strive They place. special a occupy photographs families, transnational together bond to borders across flow that andcare love of tokens the Among as units. be seen homogenous not should families transnational life-projects, oncertain together functioning Although 2007:393). (Baldassar support” emotional of exchange transnational ongoing the in other andresult each care for to obligation sense of their inform relationships where “close families, transnational together gluing way one of is Photography interests ofconflicted sites as families Transnational Parrenas 2008,2005b). 1997; and Avila Hondagneu-Sotelo 2009b; (Vianello whole the family of morality the threatens departure whose a mother, for choice” a“safe isalso one’s family without not moving and asstatic migration in life Presenting a again. life start andwill her family to she returns until onhold, her life puts amigrant which in asalimbo thusconstructed is Migration events. life-cycle family-related of sequence a“normalized” in is happening whichlife in 1997:552) andAvila (Hondagneu-Sotelo and space time of flow entire but the ties, the family notonly as rupturing perceived isoften thus Migration ”non-change.” confirm images these change, which demonstrate home, from pictures and unlike arestatic, home) sentfrom presents with orpictures thefamily with on thephone ofmigrants pictures type, vacation” a “lonesome (beit senthome pictures the instances many In anddistance. suspicion separation, through fragile too become have might that family atransnational within ties maintain 85 CEU eTD Collection will argue these reunions often introduce additional ruptures into the lives of families, triggering offamilies, lives the ruptures into additional introduce often reunions argue these will I However, project. migration asuccessful stage in orasa bymigration introduced and absence distance geographic of ruptures the to fix asanattempt undertaken which isoften inItaly, families ofmigrant reunification of areexperiences prominently Figuring hierarchies. these intrafamilial shaping in ofa migrant age position and the gender, ofeffects the considers chapter following the borders, separated by families in occur that andrelationships hierarchies the into looking After families. transnational within unequally very are distributed that andobligation responsibility of notions bespeaking enterprise, a migration of failure and success of views - reflecting home, at time anddynamic migration in time static - i.e. time, differentiated measure Italy to Ukraine from flow that pictures The future. acommon end upis will rupture that a temporal is migration which time, in of construction andlinear roles home, familial of notions idealized child, anda ofamother roles “proper” the home, and migration of desiredrepresentation mirror often photographs These evoke. might they andjudgments onthereceiver have they will effect the of consideration attentive without sent be cannot life family images of representation; careful without exist cannot parenthood Transnational distance. a practice from as asituational and also motherhood, of motherhood, tropes andidealized normative between dissonance the negotiate to migrants allow connections, as transnational aswell and silences, how distances analyzing orderto in separation and longing of discourses unhelpful analytically of stepout to have tried I families, transnational within andresponsibilities ofcare directionality the Examining families. within silences specific maintaining also and thedistance bridging way of a as photographs,- particular in - objects, ofmaterial flow the into looked chapter this children, from particular, and, in family from separation theprolonged in women bymigrant experienced ruptures central the oneof Locating behind. has beenleft that family the with be shared cannot often that a process 8), (also see chapter one’s oflife reevaluation consequent anda lifestyle change in anabrupt often brings migration themigrant, for However, connections. their of integrity the threat does not separation that family the reassure and secure to order in roles, familial normative perform to family entire the theneedfor intensifies often migration to member one family of departure The interactions. anddaily intimate of loss the and distance by separation —absences, rupture of sites central the of some into looked I have chapter, this In photographs. in remembering worth are unity of moments Only family. bythe celebrated be not to occurrence temporal a as beseen therefore must Migration reunification. of hope the and spenttimes together, of 86 CEU eTD Collection transnational social fields. social transnational of dynamics the within members the family of andrepositioning negotiation of new forms 87 CEU eTD Collection transnational families transnational withinthe roles Shifting migration: in generation Chapter 5.Second officially registered as being in a risk group due to dueto athe group in risk asbeing registered officially 25 is of theage after child herfirst to birth whoa woman gives Ukraine, normin medical the to whichwill I discuss later in this text. A short illustration whatof Irefer to is the that,fact according politics, pronatalist bythestate’s heavily supported also is but preferences, cultural of a matter not only is however, Sucha as well. view, by the young generation asadesired norm embraced 20s is early the in marriage towns,size andsmaller- in middle- and particularly Ukraine, today’s in that fact the to but agecohort their between marriage early the to not can beattributed that a fact ageof40-45, the at grandmothers were have becoming interviewed I whom women the of respondents;many ofmy cycle and life age social on the needed is remark short a 2009) et al. (Markov old years between 41and60 being women Italy in migrant 52%of over Ukrainian With in Ukraine? retire to older generation the for achance thus closing wholefamily, the woulduproot reunification such a andif generation younger the to wouldbring reunification this prospects professional and whatpersonal whole family; tothe bring would reunification the benefits economic what of considerations were respondents my among such decisions informed often most that Among the factors family. left-behind the with cautiously particularly be negotiated hasto it migration, female the of case the in another but to family one migrant from greatly vary occur can reunification the which conditions andon point andatwhat home stay at whohas to be reunited, will who asto decision The families. formany possibility adesired is migration in children, or child their with mothers particularly family, ofthe parts atleast reunite to a chance that thus, wonder, asmall is It andchildren. mothers separated between painfully most probably experienced one and the members, family andtheir migrants of life the in ruptures the main oneof is migration of course the in families of separation prolonged chapter, previous the in discussed As Ihave quality of life at home. Their experience of migration thus becomes their lifestyle, their thus becomes ofmigration experience Their at home. life of quality their leaving home and going away, paradoxically, a strategy of staying at home, at staying of astrategy paradoxically, away, andgoing home leaving their mobility,' staying mobile 'as long as they can' in order to improve or maintain the or maintain ordertoimprove can' in asthey 'aslong mobile staying mobility,' Rather than relying on transnational networking for improving their condition in condition their forimproving networking ontransnational relying than Rather Mirjana Morokvasic 'Settled in Mobility': Engendering Post-Wall Migration in Migration Post-Wall Engendering Mobility': in 'Settled Morokvasic Mirjana the country of their settlement, they [migrant women] tend to 'settle within 'settle tendto women] [migrant they settlement, oftheir country the and, thus, an alternative to what migration is usually considered to be- to considered usually is whatto migration an alternative thus, and, 88 late birth. emigration/immigration. Europe” (2004:7) Europe” CEU eTD Collection 2009). families(Tymkiv generations’ these younger within mothers non-working and sustaining families young children’s for separateflats houses andbuying of building children, for education university as aspirations class middle and supportsuchupper Ukraine backin the families of style life affluent arather maintains that migration into has longturned scrutiny, from families rescue their to desperation of women as anact was bymany which undertaken to Italy migration chapter, this in discuss later will AsI life. standard of their maintained that income sourceof the lose to insecurity family’s larger the from stems often member afamily with re-uniting for choice The androles. obligations familial differentiated inthe role significant a gender plays but generation notonly sucharrangements In family. whole the for return of place as a Ukraine preserve to extent great toa go and cohorts generational into just than nuanced more ways much in split families Migrant Markov. proposed by model assimilation the than complex more arefar objectives the family project, migration familial within roles distributing in role asignificant plays divide generational while argue that I 2009:67-8). etal. (Markov home as ofit think aswill grow upinItaly will who generation third andthe return an implausible but a desired of a place is Ukraine towhom generation second the for andaspringboard machine” asan“ATM treated often is that ageneration is generation the first Thus, performs. generation roles each the to according ofsuch migration paradigm generation” suggests a “three Markov awork” (2009:37). for arrangements prior have often and spouses) and relatives someone (parents, to join Italy in arrive “New migrants Italy: to ofmigration characteristics as new this central - outlines the EU countries, to workmigration onUkrainian focusing project - inaresearch Markov, 2003-6(2009:10). Bolognain in her stay of of memoirs book her in Pronyuk – argues oracquaintances,” family byhis trodden well path the abroad andwalks market labor the about information he has aground-breaker; hardly is Italy] [to migrant “Today’s labor Italy. in a Ukrainian migrant of profile the changeof a to certain amounted already have however, cases, Such regulations. family of reunification under the fall not whodo in-laws, and sisters, brothers, like relatives, close but with 18, over are who children with only happennot can offamily reunifications Similarly, illegally. borders the across member family a totransport intermediaries paying cases, rare or, in Ukraine, in agency a tourist from country EU toany visa atourist buying amother’s through canoccur reunification such Similarly, children. ( request work force an official out to fill employers her with negotiations mother’s due to happen 18may over children with a reunification instance, For legality. and means rangeof awide within happen such reunifications that the fact isdueto This spouses. 18 or under children with reunifications casesof the of occuroutside offamilies reunifications howmany fully toestimate us donotallow Italy to migration onUkrainian statistics available The 89 Decreto Flussi ) for their ) for CEU eTD Collection low-skilled jobs, domestic and care-worker, agriculture, etc. (discussed in more detail in chapter 2) chapter in detail more in (discussed etc. agriculture, care-worker, and domestic jobs, low-skilled 18 the of arrival the does How and ask: transformations these grasp seek to I chapter following the In andUkraine. Italy both in networks families’ within ofarrangements kinds different shaping thus remittances, and care of flows care-chains, existing the shifts members ofthe young family Arrival illegally. borders the crossing cases, some or,in invitation job visa, a tourist of purchase such asthe channel, legislation reunification the meansthan different via her/his mothers join 18hadto who above was everyone i.e. twenties, or teens late their werein inItaly migrants joined whohave children percentage a larger Thus, thirty. and twenty-one and 44%arebetween andtwenty, sixteen of theage 27%between fifteen, and six 25% arebetween betweenone andfive, 4%are ageof only the approximately Italy, in mothers their reunited whohave children the ofout on, further indicates (2009) As Pronyuk Flussi and (2002) legalization through Italy in women Ukrainian of legalization increasing the between link the However, Ukraine. in are children their that %indicated 87.5 only 2007, in while Ukraine, in wereliving ofmigrants children of 95.5% 2003, in that indicates Thus Pronyuk 18. under children husband or i.e. family, immediate of members all oneor with toreunite migrants allowed permit aresidence Having of2002. legalization the after significantly grow began to families migrants’ Ukrainian among reunifications of number the that indicates (2009) Pronyuk home. at staying while obligations and responsibilities of part their by maintaining butalso by migrating only not deal” “migration the of part their who members fulfill allfamily involve projects migration that fact the again out This brings family. whole the of consideration the involving choice strategic a was often reunite whento and reunite to whom with reunite, to choice the Therefore, Ukraine. within oreven countries other to migration labor seasonal or stable in involved already actually were husbands while many men, for place problematic be a to was considered sector, domestic and care the in mostly workpool its with Italy, Otherwise, toItaly. wholefamily their move wanted who to respondents by younger my except considered waswomen ever hardly migrant the of husbands with reunification the research, caseofmy the In networks. family extended the coming into money” “Italian of flow the workand keep mothers’ their up pick whocould children adult several oneor with reunite to the family for option anattractive becomes it income of source animportant tolose reluctant Thus, Ukraine. in payments aretirement obtain or Italy in retire to ofopportunities thelack age,and face now retirement women approach 1990s,many late the in migration mass pioneered who have generation, older ofthe prospects to the relation In Yearly quotas calculated by the Italian government opened for recruiting foreign labor in such sectors as sectors such in labor foreign recruiting for opened government Italian the by calculated quotas Yearly 18 (once in each consecutive year) and the reunification with their children is not so direct. isnot children their with reunification the and year) eachconsecutive in (once 90 Decreto CEU eTD Collection migration. in secondgeneration ofthe andexperiences strategies choices, the a sayin have that factors andpersonal economic social, the understanding for instrumental notparticularly is discourses, and public in themselves employed bymigrants so often families, of ofseparation trope The families. their within position changing andtheir reunifications such of reality andsocial economic the of understanding their obscuring reunification, of moment aboutthe youngergeneration the of expectations upthe built argue, I discourses, same The discourses. blaming dueto home at families with their in Italy lives their about experiences their communicating from prevented were often mothers migrant chapter, previous the in discussed As Ihave the families. within reunification of expectations of pressures the mounting unfold to me help will that as a setting left-behind, andchildren motherhood distance issue of onthe Ukraine in discourses dominant the of some introducing to turn now briefly will I detail, greater in migrants of generation younger the of positioning andshifting reunification of experiences the discuss To these fields. within positing actors’ the negotiating in moralities transnational of workings andthe fields social transnational migrants’ within dynamics outthe map to me allow focuses These project. migration familial intergenerational the of thecontext in andchildren mothers of reunification generation, younger by the migrants earning tothe receivers remittance from switch a experiencing Italy, them in will join asto who make mothers thatmigrant the choices children, andabandoned mothers onfailed Ukraine in discourses blaming the migration: in children and ofmothers reunification aspectsof following the bydiscussing proceed will chapter This members. family andnon-migrating migrating position differently boundsthat and material symbolic of anumber creates andmigrating behind being left of how experience the into specifically look to allows me youngergeneration, the caseof in that, 2008a)asaconcept (Carling moralities” of“transnational notion the employ I fields, social transnational thefamily’s in members family the of positioning changing the exploring In adults. young or asteenagers mothers their joined who have youngadults with ontheinterviews I focus chapter this in generation, younger the of arrival the with experienced responsibilities and mutual obligations ofthe shift the in Interested whole bythe family? undertaken project migration intergenerational the into fit generation younger ofthe anddecisions experiences objectives, Howarethe migration? this pioneered who have women the of thebiographies into bring arrival generation’s does younger the whatcontinuities and ruptures ofnew forms fields? What transnational the migrants’ within andobligations hierarchies changesrelations, new generation Without denying the real pain that separation of children and mothers brings into brings andmothers children of separation that pain real the denying Without 91 CEU eTD Collection is used widely in statues and images, one of the most prominent one is the statue of statue the oneis prominent most the of one andimages, statues in widely used is symbolism Its Christians. all protecting Mother Mary, andthenation, children its protecting mother – Belehynja of asymbol serve can state Ukrainian ofthe mythology nationalist the constructing in plays motherhood that role prominent the of examples the of One counterpart. Soviet historical its from Ukraine contemporary differentiate to to andanattempt Europeanness its rediscovered of part a become have values” where“family Ukraine, for true particularly description this I find 2008:6). (Albanese family” the within roles traditional of renewal or (attempted) and / reinforcement the includes and traditions religious of pastand renewal the of byaglorification accompanied often is […] re-patriarchalization This relation.[…] and gender family and re-patriarchalize traditionalize re- to beenattempts have there Europe in regimes nationalist “…under argues that traditionalism, of rise and the nationalism between link onthe when commenting Albanese, Patrizia USSR. ofthe as apart history to its opposition in values pre-soviet traditional, with state as independent an Ukraine constructing of project nationalist with up paired comes genderroles normative similar of theglorification Ukraine In irrelevant. as role familial the outside contribution women’s discarding thus the family, of nurturer the is the mother and thebreadwinner is father which the in roles gender normative the of glorification from stemming of theseexamples All Philippines. the from migration female surrounding book her in Parrenas, migration. female astrong with countries many in occur which migration female ofmostly stigmatization of examples of list long the in case another yet rather but exception an not are unity andnational family’s the to poses migration threat the on discourses Ukrainian family transnational maintaining vs. concern national orphans:” “Euro and mothers Migrating families. thetransnational within entitlements and responsibilities transforming andthe field social transnational the within roles shifting ontheir I focus Italy, to moving while orinquire miss they that possibilities and economic social the to relation in experiences generation younger the ruptures the understand andto reunification vs. separation of dichotomy of level the to reunification of experience the reducing avoid to order in Therefore, Italy. in generation younger ofthe experience the affected that factors crucial were the all Ukraine, in maintained life-styles tocontinue ability conditions, accommodation environment, linguistic change of offriends, loss the also but separation, mother-child only not address I that Italy. in reunification the of experience aswell left-behind children the of experience shape that factors social and theeconomic into look seek to I migration, prolonged experiencing Children of Globalization Children a female protector, who is often associated with Ukraine, protecting its citizens, its protecting Ukraine, with associated often who is protector, a female (2005b) draws a remarkably similar picture of the discourses the of picture similar aremarkably draws (2005b) 92 Berehynja, - Berehynja, CEU eTD Collection female migration stigmatizes both as non-normative. both stigmatizes migration female case of which in asaprovider, of father role also the but of mother therole notonly solidifies aspect motherly the of an overemphasis that reminds Parrenas unit. wholefamily the of flexibility any denies and decisions, strategies choices, migrants’ us understand can allow to that practices those all ignores also but and unwanted, dangerous as deviant, arrangements family migrants’ transnational condemns notonly roles of division family Such a rigid (2005b:30). families” of types other needs of different the ignoring costof the at family of type this “enshrine(s) family nuclear the uphold to and churches schools states, pressure from public that She continues (2005b:39). migration” labor women’s on dependence nation’s denythe they that time same the at economy ofthe dysfunctions the hide they since women, hurt tosuchanideal conformity public the and nuclearfamily the of idealization warns: “The families, transnational bring into can division families the in strains personal and economic creates often families individual the to state the from children of being well- and economic social emotional, the for responsibilities of theshifting level, life daily the On married. getting before money earning experience should they that understanding the with sons while are reunited own family, starttheir to order in Ukraine in andstay mothers from separated stay to arepreferred daughters which in choices gendered to make women migrant pushes often This 2008). Solari 2008, Utrata see (also careers housewife andfulltime rearing child daughters for adult their to free breadwinners the of role the up as women take age, gender and of at theintersection but gender notonlyin lies family the in up take thatthey responsibilities the of pressure the women, Ukrainian For values. Ukrainian true with associated became mother non-working as woman a full-time, as anda a bread-winner man a with roles family “traditional” the of re-establishing etc.) mentality, national thought, national education, national idea, national (e.g. anything almost to discourses andeducational public social, in applied is “national” adjective where the Ukraine, In 2007:35-6). Rands (Lyon husbands” their from support economic of and deservers the family, ofcenters spiritual hearth, the of as women protectors of rhetoric appealing widely with currently and backlash, a strong from suffered have identity personal work ofpaid to andthe importance equality ofsexual ideals Soviet “The created: countries post-soviet inthe child-care the from state the of withdrawal abrupt 2008) Utrata 1997; 2000;Ries see (Ashwin Rands (also Lyons Tania Kyiv. square of central the in column 62 meter-high ona erected - rose, guelder abranchof holding woman of a figure . Parrenas, while discussing the trap that fetishizes normative genderrole normative fetishizes that trap the discussing while Parrenas, 93 summarizes the shift which theshift summarizes CEU eTD Collection 19 have might Ukraine that indicated Windows,” the “Behind a program of anepisode in channel, TV abroad, for left have parents whose children of problems the discussing news report hada radio national Ukrainian January2009 in since; ever andpress inmedia used excessively upand picked hasbeen orphans” “Euro orphans” or “social Theterm oftime. a period longer for Ukraine in children their who left migrants labor rights from parental remove to was asuggestion there issues discussed the Among representatives. government and local schoolteachers, media, which gathered Orphans,” Social New of Types Labor Migrants: of on“Children debates table round organized Lviv in (UGCC) Ukraine of Church Greek-Catholic the 2006, in Thus, money. with substituted been has support andsocial care families, migrant that in which imply of both orphans,” “Euro orphans” or “social are children the to migrants’ relation in specifically Ukraine in were that adopted terms blaming strong rather Other flawed. asinherently families and migrant migration as from rising these problems portray to language uses strong blaming definition the anyfamily, degreeto some to canbeattributed definition the listedin problems the of all Though terms: of glossary the flowing find - onecan Science, of Academy Ukrainian bythe - published Ukraine, from migration labor contemporary researching and studying on ahandbook in Thus, upbringing. child’s of andtheintegrity families ontheir effects devastating ashaving departure migrants’ portray often most academia andeven media discourses, andpolitical public Ukrainian Similarly, . Frankivsk, 2008). at Ivano-Frankivsk railway“Don’tthe workabroad throughthe station: glasses” look at (Ivano-pink Figure Center Ministry 9.Posterproducedof Labor bythe andState Ukrainian Employment displayed and of National Ukrainian radio, 2009 upbringing, etc.” (Kychak 2009:5) etc.” (Kychak upbringing, in mistakes child, spendwith to oftime lack parents, betweenthe relationships conflicting are ofwhich typical most upbringing, of defects with the a family members; family several one or absenceof bythelasting ischaracterized which – a is family family “Distant 94 19 while STB while CEU eTD Collection as inseparably interlinked (Malkki and Martin 2005: 220). It should not be surprising, then, that the then,that be surprising, not It should 220). 2005: Martin and (Malkki interlinked as inseparably andchildren women of fate the portrayed long have family on the discourses Western “Normative suggests: families, migrant intransnational childhood experiencing on essay her in Horton, Sarah and Holy Mother Ukraine. of images ashadow ontothe dubbing without motherhood, of outside experiences private her outspace for carve can hardly woman a parallel, gracious this With andthenation. the family of unity the disrupted that migration their is it women that reminds other, while on the women, glorifies asontheonehandit binding rather is it andevocative, generous however shared trope; culturally acommon suggests that easiness Ukraine. Though a non-religious newspaper, a non-religious Though Ukraine. of Godand Mother both, to women compares generously Daycelebration Mother’s advertising headline -the nation, the of theboundaries become bodies women’s -when (1997), Davis byYuval- addressed gendered nationalism of discussion the to Similar 2009). (Soronevych unity” Christian of a symbol initself Daycarries Mother’s migration, maternal female, largest the with –acountry Italy For andhope. faith love, encompassing all the of symbol –three-in-one Ukraine and ofGod Mother woman-Mother, celebrating of tradition anancient reestablish to existence, non- the us to from back hascome holiday “This ran: page text front The Rome. Dayin Mother’s team byaUkrainian published the of issue (2009) June-July appeared in such discourses of example pronounced the of One sacrifice. ofmotherly form the in decisions dress their to rhetoric same up the pick women migrant as accusations, the against serve to order in overturned easily is symbolism same the However, tragedy. national the with departure andtheir Ukraine with equated become often women migrant overtones, and religious national acquiring itself; than bigger becomes often migration labor female Ukrainian of significance The 2010). (Babij Ukraine in left children their neglect to cause them which might migration, their of country on the dependency psychological of a form i.e. Syndrome,” ”Italian develop often families” “distant in mothers that arguing new level, a discourse to blaming the took they?” who are migrants, labor the of “Children called program 21 20 Himself.” Shot her Son Signor, Italian Serving was Mother “While like thetitles with audience the shock often newspapers and programs TV and national local Thus, many activists). migrant pressabroadand migrants Ukrainian through (voiced migrants and press media, Ukrainian the warbetween full-fledged the in the fire under come often particularly children andtheir mothers Migrating 2009) and Franchuk orphans”(Kutjepov “social unofficial, asmany twice and probably registered, officially two million Full reference note is needed. is note reference Full Gazeta Ukrainska ispublished with the initiative and support of the Union.Western 20 21 In another example, the Ivano-Frankivsk radio station radio the Ivano-Frankivsk example, another In in Italy, the front page of which covered 2009 celebration of celebration 2009 which covered page of the front Italy, in Gazeta Ukrainska Gazeta 95 Gazeta Ukraiinska , sponsored by Western Union and Union Western by sponsored , refers to this unity an with unity tothis refers Vezha ina CEU eTD Collection 22 mothers. unemployed time, full as daughters-in-law / daughters their supporting and husbands daughter’s their of income insufficient supplementing homes, children’s intheir family traditional of andideal life-style anaffluent maintain to order in years many for there stay chooseto scrutiny, of goabroadbecause whoinitially mothers, migrating Thus, family. transnational wayinto its finds still ideal this Ukraine, in education nationalist and religion through praised ideal these traditionalist to fulfill failing Though provider. ofthe figure asastrong and father tochildren, education andnational care nourishing, love, providing house, the of heath the at mother position genderedroles normative which in home” has “traditional appeal high particularly the such Among imaginations sacrifice. andparental childhood of notions idealized of expectations bythehigh-soaring affected strongly are also relations their children, andthe mothers transnational between exists that separation of pain real very the besides Thus, dream. national ofthe idyll onepastoral into merged all rose) (guelder and nightingale mother, motherland, Ukraine, which in imagery nationalistic of vernacular ages usethe all of children which with the familiarity demonstrate vividly examples the lines, behind these sentiment the questioning Without old,2008:87-89). 20 years (Rebrova, and Sun!” myWater and youare Earth, onthe air you are desert, the water in of areadrop you darkness, the sunrayin alittle You are world! the in everything above you are me, For you! and praise adore love, I respect, Land, My native be strongandproud! My Motherland, be with me! Ukraine, dear My […] it! with andnot Ukraine not in amI if life nota is Life […] miserable. most the and… wonderful the most dearest, thebest,the is that canbe,everything there that is, there that everything everything, is 78) “Ukraine 2008: old, 18 years (Dashko, land…” hisnative one leaves when then and only feelit, only one can words, in motherland for love express the cannot “One 19), 2008: 13 years old, (Khamardyuk, world” the in land best the is because this Ukraine, praise lips “Today my manner: pompous the following run in repetitive, strikingly so tropes, common the this chapter, in mention to many examples too Among and motherland. mother with separation Ukraine Open was byFund that supported 2008),-aproject (Anon pain” judgments, thoughts, confessions, aboutthemselves: ofmigrants “Children ofmigrants children among writing in competition an international in Thus, lexicon. patriotic national with mixed childhood” of“lost notions absorbto these seem discourses stigmatized these highly among Ukraine in remaining migrants, of Children (2008:926). number” large in migrating –areincreasingly them mothers of many as women – ofmigration, thefeminization with intandem travels childhood” “lost of discourse contexts. 23 http://openukraine.org/en/about/mission > and Zbignievpublic Drzymala tosupport diplomacy and the profile of Ukraine raise internationally.< Guelder rose is a Gueldersymbolwidely roseis floral used representUkraine to public, popculturein and media Open UkraineOpen 22 is anon-partisan international is philanthropic foundation established byArseniyYatsenyuk , - among 27 contributors varying from age 11 to 20, majority address equally the equally address majority age 20, 11to from varying 27contributors - among , 96 kalyna 23 CEU eTD Collection most middle-class families in Ukraine, it is often resolved through the generation of grandparents of generation the through resolved often is it inUkraine, families middle-class most for unsustainable economically is mother, time a full and working member one male only with ofsuchfamilies, realization thepractical While generations. several involving through resolved are family traditional the of gendered the ideal reach to aspiration andthe drive Consumption young family.” their support needsto as somebody Italy, to have goback to will I a baby, have will soon, and get married will son oldest ifmy then but me… for waiting position, director’s a theatre position, old have my even I a months… few “In hesitation: without she responded and gohome, wants whento sheasked Lesia status, I financial herfamily’s willeffect it thinks she how wondering now awhile and for home going considering has been Lesia that Knowing phone. new cheaper but of purchase the loss this and cover to just herself, for she hadsaved that 300 Euro senthome hesitation, without Lesia, it. debt for out the paid even before he him from which wasstolen iPhone, worth 500 Euro a son,bought older her themeanwhile, phones. In cell two have both anddaughter husband thather proudly speak to very She likes family. entire her phones for cell of purchase the sponsored also Lesia her house, of renovation for mostly home sent has she that theremittance Among seen. never has she whom grandson, and her daughter phoneto onthe talking frequently painfully, very separation this through lives Lesia grandchild. first Lesia’s to birth andgave married got daughter her herabsence In once. even go home to a chance had not has she status legal the of thelack Dueto employment. hour-based and in worker as working live-in legalization years without six spent (51)has Lesia example, asimilar In Anna. from separated being while canenjoy, Anna’s which family andfamily, home “traditional” the of pursuedideal not the if so strenuous, be and long so last did notneedto Anna’s migration debts, hunger or or member a family of illness needslike immediate pressing of out started which migration research, my in cases inmany Like piece. mantel marble worth 3000 Euro as a such luxuries of thepurchase including new house, herdaughter’s into 8years the last over 80 over invest to thousand Euro able has been ofcare-work) strenuous forms most the of (one worker live-in asadomestic Italy in working Anna, while mother, time a full still is but married is two, of a mother Her daughter, passed. her grandsonhas of health the danger for immediate the years since several hasbeennow It as a patriot. toherself refers pride and with Ukrainians 24 Ukrainian of member She isnow an active andlegalization. stability achieving way to wenta hard then since agoand years eight Ukraine Annaleft her grandchild, of health the over worried Sick pay. to family the for expensive was too medication whose her grandson, of illness the of because Italy goto to She decided Ivano-Frankivsk. in a plant in engineer asatechnical job her losing after Ukraine left (49) them, Anna Inof one point. my last that illustrate twoexamples here bring I Ukrainian church community. church Ukrainian hromada 24 in Bologna, takes most active part in both religious and political life ofthe life andpolitical religious both part in active takes most Bologna, in 97 CEU eTD Collection continuous support of a parent working abroad. a parentworking of support continuous to thanks often mother, asafull-time andcontinuing orsoonafter, graduation before already children having start partner, a find marriage to platform asasocial youngwomen serve often thus and universities colleges Paid networks. personal through ornegotiated purchased either be hasto often that a luxury is children having before market alabor asentering employment, for noprospects to guarantee close diplomas especially, youngwomen time, for same the At countries. to various migrants labor Ukrainian 2009among in 2009) magazine (Tymkiv byCorrespondent conducted research the in onereason andnumber flat) purchasing (after reason important wassecond most education” college child’s my for reasonto“pay the Italy, in interviews my During year. per hundred Euro several up to of fees which required of majority establishments, educational 200 higher 40 of (a city over had Frankivsk inhabitants) thousand Ivano- 2006 Thus in hugeincomes. generate prospects, employment many guaranteeing without which, industries, booming the most of hasbeenone education years, For money. migrants’ on thrive businesses that of anumber generated have dreams familial traditionalist Additionally, youngfamilies. and their children their support and sustain dutyto motherly their to relation in grandmothers and mothers on mature responsibilities of pressures multiply factors Thesecomplementing yet. children had their not whohave professionals or graduates female young hire to not policy animplicit ones,maintain smaller especially businesses, Many Euro. was about200-300 ofUkraine western the regions which in salary, monthly average toan compared sum aconsiderable quite which is child, third second and first, the consequently 45 and90 times the income minimum calculated by the state) . 3700 euro forthe second child, and 7800 eurofor every following child (which coinsides respectively to 22, From>. December2011 the compensation has been increased even 1800 euromore; forthe child, first (Ukr.) Svitlana Anna (It.), - (Ukr.) Halyna Hanna / e.g. Ukrainian, in name their of sound the resemble that thenames women take Some creative. was ofnames rather but choice the name,” “ name; and anItalian Names. ofa migrant. name useandeven language hours, hours, sleep work space, usage of food, of consumption migrant’s ofcontrolling level basic very onthe exercised often is it metaphors; or legislative psychological ofcomplex level the at happening arenot power struggles these indicated, have interviews ofmy As most and regimes. rules, needs, their for grounds always explained to me in pragmatic terms; i.e. “because my “because i.e. terms; pragmatic in me to explained always wasnames of thechange needfor The 8years. some for inItaly who lives Halyna, interviewees, “In Italy I am Anna.” Lisa My first interviews struck me with a fact that many of my interviewees hadaUkrainian of my interviewees that many afact with me struck interviews first My Michele Law, in her work on Filipina migrants in Honk Kong, names the consumption of the consumption names in HonkKong, migrants herworkonFilipina Law,in Signora / signor / Signora (female) / , comments: “He [the boss] is just too stupid to remember my name. Hecalls name. my remember to stupid too just boss]is “He [the comments: , Io sonoAnna. ded often used during the conversation even in Ukrainian and point to andpoint Ukrainian in even conversation the used during often (male) or (male) In Italy I am Anna,” starts her account one ofmy heraccount starts IamAnna,” In Italy signor/ signora signor/ 137 . The first row of terms literally means literally terms row of first The . signora could not pronounce my pronounce not could light) -> babka, CEU eTD Collection Olexandra’s power struggles with her with struggles power Olexandra’s 32 employers. actual Olexandra’s children, lady’s old bythe uncontrolled and unsupervised dignity, her and her grounds defends she lives, their of solitude and fitness physical her using be direct; to afraid not also is Olexandra, However, toserve. herhouse is in place Olexandra’s out that spell notshyto is woman see is who you will andthen lunch, for food youany won’tgive I until her ‘Wait I justtell that like something saysIf she her! from this take sciava my “Sometimes comments: Bologna) of vicinity the carein she provides whom for woman Italian anelderly with alone living (43, Olexandra, Thus, struggles. power oflarger amatter became the food negotiating two examples) following the (like others in storage, the employer’s from secretly eating of strategy subversive chose a would women migrant case, many In employers. their houses of the in position their negotiate to ability their and indicated careers, in migrants’ through abreak signaled tricks), various orthrough claims open through (either food negotiate to learning interviews, ofmy In many herfood. would give who a worker Polish becauseof through to make it managed she only that andshe recalls job first was Raja’s It kg. 48 shedown to went height, average 47 andan ageof the at Italy; to herarrival after weight much lost Raja interviewees, ofmy many Like work. her door to next who lived neighbor, aboutaPolish warmth particular with spoke Raja, interviewees, my one of instance, For gratitude. particular with where remembered always food, getenough could when amigrant thecases time, thesame needs.At ofmigrants’ regardless and habits their to according employer bythe regulated was offood andquality frequency when time, regimes, regulatory of apart become always wouldalmost food interviewees, my for hand, one the On foods. basic very only eat to allowed were they that mentioned others employment; live-in their of places atfirst starved they that recalled interviewees ofmy Many any food. almost of weredeprived they times, but many chose food, or food national their cook to option hadno only not interviewees ofmy Many employer. the house of the in ofone’sposition orasareminder being aservant, of experience traumatic the first of asareminder either re-appeared constantly food care-worker asalive-in working of experience It.: slave. It.: 32 ! We [people from Ukraine and ex - USSR] are not even used to such words! So Idon’t suchwords! used to USSR] arenoteven andex- Ukraine from [people ! We signora sciava 138 are not masked with niceties; an aging Italian an aging niceties; with masked arenot signora in this house!’ She immediately gets quite!” gets She immediately house!’ this in can get furious and then she calls me andthenshecalls cangetfurious CEU eTD Collection who without breaks or shifts provides care for such a person would result in most sever cases cases of sever most in would result suchaperson for care provides shifts or breaks without who as asole care-taker a ofmigrant, positioning the person-in-care, the sickness of ofthe result the be would as often Lesia’s suchexamples though my in interviews Even I am notfocused.” that upand complaining me keepwaking would andsheasleep fall would just I day! the workduring the doall had to But I was bored! she Ofcourse, softly). her(laughs with cards play me make granny small town in the North of Italy, though remembers her remembers though Italy, of North the town in small a outin whostarted Lesia, Thus arrangements. live-in the of shortcoming exhausting more the Sleep. “son.” as their to these women, manners gallant and his hard work byhis he appealed children, women’s these ageof approximate the Being care for. providing hewas men the of daughters aged) mother’s (his middle-aged with his position negotiated cases, Inboth he care. personin ofthe as ayoungperson,“grandson” himself positioning through work, but dedicated his through notonly position comfortable relatively his secure to cases both he managed in Andriy, Incase of onthis.” Iamworking allright, But its tothem. things these explain slowly to have still I Here, abeer. have to like also I Saturday on that and desert a tohave have I lunch thatfor Theyknew habits. my knewall they that so well, [employers] them trained Igradually job, last Atmy how totreatme. [employers] them teach to again all to I have start youknow.Here startagain, justhard to It’s regretfully]…. Ihadwasjob [sighs last butthe tomyself… flat awhole Plus, Ihave do much. to have andIdon’t per months 800 Eur pay they agood job; “It’s achievement: professional ashis his food toregulate ability tohis refers Naples, new in his into job path adaptation his describing experience, of ayear over with giver a care- already but Finances) of Academy Ternopil of a graduate (28, Andriy, case, another In 2007). (Bologna, after. look they women Ukrainian Several 18. Figure Regulating or simply disrupting sleep and rest hours of a migrant often becomes oneof becomes often a migrant hours of sleepandrest disrupting orsimply Regulating would always keep me up at night; she would sleep during the day and at night shewould at night thedayand during sleep shewould up atnight; keep me would always badanti meeting up at the park while walks the the parkdaily withdoing upat their while Italian meeting 139 signora with warmth, however recalls: “My recalls: however warmth, with CEU eTD Collection from the duties and absorbing routines and simply to vent out frustration and anger. Thus, Yulja Thus, and anger. outfrustration tovent andsimply routines andabsorbing duties from the distance ofemployment, place the in ownspace migrant’s create to tool usedaspowerful often was or Russian language Ukrainian a native Italian, learning through strength gaining with Along negotiate. andto claims make to learning obtaining voice, career, of migrant advancement an step in important aparticular presents the language learning time, same the At back.” dishes the put I could then and only them, of all and goover her, of in front all them place cabinets, signora tomy plate wrong how a I brought I recall “Once, job: her first at lessons language humiliating herparticularly recalls director, atheatre is Ukraine who in ThusLesia, accomplishment. and achievement sense of migrant’s assource for andalsoserves themselves for conditions better tonegotiate ability migrants’ marks often time, same at the language, the Mastering all. at such rules negotiate to confidence / or awillingness accusations against oneself defending one’srights, demanding to impediment also general but verbal, notonly causes often language of The lack employment. of spaces the within hierarchy and establishing a migrant controlling in role animmense - plays and duties, rights negotiating of language main the becomes that language Language. migration. status in their benefit from their to seek maximize equally employers, as their just migrants, unidirectional; power not are abuses of arrangements domestic oflive-in conditions regulated most within even show that activities entrepreneurial migrants’ of These examples in-care. person ofthe the families by all) at (if discovered accidentally yearsbefore for run could places ofthese many In fact, tenants. night the presenceof the of traces the upall clean would worker then Thedomestic by 8am. belongings their all with house the leave to had and agreedhour the after only place the enter could tenants the was that rule the often, most but shower, included suchSometimes, accommodation pernight. Euro five-seven 8 am,charging till 10 pm from asadozen), as many (sometimes migrants other Ukrainian for night houseevery the of rooms openupsome personwould sick ora very a bed-ridden house of a in alone working care-giver, A live-in 2000s. 1990s late and early the in numerous particularly letto of business flourishing the is “tricks” functioning well most the one of Thus, in-care. person their of conditions suchdeteriorating use of to make migrants for uncommon not is it However, /person in-care. employer with the aroof whoshares asaforeigner status and migrants’ legality of promises with manipulation regimes, work unregulated through maintained is positioning migrant’s the patient, the of condition deteriorating bythe triggered workis the of harshness the though case,even this In worker. domestic ofthe bodies the over control disciplinary , i.e. providing sleeping places for migrants paid per night. These arrangements were Thesearrangements per night. paid migrants for places sleeping providing , i.e. . She got so furious, my little old lady! She made me take out all the dishes from the from dishes the all out take She made me lady! old little my so furious, She got . Linguistic aspect, - that is migrant’s entering the work with a inferior knowledge of ainferior with work the entering - thatis migrant’s aspect, Linguistic 140 posto CEU eTD Collection In general, on multiple occasions I have seen Ihave occasions on multiple general, In These accounts pointed to me to the shifts that are happening in Italian homes; not only not homes; Italian in are happening shifts that the to to me pointed These accounts employers. oftheir homes the in combine living to have which migrants lives workand their domestic the of regime the home, the in presence migrants’ into employers “train” needto the to half-jokingly would refer Manymigrants job. the andspace in rights andnegotiating employers with relationships workroutines, aboutdaily rotated our conversation of most Italy, in families, around their predominantly which rotated inUkraine, with migrants conducted my interviews Unlike andbazaars. parks the in ormet interviewed with, Ilived migrants Ukrainian among topics discussed and most vital most the probably were among andrights regimes and employers, Work houses. Italian in lives ofmigrants’ abit introducing relief, energy, stress agoodsourceof providing andsolitude, routine migrants’ interrupted homes, space ofItalian mono-linguistic the Russian disrupted / Ukrainian in onthe cell-phones conversations Thus, workregimes. rigid undermost can besparedeven that moment anyfree in times, all at Ukraine in family with beconnected to opportunity the being the main one of reasons, many for workers domestic the of oflife conditions the in improvement amajor became cell-phones Similarly, stress. and pressure high of release for space needed much- the create would clearly it a migrant, of favor in situation change the not did it if Even tongue. native the andangerin words with offrustrations openly upquite bepaired would often Italian in employer the for talk and cheerful polite the Russian; andUkrainian/ Italian in employers 33 with signora: communication abouther stories with herfriends entertain often would Yulja However, more. speak any hardly she could sothat deteriorated health signora’s Italian more leaned when Yulja time, year’s abouta in job; herparticular in overrated be to out turned skills language that alaughter with explains sarcastic, and behumorous to is whoseit nature in Yulja, job. the started shefirst has when ofItalian lack her about worried she was that very recalled year) thana more for woman Neapolitan old an 80-year for a day-care as working whobeen has painter a professional (29, Sciava (It.) slave. about her in Russian (laughs).” her in about Ithink her everything tell Ijust then But her. with day whole spendinga after this deserve I Idon’tthink hurt… very Sometimes I feel ones she remembers. only the these are Yulja: Well, I told her, in Russian, that the only the that Russian, in her, told I Well, Yulja: say? did you Me: What cretina!’ ‘ atme shouting started and up wokeshea suddenof when all herchair, in dozing and my room, living the in today [aerobics] exercises my was I doing Yulja: all of a ofshe‘ suddenall says just then but more speakany really can’t she[signora] amazing… it’s you know, But (laughs). tu sei sciava 141 badante ’ 33 or ‘ leading parallel conversations with their with conversations parallel leading cretina tu sei tu nerra’ in the house is obviously herself obviously is thehouse in … I mean, out ofall words out … Imean, signora tu sei tu was CEU eTD Collection break from this presence, even if the migrant is not actually working. I was struck by he actual by he was I struck working. notactually is the migrant if even presence, this from break a take to amigrant letting not her job, about care-worker alive-in remind that noises odors, and objects, presenceof the through is intensified bodyofthepersonin-care ofthe proximity The intimacies Undesired now… Iknow I will survive, I will make it. This is what Italy taught me.” here standing am I like that, like just world, the in anywhere,anywhere me you drop if know, that 47): “NowIjust (Valentina, in migration upherachievement summed eloquently interviewees my oneof As circumstances. fear to and not understand themselves, strong, them made that was Italy it andthat sheltered was Ukraine in life their Italy, to migrating prior Ukraine in carriers professional hada they even though commented that women work.Many oftheir and conditions turns the negotiate to ability andtheir worker’sidentity their to related achievement professional and pride of astrongsense develop often migrants circumstances, tothese relations In disrespected. Ittakes time to build that.” shaken or be myself let never and I know me, howthey Thisis ofthem. front down in myself let never away, slip professionalism my mymask, let I never yourself! how youpresent (laughs) And I tell her thatshe is Itell And (laughs) that’s how much they missed me! They call me ‘ call me They missed me! they much how that’s hands, my were they kissing Bologna, couple in elderly my to andreturned weeks two for Ukraine Iwas in back “After atwork: while of awareness constant on herlevel 47comments Sveta, interviewees, ofmy One success.their of guarantee amajor become skills migrants’ personalized and necessity of vital werea matter therefore negotiations Informal dispute. ofthe outcome the wasfor crucial rights their of the awareness with employer the toconfront which waythe in even tonegotiate; skills enoughpersonal to have be to vital it considered ofallmy interviewees off), the13 for right 2007the in (e.g. legislation Italian the by protected are rights their orillegal) (legal as amigrant that recognizing Even though rights. their secure to in attempt employer with relations andto personalize position sideoftheir theinformal stress to preferred migrants above) mentioned andOleksandra Andriy of examples (e.g. cases many In house. the in position oftheir clarity asense of migrant a gave which andorganized, clear quite already were thefamily within space and rules the that fact, the due to the migrant for employer better a be to where considered workers domestic of history a who had families affluent the opposite, In help. adomestic having of no experience andhowtheyhad Italians “newrich” aboutthe tocomplain among migrants was notuncommon it In fact, worker andaforeigner. adomestic with space share the to learn households had to Italian but many workers, as domestic androles newjobs their used have to to get migrants Ukrainian signora , and I am 142 signora just Sveta. But of course, it all depends on all of it course, But Sveta. ,’ they say that I am a real amI saythat they ,’ th salary, vacation, regular days regular vacation, salary, signora ! CEU eTD Collection such status struggles. At times subordination of the hired worker to her female employer took employer herfemale workerto hired of the subordination times At struggles. status such of examples several with me provided theseconclusions, confirms which generally research, My as contract, social ofa proper possibility a disrupts woman another to is subordinate woman a migrant that the fact argues Anderson, However, contract. social i.e. contract, an employment of laws the under positioned supposedly and equation this from excluded is who ahouse, enters woman, A migrant (2000:164-6). /honor andstatus protection receive care, they for return in which in contract sexual the by care of obligations their are boundinto Anderson,- - claims housewives, the Thus, contract. social (1988), Pateman Carole by text the to Referring women. by other help thehired homes vs. their in perform women work non-paid betweenthe difference the capture to and tries heranalysis in further goes Anderson Bridget domain. asaprivate home of definition bythevery and regulations control external from the isconcealed homes inside Carework performed al. 2006:12). et (Zimmerman work” their and bodies, their themselves, over have care-workers that control of level the for implications has care profound of “Commodicfication area: professionalized seemingly this within established relations the of character and the labor domestic paid for new demand betweenthe link the work makes domestic and onmigration volume edited her in Zimmerman care-industry. in service personalized apartofthe becomes often care-worker the bodyof the onewayanother, In or routines. daily Andriy’s of dailyrealities wherewas andrealize I realize me made fully that sounds was odorsand it the but experiences, his so discussing spentan houror andI Andriy all, After privacy. employer’s the to soclose presence ofamigrant’s experience lived bodily the out bring to own to my sensations, here Irefer kind ofjob. dothis could I wonder if andjust workers care- the of life aboutthe abstractions conceptual my drop made me immediately odor that an spirit, and medical excrement of smell the upwith filled flat and the moaning, painful man’s hearthe suddenly could I bondages, changed they where bedroom the away from 3rooms room, Andriy’s in As Istayed him. nurseto help the with he went job, was Andriy’s it not though Even back. man’s ontheItalian bondages changethe to in nursecame an Italian situation, current Andriy’s discussing spent AsweNaples. afternoon Cavour, a house onpiazza of topfloor the conducted an interview. Andriy and“his Andriy aninterview. conducted have whoseand I house in man, Italian abed-ridden who (28),worked for Andriy with interview an during person in-care andemployer/ care-worker ofthe privacy ofthe overlap ofthis physically hierarchies (2000:166). women between hierarchies and reproduction status and status about workis domestic that theextent to relations, female capture cannot contract employment the that thustrue It is employer.[…] the two benefits between the confusion and the status, to by relation but contract employment bythe governed simply are not andworker employer female between relations The The Sexual Contract, s Contract, The Sexual grandpa 143 ” lived alone in a 7-room-flat that occupied half of half occupied that a7-room-flat in alone ” lived he locates the difference in sexual contract vs. contract sexual in difference he locatesthe CEU eTD Collection on the sofa while her while sofa on the immobile sit to had Naples) in woman old an80year care for day-time (who provided 29, Yulia, employers. female housebytheir the in presence their of as apart a caregiver ofbody ofthe ofobjectification examples nowtotwo pronounced I refer negotiations power of such forms of anexample give workers.To domestic their powerover exercise as a wayemployer to female onthepartof behavior degrading sexually or overt less more disturbing practice and tried to protest, to andtried practice disturbing a rather chest onher lady anelderly with immobile, anhour, for sitting this found Yulia beginning, the in squeeze. When or pokewithherfinger would sometimes she [signora] which breasts, incident turning it into a joke. In this case, just a like in a previous one with Yulja, employer did not employer Yulja, onewith in a previous a like just case, Inthis ajoke. itinto turning incident whole the ignored mother the However, intervene. not she does him if kill to would have she boythat the of themother to shouted she abroomstick, with teenager the off fighting women the involved which incident, one particular After mother. with his boy’sbehavior ofthe problem this discuss would openly Italian, and spoke longer for Italy in beenstaying has but Lida than younger who was same family, the in employed house-worker Ukrainian other the However, this. for her fire even who might heremployers would infuriate privacy, this of witnessing her very family, ofthe privacy the into interference thather andafraid the language lacking again, boy’s parents, the this to tell would never She situation. by the andrepulsed was ashamed she as orhear, look to not and try blanket, under the herself hide would just she boy, the off tell to skills no linguistic having herlife, in time the first for situation suchwith Faced presence. Lida’s of conscious though even TV, ofthe front in would masturbate he Sometimes, room. same the in sofa onthe sleep some toget trying was she while watch TV, to at night, room theliving down into come often would son 15-year-old the that Sherecalls room. theliving in sleep to had she Naples, Bayof the in island the of one houseon summer their to family the with when going where, offour, family asa job her first recalls (39) Lida examples, drastic the more oneof In esteem. herself- ruin Italy in she performs job the not allow does she so workand earn, to toItaly came moment that her life in Italy is, so to speak, allthat it is to her life. She explains to herselfthat she a for even be fooled herself let doesnot Yulia Rationally, suchexperiences. accommodate to be done to needs workthat emotional the of depth the reflects hardly this statement However, todo. agreed she had what is this that sheremembers as as long is fine andshe ajob just is this that repeats often home, backat artist professional a whois Yulia, shegives. how much control to asshe always able as not is a care-giver, provides Yulia which services, ofthe a part way,becomes sexualized obviously not in though body, Yulia’s very practice, this In experience. work her of part asa it andinterpreted and appalling, comical both, situation this found signora was taking her afternoon naps with her head resting onYulia’s resting herhead with naps herafternoon was taking signora 144 just hissed at her “Don’t move!” Finally, Yulia Finally, move!” her “Don’t at hissed just domestica in anaffluent in CEU eTD Collection husband, my husband, her of death the “Before herworkplace: in uneasy onthe balance commented Bologna), in 7years over (53, Nina interviewees, my of One andbenefits. freedoms space, their negotiate can situations) vulnerable andemotionally legally socially, to (due protection institutional lacking while amigrant, which open upaspacein often they are, suchdependencies messy andunclear However versa. andvice person-in-care / employer ontheir migrants of dependencies of systems acomplex multidirectional creating intimacies, established unwillingly often in result employer an space of andaprivate a migrant of space work between boundaries overlapping Such her newrole. in a of migrant andprofessionalisation transformation which triggers one, and the experience, atraumatic turns into often it work-space, her space in own his/her make to strength and skills the develops migrant a Unless and homes. families Italian of theprivacy in bodies hired as alien ofmoralities mode adifferent in positioned are asworkers women migrant sense, Inthis domain. private his/her remains employer the asthehouseof comfort care-worker’s the for concern little with unfold andbetrayals intimacies of moments dramas, familial Employers’ members. and its household ofthe life private the of or witness participant as involuntary objectified becomes often harassment, direct the exposed to not if even worker, domestic Migrant help. hired and their them status gap between the re-enforcing workerandthus, domestic their bodyofthe of sexualization Lida’s) (in ignoring case) and Yulja’s (in enhancing gender the lines, worker along withamigrant ally chose to but only after the death of thedeath after only but to assert some control over the circumstances and conditions of their employment. oftheir andconditions circumstances the over control assertsome to migrant’s spacefor theonly becomes often intimacies andundesired dependencies personalized such andmanipulate utilize navigate, to son.”Learning with my home beat wantto I just more. any anypatience have don’t just bad…I Izotta treat I that know also I Ukraine…Sometimes in house my for system heating buying in it invested have I inadvance. 2salaries me gave And she Nina.’ you bad, treated ‘IknowI’ve me shetold peace.Once afragile weso maintain knows this, She money. need becauseI only but need her… I Only her. need doesn’t son Her less. maybe a once week, dinnermaybe for comes Her son shehas. person only amI the that she knows granny , Izotta, has been unbearable! I’ve been working for them for three years now years three them for working for been I’ve hasbeenunbearable! Izotta, , signor , Izotta started to be more attentive and sensitive to me. Because me. to andsensitive bemoreattentive to started , Izotta 145 CEU eTD Collection of Naples, of employers use for themselves. Ability to become invisible and visible to the employer was apart employer the to andvisible invisible become to Ability themselves. use for employers which employers, of houses the in places groups, avoiding migrant byrivaling controlled or police include also can Visibility Italy. in migrants other andamong Italy of streets market, labor on the themselves topositioning trying while consciously andemploy involuntarily undergo both women Ukrainian that transformations of a part is appearance care-worker, ofand clean aneat anideal toperform pressed clothes neatly wearing or men the local of attention attract to hair blond your dying Beit them. andutilizing manipulating andwaysof visibilities of various possibility the out bring ofallthese comments Significantly, and representation. performativity appearance, their controlling concernof women’s migrant of spoke and Italians Ukrainians whichboth describing an image Italy; in migrant a Ukrainian of an image of idea established acertain to pointed all they be, might those judgments andstereotypical subjective However compatriots. my of gestures reserved the feminine like not were bodypostures Iwear andrelaxed clothes sporty the as German, rather but Ukrainian” look don’t “I that was told I occasions, some On nationality. my about doubts who no had men, byItalian orRussian Ukrainian broken in Naples of streets the in wasI addressed times, Other blond. strawberry hair their dye to habit mothers’ their of generation on the commented often migrants of generation younger the Thus, research. my during contexts upin various came Italy women in Ukrainian of Thevisibility Ukrainian.” be a must she be sure, woman, blond seeto alittle you happen Naples of busy the streets in “If narrates: she Tymoshenko, 2009) Yulia –Jan. 2007 Dec. 2005 and –Sept (Jan and prime-minister politician Ukrainian of participation the with and request done bythe (2007) film adocumentary In self amigrant of construction visibility: of Modes (Naples, 2008). Figure the 19.Finding make –up she had doneherfor badante fixes whicha it awaywith napkin she rouge bywiping the has moistenedit. licking by 146 signora invisibility too bright for the daily walk in the busy street ; e.g. avoiding places patrolled by patrolled places avoiding e.g. ; CEU eTD Collection Dawn Lyon’s research on the attitudes Italian women have towards their eastEuropean towards their women have Italian attitudes onthe research Dawn Lyon’s (2008:1). prints” busywith downblouses button and skirts solid-colored straight, cover coats winter whose women middle-aged “mostly of: appearance of type unified almost an suggests which a description, gives bazaar Ukrainian aSunday attending Ukrainians thousand five some acrowd of describing while Rome, in care-workers herworkonUkrainian in (2008), Solari Cinzia her walk (Siena, 2008). womanaccompanying womana Slavic Figure cities;Italian on Italian 20.Common anelderly view inmany interviewees. ofmy many for andcare-worker a domestic of profession the of learning successful of judged critically by her employer. Clothes and make up all become the basis of preferences and preferences basis of the become upall Clothes and make her employer. by critically judged a Colombian hours,onSunday, ofher employment outside even appearance; her employees ofaspect every catches woman AnItalian employability. their to care-worker or a domestic anappearanceof role whatshows asignificant thisshortepisode In 2007:217). al. et (Lyon notvulgar” refined formal, more is Raissa think yes, I […] up. painted completely was Sunday saw last one I other the right, just much, too not ofmake-up, bit alittle wears Raissa while but sheattention, does pay neatly, dressed she doesn’t that isn’t it isn’t, Colombian the way that the in neat, very dressed, alwaysnicely she is But […]. my mother, even not wear, never Iwould that skirt wears a “…she [Raissa] oneexplains: American South with worker (Raissa) domestic a Ukrainian comparing women, Italian oneofthe interviewed Thus and employees. employers among andtrust employability for role a huge plays appearance how demonstrates 147 badante isbeing badanti , CEU eTD Collection managed to position herself well in the place of migration, her of migration, place the in well herself position to managed ifshe even that fact the in migration, positioning women’s migrant the of precariousness the of speaks quote the theonehand, On concerns. two main of thelight in quote the last I read carelessness.” of level happytothe never her is away.She give eyes always It’s her eyes…her clothes. Italian in toe dressed headto she is if 10years,even Italy for in she has beenliving if even Italian, woman from a Ukrainian tell “You can always and representation: self the of sharp awareness this summarized years 11 over for inItaly lived who have Bologna, in interviewees my ofOne extent. toagreat signals other’s each and misread meaning different a attribute to seem groups both however, appearance, other’s about each observations identical 34 themselves.” of care take to know how who“donot women Italian over superiority of asense with 60s”)but the in (“like backwardness of sign a as not appearance feminine controlled and neatness, see women their Ukrainian contrast, In appearance. to their neglect adegreeof through andconfidence emancipation their expressing allowing selfimage, their of women Italian assures such comparison that analyzes then Capussotti 2007:206). (Capussotti andpressed” or jeans,clean askirt, but with top, blue a bright wear might they […] place, allin is hair Their it? explain how can I styled, hair their have they war, the 1960s,after the were in our – mothers neatlike well-groomed, and are they skin, lighter have “They comments: sixties herearly in woman an Italian interviewees, Capussotti’s one of Thus, women. East European them from asdifferentiating observe similarly they that and “sloppiness” “neatness” of images same very the to meaning different attribute women howItalian example an gives essay Backwardness” vs. “Modernity in (2007), Capussotti Enrica can vary. visibility such of andmeaning the interpretation appearance, the of significance the despite However, andpolished.” clean weour nails have always andtoilets bathrooms weif clean Even so sloppy. who look Italian, to women Ukrainian prefer men why andthat’s Italian womanly and we neat look shop,a secondwe hand dress if from even and jeans… shirts andneat ironed up,always make of bit a little clothes, wear always clean “We (53)commented: Kateryna Bologna, in interviewees my of As one groomed. or of” care “taken look always women Ukrainian that pride, of source a common and interviewees, Ukrainian ofmy most among observation was are-occurring It acrowd. in woman a Slavic tell always could they that commented interviewees my of Many as anemployee. suitable more judged definitely sheis fashioned,” as “old labeled Raissa is and while employability, orlessen increase which can judgments A common judgment expressed in many of my interviews in both Bologna and Naples and Bologna both in interviews of my many in expressed judgment common A 34 Thus, both Italian and Ukrainian women utter most utter women andUkrainian Italian both Thus, 148 situatedness never allows her to let her allows to never CEU eTD Collection 35 who asthose women status between of divide afurther about brings work, but reproductive vs. labor domain, private workin vs. domain public workin work, female vs. the male of division the perpetuates only not etAndall 2000) al.2006; Zimmerman Chang 2000; 2006; 2000, (Anderson domain, female the lieswithin anddomestic care of types other which like care, Geriatric interactions. and informal personskills totheir and conditions wages rights, their for negotiations the leaving entities, marketable into bodies and images their shaping by labor domestic flexible disposable, the need for global the to respond thus eagerly migrants migration, their successof in Interested hardships. experienced and downward mobility professional family, from separation their senseof tomake migrants allow that disciplines and spiritual professional emotional, bodily, of whole regime asa self, a migrant of “constriction” the into looked have I migration. in experienced as labor of actuality human andthe migration the bodyin working and work regimes work, of the thecentrality hasaddressed chapter Thus, this anachievement. one’ssituation to control anability makes place, foreign a anew in all whostarts a person as migrant, as labor a positioning particular this and visible.” us ismagnified in is that everything a hand…wearevisible, of a palm on standing we are asif aspotlight, as in we areall Italy, in But bad people. and are good there Ukraine, here in lake just people, of kinds all are there Italy, “In aninterview: in described years two over Italy in spentwho migrants, the male As oneof Italy. in migration their while in themselves find migrants that scrutiny a particular of sensewas a theonehandit On Italy. in lives migrants’ discussing for theme constant were the of awareness needfor the controlling, needfor the Control, andappearance. postures and body behavior emotions, attitudes, of onthe level effort conscious and oftenof involves self, level the onat various going process a is self a migrant of Construction requires. enterprise amigration undertaking that and control, discipline sense profound of ofthe speaks quote, earlier mentioned and the (2007) Passerini Both goals. migration their achieve way to bestpossible the find to situation, their to responding women, would allow that behaving speaking, acting, of modes appearance, certain cultivating by care-workers and women foreigners, of status their to respond who women, the ofmigrant positioning the to idea extend this body,I female of positioning Youngdiscusses While (2005:142). her situation” of limits and economic social cultural, situation byits defined is existence human “Every that: clarifies Young aGirl” Like her“Throwing when in women, of body experience and existence bodily the of analysis Young (2005) Iris to refer here I situatedness By conditions. precarious to various subjected as she still go, is completely herself Olexader,January 2008, Ivano-Frankivsk ; the particular existence of the female person is no less defined bythehistorical, defined noless person is the female of existence particular the ; 149 35 On the other hand, other the On CEU eTD Collection of employment constitute most meaningful and durable connections within migrants’ transnational migrants’ within connections and durable meaningful most constitute employment of context the in established relationships workand the of sites the mobility, downward professional of disparity the despite that, hasdiscussed chapter This country. receiving the in a migrant of presence (i.e. such for state Italian bythe given is that justification only and the Italy, in presence migrants’ for reason sole the workoften is However, dignity. and individual professional their recover to order in migrants the of part workon the emotion much and involves 4) (chapter them upsetting avoid to the families with shared rarely is rupture that individual a serious - becomes Italy, in occupation typeof the to describe usedbymigrants commonly –aphrasethatis the toilets,” “cleaning Thus, jobs. professional working of experience asignificant 2009) andoften al. et (Markov education of level andabove college 85%have - over text, this in earlier discussed have I who,- as migrants, Ukrainians caseof in hard-felt particularly ruptures andis central oneofthe becomes experience professional previous the of sphere andabandoning domestic in toemployment linked mobility, social) it, to (and linked professional Downward andmigration. care-work of junction atthe lives migrants into introduced and continuities ruptures the andexplored migration of experience individual more into looked have I chapter this in andfamily, ofmigration intersection the discussed have whereI dissertation this of chapters ethnographic two previous inthe Unlike home. at families their and even migrants andother as as Ukrainian well and public, employers byItalian observation scrupulous the of asubject often is behavior homes, women’s Italian of theconfinement done in workis the of majority the While employment. them secures which transformation professional acquired their in pride special a taking thus, ademand, in profile this match to and appearance theirbehavior often chosetoprofessionalize women Ukrainian migrant care-regimes. strenuous physically to manage strong enough andstill of care-work the responsibility the with familiar 40-50s, hermid in woman neat a this job; for profile wanted most tocreate gender overlap ageand which in employer, typeof aspecific for amarket created challenges specific These migration. in fields social withinthese intimacies andestablished dependencies of homes, mutuality Italian within happening practices disciplining of the multi-directionality out to flash allowed me care geriatric of Focusing child-care. workand domestic those in from different drastically care-regimes the within relations power creates andold sick terminally of care taking from arises that challenge and physical physiological theimmense while schedules, and work of regimes the regulation own migrants’ for apossibilities provides howeveroften family Italian ofthe control small relatively a and a personin-care of andagedifference frailty The 2003b,2001). Hochschild 2000, 2006; Anderson 2006; al. et work” (Zimmerman dirty who“dothe andthose domain private the enjoy permesso di soggiorno permesso based on work) thus becomes a primary role and role function aprimary becomes work) thus basedon 150 CEU eTD Collection scrutinizing eye of the Italian pubic, other migrants and families back at home. backat andfamilies migrants other pubic, ofthe Italian eye scrutinizing the under scrupulous more even become hasto representation their while Italy, in presence oftheir legitimacy the about questions of new set awhole - triggers work, of - outside streets, Italian in migrants of Appearance homes. Italian the within struggles power the to limited not is Italy in presence ofmigrants’ regulation that argue, will I migrants. of part on the requires spaces such usage of that representation scrupulous and the andNaples Bologna spaces in public use of migrants’ discussing switch to chapterI next the in homes, ofItalian privacy the within roles their into migrants discipline to order donein is workthat theregulatory discussing After work. through families their for provide toearnand ability and the andcare-work domestic ofthe boundaries blurred negotiate to ability self, marketable a creating language, the learning i.e. inmigration, achievements the major of some constitute workand migration of site the in find to thusmanage thatmigrants continuities The fields. social 151 CEU eTD Collection spaces in Bologna and Napes by Ukrainian migrants Ukrainian by Napes and Bologna in spaces public of use the Geographies: Embodied Migrants’ 7. Chapter Pattana Kitiarsa’s “Thai migrants in Singapore: state, intimacy and desire” (2008). However, (2008). desire” and intimacy state, Singapore: in migrants “Thai Kitiarsa’s Pattana and (2005) Cooking” “Home Law’s Lisa – are migrants of experience very the shape spaces these how as on well –as migration spacesin onthelived focus specifically that Two texts the into particularly looks that literature migration The to. theymigrate places the to connection andsensual social meaningful a establish to migrants allow that practices situated andthe place-making of processes orthe ofmigration experiences aslived spaces on rarely focuses migration, through formed fields spaces and social transnational primarily exploring literature, migration transnational The and look into the “inscription of difference and belonging in urban space” (Ayse Ça (Ayse space” urban in andbelonging difference of “inscription the into and look homes, Italian of privacy the step outof I chapter this in places, work their engage in migrants which in negotiations andpower addressed relations the have I chapter previous my in While houses. employers' oftheir confinement the of doendoutside migration their engage during which migrants in andstruggles power relations that assumption animplicit for an indicator beseenas could dearthofliterature 2004a).This andHochschild Ehrenreich 2003b; Hochschild 2008; (Parrenas (e.g. employers their of homes the in care-workers to given spaces the on merely focuses often (Low 2003:20) meaning” andgive it transform setting the material use of and daily images exchanges, memories, social people’s which space through of “experience the also in the writings on citizenship and incorporation (Ong 1999; Ayse Ça (Ong1999; Ayse andincorporation on citizenship thewritings in also andCa Schiller 2001; (Levitt remittances of as effects the as well bymigrants, generated capital and symbolic ofmaterial circulation duetothe locations of scaling and there- scales on city 2009), Yeates Lan2006; 2001b; 2006; Parrenas Sassen (Saskia sector thecare-work in demands ever-increasing andthe betweenglobalization on therelation writings in can be found aperspective borders.Such over sustain migration that factors economic of analysis bird's-eye-view an insightful provides often literature migration space, of speaking When literature migration in space Discussing “The inequalities of global capital, and the dislocation of Filipino [migrant] women, [migrant] ofFilipino and the dislocation global capital, of inequalities “The 152 social construction of space of construction social are inscribed in a spatial relation.” aspatial in are inscribed ÷ lar 2009; Stephen 2007), and 2007), Stephen 2009; lar ÷ lar 2001; Ca 2001; lar , understood as understood , (Law 2005:230) ÷ lar 2001:601). lar ÷ lar 2002). lar CEU eTD Collection social relations expressed through their use of space in migration. I use term I the migration. space in of use their through expressed relations social out seekstomap this chapter specifically, More spaces lived and Embodiment section. the following in moredetail in will discuss which I tomigrants, continuity of new forms and ruptures bothnew and bring and negotiations own hierarchies their spacesnew with social of emergence the worktrigger of outside interactions The to. theymigrated places tothe connection experiential adifferent workers andmake as migrant role gobeyondtheir to them allows way a that spaces – in public Italian work– usually of spaces outside of use the towards migrants pushes milieus and professional familial social, familiar from as thedisplacement as well worker, a of migrant role with the identification and primary the body working productive ofthe centrality The (1992:11). atstake?” is What this? contests Who spaces? of places make to power the has Who established? [get] meanings special how do practice, understoodas making meaning “With following: the explore to intend I andFerguson, Gupta Following care-work. domestic of regimes regulatory the immediate of workand outside useof outside migrants Ukrainian spacesthat the exploring through time this triggers, thatmigration andcontinuities ruptures the explore to continue I that, to related andimagination ofmeaning production andthe making place- process the of at Looking 1992:11). andFerguson spaces”(Gupta lived of conditions and political economic global thechallenging meets place making process of conceptual 2005: 225). 2005: (Law thecity” senses in and bodies between theinterrelationships “considers that a process not (but imagined space is way on the “focus onemust these processes understand to that emphasize authors The worlds.” social bounded spatially oferosion the“partial experience laborers ofmigrant those groups like marginalized that suggest andGupta Fergusson betweenplaces ontherelation writing their In networks. offamily workand their bothoutside to, migrate thatthey place the with build migrants connections the meaningful explore they More specifically, fields. transnational migrants’ within directionalities atdifferent and look aswell, relations oriented strictly family of outside migrants situate to manage time same at the authors the have, migrants that connections the transnational doimply they while literature: migration other transnational to when compared sense onemore in outI arestand texts these Additionally, such places. of the function transform and add meaning which migrants with place-making processes of active the acknowledges in state the of role onthe focusing article, Kitiarsi’s while give migrants, suchplacesmight to belonging that feelings ambiguous the out tobring andfails gatherings of social migrants’ themeaning idealizes article Law’s drawbacks. their have they provide, texts both that andanalysis ethnographies engaging the despite Following Ukrainian migrants through their use of public spaces in Naples and Naples spaces in public useof their through migrants Ukrainian Following imaginary! ) as a way to explore the processes through which such which through processes the way explore ) as to a othering 153 migrants’ embodied geographies, embodied migrants’ migrants through spatial exclusion, hardly exclusion, spatial through migrants embodiment i.e . migrants’ as CEU eTD Collection visibility. Thus, Paul Stoller, when describing the life of African street vendors in New York City, NewYork in vendors street African of life the when describing Paul Stoller, Thus, visibility. of levels todifferent leads to theymigrated cities the of streets inthe migrants of presence The vs. noises. voices streets: the in visibility Migrants’ city. ofthe theface thatalter relations social spaces of andfluid contested is, that new cityscapes, creating to contribute how migrants us understand can help migrants by spaces of theusage exploring Finally, andrepresentation. justification andindividual collective for migrants pressure on additional putting and Italians amongst disturbance and dissonance creating these spaces, of andusage purpose the about imagination locals’ the challenges spaces public Italian in presence home.The migrants’ back at andfamilies compatriots their as as well locals, ofthe scrutiny particular under the them put restaurants food and fast markets street stations, stops, railway squares, bus parks, spaces city as such public of appropriations but migrants’ cities, Italian of geographies local the overwrite geographies Migrants’ al. 2001:35). et (Tuan intention” through it and orders commands but other the occupies only onenot the that however “remembering time same the at while space”, constructed humanly and “spaceis body” “lived body means where body andspace, of intersection on the is chapter ofthe the focus Therefore, ofmigration. experience on bythe brought displacement of ruptures the dealwith how migrants understand to allow us will as it chapter, this of center at the is 225) 2005: "(Law […] subjects embodied constitute help might space/place “how question The group. ethnic other of migrants or migrants unemployed with be associated shemight other women of company the in park the in time seenspending by being that canbeconcerned woman a migrant example, same Using the as labelparticipants canautomatically places some seenin being time, same the At company. anon-subordinate andin setting linguistic familiar the engage in and anda foreigner a “servant” of role their of step out to women allows apark in country-fellows the among abreak and spending an employer house the of leaving instance, For spaces. different in self ofthe andperformativity identifications situational activating workersby domestic or foreigners, labormigrants, areembedded as which they in hierarchies the challenge to migrants enable spaces some how tosee me allows 226) (2005: “produced” and is place” “takes both that assomething experience embodied towards approach active Law’s Lisa Adopting itself. enterprise tothe migration attached andtheimaginations regimes and work intosuchaslegality issues usinsights alsowhile giving andothermigrants, Italians with relations their in inItaly migrants Ukrainian of positioning the about deal a great reveal ortourists, locals of the map from and meaning form in diverge which often maps, and lived These mental migrants. for ofthese cities maps meaningful constitute that practices situated graspthe I hopeto Bologna, 154 the migrant for the local gaze. local the for migrant CEU eTD Collection wheel-chair and taking an afternoon stroll with their dependents. On Thursday afternoons and afternoons Thursday On dependents. with their stroll anafternoon taking and wheel-chair a were they pushing or otherwise andapartments, jobs for onessearching the were mostly only in of location The markets. flea andopen-air shops Lidl at places, food andfast centers call busstops,at specific squares, at station or railway central atthe sometimes or parks, atmajor women Ukrainian of acongregation find unmistakably still could I notknowanyone, wheredid Italy I in a new in city town or when arriving contacts: initial toget these places useof made often I As aresearcher, in. befound can they city specific the “our” [ as to referred areoften migrants Ukrainian usefor immediate have that maps oncity Locations Our andcity integrity. national the to both threat seenas are a they interactions, and linguistic social familial andengage in food ownnational their enjoy women when migrant ontheweek-ends, while andtolerated, justified is as workers visibility versus the of case is the weseehere What 2005:230). (Law andunwanted problematic as seen andis attention thepublic catches immediately hours off, their during weekly gather they where ofHongKong, centralquarters the inoneof presence women’s onSundays Filipina However, discussion. public the uponin anduncommented unnoticed – remains school toandfrom children employers’ their taking groceries, for shopping –suchas dailytasks their Kong whenperforming Hong of streets the in presence daily migrants' Filipino that ascertains andschedules, regimes work their with visibility migrants’ links who (2005), Law Lisa invisibility. of mode particular a have homes, of privacy the in work24/7 their performing those workers,especially Domestic Italy. in ofmigrants the lives govern that and regulations self-disciplines disciplinary internal and geo-politics embodied hierarchies, power the needs tounderstand one voices, their absenceof with the coupled people presence of bodily this to map out order In passers-by. occasional asnoisebythe interpreted are often are unintelligible, they Bologna and Naples of streets downthe walking pedestrians most to that fact the dueto andobscured muffled voices, Migrants’ andinvisible? become visible migrants and when do whom For country. destination the in ofamigrant invisibility the factual proclaims book often this text, and photography through and experiences lives migrants’ aspects of visual their While invisibles. multiple similar of speak often North the to Europe of South the from migration bookon 1975ground-breaking their in and Mohr, Berger streets. the in day out and dayin spend traders, African the who, like migrants to comes when talk be explored can even that (2002:6), invisibilities” “has multiple a migrant that states nashi maps: migrants’ geographies migrants’ maps: wrong space ] places. In Italy these places that migrants use are surprisingly uniform regardless of regardless uniform surprisingly use are migrants that places these Italy In ] places. but also in also but visibility, which is related to the roles that migrants perform: on week their days perform: rolesthat to the migrants related is which visibility, time. During the work days the migrants who were gathering in parks in were who gathering migrants the workDuring the days 155 A Seventh Man A Seventh our places would often be designated not bedesignated would often (1975) tries to capture the capture to tries (1975) right CEU eTD Collection Italian public transport is full of women returning to their workplaces. their to returning ofwomen transport is full public Italian ends) day when free the time (the 8pm around evenings, Sunday On Italy. 114across numbered dedicated to attending to dedicated be canalternatively morning Sunday parks. waytothe their andmaking centers, bycall stopping markets, street secondhand in time hourspending this at women seemany to common is it noon, at Italy departfrom couriers Ukrainian all Since Brin. Benedetto andVia Garibaldi piazza between arealocated of the whole dynamic changesthe women these fact where in Naples in pronounced most is probably it but cities, Italian most in mornings on Sunday sight a usual is bags, checkered strong into packed invariably loads, heavy carrying women of trail The vans. courier Ukrainian of lots parking onthe organized Sunday bazaars the from home andmoney send packages to hurry women asmost places, empty, are gathering as regular serve otherwise which parks, most Sundaymornings On well. as ownschedules their have days and working daysoff Both at a bus stop, a place of arrival of Ukrainian mini-buses. (Capri, 2008).domesticon abenchon Capriisland spendingday off(Sunday) workers Figure their 21.Agroupof full only women. Slavic with beflooded would andbusstops parks squares, streets, the however, Italy), workersin domestic for off days the canbe both (which Sundays our church, i.e. a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which in 2006 in which Church, Catholic Greek a Ukrainian i.e. church, 156 CEU eTD Collection 36 werealso There contempt. of displays visible with customers female Ukrainian his over to alcohol handing shopMuslim, a rigorous the is ownerthe of if even migrants, ACLI the by provided those suchas or spaces center, support andlegal information a migrant migrants, for services some providing dentist or doctor an Italian of office the use,e.g. migrants’ for designated of maps migrants’ occasions, some On (2008). Figure 22.Ukrainian Greek Church (UGCC) Catholic inNaplesone during of itsreligious celebrations by a group of young Russian, Ukrainian and Tajik migrants. andTajik Ukrainian young Russian, ofby agroup run “ex-USSR,” called one, conspicuously other the and by Italians run oneis population: Slavic pan- the of needs the to catering clubs disco two least at are there Naples, In partners. Italian and meeting celebrations dancing, for it who use upwards) 40s(and their in women Ukrainian by well-attended but amongst rathernotorious is which isadanceclub there Bologna, in leisure: as to referred usually vans,is courier Ukrainian bythe sale for left food frozen and pickles beerandvodka, Ukrainian which sells Naples, in shop a Pakistani-run e.g. places; occasions, different week.On the day of every food cooked provide to organized centers of network be called can also Caritas ACLI – Italian Christian Workers Association Workers Christian – Italian ACLI 36 where a migrant from Ukraine or any other country might volunteer and provide help. provide and volunteer might country any other or Ukraine from wheremigrant a our places might be identified quite unexpectedly or simply in opposition to opposition in simply or unexpectedly quite be identified might places ours, when in some places (like in Bologna) it has established a hasestablished it Bologna) in places (like some when in our places 157 overlap with Italian spaces provided and spaces provided Italian with overlap our ours places for places among Italian CEU eTD Collection about them (both in Ukraine and in Italy). This constant dialogue with multiple discourses about discourses multiple with dialogue constant This Italy). andin Ukraine in (both them about voiced stereotypes thevarious andaddress tohandle strategies self-conscious them into forcing ofmigrants, scrutiny aparticular leadsto visibility magnified This spaces. these of users other the among visible particularly them make place the andusageof with engagement creative their spaces, re-defined these in presence migrants’ The stereotypes. and status bymigrants’ heavily andinfluenced ambiguous remain they often be idealized; should not migrants for these places of meanings the However, not comfort. if connection, asense of for allowing by itmeaningful make to, migrated they place tothe migrants link that asanchors serve state, transient this overcome to are misplaced from their familiar social, professional and familial contexts, and familial professional social, familiar their from misplaced are ofthese all in “our” the constitutes what remains question the migrants, places for of these meaningful diversity the Considering laborers. and migrant as maids roles of their outside it to relate to allowing them Italy, to migrants connect other, they on the while etc.), Ukraine, rates for cheap phone food, Ukrainian (e.g. nation one'sown with as communication as well from coming andproducts services provide they onehand, the On “ours.” of definitions migrants’ in national the of significance the redefining and transcending both thus migrants, Ukrainian for service of types different provide places shop,these 24/7 or a Syrian call-center aPakistani clinic, health an Italian Be it Significantly, the nature of nature the Significantly, andNaples. Bologna presencein Ukrainian thatimpact and imaginations regimes regulatory atwhat and hints groups, of migrant Italian among various positioning their about agreatdeal reveals migrants byUkrainian established maps the at looking Italians, of strata social various as for well group as anymigrant for true holds this While and visibility. legality otherness, of regimes regulating different to and adhere meanings, differing with filled are places that different around drawn amap is it Italians; of Italy the isnot Ukrainian migrants of Italy these.The like performances for tickets arrange to partners and boyfriends Italian on their rely all would opera; they or theatre the for tickets cheap standing get or knew how to hostels, youth at stay overnight to cheappossibility the knew of informants my None of 10 Euro. wasRome only to ticket train the though even Ukrainians, of a carfull or agency atour was with unless it Rome to Naples from traveling wouldconsider informants my none of Similarly, bythepolice. to beraided place last would bethe on the pavements right sitting shops and small from ownbeer bought their drinking students of full district, the university though even prices, andexpensive raids ofpolice areas for fear entertainment related University Bologna the into venture 20swouldnever their in were who interviewees my Bologna, in Thus, Italians. rest for ofcommon places separated from clearly are restand leisure for places the Even tourists. and dwellers Italian local of those with coincides ever hardly city the of map The migrants’ our places our places often goes beyond the usual national or ethnic boundaries. or ethnic national usual the goes beyond often ? In Italy, where migrants’ otherwise transient selves transient otherwise where migrants’ Italy, ? In 158 our places allow them allow CEU eTD Collection this better-paid district. In the late 1990s / early 2000s it was still a common practice that practice a common was 2000s still it 1990s /early late Inthe district. better-paid this worker in spotasadomestic the to on be hoping hired there women would flock migrant stroll, a usefor occasionally district the Vomero of inhabitants rich that isaplace this because spot: asagathering Artisti Degli Piazza of emergence about the me told of One the migrants Naples. of Vittoria by the seaside, and seaside, bythe Vittoria Park togoto; migrants Ukrainian as places for popular were particularly two parks Naples, In project. migration their of success the and even Italy in stay their of length the status, legal their workregimes, about migrants’ canreveal much parks however, observer, anknowing To eye. Italian the by andoverlooked to invisible remain which usually migrants, among disparities existing the outof andbrings park space indicates usage The of uncertainty. backinto sliding the and circumstances, life control to inability one's luck, of turn unfortunate amigrant's marking park the in one'sreappearance with oraccommodation, ajob losing after parks hangoutin to return Many people Italy. in position precarious ina themselves find who bymigrants parks use of therecurrent from result rhythms subtle More subjected. are often which migrants to byworkregimes regulated are week-ends, and work days of those rhythms, obvious The most migrants. usedby are waythe to parks and logic rhythm acertain is There migrants. Ukrainian for social function hadacentral a parkthat had Brescia) Ferrara, Milan, Verona, Bologna, Naples, (Rome, town Ivisited every research, my and throughout as well, migrants other but Ukrainians, for notonly gathering of place astandard become have parks years the Throughout drinks. and food own their in can bring anyone and thepark, stay in or enter to need topay onedoesnot as “inappropriate,” judged being without hours one canspend parks the in migrants; to beneficial particularly were parks of andopenness accessibility The migrants. Ukrainian of gathering the space for multi-functional animportant been providing have parks Italian Italy) to migration Ukrainian numerous more of beginning the marked 1990s(which mid the Since of uncertainty rhythms the Parks: /mini-buses. vans courier usedUkrainian by lots parking in organized bazaars Sunday weekly and2)the parks public Italian in gatherings migrant focus on the use and production of meanings related to two particular typesof two particular to related meanings of useandproduction onthe focus now will I (Fergusson 1992:11), practice asa understood a place the of making meaning With self. ofa migrant of performativities modes outdifferent playing for asetting and provide ofvisibility, levels various migrants allow up, sum to spaces, Different responsibility. and collective individual both of amatter performativity themigrants’ makes them Piazza degli Artisti in Vomero, located in one of the better-off districts better-off the oneof in located Vomero, in 159 our places ; 1) ; CEU eTD Collection in their booklets or from memory. It happened many times that they were familiar already with the with already familiar were they that times It happenedmany memory. orfrom booklets their in it check double would women the restof the address and the tell wouldthen woman The herself). see did notgo to for out(i.e. has not checked which shestill someone, from offer a job about knew she that would thenconfess woman a aboutjobs?” youheardanything standard “Have the with a conversation opening After women. a group ofmigrant with ontogether be sitting Iwould benchthat the and join arrive would woman Ukrainian unfamiliar Some situation: similar a times many witnessed have I Bologna parks, time in spending my while Thus, market. job the on situation current the about inquiring point for also agoodinformation but entry, agood only not provide Theparks origin. orofSlavic Ukrainian of asbeing other each whorecognize strangers between streets the andin parks place in taking conversations ofthe formost point starting a as serves it now that by standardized usedand sofrequently is phrase The about jobs?” anything youheard “Have phrase: standard the with other each approach simply to migrants Cassarini parks have remained meeting places for Ukrainian migrants; Ukrainian for places meeting remained have parks two main Bologna, in Thus hunts. job for important tremendously remain still parks connections, personal of networks andelaborate onwell-established relying Ukrainian migrants’ with Today, doconsider. circumstances difficult quite in or options other few with migrants only which jobs, and unwanted difficult particularly offer to tend still sellers” “job the migrants, arriving amongst newly even well-known are rather schemes these now that Even soon. employment different for looking start to andhad months more afew for new job her workin only could she that shelearned salary, one monthly of theequivalent paying when after situation, desperate a rather in new the employee put it time, same At the job. a new onto moving before money extra earnsome to allowed amigrant This home. anelderly to moved would be for cared be personto the before advance in months a few contracts employment their quit to ahabit it made people instance, for long; last would not which a job sell wasto scheme common most The andmanipulations. fraud much allowedwhich for as 700Euro, as much to 100 Euro from greatly varied The prices relatives. between only exchanged if even migrants, Ukrainian among sold bought and werejobs of majority when theoverwhelming years ago afew situation ofthe them they reminded one, For reasons. several for migrants other among despised highly generally andwere occupation orpart-time full-time their into it jobs available about information collecting had turned sellers” werewho “job women The sellers.” by “job offered orwere acquaintances of networks closely-knit among circulated offers job the nowadays, only andaccommodation, jobs for look to people that allowed place bea to remained still Artisti Degli Piazza Nevertheless, workers instead. of migrant contacts personal elaborate the through weredistributed the jobs of most research, of my time the at However, liking. their of woman migrant a choose to park this goto just would worker adomestic hiring in interested Neapolitans on viaSaragozza. Along with the regular greetings exchanged, it is common common for it is exchanged, greetings regular the with Along 160 parco della Montagnola della parco and Giardini CEU eTD Collection try to rent a separate flat or room, which then can be used for rest, privacy and social events. andsocial privacy rest, beused which thencan for orroom, a flat separate rent to try families their brought who have asthose inItaly, family immediate does nothave a migrant that always means almost it same time, the yet. At contacts social deeper notdeveloped and s/hehas stable notvery is his/her situation new Italy, to is thata migrant indicates usually initsturn This spaces. public into feasts private their take to forced are andthus celebrations for homes their to people invite thosewhocannot points for as serve meeting parks andwork, on accommodation information exchanging for Besides purposes. sleeping for space only living usetheir to allowed a or have arrangement alive-in have whoeither those migrants attract usually parks accommodation, tofinding itcomes When orapartments. jobs of need when in only parks the to turn would andinterviewees friends ofmy many and Naples, Bologna both In situations. similar in ofmigrants company andthe hangoutin aspaceto both offering parks with off, time their spend can where they places other of lack for parks goto off) day-time andSunday afternoon same (Thursday the often are inItaly whose schedules workers, live-in workregimes; domestic their of therhythms wouldreflect parks presencein migrants’ andinstability. stability of rhythms the and unemployment, employment of periods the reflect often parks of usage migrants’ inItaly; labormigration Ukrainian of picture bigger ofthe areindicative parks respect, this In too. these parks, of visitors often Ukrainian by their park same the to brought also whoare Italians other of thecompany in time spend to get and thus parks thesame to daily whoare taken around Italians elderly wheel-chairing while walks, daily their during eachother with whocommunicate women Ukrainian only) (not agroupof feature the Bologna, in particularly respondents; Italian their walks with daily their during migrants point for asa meeting serve parks Additionally, as well. just info informal onthe andpassing discussions these in part taking myself found I awhile and after around, circulated are being level park down the to thattrickle offers job how realized often I however, time, over was beingaccessed; way casual it andthe information “data-base” of informal bythis surprised wasI very First herself. out it goneandchecked have might woman another time, ashort after quit but before there work to who others know hadtried many typically would women ofthe job.One forthis money was worthpaying and whether it last, would care-work who aperson needed longer how much of adiscussion onto –move manner and professional anindifferent –in then would conversation The die soon). to andlikely condition was care abadhealth personin in the that (meaning months a few just after last to likely ortoo offered themoney for hard too was either it because checking, worth was not job the conclusion that tothe would come they time the Mostof offer. job badanti. Due to the fact that parks attract unemployed migrants, men are men migrants, unemployed parks attract that thefact Due to Giardini Cassarini Giardini 161 and Montagnola parksnowadays and Montagnola posto letto posto Alternatively, the Alternatively, and thus andthus are CEU eTD Collection regimes, strict border controls and a significant geographical distance to to cover. distance geographical and asignificant controls border strict regimes, visa regulated highly by are put under pressure up that arekept connections transnational which through channel crucial most the is phones) usage, (cell telephone with below, together bedescribed to network This communication there. has developed communication of system hierarchies overturning Mini-buses: groups. stereotyped negatively most the otherness against of draw boundaries the to it wasimportant Therefore, laziness. or work in of interest lack their due to there groups are migrant other that opinion express an wouldoften they ofemployment, lack or necessity duetothe parks the in time spend they that would argue respondents Ukrainian my 2007). While Herzfeld 2010; 2010;Picker Claps and (Tommaso 2007 zonein theSchengen entering Romania’s since discourses and political opinion public Italian of wave negative onaparticular groupbeing both orRomanians, as Roma people” kindof same beseenas to “the particular in park; the groups sharing migrant other with to be associated fear by their to me was parks the alsoexplained about ambivalence Migrants’ ones. older bythe andhomelessness drinking unemployment, with or wasassociated migrants, youngergeneration among cool” “not beeither to was considered areason” parks “without the outin hanging time, same at the news of andfood, exchange andthe interactions social important for asplaces serve would that parks despite the fact However, inItaly. status migrants’ of beindicative and canalso ofemployment types andtheir workregimes onmigrants’ depends heavily most parks useof the openness, general andtheir parks of accessibility the Despite Figure 23.Domesticworkers having lunch atMontagnola Bolognapark, (2007). In almost two decades of rising Ukrainian migration to Italy, a rather unique andelaborate a ratherunique Italy, to Ukrainian migration rising two decadesof almost In 162 CEU eTD Collection visible, colorful, and vibrant event every weekend all around Italy. every weekendall event and vibrant colorful, visible, Sundayfor Moldovans, for primarily (Saturday operation days of their divide but share space, 30altogether) up to (sometimes mini-buses and Ukrainian Moldovan Bologna, in while Brin, ofvia chunk a significant buses block tourist large a few and 50mini-buses than Naples in more station, metro Gobba Cascuna nearby mini-buses andRomanian Moldovan with lot parking a huge share mini-buses Ukrainian Milan, in Ostiense), and Garbatella station metro the at (located lots parking two competing are there Rome In leisure. searchand job exchange, life, social vibrant migrants’ for andplaces bazaars major into theyinhabit actuallots the toturn Italy in spend they parked time usethe and which and back, Italy to Ukraine from andgoods people transport that vans and courier dozens ofmini-buses of many more who come to the parking lot in order to buy some Ukrainian food, meet some meet food, Ukrainian some to buy order in lot parking the to whocome more many out leaving delivery, for services courier used the whohave thepeople include only would This place. the go through had to 2000 people around 100packages, them registered each ofif that indicating lot, parking Bologna the in standing be20vans would there Sunday anaverage On one courier. that of services used the around 100people that indicating delivery, for registered 120-140) (usually 100 packages over have would Bologna in mini-van an average that calculate Icould anumber produce had to I if However, andnoon. morning early between these places through and going coming ofpeople number the estimate One can only and noon. 8am between Sunday every gather migrants around 5000 alone, Rome in couriers Ukrainian of lots parking two the one of at that indicates Rome, in migrants onUkrainian herarticle in (2008), Solari Cinzia bags in order to be sent to Ukraine (2008). way veryslowlymaking its through are the withparcels, isfilled packedcheckered which typicalcrowd into BenedettoFigureUkrainianNaples; 24.Via Brin, The the car and bazaar. lotparking trunk of mini-bus so-called andtowns have cities Italian many weekends, During 163 Ukrainians ). In any case, Sunday buses become a buses Sunday In any case, become ). Sunday buses Sunday , that is, gatherings that is, , CEU eTD Collection flourishing business. flourishing rather aharshbut remain still only150EUR,they toLviv for Naples a from flight can get when one nowadays, even and migrants for available transportation of means only the almost been years for have Italy and between Ukraine commute that Mini-buses migrant. by a requested andcosmetics medicine or buying Ukraine, apetfrom over bringing the family, news about certain delivering like services personalized differentiated, provide as often they transportation beyond mere far goes the mini-buses ofThe role employers. Italian for andsouvenirs chocolate Ukrainian medicine, pictures, containing often packages smaller-sized much receive mostly migrants Ukraine, gardens.From Ukrainian in used tobe plants or exotic birthday, someone’s for Italy from as flowers suchextravagances can alsohold but necessities, andhome food types of all contain usually back home sent packages Migrants’ 4). Chapter (seealso Ukraine around all families migrants’ tothe directly transfers money making and packages, delivering and people driving Italy, and betweenUkraine transportation of network and elaborate way)one EU (100 cheap arather provide Mercedes vehicles, app. ten-year-old white, usually vans, Courier 2009a). Vianello 2008; Solari 2009; see(Pronyuk (also exchange information crucial and anddrinks, food Ukrainian of consumption the gatherings, major for andspace time the provide and bazaar aproper area into entire the turn they but packages and money orreceive send whowant those to not only serves lots these parking each of andSundaymornings, evenings Saturday On migrants. Ukrainian for these places of importance fundamental the of asense give still can be, may they crude however calculations, These news. and books, DVDs some exchange time, free the spend acquaintances, 164 CEU eTD Collection out of the car right in front of the bus is obviously greater than the wasted the time. than greater obviously busis ofthe in right front car ofthe out stepping of satisfaction –butthe the drivers cursing it, way for making barely people crowd – the itswaythrough tomake forever takes car The the mini-vans. doors of very the to ride a car get others impress whowantto those and partners; employers friends, Italian by their the mini-buses to accompanied areoften women Migrant cut. a hair get to or even sidewalk, onthe there right hot some eat to cosmetics, medicine, buy food, to Russian, and DVDsin buses as to referred commonly is bazaar mini-bus Thus the migrants. Ukrainian only not attracts that isanevent Naples in lot on the parking bazaar Ukrainian the Sunday, every However, station. train Garibaldi bythe separately weeksecond park every only toNaples come that buses mini- Belarusian of acouple Even orMoldova). (Romania countries other from with vans space share do not mini-buses Ukrainian Naples in Milan), or (e.g.Bologna cities Italian inother Unlike flexibility. their for particularly airlines the over mini-buses prefer women business,as their many keytosuccessthe the of probably and schedules remains realities work to needsandunderstanding opentomigrants’ toremains Theability restore. to difficult very courier documented. becalled and canhardly personal is arrangements of nature the istrust; matters What that. in competition actual no is so there Italy, and across Ukraine all unified is delivery money and package a sending for transportation, for price The families. migrants’ of doorsteps the to them delivering days more two spend and Italy from packages up those pick morning would onMonday anddrivers vans more Several noon. around onSunday Italy leaving andinvariably andSaturday, onFriday Italy in locations invarious arriving Ukraine, Thursday from every leaving ofthem all Italy, to Ukraine from the vans drive then would visas Schengen multi-entry with drivers one ortwo vans; courier four to three of owner one around centers It entrepreneurs. Ukrainian small-size of hundreds probably by out carried is enterprise commercial this that considering Italy, over all andoffers standards its in unified surprisingly time at thesame but competitive ishighly business courier The migrants who use their services (Bologna, 2007). bringwould orders individual drugs, (likecertain cosmetics, cigarettesalcohol) ifrequested or by personally and bringahigherlevelof risk andpenalty ifdiscovered, say, a at border crossing. However,the busdrivers would notsell cigarettes,orhard liquor, medical drugs. These goods are considered tobe “properly”illegal, these drivers mostofthemini-bus any of limitation.items, none the busessell While a license of to have beliefcommon that the dealwithcouriers illegal products, ofthese the usuallya “illegality” products has ketchup and mayonnaise,chocolatesoft andcandy, drinks,beer,dye.as pressDespiteas well andhair the buses carry usually a few boxesseasonalUkraine, fruit. From of canned they bring bread, food, sausage, bringing products fromItaly toUkraine. The range products veryof all is over similar Italy. From Italy, mini- transporting people, packages some and Ukrainianalso make money, and profit byselling goodsinItaly Figure 25.GoodsUkrainian that mini-buses Ukraine bring from weekly. Manycourierbesidesvans, by migrants from Russia, Moldova and Belarus who come here regularly to swap books to hereregularly whocome andBelarus Moldova Russia, from bymigrants depends on his reputation spread by word of mouth by his clients, and trust, once lost, is once lost, and trust, by hisclients, word spreadby ofmouth reputation depends onhis 165 The business or popularity ofeach particular The orpopularity business shashlyk that is cooked is that our CEU eTD Collection no money, which often left him full of bitterness towards the locals. While I stopped to talk to talk stopped to I While locals. the bitterness towards of him full left which often no money, to papers, andhadclose without was completely jobs, sporadic only Naples to had held arrived he since who ever Serhiy, mother andfather. his tojoin earlier half anda ayear to Italy come Iwentto Sundaymorning One Naples. space of in such appropriation of example as agood standsout encounter particular One money. their for hungry street vendors the to rules their dictate and partners Italian their with proudly walk clothes, better wear their would women migrant streets surrounding andthe Brin Benedetto onVia morning Sunday during Similarly, 2005:239). (Law worker identity” domestic (andmarginal) stable a with them attribute that geographies and economic social the todisrupt women allow week,and each Manila' 'Little into Central totransform helps food andphotographs, letters music, with “Along Hong Kong: square of Central the at gatheronSundays migrants how Filipina describing for services. In her article In services. for price the who anddetermine areclients canchoose they arenotemployees; the migrants hour, and place this In to Italians. whole weekcatering spendthe who otherwise ofmigrants, needs tothe cater district whole the making roles, theusual overturns bazaar andthemake-shift vans Ukrainian presenceof bythe created time, space This and Italian!” not ourlanguage, in name knowthe you should things, here selling you stand if yourbusiness, for important is It you know. down.So that it or write it remember “B-i-r-ju-za, Russian: in [turquoise] birjuza called stoneis the him that told women the one of were, stones what these Italian broken in explained as man the and stones and the silver of quality the about askwomen questions hearthe could I women. five some by surrounded was jewelry silver selling man aPakistani with stall such one Sunday, One busy road. the coatsalong and second handtoys fur of lineuphundreds Italians and jewelry, silver sell IndiansandPakistanis on pavement, right the plastic sheetsof on big underwear 2-5 EUR out spread Chinese abazaar; vendors into street whole the turned gradually has area this weekend in beseenevery could that women of string endless seemingly The everywhere. offer on werenow services lawyer’s and hairdresser’s France, andto around Italy all trips andreligious touristy andRussia, Ukraine to cheapflights signs advertising Cyrillic having started businesses men, Italian and lucky persistent with more coffee a byfor stopping women with filled increasingly cafes small became the greatly; transformed Brin Benedetto Via square to Garibaldi from route this stay, four-month my during Even attractive. find they woman any to eternal love or romance coffee, sex, money, andoffering roadsignaling this and down up cruise way along the or cars their who park men Neapolitan and attract Brin, Benedetto Via to station train Garibaldi from a kilometer about walk for a vehicle, of help the without send home will bagsthatthey checkered loaded heavy their carry andhave to as lucky whoarenot Women Home Cooking our buses with Serhiy, a 21-year old Ukrainian man who had man oldUkrainian a 21-year with Serhiy, , Lisa Law Lisa , 166 accounts for similar place-events by place-events similar for accounts CEU eTD Collection Ukrainian migrants. Ukrainian for these places of the meaning of discussion detailed more a now to turn will I themselves. migrants for these spaces of themeaning over ambiguity much create hierarchies local migrant- existing overturn to possible is it where asspaces significance their migrants, Ukrainian of thelives for bazaars Ukrainian asweekly such places of significance functional important The car. police trunkofthe intothe andthrown confiscated salami of Ukrainian sticks few a only scoring and crowd way the its through barely making an hour, halfwithin left car police The again. up sale for products puttheir immediately passed carhadalready police the that buses the while away them, from tenmeters than less was already when thecar goods away their put cared to only raidthatthey the by were sounimpressed busdrivers the soslowly, moving police the crowd. With the through perminute centimeters progress a few only carcould police andthe abit move not crowd did However the sale. for displayed and food alcohol of bottles away put hastily appeared car police which the at exit the to next mini-buses andthe fire prairie a crowd like the spreadThe word through crowd. way the to make and through its tried Brin Benedetto Via the of end one at appeared car A police Naples. in bazaar mini-buses Sunday the at “raid” police witnessed a once have I 2009). press confiscations(UNIAN noactual in resulted which negotiations start and lot the parking from withdraw to them forcing police, the attacked 40sand50s) their (in women Ukrainian of hundreds the vans, of some toconfiscate intended and stopOstiense) metro (near Rome lots in parking the one of at araid conducted police Italian when the 2009, March in insignificant; indeed such spacesis in police the ofItalian reach The on there. going whatis over control little have space. In a sense, Serhiy was right by claiming the territory as theterritory claiming by was right Serhiy asense, In space. this of control in someone i.e. entity, large a amongst being oneperson of that but also customer, apotential being of entitlement the only not feeling migrant, anillegal as role his superseded instance this in Serhiy (2005:228), as ‘maid’” role denigrated – their resist merely than rather - exceed that subjects embodied “become migrants such gatherings of places in that comment toLaw’s Similar open yourmouth!” still and you ofus, out money making youare territory, onour you standhere stupid f…, “F…off, would: others the but understand wouldnot seller the so that Ukrainian, in swearinghim loudly at into habitually slid but then drawl, Neapolitan distinct a with Italian broken in man the answering andstarted reluctantly moved Serhiy his goods. of front stand in away andnot move to Serhiy told Italian the awhile after was over-crowded, vans the passage between the as usual, Even though, home. for parcels their use pack to migrants which most bags checkered thebigsquare whowas selling man an Italian of in front standing me for waited Serhiy Brin, Via of sides uponboth lining vans courier the among acquaintances some 167 his , as even the municipal police municipal the as , even CEU eTD Collection raising simple concerns over hygiene; by demonizing the very presence of these gatherings, it these gatherings, presenceof the very by demonizing hygiene; over concerns simple raising beyond goes far article the However, away. meters few a just are made cuts hair while street, the righton food standardsbycooking hygiene all violates theplace that out pointed also newspaper The departure. their after trash of greatheaps leave and whole traffic the block drunk, get where people aplace into turned this area hasbeen only that not that highlighted city” the from “stolen” street the Eastfair: to the Going “Via Brin: entitled anarticle newspapers in Neapolitan the of Thus one city. the to cause they disturbance the buses and Ukrainian of presence ofsuch and status legitimacy theactual whatis the issue of raising frequently press is Italian parking mini-bus Ukrainian the of middle the and lot bazaarin (Naples 2007). street, the in shashlyk of selling and making The 26. Figure city. areasofthe andsafe orderly otherwise in and“stench” “dirt” creating andas as a “disorder” thepress in addressed Hong Kongis spaces of public the in presence migrants’ onhow Filipina comments Lisa(2005) Law Similarly, 138). 2002: (Stoller regulation and cleanliness order, as such associations with opposition, clear in imagined is that Manhattan of World First the of order the into and informality, chaos, filth, by characterized World, Third the asbringing interpreted often is presence onhow their comments New York, in vendors street migrant African presenceof the to response onthemedia writings his in Stoller, Paul overwritten. are being hierarchies internal and stories individual where group a anonymous into together migrants lump tendto these places observer, non-migrant / anoutsider For sharply. even more context local the in otherness migrants’ highlight they other, the buton home, from away familiarity desired the provide they onehand, on the migrants: for andrepulsive attractive called are that places these that is The fact migrants. Ukrainian of minds the and in Our of meaning The home? from away Home places, despite their actual functionality, occupy an ambiguous position in the Italian cities Italian the in position anambiguous occupy actual functionality, their despite places, 168 our places ours are both CEU eTD Collection tensions in the city’s urban fabric (2005: 225-6). However, Law proceeds by commenting onthe Law bycommenting proceeds However, 225-6). (2005: urban fabric city’s inthe tensions to multicultural attention call women unruly foreign crowd of asadisorderly gathering this of perceptions and local Hong Kong, Central spaceof thehegemonic disrupts weekit “Each press: HongKong the in discourses demonizing similar very Hong Kong,mentions ofparts central the oneofworkers in migrant ofFilipina gatherings weekly describing while (2005), Law Lisa hundred witnesses. tosome proudly rather oneself beexhibiting to have noon onewould at sexthere in engage oneself to order in that admit to have would on Sunday Brin anyone whohas been onVia mind: creative ofa rather production the be seems to newspaper Neapolitan the in intercourse sexual to reference the However, observer. a local of indignation the can evoke street the in food andhaving hardliquor how drinking can see I otherness. of crassimaginations room for make andknowledge understanding ofLack space. of organization order and thefamiliar pollutes noisethat are mere they unrecognizable; are voices migrants’ 2007:25) (Treccagnoli Ukrainians” of by thousands “besieged Neapolitans For andsmells. tastes interactions, social languages, foreign the locals; spacespublic for familiar into unfamiliarity which brings setting, social a whole non-Italian create migrants Ukrainian Kusturica, Ukraine, and vague notions of “the” East all mean the same, i.e. same, all the East mean “the” of notions and Ukraine, vague Kusturica, where somewhere else, and moved fromthecity “stolen” a street dimension, space/time different a is mornings onSunday Brin Via thatNeapolitan proclaims theauthor “east,” the of knowledge his of all together pulling Evidently Kusturica.” Emir atmosphere of Slavic the into be projected will You in your iPod. Brekovich Goran play headphones onand putyour market, the through travel To […] time. in back and50years kilometres of ofthousands ajump made “You suggesting: by bazaar Ukrainian Sunday the “land”of the to trip (eroticizing?) hisexoticizing completes then article the of author The activities. those illicit oneof to victim fall can obviously who carpenter, the of daughter” “young the mentions article the description, ofthis effect the topple To hard.” “fuck day also but all only drink not that beings beastly barbaric, space to know,” andgiving “Napleswe the disappearance of the virtual proclaiming extreme, the very goesto article The a threat: looming under living inhabitants itsItalian with good, be for lost may territory ofItalian a piece that fear the voices hard. I personally don’t care, but I have a young daughter” (Treccagnoli 2007:25). (Treccagnoli a have young daughter” butI don’tcare, personally I hard. fuck they fuck, they doand need to dowhatthey do? “They do they What 2pm”. around Especially more. see much will you trucks the around you walk “if thestreet], inhibiting families four the of [one carpenter says the alcoholics!” was the only it “If bottle. the from directly besipped to on: morning early the from liquors, and other beer river, like flows Alcohol death. and folklore commerce, illegal chaos, its andcolours, smells allits With Invisible. disappeared. just Puff, exists. nolonger it to, wewere used which Naples to The city. invisible the in station discover another you will day and market the during here Come 169 the other the . CEU eTD Collection Kiev], a place that is “not Italy” (VOCI 2007).Thus, parks and courier vans’ parking lots function in function lots parking vans’ courier and parks 2007).Thus, (VOCI Italy” “not is that aplace Kiev], asense of notevoke does bazaar Sunday the of significance ofthe interpretation This 2009:53). (Pronyuk home” and sendmoney earn it to is fulfilled: existence the migrant of essence the very Here, ajob. for searching mail, receiving packages, sending home, to off others seeing departures, arrivals, place; take life a in migrant's events important most Here, the in. tomeet themigrants for places [mass] numerous wide-spread andmost the most are inItaly vans courier Ukrainian of lots parking “The project: ofmigration fulfillment the for stand and purpose, the ofmigrant's realization the symbolize vans courier atthe Ukrainians of how gatherings the her book in who discusses herself Italy to migrant a (2009), former Pronyuk of interpretation the to follow inclined rather am I 225-6). 2005: (Law home” away“home from of aplace for mistaken be cannot they that I wouldargue However, migrants. the for smells tastes and familiar with place an important provide Sundaybazaars Ukrainian Law’s account, to Similar picture. simplified and idealized asarather home” from away “home or andsongs” oflaughter full places “lively as these places of description Law’s Isee to, migrated they places the with links new experiential of establishment andthe urban geographies of there-writing for tomigrants importance utmost andtheir migrants for such places of significance the of analysis Law’s agree with I Though 225-6). (2005: life” city with engaging ways of new create they theprocess andin homes, Chinese in occur that sensoryreculturation of subtle forms more from workers recover iswheredomestic Manila Little […] cooking. songs ofand home laughter, full place and alively andforgetting, remembering of a place women, migrant home for away from ahome become environs andits Square Statue however, inside, from experienced “When migrants: for such gatherings of meaning Italian neighborhood, and create what the Italian magazine Italian whatthe and create neighborhood, Italian an ordinary them from differentiate Sundaybazaars Ukrainian atthe sounds andloud interactions the senses, the through received differences andtangible the visible gaze, Italian the To morning.” Sunday on already drunk we canget jealousthat simply are (Italians) Andthey tocelebrate. things andwehave free we homes, are their of are out one daywe So onthat and old! and sick crazy (Italian) their upwith locked day andnight lives Because wespendour mornings. on Sunday wewe knowwhy Well, drink bazaarNaples. in at theSunday alcohol andeating we aredrinking that arecomplaining “Italians suggested: interviewees one ofmy Thus, regimes. work suffocating often their from free break need to an urgent orfrom the locals of gaze the judgmental from be separated andcannot areambiguous minds migrants’ the in ofthese places and significance The meaning as a migrant. one’s position of a sharp realization speaksof it instead, Pronyuk; 170 Voci has called “Piccola Kiev” home [small for CEU eTD Collection pride.” and with values andanation nation a God-fearing but homeless drunkards, some we arenot see that will Italians way,the this And frauds. nojob be nodrinking, will there thechurch Around space. a with us provides church “The said: instance, for Lydia, the church. in gather instead and parks, tothe going stop should they nation, a respected of part as seen be want to migrants 37 magazine the as in quoted lots parking courier the at Sundaygatherings the parks and of usage bout the attitudes similar expressed Bologna goers of Church the occasions, several On Italians. amongst andUkraine migrants Ukrainian of image positive and coherent more amuch result would also view their which in but space, building acommunity provide only not would which a space gathering, migrants’ space for alternative an seeks toprovide furthermore, UGCC, bazaars. Sunday andatthe parks in time spending migrants criticizes openly migrants, andUkrainian betweenItalians relationships mediating in role strong aparticularly plays which UGCC migrants. of representation the about debates in reflected were community migrant the upon gaze local the of an awareness and sentiments Similar 2005:49) (Prevarska here” this] [doing us see us, whenthey perceive Italians normal how the is parks.This in who drink people avoid to and try of we areashamed Ukraine, In alcohol. some with often andvery [benches] tables laid the behind parks, in time free whospend their women, seehurt to our am “I writes: woman a migrant Italy, in Christian magazine a Ukrainian in published an article In country. this status in migrant their of stark reminder a out as stand always would tothem bazaars andSunday parks suchas gatherings migrants spaces of use, the andpractical functionality their all despite interviewees, ofmy made bymany testimonies similar andin opinion Valentina’s In whopeople dothat?” Buthow respect badly. can you they are treated that say (Ukrainians) they Andthen that? tolerate would streets? Who the in drink the roads, block behind, oftrash piles leave they soloud, are these people all see, will you busesand to the come just us?Imean, with patience have Italians poor “Howdothose it: put (47) AsValentina manner. such a in behaved Ukrainians ashamedthat they were highly that said times crowd andmany this andbarbaric.” loud andbeing are drinking these people all and abazaar, like noisy, crowded, “it’s because there going notenjoy did they that me said to bazaars Sunday the go to regularly whowould the migrants occasions on many Thus, lots. parking andvans’ inparks gatherings their to attached stigma the awareof are acutely migrants Ukrainian lines, similar Along otherness. of tag same the with place this with associated who is anyone brand they that chaos and disorder otherness, with associated inevitably spacesso i.e. (1993), “brandedspaces” has called waytowhatLoic Wacquant a similar Common interpretation of Sunday bazaars in my interviews. my in bazaars Sunday of interpretation Common . 37 My interviewees did not want to be associated with beassociated want to not did Myinterviewees 171 Do Svitla. They suggested that if Ukrainian if suggested that They CEU eTD Collection own life back home in Ukraine in the lives of the Italian families for whom they worked. At the worked. they whom for families Italian ofthe the lives in Ukraine home in back own life their recognized migrants Ukrainian many interviews, my In legitimacy. andits marginalization of experience the to admitting i.e. migrants, other the like one is that admitting involves also asa migrant one’sposition Acknowledging other.” an“ultimate asa migrant, position one’s to admitting means places these Attending migrants. Ukrainian for such places of ambiguity the describe good way to aparticularly to seems me oneself in other andthe other the in oneself recognizing of effect The (1989:72). borderline” that others-as-ourselves, ourselves-as-others, is difference cultural of when problem the problematic… more becomes it that the familiar of thestrangeness is argues,“It difference” ofcultural “uncanny the describing Bhabha (1989), Homi adeeperanalysis. and calls for complex –is more also sounsettling but so functional places – andSundaybazaars suchasparks toplaces of migrants relation ambiguous particularly The Wacquant has described as “branded places” (1993), only mark the participants as participants the mark only (1993), as“brandedplaces” has described Wacquant what to similar spaces, These careers. professional andtheir education former their families, their to relation in position social decreased their of inItaly, status oftheir migrants reminded only often interviews my in (2005:239), home” “at tofeel migrants the allow 226) and (2005: forgetting” and “remembering of as places function Law can toLisa which according Thus, locations /unworthyworthy of migrants hierarchies ethno-racial the in points few wina to ahope groups in other with contrast the their andexaggerate Europeanness Ukrainian groups, emphasize migrant other the and themselves between drawtheboundaries to attempting thus such norms, of proponents vigorous become most often 2007), Herzfeld (e.g. such prejudice of objects the become often who themselves migrants, Ukrainian (2007:256-7). prejudice cultural and racial through themselves oftenmanifest which more andmore discontent, of growing forms the to point former the knowledge andgoods, of circulation of light apositive presented in often is latter the and while globalization, of process the hand-in-hand accompany Herzfeld, to according ofnormalcy,” “trappings These 2007:255). standards” (Herzfeld civilizational high of notion calls “collective what basesHerzfeld on the of arguments their supported connotations, any racist comments their denied though respondents, same The or Asia. countries African from then migrants Christianity and whiteness, their due to Italy” for are“better migrants Ukrainian respondents that ofmy many expressed by attitudes the echoin such hierarchies within andtensecompetitions between morality link The 2007). see Herzfeld (also wanted least the of(usually) hierarchies the groupsalong migrant shifting anexcuse for providing migrant, unworthy / worthy of discourses the in prominently here features Morality boundaries. group the defining of attribute a major becomes belonging which national in as a group, ofmigrants morality and morality individual to migration addedin is that significance the to point comments Such 172 the migrants the . CEU eTD Collection Naples in 2008.Naples in 38 Moldavians.” true are unfortunately them of but most normal, areactually Moldavians some ofbad; all are not and“Moldavians Romanians,” are asbad “Bulgarians are gypsies,” “Romanians interviewees, of my wordsofmay the which, in to according during migration, vigor a with passionate revived are being hierarchies block andsocialist Soviet Old and education. whiteness perceived their to due over others Ukrainian migrants of superiority the establish that Italy in hierarchies andracial ethnic rigid existing of result a also is groups, which migrant other and migrants Ukrainian between solidarity of lack the for account canalso feeling unsettling This other. one as the marks buses or Sunday squares or asparks such migrants with spaces associated in Italy in appearing other threatening the are Ukraine in migrants illegal logic, this to According 2010). (Soronevych Italy to oneswell) as (undocumented sendingmigrants regions Ukrainian of list the tops region Lviv the that mentioning even without protest the supported fully Italy in portal internet migrants’ Ukrainian main the standards,” life the of andlowering diseases exotic criminality, ethnic –bring migrants and“Illegal everyone” to –athreat migrants “Illegal of slogans under the protests street experienced 2010Lviv whenin Similarly, such statements. in tensions inherent the of beunaware to seemed My interviewees here.” migrants many “too are there because Italy in stay wantto not do they that me told some migrants occasions, other On migrants.” by overrun i.e Italy, become like will “Ukraine that concerns their express would respondents my times of a number that notsurprising is it Thus, society. Italian of strata lower the in positioning new their recognized they workers, andmigrant asmaids ownpositioning their in time, same migrants, as well as the concept that migrants stand as representatives of nations. their stand asrepresentatives that as theconcept migrants as well migrants, and unworthy” “worthy of and ideas migrants, of representation the over struggle and economic ideological alarger in are embedded them to attached meanings and the gatherings of places between strong relation The pride.” and values with nation a Godand with stands that a nation “are Ukrainians that which seekstodemonstrate UGCC, ofthe call above mentioned the in traced canbe migrants ofother category the from migrants Ukrainian divorcing at thataim sentiments quotationComments in marks are taken from interviews conducted with Ukrainian Bolognain and migrant, and thus brings the uncanny feeling of recognizing oneself as the oneself recognizing of theuncannyfeeling brings andthus 173 . However, 38 Similar CEU eTD Collection from home”, but rather serve as reminders to migrants’ manifold displacements from their familial, their from displacements manifold tomigrants’ asreminders rather serve but home”, from away a“home become do not interactions, of familiarity through provide they continuities despite other hand, it also labels the users of these spaces as these spaces usersthe of alsolabels it hand, other the On arrangement). thelive-in (especially homes Italian in work of regimes regulatory the with come that conditions pressing the from neededrelief much the hand brings one on the migrants other by frequented spaces the to and using Belonging matter. astraightforward being from far therefore is migrants for these spaces of The meaning spaces. andthe migrants the both about 2007:265) (Herzfeld prejudice asystematic to rise gives often to ignore, anddifficult more visible difference collective their which makes space, inone ofmigrants concentration larger However, cities. the in actors between different maps social over varying contestations creating these places, of usages andintentionalities local the despite even beyond or city tothe connectmigrants places Such or astranger. migrant an il/legal worker, being amigrant of experiences usual the through than just ways in different city the engagewith to them andallow to have migrated they place the to relation migrants’ redefine gatherings Such and matters. medical legal accommodation, onjobs, information of source sole asthe serve news,often of exchange the for forum accessible an providing spaces,besides public inItalian gatherings Migrants’ to. migrated have they places the with connections new andestablish significance of layers extra spaces, create of meaning the contest cities, Italian the of maps the overwrite migrants spaces, with various engagement experiential their Through of migrants. andvisibility legality the otherness, of questions to related regimes regulating different visible make places Various utilize. andBologna Naples in migrants Ukrainian that spaces of usageandmeanings the into inscribed relationships and power hierarchies the capture to aimed chapter this geographies, embodied migrants’ into looking By the of Bolognamiddle (2007). UkrainianFigure 27. domesticworkers having lunch andoverlooking the week-endbazaar multinational in 174 the migrants the . Therefore, these places, these Therefore, . CEU eTD Collection are applied differently in the places of migration and places of home. andplacesof ofmigration places in the differently are applied that practices andsituational of values set differentiated the for alsostand moralities transnational this context In migrant. a worthy of animage constructing in a trope as motherhood of salience high the and moralities spaceof split the of theissue addressing continue will I chapter following In the groups. tomigrant morality standards of differentiated applies gaze scrutinizing the which in ofmeaning, level anew acquires members, now family non-migrating their to relation in migrants positioning sense the of in dissertation this beenusednow in have which until transnationalism, of Moralities belonging. national the of basis the on essentialized are grossly groups that migrants various among present degree or lesser greater a to are that values moral European or universalist of ideas underthe discussed theyare instead andreligion, ethnicity race, of basis doneonthe often groups are migrant different of worthiness about the thejudgments While groups. migrant other with competition economic of stress underthe these attitudes internalize who themselves, among migrants butalso the Italians notonlyfor bear salience hierarchies These migrants. deserving andmore less the of hierarchies contested numerous in results Italy 264) in 2007: (Herzfeld presence” ofinvasive fear and the body the local of idealization “The in Italy. migrants as ownstatus their of reminders stark groups andbecome migrant other with comparison uncomfortable the out bring These placesalso in Ukraine. lives and professional social 175 CEU eTD Collection and intimacies while maintaining transnational families transnational maintaining while and intimacies subjectivities new developing motherhood: 8. Beyond Chapter sexual intimacy outside transnational families, it often relates to establishing a new family in the in anewfamily toestablishing relates often it families, transnational outside intimacy sexual and sexuality women’s migrant discusses literature migration When 2003b). Hochschild 2005b; 2001b, (Parrenas migration of places the in in-care children tothe ofmigrants the families from andlove care of redirection the of terms in Lan 2006)-or 2004; Long andOxfeld 2000; Gamburd 2000; Andall 1997; andAvila (Hondagneu-Sotelo mothers as roles ontheir particularly focusing families andtheir migrants between relations of context the in often most intimacy discusses literature migration transnational dissertation, my throughout places several in As mentioned away home. from being of years the cope through migrants which help people, other to closeness space and with familiarity work, through migration of places with intimacy sense of anew establishing andconnections separation, prolonged from resulting ruptures the with dealing that with families connection the also but closeness, physical and only asemotional not intimacy refer to I and foreigners. care-workers mothers, migrant aswomen, position by their asshaped Italy, in women Ukrainian by established connections intimate ofthe anexploration through chapter previous discussed the in elements the together tobring attempts chapter This migration. of course inthe (2007:3) andmaintain” establish migrants the that relationships and intimate professional personal, social, through[…] realized and motivated enabled, “marked, is migration that suggests Passerini cities. the in actors different between maps social varying andcontesting appropriating workby using, of spaces outside in establish migrants that connections meaningful the explored I chapter, previous the In identities. new professional and finding mobility downward professional with experiences women’s migrant workand of spaces families, transnational of moralities the within women of positioning the families, migrants’ into brings migration that ruptures the at looked have I far workthus my In migration in sexuality and intimacy care-work, paid linksbetween Possible developed economies inserted into the complex economic and social textures of textures andsocial economic complex the into inserted economies developed The practices of sexual intimacies among transnational labor migrants less from migrants labor transnational among sexual intimacies of practices The the global city are far from exemplifying cultural transformations toward gender transformations cultural exemplifying are from far city global the 176 equality and liberation. equality Kitiarsa (2008: 606). (2008: Kitiarsa CEU eTD Collection outside of women’s transnational families, often play a major role in the discovery of a new self, a new of thediscovery in role amajor play often families, transnational women’s of outside established relations, these while insuchengagements, andemotionally economically both benefit seekto they but forces, economic oflarger victims necessarily arenot such relationships in women engaging many argue that needs? I non-material other, migrants to degreecater some to atleast Can such relationships migration. in available resources of asapart activities sexual in engagement of the justification and careworker ofthe body the of commodification the explore to me itallows instrumental; particularly is andcare-work services sexual between link the se, per work onsex not focus which did research, my For economies. affluent less from crucially more networks, the family outside from bepurchased thatcan seenasservices increasingly now are elderly the for andcare rearing child work, household of duties familial previously where households affluent more in care-work needfor ever-increasing the workto sex links Kitiarsa Thus world.” globalizing inthe the economy of informalization the process of powerful emerging ofthe context the in be understood must migration labor transnational “sex in that suggests (2008) Kitiarsa inSingapore, migrants sex workersandlabor on Thai article his In 2008). (Kitiarsa processes” globalizing in negotiations arena of crucial a as workemerges “sex care, to Similarly 2007). etal. Ramirez (Lan2006; own family themigrant’s in interest at all, if little, with 2007) Passerini 2008; Parrenas 2004a; and Hochschild (Ehrenreich and rewarding convenient care-services migrants’ find increasingly Employers responsibilities. and obligations non-material further without money for and“care” “love” a real buy wants to employer the a resource, becomes when it but 214), (2003: Hochschild suggests to be work,” it imagine we rarely that feeling with so involved personal, so work requires care “Most countries. developed tomore less developed from (2003b:186) drain” “care global a also but care-chains global about only not talk to her which allows argues Hochschild, commodities, arenewrising and care Love andcare. oflove terms in but goods, andmaterial money of terms in only not exists distance widening that emphasizes (2003) Hochschild north, south andglobal global of the growing gapbetween effect the describing In migration. of andplaces home between responsibilities and loyalties negotiate women how understand better and choices women’s migrant shape that decisions andemotional pragmatic of pattern intricate an seeks explore to chapter The toItaly. migration Ukrainian female for principle organizing as an as well motherhood, of andtropes womanhood proper of gendered ideas Italy, in demand in is that care-work the of nature the to them link and relationships, these out to map attempt I chapter, In this families. transnational their maintaining simultaneously andwhile migration engageduring women migrant inwhich relationships sexual or/and romantic ofintimate, array widest the is inbetween falls What trafficking). (and sex-work of issue orthe migration of place 177 CEU eTD Collection or sickor often(less children). help, most oftenhired amigrant woman(as opposed sayafamily member),who to taking careelderly is of 39 transnational migrants’ of nature and the whole a as enterprise migration ofthe imagination the into some insight develop Ihopeto new these relations and explain accommodate to workdone emotional andthe duringmigration emerging relations understanding through Finally, theytrigger. and orcontinuities whatmeet ruptures whatneeds they aremade, these decisions how hope touncover I migration, during engagements their of sense andmake accommodate women to workdone bymigrant emotional the into By looking these engagements. of meaning andthe nature the discussing any spacefor allow donot andItaly Ukraine both in blame of discourses rigid rather theexisting, dohappenandbecause relationships of kinds these because chapter this in instances onthese choose tofocus I families, their of outside relationships sexual engagesinto woman every migrant that Idonotclaim while Finally, potential. unspoken as alwayscarriers which migration anew,” “start to a chance transformation, fairytale-like of stand as a symbol often suchof relationships howthepossibility andexplore enterprise financial exclusively as an ofmigration perception the andcritique question seekI to hand, other the On a migrant. being of and easetheburden Italy, in asecureposition build toresources, access gain way to as a by migrants “instrumentalized” are onehand they on the argue that I themselves; women by migrant andromanticized arecommercialized these relationships andItaly, Ukraine both in dominate which blame of discourses public rigid the against andconstructed Experienced studies. migration in under-discussed largely but theyremain another, to one life-story from significantly vary theserelations in balance andgender quality, directionality, status. The migrant surrounding legality of issues and dependencies andmutual careindustry the sexuality, and emotions interests, andpersonal economic of intersection the at are located These relationships relationships. personal andmaintaining establishing for factor acrucial becomes often and homes, families Italian of privacies the workin out carrying asforeigners ascare-givers, women migrant of positioning the Italy, stayin prolonged migrant’s during relations sexual or/and intimate emotional, establishing to can lead encounter that of type only the not is relationships employer though Even women. the of position the care-work shape the of specifics age and ofgender, triangle chapters--the previous which–as in in care) or person in anemployer (usually men andItalian caregivers female between Ukrainian relationship onthe I focus chapter this In roles. gender andfamilial age, social their themselves, of perceptions of migrants’ transformation the Ital. “care-worker”, “care-taker”, “care-giver”. In Italy, it is however a very loaded term, usually meaning a meaning usually term, loaded very a however is it Italy, In “care-giver”. “care-taker”, “care-worker”, Ital. 178 badante 39 - CEU eTD Collection when Salvatore placed his food on Maria’s plate. The Italian felt sorry for the woman exhausted woman the for sorry felt Italian The plate. Maria’s on his food placed when Salvatore kindness; humane by the offense but the by were not tears caused but “herfirst man, a lonely for towork was afraid Maria Salvatore. widower, Italian old a67year with ajob found she pressure, andpsychological poverty ofdeportation, fear unemployment, of period aprolonged after where Italy, to move and hersonhadto herself for opportunities of and alack unemployment of whobecause woman, the of story the tell to proceeds articles the language, passionate Utilizing agrandmother. one son,andalso of themother divorced, is 40s,Maria hermid In wedding.” her has celebrated lady migrant the turn: “dramatic a until making labyrinth” “was ahorrifying life foreign and elders ofweddings “thisboom between by stating concludes article The women.” foreign young with very divorced, or widowers single, old, 85years 70 and between man elderly between weddings thousand thirty in anincrease been has there years 10 thepast “in that concern larger toa proceeds then Thearticle lucid. altogether absentandnot seemingly butalso wife” “little his by accompanied only not his account, from withdrawals make to bank the he wentto times, Many bythe accompanied company, estate areal went to old man the the family, to According inheritance. his about was concerned who grandsons, man’s the byoneof was initiated The investigation marry. to wanted now she whom and time along working whom shehasbeen for from Bologna, man an83year-old employer, a Romanian wife, the future early 1990s, early Maria Simply youth.” their rekindling of ambition the with own their families, harming and pensions, properties their aredevaluing men was blocked The Boom. foreign younger their newspaper in April 2008in April in Two articles serve as something of an extended epigraph to this chapter: “The Boom” “The chapter: this to epigraph an extended of assomething serve Two articles Marriages ofThree Study A Case vignette: Extended families. transnational with migrants’ separation of experience asalived only not see orderto migration in nation the of on mothers discourses nationalistic of box rigid the outside women migrant Ukrainian take to me allow will This connections. badanti A UkrTime Simplemente Maria Simplemente in extremis . wedding that was supposed to happen on the25 tohappen was supposed wedding that ” is producing serious inconveniences with inheritances. “Many times elderly these times “Many inheritances. with inconveniences serious producing ” is Named after a Mexican TV soap opera that was very popular in Ukraine in the Ukraine in in popular was very that soap opera TV Mexican a after Named Corriere dellaSera Corriere in November 2007. Both articles discuss weddings of older Italian men to men Italian older of weddings discuss articles Both 2007. November in badanti. until the Bologna prosecutor, together with the police, could verify that could verify police, the with together prosecutor, Bologna the until badante (1989), the article tells the story of a Ukrainian woman, whose woman, a Ukrainian of story tells the article the (1989), of 44 years old, was not trying to take money from her from money take to trying was not old, 44 years of badante , and “Simply Maria,” published in a Ukrainian online aUkrainian publishedin Maria,” and “Simply , 179 , to put the apartment where he lives up for sale. up for wherehelives apartment the put , to th of April in Bologna’s Town Hall, Town Bologna’s in April of , published CEU eTD Collection “extremely young “extremely bythe exploited being of wasindanger man” “old the suggests that clearly wording The be so to absentand notlucid.” when ”seemed he underconditions bank account his cash from out take his flat, sell to was old willing the man forwhom wife” “little asamanipulative portrayed young “extremely the family; Italian the of institution very the to threat a case as the discusses Boom” “The and events. actions, ofmotivations, interpretation andthe are told waythe they in differences the with markedly contrasts stories ofthese two similarity striking The wife.” behis to woman Ukrainian askedthe man Italian day,the same The won’tlive.’ I you, Without Maria. you, anyone like met never I’ve you. with come I’ll back, go you wantto If go! you won’t“’I let body andexclaimed: his with thedoorway blocked Salvatore toUkraine, returning was she announcedthat work, Maria of 3years after When home. songs at his Ukrainian sing to Maria for his encouragement employment, overtime Maria getting in help Salvatore’s relationship— oftheir development the describing detail, goesonin article The woman.” ofthis trust foreign the supportand gain his express know how he didn’t hecould else labor; with to make an opinion about the motivations of either Italian man ortheir man Italian either of the motivations about opinion an to make information enough reader give not does articles the of language the andjudgment; interpretation of layer thick behindthe andlife-stories shroud motivations the articles both onehand, the On and dignity. strength manly humanity, of act asan inUkraine family andher Maria to support his inspiration, asan presented rather is to Ukraine andconsequent move whose marriage Salvatore” “signor a but as so lucid”, not “absent and man” “old an as out not stands Salvatore 25years), (some significant alsoquite is couple the between agedifference the although Maria,” “Simply In lucidity. arrangements encountered in my field research. Valentina (47), - one of my respondents, who respondents, my - oneof (47), Valentina research. field my in encountered arrangements Almost a wedding. grandchild? son Maria’s and with toshareahome from Italy to Ukraine herback with ahusband)coming to (asopposed lover Italian about Maria’s dare to tell ever newspaper a Ukrainian Would care-work? asagood classify just that or would him, tomarry any attempt without man Italian” an“old to youth” a“sparkof who gives Romania from woman” a “little beconcernedabout press ever Italian the weddings? Would the not for if papers to the it make ever cases two these Would inheritance. and matrimony of domain apublic enter and and care-work homes Italian of privacy the step outof whenthey point the at stories their introduce articles both fact, In employers. and their caregivers foreign between relationships personal of issue discussed scarcely the in role a major play that interpretations and conflicting interests highly-contested of existence the to point articles badante, To complement the two newspaper excerptsI look into a case of marital of acase into look excerptsI two newspaper the complement To ” who poses a threat not only to his money and property, but his own but his andproperty, money his to not only threat a whoposes ” 180 badanti . On the other, the other, the . On badante ” is CEU eTD Collection are inhaling! Don’t we deserve something better, something what something better, something weDon’t deserve are inhaling! we chemicals of what kind whoknows and daily weuse and detergents chemicals from bleeding hands day, all cleaning house, a a houseto from rushing this all With it? do we can more much how but work, We Italy? in here, wedoing 50…whatare we arealmost listen, Imean, repulsive? do youmean “What question: my understand does notseemto however, Valentina, repulsive. him even finds or perhaps Gianni, love doesnot Irina whatif ask Valentina I point this At himbe!” butlet suchHe is achild... divorce?! got a Irina since 10years than more man in hewasHe thinks theonly mean! I these years.’ all after you again of out woman a butImade beenmarried life…you’ve your in such aman am her:‘I “He tells continued: Valentina it.” happy andthat’s him makes it but or‘star’ ‘love’ him call to anything cost you doesn’t too…It that shouldbelike “You her: consoled Valentina infantilism, was asign of bywhatshethought was appalled Irina and while star?” ofme,my Do youthink me? and ask“doyoulove her, he used call to achild; was like Gianni that say would often Irina youaimfor.” things allthose get you’ll permit; get theresidence You’ll it!be worth will It are aspyoranactress! as ifyou act her… tell I ‘Act!’ her mission: toachieve she needs and agent asecret she is as if situation her current about tothink Irina tell I woman. younger amuch satisfy can he happy that very is he papers…and wedding andher their for waiting just calm, she is asabride, role her to used getting sheis them; well for work things And youknow herhappy! make to as well, scream should he also that Gianni tell she should her, told I Now [laughs] how scream! to practicing our50s in women two wewere, there imagine, And, laughter]!… with [roars scream! how to andwe practice here over hadto she come hadto So, scream?!’ I butwhat should ‘Valentina, me, asking evening that me And shecalled sex. during scream she should herthat told Gianni Once person [laughs]! suchadirect is “Irina again: stories the through going Irina’s visits, after uplate me wouldkeep time, along for relationship their of witness a been whohas Valentina, aboutit. andlaughing strategizing evenings spend would andIrina and Valentina her ownrelationship, of and lapses intricacies the would beabout her gossip All to Italy. herarrival a whomyears after few shemet Gianni, widower, Italian year-old a75- wasto marry onherway Irina but butValentina, any friends had shehardly in fact people, many knew she not that is it gossip; lots of bring andwould time along stayfor would always a glass. Irina of aquarter of usless than poureach us”would begoodfor should and redwine drinking really “wearenot andchanting theseoccasions red winefor of a bottle out would take was an alcoholic, Ukraine in ex-husband whose Valentina, achat. for evening the stop byin who often would (50), Irina - hasafriend Naples, to arrival my twofirst week after for hosted me 181 we need [for ourselves]? Irina ourselves]? need[for CEU eTD Collection allow him to, because of the flat. And Irina, she is still with him, she just got used to him … shegot used him she is to just him, still shewith is AndIrina, flat. because ofthe him to, allow didn’t hisdaughters Probably married.’ get he ‘cannot that said he but finally papers, everything, the had all already They to marry. him prohibited children Gianni’s ofOne wedding! was no there well, “Oh replied: went, Valentina Gianni with wedding Irina’s how Iaskedher When again. Valentina met whereI Naples to trip another I made fieldwork, my Ifinished after a year About impossible. Gianni and closenessto Italy presence in her very would make status her secure to as her failure Gianni, with relationship a “no-strings-attached” free, herself herself goand dedicate let to hadnochoice simply she Under suchpressure, residency. of year another for apply to herachance would give that contract she hadafull-time year every sure that make to houses and had hourscleaning workintense hadto still orasecurejob) apension have not did Gianni unlike (who Irina relationship, the of side sexual and emotional onthe heartedly Gianni were Gianni and Irina was me that was for star.” clear What “my and “love” called 50 being ageof or atthe sex during screaming like ofintimacy, facets multiple she discovered benefits; about materials only was not relationship her however Gianni; with inlove be to madly seem not she did Irina, case of In to Ukraine. or togoback Italy in whether tostay and achoice, a permit residence of security the can have year,but to year from illegal ofbecoming be fearful she not would so that security, some have to her age,shewanted at that the due to fact but from Gianni, benefit to an attempt so notmuch me seems to papers, to obtain concern her primary situation; precarious particular her ina put asamigrant position Irina’s However, engagements. their ofside emotional and the life sex their relationships, their of routine daily the about cared she clearly also permit residence a was concern indeed prime Irina’s Thus,while ofmarriage. years after especially husbands, their shareabout women many the gossip in them than in andstrategizing plotting no more sensing I started that relationship this discussing and together ofgetting rituals frequent Irina’s and Valentina so to used got have I However, money. papers and of benefit for man Italian older “ della Sera in suchconcern with described stereotypes, prominent most the of one echo perfectly to seem her story chapter, this opening articles news-paper the caseto back Irina’s Referring with it.” todeal she has and an agent of a task all thatit’s she thinks whining, or toodemanding heis too. When attitude his life with her? I tell her to think about all this as a role, as if she is an agent. And she enjoys this spend to like would else Who for? waiting shebe should prince of kind what surgery… She hada sheusedto]. sowork hard[as cannot anew?all Shealready anddowhat? Start Italy years in allthese now after shejustgohome should Otherwise, get thesupport. she’ll get her papers, will The Boom”: an East European migrant woman who is trying to marry asignificantly marry to whotrying woman is migrant an EastEuropean Boom”: The not starting their relationship on the same footing: while Gianni could whole- could focus Gianni while same footing: onthe relationship their starting 182 Corriere CEU eTD Collection legislation, but also their own personal resources, in order to secure more stability. secure orderto more in resources, ownpersonal butalsotheir legislation, by migration them to available resources made legal limited the to only not appeal women which thewaysin into look I will chapter, this of section thefollowing In Italy? age in stay and chooseto arightto have or dothey country the outof bethrown women these should so, and if Italy, in lives their of years spent5-10 have they if so,even doing upon immediately Italy leave to have they Will load? working to lessen their afford Canthey permits? secureresidence to order in need hoursas they workmany as cannot who women happen tothe will What conditions. health due to workload intensive perform to inability and aging prospects, future women’s i.e. migration, of aspects uponcrucial touch families toItalian tooclose getting of threat the without job, their The questions that questions The . balance the in hanging relationship andIrinas; Gianni of nature with the very again, “illegal” orbecome Italy leave to have shewill whether unclear is andit notbright were ownprospects Irina’s engagement, his initial from retreat with Gianni’s However, habit. or through emotionally attached but stays, Gianni she leave does not security, legal hersearchfor in As shefails above. cited thearticles in mentioned asthose as hideous do notseem objectives pragmatic very Irina’s Meanwhile, Italy. in herfuture andguarantees for stability some seeks she and care-work, and cleaning of hours demanding workthe andweak old to too she feels andfamily, Ukraine with her connection she lost that years, shefeels several for Italy she hasbeenin inlife; prospects her of thelight in deeper meaning but asimpler acquire to seem her justification story, Irina’s In Nobodyknows…” expires? permit her residence if happen later, Andwhatwill from? money she take will wherehe stops, if but the flat, for paying heis least because at him with Corriere dellaSera Corriere does not address, insisting that care-workers should do should care-workers that insisting does address, not 183 CEU eTD Collection themselves carrying the triple burden of earning money (often under the conditions of severe of conditions underthe (often money earning burdenof triple the carrying themselves find ofmigration, difficulties the to addition in Manywomen, directed.” “the way God or “fate,” as discussed often women the in ways that developing trajectories life their oneyear, after Italy leave not could they that found they However, Ukraine. to back come and then year a for Italy in was tostay migration for plan initial the research, my in women the of majority an absolute For 2010). etal. whydid this” (Reznyk which is I daughter, her own leaving herdaughter seeing toprevent just herself shehassacrificed maybe maybe, Or death. from her grand-child or husband her saving is God forbid, woman, this Maybe away. keephersofar problems of and what kinds andherfamily, her home from sofar such anage at working continue herto forces what woman she askthe didn’t Why Italy? from our women out hastokick does Hrodetska Mrs. right „What oneofthem comments: article this to response in wrote Bologna women from migrant several that letter anindignant In 2010) (Hrodetska that?” for a reward them you promise if even Ukraine, backto old 70-75 years of hags old our sendto is impossible ask,whyit wanted to andIjust [...] 11years. for Italy away in slaving 75 hadbeen was that she answered was, she how old Iaskedher [...] Italy. in sonot nice is life that me tell to was trying who women our migrant oneof with an argument had Saturday “Last wrote: - reports, these write to order in experiment asaprofessional partly Bologna to migration labor undertaken newspaper Lviv-based popular a in appeared which sex” and pizza „Mafia, entitled articles of string scandalized arecent In hold? future the does What (2008). Naples in a house of elevator an in Inscription 28. Figure Express , journalist Vira Hrodetska, - who claims she has - whoclaims Hrodetska, Vira journalist , 184 CEU eTD Collection neighbors’ disapproving look and distrust within the family” (Vianello 2009b). Two women (in their (in women Two 2009b). (Vianello thefamily” within anddistrust look disapproving neighbors’ the silence in andsuffering is “re-adapting Ukraine to return upon the experience usually they what return; their after be over will inmigration hardships their canhopethat women Ukrainian few Thus, tobe. Italy imagine they which “paradise” the of envious areoften and neighbors friends while wives, their of doubtful and suspicious are often husbands that suggests families, and their migrants returned Ukrainian among conducted herresearch in (forthcoming) Vianello, spouses. oftheir andparticularly families oftheir trust the to maintain themallow necessarily does not this Italy, in while relationships romantic ofout stay chooseto women even if often Very earning money. is whomwoman the for members family even others, eyesof the in herself defend to also, and, money earn needto the by magnified solitude of feeling the together mixes Valentina heraccount In ruins…” in herlife to Maybe toindeed? goback to have whatdo they because, tolove… try own lives, their build here women that not surprised SoIam to? togoback anything shehave Does to? togoback have she will what and away, sent is household, the of protector and the A mother, this! Just imagine earn away,to money? 2000 km abroad, senther when has Ukraine, husband herown in there back whathas sheseen Otherwise, love? feel person can this that we can’t believe around’? Why ‘going youare mean doesn’t it a niceperson, meet to and youhappen those problems solve to you manage time, with maybe then, it. And about or think there, itis realize even you can’t mind, onyour problems so many have you love, meet ifyou and even about love, think toeven time have doyou When dothat? to time have when doyou please, me tell but here, ‘goingaround’ is sayshe they then, reason. So that herefor webecause areall herchildren, for or payschool flat sheNext, needs buya to Ukraine. in growinginterest with –herdebts onhermind has one thing she whenarrives she because around’, ‘going starts she immediately that doesn’t mean it Italy, in arrives awoman “When comments: (47) Valentina sacrifice. their beyond personally them for left little is very there that realize also some women willingly, burden this up take women most While children. husbands and parents, their behind forleaving guilty feel and often absence, their upfor make to expected are they good, common the for consent and thefamily’s with it doing are they if and even aremigrating, families of that mothers fact the by aremagnified obligations these to Italy, migration female Ukrainian caseof the In migration. of country the in life the imagine to difficult is very it behind, stayed have who members family the that for the fact to beattributed can exchange in unevenness ofthis Apart members. with family inItaly lives abouttheir information shareany to choose not women many family, disturbingthe of or misunderstood, ofbeing fear For family. with experience discuss women to their for space left little very often thus, is, There home. at back members family ofpeace and psychological unity the of care and taking family, the with contact maintaining stress), and psychological physical 185 CEU eTD Collection in Italy and using it (even if sending it all back to the family) by their owndiscretion. bytheir back tothefamily) all it sending (even if and usingit Italy in money own earn their to used were who women, for and unwanted precarious particularly is that asituation is years for woman the have mistrusted who members might family from dependency of patterns into fall andto circumstances, these under a family to return to and suspicion; distrust, ofintimacy, lack erodedueto families within relationships longabsences, after oftimes, lot A anyprospects.” have wedon’t live, just We no prospects…. also, Ukraine, and in … detergents with stuff, with chemical 8 hourscleaning, work We arealprospect. it’s don’t think I and abucket? Abroom Italy? on in canwe count “What onhow herperspectives: she sees comments years 9 last Italy spent in who Raja, Thus migrant. a labor of style life exhausting often their abandoned could how they see not do they is that also it migration, of country orthe origin of country their either in doesnotexist home” an “at that realize dowomen Not only undertone. has a gloomier literature, migration in as‘inbetween’ described part in though feeling, This to.” back go to where no is there and two in years, with, to go back nothing is there oneyear, goes:“In proverb migrant Ukrainian As apopular migration. trapped by women feel many that then, notcoincidental, is It anyway. them condemns distrust family and pressure public while engagements, such romantic of out stay whether to ownon adecision with their left areoften women cases these that from conclude I ideals. and religious moral their below suchbehavior considering inItaly, engagements romantic any from abstained ofwomen thesevigorously both In fact, abusive. husbands oftheir think and donot functional relationships their consider however women Both threats. even and words swear prostitution, of accusations the phone in shouting husbands heartheir would they support, words of of instead home, upon calling that times happened afew it years) (5-7 migration their of theyear during that bitterly spoke research this for Bologna in I interviewed whom 50s) early 186 CEU eTD Collection 40 difference the realize theyhadto that respondents admitted ofmy many However, 1200 euros.” to 800 from workgive this they for Italy northern In noonepays. Ukraine home in at which for work, house regular here perform I speaking, “Honestly assumption: this initial exemplifies sex,”- and pizza “Mafia, articles of series of scandalous the author andthe migrant - alabor Horodetska, freeanyway.” job for wehome dothis “at because precisely asacare-giver working of option bythe areseduced women of the majority However, asaprofession. Italy in perform to have they care-work the with unfamiliar arecompletely women Ukrainian most As mentioned, everyday care-work. of the encounters through services andpaidsexual theroleof money to explore essential is it benefits, only material for caring of accused often are women migrant Since permissible. the of boundaries and defining claims making in plays care-work of commodification the that role and the harassment, sexual cases of of study acloser to here turn I regimes, on labor chapter earlier my in beendiscussed have and bodies emotions careworkers’ of commodification and instrumentalization of aspects Though many care-work. of conditions under the andintimacy emotion commercializing of issue the to refer now I interests, and material monetary pursueonly women migrant newspapers that byItalian voiced accusations backto the Going price setthe to Learning families back home (Naples, 2008). the morningsdomestic - freeworkers, onSunday,- tosendingparcels only most to their live-in day for women Naples; parking many dedicate andbazaarin the Ukrainian Figuremini-vans’ lot 29.Entrance to Common phrase in the interviews the in phrase Common 187 40 Vira CEU eTD Collection happen to me is that I go home for free. But you, you will have to pay the fees for hiring an hiring for fees paythe to have will you you, But free. for go home I that is me happen to will that worstThe thing call! ‘go ahead, and say him to phone closer would push I the him. with sleeping not amI if police the calling heis that me phoneandtell up the pick He would 2-3 am. at scandals start would “He psychological: but also physical only was not pressure The that.” of top on dignity my lose to going wasI not job.Second, this for paid whenI money so much lost all, I of first too; And Iwas crazy going access tome. having and not around walking me watching crazy, He wasup. going it pick to me wanting atme, food or throwing food, on my cutting started and he stingy, was very he that realized I days a few just “Within harassment. avoid and herjob maintain to her both would allow that strategies developing started She instead his to wishes. in give never would also but onheremployer her tears waste not she would that anddecided soon recovered she However, cried. doorand the herroom, locked she way raninto inthis that her uplike set had her acquaintance that so cheated she felt arrangement, this about Sveta hetold When night.” hima find to acquaintance Sveta’s asked signora, bed-ridden the husbandof 70-year-old the Additionally, orso. amonth for there stay only Sveta could ajob, 700EURfor paying after that which meant 41 to move aboutto was whowas bed-ridden signora theelderly i.e. was afraud, job the that she recognized soonHowever, enough hers (Stefa). of an acquaintance from month) 900/ paid job 700Eur(the for a job whenbought already she time some for Italy She wasin oflaughter. andalot jokes many with story her interspersing and herson, myself of audience tothe her flat, of kitchen the in eating ice-cream while story her me tells Sveta goals. her and achieve system the how use to whoknows woman adetermined is she that indicates Bologna, to especially Italy, sonto year old her28- (illegally) over bring she to that managed Thefact Ukrainian migrants. of elites emerging the of ranks the among Sveta places countries, post-Soviet from migrants toother sublets shenow which flat, a whole rent she to that hadmanaged Thefact flat. arented in Bologna in son herelder with together wholives hair, short with woman sporty anenergetic, - is 25), (28 and oftwoa sons mother - herself Sveta, psychologist. asaschool experience work and considerable hasadegree Ukraine who 53,andin ofSveta is story tothe Iturn connection, this illustrate To general. in experience ofmigration imagination and harassment) even (and care-work the of harshness experienced the fact, In towork. relation their professionalize to and learn money, homes for Italian the of privacy the in care-work andtheneedtoperform own their families householdworkfor unpaid the between Ital. Retirement home Retirement Ital. paid work badante became one of the main frameworks for understanding, justifying andmoralizing justifying understanding, for frameworks ofthe main one became who would “take care of his wife during the day and sleep with him during the during him with and sleep theday during wife his of care “take whowould 188 casa diriposa casa 41 , CEU eTD Collection through his night attacks and whining was very exhausting.” was and whining attacks very night his through live to that just It’s was safe. I refuse always would he but since sex payfor heshould that was insisting I was sogreedy, he since So, you won’tdoanything?’ if you for be paying I will what ‘Butthen whining hestarted then But wife.’ andwash your andclean cookfor andyou night, at you with sex and have the day during sleep will I and goahead, him to I tell so ‘ Isay, ‘Wonderful by myself!’ do I canjust wife, my do for whatyou here ‘no, me told then “He per month: EUR 900 another pay her he should him with sleep he wants her to if that man old the telling started and strategy Sveta changedher this Soonafter ME!.” wife to andyour she soldyou job, the paid I for who here… worked Stefa, wife, from your you and who No, bought me it’s me? bought that you think “You him: snappedat simply she that recalls Sveta arrest, house keepherunder to trying her andwas defacto thephonefrom was hiding employer that her hadrealized Sveta After with it. todeal herown capacity anddiscovered challenge personal a into situation the turned Sveta However, experience. the from paralyzed totally or emerge up give woman a experienced less strong and easilymade have could coercion ofthese forms All am a prostitute.” and fit and that Iam with him!But do I need this fame? It was a village, they would definitely say I so young am I that everyone shows He this? need DoI friends… his of in front me and parading coffee me buying around, walk me acoffee, for me take houseand bythe wife his leave hand, bythe me take he would us. with And then, along come and hewould chair wheel ina strolls herdownfor taking wife, his after was looking “I lover: as Sveta her employer’s of image public a was creating and destructive, stressful no less but subtle more bit ofa pressure, form other The them.” taken asifIhad to police reporting with me thenpressure hecould that so boxes, on theempty prints finger wanted my he that I knew the gloves. them with on gloves andcollect put up. Iwould then them pick to me and call floor on the them throw boxes, jewelry empty the out take man would old the in, moved So whenI these presents. off showing they saw Stefa same village, the whoworked in women the because Iknew it about jewelry. golden 7-8sets andsome of coats fur wife’s herhisbed-ridden gave he herchildren, for bicycles Ukraine to sent and Hebought him. with whowas sleeping Stefa presents to of give lots “Heusedto oftheft: to accuse her tried with illegality Sveta threatening of and instead strategies changedhis upwhen old man the was building pressure The weeks.” 5 bearthis for only I could with this. to deal night night to from energy so much took it It’s just… time. some for storming andcontinue then out storm Hewould undocumented!’ 189 CEU eTD Collection employer pays for when hiring acaregiver? when hiring pays for employer an that whatit is discussion; into issue central another introduces approach creative Sveta’s sold. and which canbebought to access aresource, into them turning heremployers, instrumentalizes your wife to wife your sheand soldyou thejob, paid I for here, who Stefa worked from wife, you andyour who bought me No,its boughtme? you that “You think face: heremployer’s into screams she when relations reverses power- completely won’t. She she and thosethat perform will she that tasks between own choice reward andher her both, over control thusgaining them, for price sets a and task, eachdistinct into were that bought andemotions and care love she separatesher free; away for anything togive sherefuses care services, her intimate householdbought Italian affluent a more while place; in the first Italy to her that brought capitalism global thelogic tricks Sveta asense, In heretoearn shemoney.” sex; is have just to herenot all,sheis After ourlives. continueonwith but lets it, like we feel sexwhen both and have together justget to live…lets to doandlives our things have webusy,am all busy,I You are time. 42 And table. on the it andput outmoney you take you hadsex, this; like it sees her:“She sex with payfor to all them and makes lovers several whohers, of has a friend about empowerment of asense with speaks also She –never!” onesalary dobothfor to him…but fuck house,or I aman’s Iclean either aprinciple: have “I the ofissue: onherperception comments Sveta Thus, on each. price andsets aseparate operation task asajob every demarcates clearly but Sveta you for?” be paying will I what “then one,i.e. services into her all merging boundaryby this todestroy tries man Italian The services. sexual her for salary monthly more one i.e. other services, forher toseta price nothesitate sheas apaidhousedoes worker, herself positions BecauseSveta situation. this crucialin is care-work ofthe paid role the Additionally, achance. hersuitor does notleave away in that her role perform to shelearns position, about her andstrong right tofeel learning By afavor. whoisdoing a lover and not signora, abed-ridden after housetolook the in came who acare-worker she is because in, give not she did hand, other on the it, worth thejob for shepaid money the make to because she up,needed notgive she does onehand, the On giver. asacare- and herposition herprofessionalism to by referring employer the from own distance She setsher situation. the with comfortable feel to by learning andbegins situation the over take to she decides soon thereafter, very However, and cries. herroom in herself as shelocks Sveta, debilitates which atfirst betrayal, ofStefa’s realization thetraumatic is First resistance. of story Sveta’s stages observable several are work, there emotion of concept Hochschid’s backto Going Ital. “Get out!” me !” Just like Sveta’s care and emotions have been "bought” soshe herself been"bought” have careandemotions Sveta’s Justlike !” 190 vai via 42 , till next CEU eTD Collection are comparable, and whether she can do only one type of work but not theother. workbut onetypeof and whether shecandoonly are comparable, service and the payment whether the place, the first in service the provide wants to she whether sex, helps women not only to get paid toget only women not helps sex, including services, intimate various paymentfor negotiating that clear becomes it own research In my prostitution. into sliding and ultimately, woman, nurturing a gentle, of ideal feminine and the of motherhood desecration the cynicism, into asadescentmen) byUkrainian seen (especially often is undergonewhat have women andaprice, aname to them and attaching them separating and domains upthese breaking By domain. a familial or of intimacy of idea monolithic one as just was seen migration to prior that something for setaprice to learn hadto research my in women many bodies, and their care, services, work, their over control to maintain attempts their In her self-esteem. ruin Italy in she job performs the soallow shedoesnot earn, her life in Italy is, so to speak, all that it is to her life. She knows that she came to Italy to work and that be fooled herself doesnotlet Sveta Symbolically, migration. of andspaces home of spaces in ambitions life of separation Sveta’s Imean migration of understanding By her challenge. professional anda asan opportunity a job taking andthus, goals (earning) ofset herinitial mind keep in asa position migrant, her toembrace ability Sveta’s workI mean emotional successful By enterprise. migration the of understanding own her is other workand the emotional successful onebeing situation; her in anupperhand have herto help to seem factors two case Sveta’s in earlier, discussed As Ihave and benefits. freedoms power, negotiate can situations) vulnerable and emotionally legally an economically, in (being protection official although lacking migrants, which openupaspacein often are,they dependencies these messy andunclear However versa. andvice care their in ontheperson ofmigrants dependencies of cycles create intimacies established unwillingly as often aswell life, workand private between present boundaries Barely for it, but first and foremost, to make it possible to possible it make to and foremost, but first it, 191 choose , CEU eTD Collection Benedetto Brin is the abundance of Italian men and virtual absence of Italian women. Italian absenceof andvirtual men Italian of abundance the is Brin Benedetto onVia onSundaymornings obvious whatis However, relations. orintimate romantic hadno they I knew whom with employers or acquaintances their from packages heavy their with mini-buses to a ride get knew would I women the migrant of many In fact, case. particular knowing every without decipher to impossible is women andUkrainian men Italian these between arrangements of nature the The the mini-bus. to home straight for prepared packages heavy and their women Ukrainian bringing cars byin come men Many Italian each other. out bars andchecking instreet coffees drinking laughing, flirting, chatting, 70s, 60– their in men Italian 50sand their in women Ukrainian women; accompanyUkrainian men Italian Many onSundays. Brin Benedetto “ 30Euro for or simply acoffee, a chat, offering cars, in around cruising men ofItalian isfull on Sundaymornings lot parking mini-bus and Ukrainian Garibaldi Piazza between aroute Naples, In here. treatment lengthier requires women European East pursuing in men Italian of position the men, Italian snatch to seeking women European While “The Boom” “The While hold? dothey Italy which to keys the asgate-keepers; men Italian experience. inthemigration potentiality an ever-present tobe pleasure seems and money both would bring that a fling of mirage the this lore, In lore. migrant established an suggested beentold, have jokes which such with persistence the andjokes, laughter of lots with discussed was dream this though Even him!” all for would doit I onetime for 3000Euro and for anyway, sex have to Iwould like Imean, “Why not? laughingly: continued She then areyou?” Where areyou? “Where shouting: around running bedandstarting the from jumped up then, woke she She said sex. 3000 Euro for her offered carwho aluxurious a in ofman how dreamt sheme told year one over for Italy 25 in worked who ofa woman Once, etc. rich, and very good looking was who a man or with 1000Euro, someone offered if doit whether onewould i.e. conversations; many upin waycame this comes that money big of idea the But benefits. monetary or material explicit sexfor having practiced had never who women among even theme recurrent was a it fieldwork, my During below. detail greater in be discussed will migration, resource in a into valid sex of translation the as well pleasure, andnot money for Italy in staying ideaof This pleasant, good looking. Only for relationships. serious Help withwork and housing” (Naples, 2008). UkrainianFigure 30. mini-vans parking lot andbazaar. Theaddruns: “Looking for yourhalf? Iam under33, article in Corriere dellaSera Corriere 192 warns Italian families against lurking East lurking against families warns Italian fare amore ” to Slavic women who flood Via who women flood Slavic ” to CEU eTD Collection over to Italy their children. However, very few migrant women suggested that they are friends with are friends they that suggested women migrant few However, very children. their Italy to over to bring women migrant helping or even breaks,etc. holiday hours/longer with flexibility or allow respect with treatthem would women when Italian papers orunderstanding, with support their for women Italian to grateful were women very migrant house.Many the of care ortaking mothering like duties” “womanly toperform inability for criticism with sometimes style, by admiration with spokewomen sometimes migrant women, Italian with relationship their describing while registers; ofdifferent tobeamatter seems women andmigrant women Italian between relationship The oflife. of flow ‘normality’ a senseof somewaygive and in Italy in integration towards steps become important while), a for least at (experienced status illegal often hard workand country, to new arriving of stress andshock the after Theseencounters, a not romantic fling. if activities, leisure for opportunities providing thus etcetera, adiscobar, in an evening arestaurant, in dinner a seaside, to the bycar a trip e.g. woman, with migrant interactions unstructured informal, more engagein often men Italian indeed, or another, way Seenone ambitions.” vulgar their realize them wehelp or another way one in because interested… who are men only it’s course “Of heranalysis: in categorical more is Lina (33), migrant, Another adventure.” or aromantic coffee, for just maybe informally, more woman a to meet effort and makemore time more find They attracted. are they because andinterested curious are they men, Italian her life. about talk to her with acoffee drink to time find would rarely but andunderstanding, andkind nice be she can lady; cleaning her with becoming friends in interested not usually woman is An Italian woman? migrant aUkrainian with friends make to try would else “Who commented: (46), Marijka interviewees, my of one Thus, workrelationships. strict outside women migrant meet eager to were who most men was theItalian it that suggested women ofmyinterviews many in Indeed, 2008). (Naples, lot parking mini-van Ukrainian the to woman Figure 31. A view familiaron Sunday mornings on Via Brin;an older Italian man accompanying aSlavic 193 badante and CEU eTD Collection demonstrate, there is a strong discrepancy in judgments that Italian women pass about pass women Italian that judgments in a strong discrepancy is there demonstrate, themselves as thetestimonies However, sensitive. andculturally tobeopen-minded ability their demonstrate to them for was important it women, and insightful affluent as educated, themselves respondentspresented the of Since most strongimplications. some canhave answers their that an understanding or testimony the over control losing of fear or a recorder, tape with the discomfort either refers to herself Capussotti which a reaction subject, aboutthe talking while anduncertainty showed unease ofherrespondents that notes many Capussotti Europe. Eastern women from ofmigrant perception their about women Italian with interviews conducts Capussotti Enrica volume, this in essays the of one westward.In migrating Europe Eastern onwomen from et al.(2007) Passerini byLuisa conducted toastudy refer I observations, impressionistic more of some my illustrate but to project, my scopeof the outside is an analysis Such andmen. women migrant Ukrainian as well as women and men Italian includes study that a conduct to would have one engagement, of asymmetries these underlie status that and migrant gender ethnicity, of hierarchies into relationships these position To these relationships. determine to would seem that andemotions preferences beyondpersonal tomechanisms point them, for reasons the about opinions strong as as migrant’s well in these interactions, patterns Repeating see 5). chapter discussion onthis (formore awoman weakerthan would beeconomically they which in a relationship of a possibility equation the from excluding completely relationship, a in andcontribution attraction main the power tobe economic also perceived therefore, men, Ukrainian can. man Italian as an woman, anItalian oncourting money asmuch afford cannot man a migrant that answered unanimously almost men thought, of a lot it given had they As if of interest. the lack for reason sole as the considerations the financial indicated firmly questions similar asked have I whom men ofUkrainian majority The status. migrant of and limitations men, of care shouldtake a woman that high expectations women, and court to flirt ofskills lack men’s Ukrainian indicated women Ukrainian of majority the men, Ukrainian for fall donot women Italian why interviewees asked my I cases. When similar some other of heard only have and I woman, Italian an whodated Rome) in student University old (a25year oneman only Imet Italy stay in during my In fact, women. andItalian men Ukrainian the between wererelationships rarer Even them. for stoppedworking have they dinner after or coffee a for home at employers oftheir some used to visit they that mentioned women several though even abar, in a coffee gofor to friend female anItalian with meet they that indicated ever women the migrant None of wereover. relationships employment the after house tothe visits rare more even and acoffee for longer staying sometimes cleaning, of hours the during conversations to friendly belimited to out turned it friendship, their of details more for women Italian with friends are they whosaid women migrant asked I those When women. Italian 194 CEU eTD Collection account women still strive to be with a stronger, better-off partner. This indicates a certain This indicates partner. better-off a to be with strive stronger, still women account Angela’s In andlinking). romance simple (as opposedto role playmajor of modernity imagination and hierarchies gender development, whicheconomic in map aentire draws Angela south, and east the from women with easily” more love in “fall men Italian why explanation her in Thus, behind. whoa bit are men than Italian off better and West more who even men, are American like women Italian account, Angela’s why,in is That 2007:171). (Capussotti, off” better whoare those with go women we “so i.e. goal, one west under eastand women from all as sheunifies perspective her emancipated stepsbackfrom quickly Angela However, feminine. more women andAfrican EastEuropean makes on men, dependency women’s situation, desperate while the womanly, them less making beyond womanhood, almost women Italian taking is roles; emancipation ofgender andinflexibility stiffness tothe points categorization of kind This women.” free emancipated, who women, “too are Italian to as opposed women” “still eastthe are from Woman more. men adapt to to seek andthus situation desperate amore in emancipated, south areless eastand the women from emancipated, are Italy women from and south; east global ofthe gendered perceptions the reflect hierarchies Angela’s 2007:171) (Capussotti, anopen mind.” really have they woman, free are they emancipated, too are women man. Italian tothe more adjust They women? these poor to happens But what […] easily. more love fallin women they still where are women country a from come whohas women these one of meets anItalian When bitbehind. alittle has beenleft man Italian the while herself woman liberated Italian the women; the follow to beenable really haven’t men “Italian ofview. herpoint toexplain shecontinues as these views, internalizing from off nottoo shefar is superficial, women andabit to as across come unflattering might explanation her that analysis), daring she atherown (as laughs torealize seems Angela though Even 2007:171). (Capussotti [more laughter]” off better who are those gowith women so we circumstances, desperate more women whoarein the America, Central Europe, Eastern women love from men Italian while men, American like women Italian by own“So my calculations hierarchies: ofthe heranalysis with Shethenconcludes men.” American like really women “Italian while women”, foreign like men “Italian that comments, soldier an Italian of awife Angela, make. women choices romantic defining while hierarchies gendered such acutely particularly formulates interview (2007) Capussotti women Italian the ofOne experience. ofa lack or disparity, economic features, national of basis onthe isjudged migrants offemale behavior the andEuropeanness, emancipation education, to behavior their attribute women Italian while women; migrant and about themselves 195 CEU eTD Collection enter romantic or intimate relations as equals or as Italian women. Numerous limitations in terms in limitations Numerous women. Italian as or as equals relations intimate or romantic enter no to have chance women often migrant earlier, was Asit keys? discussed the hold men do these to whatexactly women, migrant keepers’ for ‘gate bethe appear to might thus men Italian While of sortbenefit. are always aboutsome that ofrelationships asystem in men byItalian thought something canoffer thatwomen is and women men between migrant difference only The Italy. in status migrant their through ‘nothing-to-give’ of the level to beenbrought have and women men both that asense,sheIn implies Olechka. “The citizen of this country,” i.e. a personwho i.e. this country,” of citizen “The andadvice. shea protection needs as an immigrant, Italy, wordsIn key here. are Italy” and “in men” “our Both status. migrants’ andbythe enterprise migration relationship of view Olechka’s by out are brought however, comments these judgmental of Both Italy?” youin give men “what can undertone: nationalistic bareastrong also but woman,- andadependant provider a male - i.e. relationship, of mode patriarchal normative only quite not andreflect Angela’s seems to echo comment Olechka’s andourwomen.” women their women, all adore they because you help to try men only are jealous, because they you, help to come don’t women [Italian] are now? we all where country this of citizens the besides ushere can help who nothing… like is Agirlfriend a‘girlfriend’? is What any help. herewithout arrive all youanadvice[…]We give packages, heavy you have if youaride give restaurants… everywhere… you he cantake man, AndanItalian Italy? you in give men can our[Ukrainian] “What son): a 13-year-old of mother a separated, (37, Olechka division. nationality and gender its ‘natural’ and how are, alliances such how important to me she Naples, explained woman in amigrant with Ihad discussions the informal oneof In networks. otherand social lacks well, orthe language know thecity not who woman does amigrant for easier incomparably can make life alocal with or acquaintance Afriendship support. of network informal animportant can provide who so women) (andless men Italian or not),itis sexual intimacy ornot, involving (romantic Italy in women establish Ukrainian that relationships of types various For relationships. these gained in is what into to look important is it andfeminine) caring aremore women Ukrainian that the fact to particularly males Italian of the interest andattributed asless womanly, women Italian perceive indeed migrants many (i.e. attractions of geography gendered echoAngela’s to seemed respondents ofmy many While global inequalities. by created aniche in a sensebut fill struggles, power notonly respondtothese women migrant Ukrainian sense, this In struggles. power economic and on gendered based are often relationships and intimate thatromantic is and indicates men andmigrant women Italian between relationships of infrequency the toadegree explains perspective This weakerthan men. inherently be should women which in models gender the reproduces it onmen; women of dependency 196 has rights in Italy is an only adequate partner for partner adequate isanonly Italy in rights our CEU eTD Collection process of emancipation developed during the migratory experience” (2009b:12). experience” migratory duringthe developed emancipation of process hides a that isanalibi rhetoric sacrifice The her decision. defend to order in canrise woman a justifications strongest the oneof is it because discourses, migrants’ many characterizes “Motherhood observes: (2009b) Vianello Italy, in district Veneto to migration female Ukrainian herworkon In children. their for life better a can secure that sacrifice their is migration therefore, and are mothers they that the fact byciting precisely choices their defend women migrant most other, on the ofmotherhood, ideal the of transgressors seenasthe are often women migrant onehand, on the sword; adouble-edge become hasalso motherhood women, migrant Ukrainian caseof the in However, migrate. to decision women’s by the already undermined is women, for andfulfillment role as aprimary ofmotherhood, trope very the discourse, public Ukrainian to According families. and their migrants onboth andshame suspicion and casting families transnational into strain bringing often inmigration, behavior women’s migrant observe vigorously andItaly Ukraine in pubic discourses earlier, was discussed As it 2010). al. et (Reznyk her Ukraine” herparents, her child, family, beher should her priorities and that [Ukr. protector a is woman a that forgotten have They duty. honor andfamilial dignity, their about have forgotten author] the [like women of these kind that sorry arevery “We it: wrote who atthemigrant/journalist aimed anaccusation closes with - to Italy, migration labor during encounters and intimate sexual the about - speaking 2010), (Hrodetska andsex” pizza “Mafia, articles of series the to response in written Bologna women in migrant from letter poignant A earn” to Italy to came “we money: and Motherhood plans? on future and their in Ukraine lives on their women give dothey perspective of kind What roles? andgender family their about themselves, about women teach experiences dothese What migration. through experienced is that self new the of theimagining in play relations andromantic such intimate what part and relationships such women in by migrant discovered onwhatis Ifocus section, last this in Therefore, suchencounters. in ‘uncontrolled’ and ‘unexpected’ of deal a great reveal interviewees ofmy andtestimonies accounts personal choices, and local’s determine migrants that and factors inequalities existing the about deal agreat canreveal hierarchies the understanding While hierarchies. existing in the part their play butto no have choice women orthatmigrant ofcalculation amatter areonly relationships such that does not mean this as I shownhave earlier, speaks.However, Angela interviewee, Capussotti’s which about situations” desperate those “more of cases create choices, their limit to women push papers andearnings legal on resources, dependence oflack status, of migrant 197 berehynya ] CEU eTD Collection with some Italian man he will allow me to help and support my children.” my and support help allow to me he will man Italian some with go andlive I if sure that not am I […] settled andthus get married will and 25) sons (28 my until it, won’tdo I But workso to hard. I don’thave so that me support whowould a man find maybe less, worked have Icould looks my with ageand In my differently. life my arrange to tried have could knowI “You priorities: “right” the setting continues, then Sveta herself. controlling of capable not is woman which the in disorder, mental asmadness, it describes fact She in her partner. with being awoman than for important would beless benefit economic which in feeling, emotional strong of possibility the discredits completely Sveta, actions, woman’s the of herjudgment In it.” enough with then, and ortwo, amonth for man ina interested am I freedom… my appreciate it…I and that’s problems common andour children, for my I live life! into my idiot Italian any ofsuchan to let not wisdom me gives God soam happythat I suchaman! with hell To her?! hasgotinto craziness of kind Love?! What this?!she is – there pays…What here or go they she pays, restaurants, go to They onher money. live pension andthey his entire saves “He her anymoney: give not who did man an Italian with hers, wholived of aboutafriend astory 53) told me (Sveta, women migrant the of one Thus, personal pleasure. of sake the for principles the all and neglected herself over control has any lost and in which woman as shameful aboutsuchrelations told stories heard I have occasions several Thus, on onewayor another. in materially these relationships from benefiting without men Italian with relationship in would engage who werethose Italy in women Ukrainian the most criticized and women), men (both respondents of my Among majority themselves. ofwomen and security project migration of as success as well home, at image public women’s families, transnational within peace the lies and justification emotions of managing as skilful aswell andperformances, allthese roles of balancing of on thesuccess is it argue that I families. transnational the within role andthe migration in experiences peacelived to andbring justify as to aswell roles ofthese performance successful toachieve required is workthat emotion andthe families and transnational Italy in relations both maintaining for necessary gender roles, of theperformativity is into am looking I What Italy. in relationships in engaging women face that dilemmas painful the or children their from ofseparation sacrifice lived women’s questioning or not denying am I In these cases, mother. a sacrificing of role idealized the performing still while Italy in relations sexual and romantic establishing negotiate women see how and mother’ ‘virtuous of mode ‘ideal’ the disrupting that practices the to Iturn families transnational in andpractices mothers migrant discussing of studies, migration in path, explored well the avoid To 198 CEU eTD Collection not eliminated instrumentalism. It has recast it into a new, commercial mold” (2003:25). Female (2003:25). mold” anew,commercial into it It hasrecast instrumentalism. eliminated not has patriarchy of decline “The reader, the warns life intimate of commercialization workon her in (2003), Hochschild emancipation. theexperienced for alibi provide to need and the motherhood, of instrumentalization i.e. chapter, this for issues important atthetwo hints also Vianello (2005b:119). motherhood-at-a-distance” transnational lived of “transgression the for compensate to utilized is ofmotherhood rhetoric traditional when a migration”, gender in of “contradiction Parrenas’ of core very ustothe brings discourses women’s in motherhood of role The her son. on anyonebut dependent become than intimacy andtheir men for paymoney to needs andprefers her meeting herself she is herbyanyone; to given arenot her opportunities Hermoney, one.” I canbuy workhard until will as she “I says this, in herownachievement She emphasizes buy. she can that fruit commodity, men asa of her vision topresent chooses her son.Nina but man any trust She cannot account. Stefa’s in disrupts and fear of alsoa shadow is there However, Stefa. for intimacy of perception new emancipatory the outin played are breadwinner ofthe privileges the genderroles, the of shift the say could that One one.” whencan get want one I I same, the Men are one. can buy asks me if Ilove him I tellhim that I treat men like a pineapple, if Iwant one,will I work hard untilI man my him. When love you man a show never should You son. my is man but mymain man, a “Ihave argument: similar a puts forward (53) woman,Nina migrant Another duties. motherly her of terms in it choosestoframe butSveta onaman, dependence economic general into falling of asafear children her for providing of tobeincapable fear phrase Sveta’s one could Similarly, woman. migrant a tough of and animage motherhood of discourse forwardboth putting mask to want they might that a meaning women, migrant for significance deeper andwithout soeffortlessly be happening not might engagements thoseintimate benefit, economic for relationships presented as even if that ahint is discrepancy This carefulness. her actual and present, to tries thatSveta an image between discrepancy a I seehere Thus, relationship. anintimate with when faced andindependence mind herfree maintain to able be will tobeunsurewhether she seems thus,Sveta an into income; turns intimacy who easily woman careless ofemancipated image the against togo seems dependency into offalling fear This them. for toprovide her ability restrict soasnotto carefully has tochoose andthus, children heradult towards responsibilities has she engagements; seekromantic tojust Sveta not allow does that a “stop-factor” is motherhood hand, other the On children. and her presents for home, money travel like benefits, additional provide remittances, andincrease expenses her reduce status,woman’s for stability more canprovide asit sucharelationship engagein to woman a justify can it In fact, men. Italian with arelationship in benefits material gaining for justification a is hand, it theone two on roles; play seems to tomotherhood reference Sveta’s analysis, my In 199 CEU eTD Collection including. Thus, while Italian men often accuse Ukrainian woman of being insincere andonly insincere being of woman Ukrainian accuse often men Italian while Thus, including. life personal life, ofmigration aspects many when women, about the asked of responses common ofthe most beone would children,” to our back and send money earn to Italy) here (in are “We excitement. or better life a for searching as opposed to family, their and the money of because have migrated they that remember isto toItaly applies which rule emotion The emotionally. motherhood but also emphasize that Italy is a to not is place Italy that emphasize also but motherhood of trope the evoke only to not seem womenofthe quoted all choices, their over reasoning While hurt.” get to afraid am I because heart, my reason than my I follow rather reason. Yes, your to to listen better still work…maybe its doesn’t but if them, harmonize to needs one think, I yourreason. with but heart your with not understanding you cana better get sometimes, heart…but to their to listen everyone would advice So I […] love. youachanceto give andto beloved to needed, special, really you to make day or one for you wants touse just ifsomeone is that desire, this of nature the whatis understand clearly you needto But you,whynot? someone wants If pride… their have to everyone to would recommend “I (47): Valentina Iquote point, this Concluding slim. very Ukraine to returning of herchances making even reputation, on awoman’s effect adevastating have might home, of place the in financially invest to remit, to theinability Thus Italy. in her relationship of success the to vulnerable very women make such dependence time, same the at but children, her needsof the neglecting interest, herpersonal whowoman a follows a dangerfor sense of a with told werealways These stories money. toearnandremit capacity their limiting hours, thus full work not could and afterwards them married even or men Italian with in whowomen moved of stories encountered research I my during times Several relations. intimate in unattached or less tostaymore as anexcuse serve It canalso life. and sexual new personal engagements, romantic of theopportunity for case,this orin emancipation, theexperienced - for (forthcoming), Vianello raised by –apoint aneededalibi, provide can prismofmotherhood the Thus, man. anItalian with aunion joinsin whole-heartedly a woman if be could lost, migration through gained independence –the concern selfish more somewhat and perhaps isadeeper, there her motherhood, on focuses also thoughNina Even testimony. Nina’s to levels bemore to seem there However, bythecare-worker. beused to aresource andexploited become andemployers the men but instrumentalized, become that women /care-workers not only mode, re-casting this In a resource. as image gender feminine highly their to return have to women other while 2003:27), (Hochschild gender paradigm unisex a male-tailored toenter women some allows it Thus, economies. privileged andless more from women between but andwomen men only between not divide the drawing gender roles, of ofinstrumentalism forms new these forward workbrings emotional and love care, commercialized demand for theglobal answers which ultimately migration, 200 fall inlove, fall or let yourself go yourself or let CEU eTD Collection of the labor Ukrainian women produce in the very intimate sphere of geriatric care-work, geriatric sphereof intimate the very in produce women Ukrainian the labor of nature The eachother. into spill constantly spheres as two illusory israther however division the that concludes Hochschild (2003:42). splitting” of egodefense the –asin other ofthe “not” the as negative, asa a foil, as used is image Each […] grounds. professional onthe people wejudge we say, the market, in And contrariwise, love. ofout we act “At home oneanother: to opposition in often and separated” “safely two spheres the keeping to 42), (2003: frontier” commodity our ideasabout from aboutfamily ourideas disassociate “we tendto life: indaily these attempts on comments Hochschild –money. ‘profane’ the from intimacy, relationships, emotions, - ‘sacred’ the todivide anattempt in clash andValentina Francesco example, above mentioned the In him?” from and benefiting him against was plotting she so whyhe think home, does money workand sendall just same, she dothe would herlife, himin have Ifshedidn’t anyofit? dowith to have does money What they were while together? him and emotions awayherlove him, give she love Didn’t hooker? as a body her sold she that hemean did And what work?! to toItaly shecome didn’t him told I heexpect?! did whatexactly “…Iaskedhim romance: his ofprevious interpretation Francesco’s by was appalled she recalls Valentina everywhere. herrides giving her, for andcleaning cooking was Francesco the meantime In household. to the anything contributing without home back was her he thenthat said He hooker.” as a her body, him sold only “she long so for together hadlived they though even that suggesting relationship, his previous about bitterly spokerather thatFrancesco recalls Valentina years. three for aUkrainian beendating agoFrancescohas time some that out turned It onthetable. lying Russian language, in aBible was saw she thing the first room, living the sheentered When place. Francesco’s stop byat agreedto Valentina couple, Ukrainian-Italian another with dinner the 60s).After early his (in nurse Francesco a hospital widower, aretired with went onadate three) of 47(widowed,amother Valentina, story. toValentina’s whatImeanrefer Toillustrate home. beat would they than differently constructed are roles whichgender 25) in 2003: (Hochschild mold” “commercialized migrant analternative, creates often thus migration spaceof The very decent” all are they Ukraine “in apart: Worlds self. migrant performed the rules of strict the to adjust to women causes migration in country-fellows the of control the vigilant while family,” the absence from physical their for compensate to as if gender, of performance their to“overact women pushes families transnational gender in of contradiction the that notes (2005) Parrenas duty. andmotherly mission their senseof the in it frame but material, the in interest deny their donot woman Ukrainian money, for them with staying badante , as the woman worked but she sent all her money sent all she worked but woman the , as 201 CEU eTD Collection Naples or divorced men? Ok, but anyways, we are not interested on what is there family there what is on notinterested we are anyways, but Ok, men? divorced or Naples in widowers somany are there asking, am And I buses. the to ourwomen accompanying men Italian arenumerous there that meaning there, standing cars Italian numerous are there that see will you Naples) (in ourbuses, goto ifyou Sunday, “Every life: ofa double arrangement simple asa across come bywhatcan seems tobeamused (47), Valentina interviewees, ofmy One independence. economic their bondandthrough offamily out stepping through achieved ofemancipation alevel andmaintain flexibility their increase to women allows roles gendered migration of regimes between these various how shifting the into looking by proceed will part I following the In borders. the across interests and familial personal their workout to women are trying while proverb, runsanothermigrant Italy,” stays in Italy happens in “What option. tobean seems this migration, of space the in Italy, in while family, their out help to just inUkraine takeupalover never would women as some two spaces, of serration acertain is there time, same At the the migrant. of family the to canbring these relationships that threat possible the or for benefits the of consideration aclose with taken isoften inItaly relationships intimate of stay outside or enter to decision Thus,the one another. of constitutive them mutually making two spaces, the linking home, at developed the values in lie often in migration failure or success aboutthe judgments objectives, migration above, discussed as Ihave interconnected; not are andmigration home spaces of the that mean This does not home. of space andthe migration space of the between separation aclear through only but Ukraine, in values of set the with peacefully coexist which can of values, anew paradigm often but upnew gendered roles, taking self, a new of construction the not only involves Italy in amigrant Becoming home. of space the and spaceofmigration the delineate clearly to able wereoften Iinterviewed women that migrant Ukraine, in a or mother married being still while Italy in established intimacies askedabout When herhome. to obligations her doesnotchange hasalover woman the that fact where the a paidwork, of a place is on contrary, the Italy, ofresponsibility. and apart unpaid is input workand emotional which her in home, a has already She engagements. familial space for not a is Italy that suggests Valentina sense, Inthis home.” money workand sendall just same, dothe she would herlife, him in have she didn’t “If home: Italy vs. i.e. divide, significant amore into moves andimmediately Valentina asks ofit,” any dowith to have does money “What a moment. brief only does itfor equation, ofthe out money take to bytrying woman the who defends Valentina (2003:43). relative” unpaid vs. employee as“paid division Hochschild’s highlighting used him, andin fact, home” her money she “sentall basis that on the loyalty ex-partner’s his questions Francesco above, example the In domain. and home the familial of commodification the surface very the to out brings households Italian in childrearing 202 CEU eTD Collection double-life, she herself is a widow of an Italian man, for whom she worked as a worked as she forwhom man, an Italian awidow is of she herself double-life, such needfor understand the tonot seems Valentina though Even all.” at understand don’t iswhatI This from? come ‘decency’ this would a sudden. Where of all ‘decent’ she is bus and onthe she gets andthen, that, arekissing andall and they heroff, guyisseeing and anItalian home leaving is woman buses…a atthe see usually what I Say, ‘donotdoanything’? mean they butwhatdo Italy’… in do anything don’t no, I say‘no, our women ofMany […] still status…but whom I met by chance on a train from Italy to Ukraine, contemplated how she has learnt to enjoy to learnt howshehas contemplated toUkraine, Italy from train ona by chance met I whom woman, the migrant of One spaceofmigration. the and home spaceof the for different be to seemed properandimproper is What values. ofmoral paradigms adifferent also but and home, of migration space the between that only not split, another seen yet have I suchIn responses, us.How divorce?” can I of toboth house that belongs inside is that and everything house together, that we built husband], her [with together lived We going divorce. am to not “I surprised: she looked divorce, to planed ifshe IaskedRaja When with her husband. together building which shestarted ahouse into money keeps investing andstill is Raja married Ukraine In sons toItaly. two adult her and inviting papers, with help whenneeded she especially around, Salvatore was have it to andsupport help a of how to much referred Raja interview inour times Several well. very him andknew Salvatore meet to chance hada they Naples; herin with same flat the in sons lived Raja’s of Both years. for beentogether have they whom with Salvatore partner Italian her older about ofrespect a lot andwith openly very spoke 9years some for Italy in lived who (47) has Raja interview, another In husband.”to say, my to Ukraine, returning still am butI anItalian with 5-7yearstogether can live I say, relations; your legalize to necessary it’snoteven […] Sometimes together. live simply people of alot So oncircumstances. depends and rarely quite happens that course, of but her, would marry an Italian if happy would be woman Let's say every […] relationship. see their to wasnice herup andit topick and hecame other, each love they But relationships. their legalize need to andshedoesn’t a flat, she bought hergoal, becauseshehas getmarried to wantshe doesn’t but inUkraine, center aregional in ashop boughttogether they man, an with Italian shethat lives herstory, me bus,andshetold the on a woman “Once, Imet to admire: she seems model therelationship discusses (47) Valentina example, following the In children. their for providing of rule the keep strictly asthey long as inUkraine, lives private their announcing of out choosetostay women that notuncommon is It backin Ukraine. village her in andattitudes gossip stir to not preferring these facts, of any herfamily to even revealed not has she then, since andwidowed married been has she though Even got married. they 203 badante before CEU eTD Collection who always helped her with advice, moral support and encouragement. Paradoxically, her Paradoxically, and encouragement. support moral advice, with her helped who always was Luca and it her, supportfor little very husband provided her ofmigration years the throughout hand, other Onthe herincome. to maximize presumably Luca, with her sonsandlived for money whereshe earned Italy, in her life husband, from her with Ukraine, in life her separate to preferred Olha onehand, the On such of relationships. and messiness thecomplexity reveals story Olha’s bedone. needed to when it but it wanted she when and not dishes, the make thehouse, clean to was herduty it as that knew she place, his at home at felt sheshe never said However, herfamily. help to able tobe order 4jobsin working her and did not mind himself” herto not“chain he did was that Olha for was important more What money. occasionally, and, advice support, moral with her helped who always wise man generous and kind, a he is very that Luca shecommented About home. send then shecould which money more save and thus free, for stay there shecould because Luca with living started only she that commented Olha - her, cookedfor often shops, Luca andtocoffee walks Lucafor accompanied often -Olha relationship fulfilling asquite me to looked herLuca with life Olha’s visit, my during though, even time, same the sons. At unemployed) (but andmarried adult hertwo for buy flats to beable orderto in time same the at 4 jobs worked she bythen, years afew for man anItalian with Italy in lived she had if even clear; absolutely was priorities set of her Olha, For this.” did notexpect I me, blow for was a such It divorce? to inlove…but fallen have hemight woman; this have met he might Ok, divorce. he suggested when “I wasshocked her: todivorce wanted husband her that discover to went home back Olha inItaly, 5-6years after Meanwhile, Olha. than older 20years some who is son(Luca), signora’s with living houseandstarted the in remain to a decision Olha made years, of acouple after a –in oflive upa job agoandpicked years 8 Italy in (49)arrived Olha example, thefollowing In transformations. suchshare not ordo behind fall naturally Ukraine in husbands women’s and soclear, always arenot those borders However, to intersect. do nothave that realities ownparallel their in exist andItaly Ukraine of worlds and the two rules, ofsetthe adifferent spacewith different a is it different; is it quote, the to according In Italy, places. different in ofnorms register different she does not associate her shift in moral judgment with the fact that fact the with judgment moral in shift her associate not she does Thus, beautiful.” and “nice is it Italy, in but self, own her for thing ashameful is it Ukraine in Italy; in alover having than different is Ukraine in alover howhaving indicates thewoman statement, short this In to meet.” have don’t These things Italy. itis and Italy, in in Ukraine, He is husband. my My husband is beautiful. and so nice anditis a and Ihave lover, later, a years few just Italy, in am, here I But disgust. with face their in would spit I a lover, have will I that Ukraine agoin years a few me tell would someone “If brings: andItaly Ukraine in life of separation the which liberty the badante 204 for an elderly signora. When the signora died signora the When signora. anelderly for she has changed but with has changed but CEU eTD Collection every year the hope is getting smaller and smaller. And here they are... in the mid 40s,andthen, the mid in are... Andthey here smaller. and smaller getting hope is year the every but waiting it, for waiting she is So eyes. their in such ahope have happiness… many real find can here they if opportunities…as of endless aland it’s asif of miracles… as to the field if Italy] come here [to “Women 3years now comments: Italyfor in wholives single) Lida (37, or “fortune.” ‘luck’ not asareal but was seenasadmirable, goals andachieving hardwork work;’ hard through it ‘making of terms in framed was rarely migration in ‘success’ conducted, have I theinterviews In chapter. the of part final this in be discussed will brings transformation this andwhatexactly occur transformation magic the can what circumstances under So, a princess. of toalevel rise to opportunities women migrants’ in role animportant plays ‘prince’ story, toCinderella’s Similarly andamother. wife a already is where houses there in the a servant of position into inUkraine wives and ofmothers position their down stepping from while experience women Ukrainian which downwardthe mobility symbolically echoes step-mother byher downgrading Cinderella’s prince. the and marrying her meeting dueto only happens which princess intoa a servant from transformation hertimely is there then and aservant, to Cinderella andbeautiful a worthy of reducing adeliberate is there migration: their during experience women Ukrainian stages the that of some echo which transformations, of anumber involves story Cinderella’s Thus, to Italy. migration women’s Ukrainian in story’ a ‘success of the metaphor at a look closer us tohave suggests comparison this of persistence the very However, title. same has the that Theatre Drama a Volyn of play alsoatheatre is there Cinderellas; of city a as Naples to referred Timoshenko Yulia Minister Prime Ukrainian the then Italy, to Ukrainian migration of situation on contemporary the a 2006documentary In Cinderella. to Italy in women migrant Ukrainian compare to acliché become hasalready it away, In inmigration? discovered is what choices: tough Cinderella’s is the official divorce at home that seems to shatter Olha’s sense of fulfillment. it But 8 years. last the for incommunication reciprocity limited hadvery they whom with husband a and sons shehas home, At would athome. as they thesame value have cannot relationship personal and her mother, amigrant Italysheis in Italy; in relationship hersupportive enjoy herself letting her from and prevents most Olha disturbs that andmigration home of misplacement the is it this that from I conclude herfamily. butfor athome performed would have she workthat a and shefelt Olha, for value same the have not did man anItalian with relations full andquite supportive meaningful, the time, same the At home. at her life of crash the symbolized away it shock;in asamajor home at divorce saw Olha her woman, another with love in herhusbandbeing notmind did Olha while However, nominal. simply which became herhusband with therelationship than emotionally meaningful more much is Olha, for decision economic wasan which presumably Luca, with relationship badante in his house, where she needed to perform the same the perform to shewhere hisneeded house, in 205 CEU eTD Collection quoted earlier, the earlier, quoted ”TheBoom,” thearticle In age. thesocial in shift the is toItaly migration in experience women age. ofthe social Transformation workout. story to her make toughchoices make has to Cinderella each theend, In hopes. sustain ‘success stories’ of migration potentials the while harder, decisions the make and guilt burdens as internalized the well as andItalians fellows country eye of a watchful difficulties, migration of experiences the lived anew.However, all start achanceto is migration Ultimately, circumstances. and various responsibilities obligations, to due end thedead tobein seemed otherwise that and life, self of those aspects transform to else, someone becoming for a chance quest, anindividual also but problems, economic for a solution notonly is thus, Migration, and housework. labor unrecognized exhausting life-styles, monotonous depressing conditions, family unsatisfying the ofescape from that i.e. migration; for triggers discussed less opensupamuch enterprise of migration potentiality This on their way home from the Ukrainian bazaar. (Spring 2008). Ukrainian couriersas parking inNaples.lot Ukrainian women drinking coffee an Italianwith man on Sunday Figure 32.Corso Arnaldo Lucci, astreet leading from Garibaldi train station to ViaBrin,used bythe life. personal especially life, whole the of transformations unpredicted some for a chance a possibility, but enterprise, financial asa only not imagined sense,migration Inthis home. from get hope to which shecannot support, for craving and vulnerable, lonely hopeful, woman is Lida’s migrant start. a newbetter get to ifnothope, achance, with migration into awoman asstepping she portrays through men; profit thebest for searching woman shrewd East-European a notofresourceful shepaints is picture the However, story. asuccess into migration can turn that such transformation of apart is man’ ‘right the comment Lida’s girl.” alittle like melts, simply she her, to paysattention some man if In Ukraine, this is the age at which many of my respondents who were already grandmothers with grandmothers whowerealready respondents ofmy which ageat many the is this Ukraine, In giovanissima (extremely young) (extremely One of the most notable transformations that Ukrainian that transformations ofthe most One notable 206 badante was a 44-year-old Romanian woman. Romanian was a 44-year-old CEU eTD Collection that these women in their 50 get so 50get their in these women that so already, much beenobserving have I hewants.[…] doanything to canafford man an older only more… afford can opportunities…they more have also here men older But her. than older is who aman with gettogether only will anew family…she not start will she 50.Because like more but not 40, even young, not so are who chances more have women those only relationships, intimate the “asto (37), Olechka level; onanother also significance have major to Age seem inthefamily. andobligations duties daily their grandmothers, as role and social familial their women due to the closed for is Ukraine which in door, opens a unexpectedly men Italian from attention andidealized, romanticized strongly though Even the life. throughout granted them thatlife and chances infamily, roles their self; women’s of a re-evaluation thorough to lead often adulterous and asvulgar dismissed often are discourse public which in relationships, These new men. the local from receive women migrant attention the to linked strongly thus, are, self new Age and younger. look andeven attractive more feel women migrant ofmaking as apart clichécomments, with if even men, Italian quotes therefore Olechka see?” better…You you feel 43 of kind some work…and youhave your of out step here…you dependency…but of stress work, this this over ourselves killing we are Italy] [in no? Here soul, your of a mirror is face beauty…the and health effects this of gray existence…all faces, dead there…gray arejust People nobody. worse than are you money without but arenobody, you with money money…even without nobody you are someone…There, or something in relief acertain is there here, somehow, but weworkhard, although Here, dead, gray. is everyone at home… support no moral is shock…there of state some in is home everyone at situation, economical climate, all of this…first for reason worse…the and older look they athome, me youngerthen people even say that wantto I fact, surgery…In this with me on bothering she kept know whybut don’t I better!’ much so ‘Youlook She said [laughs] surgery! hadplastic have I if askedme along time for knew me who neighbors the of “One confirmed: enthusiastically she her, has changed Italy that thought Ukraine in back her neighbors if comment 37)to (Olechka, my interviewees of asked one I When adventures. andromantic clubs, walks, enjoying for andyoungenough attractive a woman of position the to Ukraine, in woman andanaged a grandmother, of role the from shifting themselves find they which through women, Ukrainian many for machine atime creates border a crossing a sense, In child. thefirst agefor 40 canbethe Italy, in while two grandchildren, even one or Schifoso schifoso It.– disgusting, good for nothing 43 Italian, who tells you who tells Italian, ‘bella’ fortunate and bla bla, …and even if he is lying or not lying, but lying, ornot lying he is if …and even bla, bla and … but we are (in our 20s, -30s), we areabandoned, our20s,-30s), … webut are (in 207 CEU eTD Collection older women, joking that they all dye their hair blond to attract more Italians, and when women and when Italians, more blond attract to hair all dyetheir they that joking women, older the of fun make to 20s)tend (intheir men Ukrainian Younger pizza. of oraslice coffee a cupof just for even men by Italian up tobepicked waiting Naples of station train Garibaldi stand on who women about confirmation) anyfactual to find was able not personally which I (for stories of full genre is legends’ ‘urbanhorror The in Italy. behavior women’s Ukrainian the of derogatory spoke interviewed, have I that Italy in men young Ukrainian of and majority women, migrant Ukrainian men Ukrainian vs. men Italian us.” permits as long asourhealth Italy in are staying “We situation: their summarized thus Italy in have met I whom women Many families. their dependent from economically be will while alittle but in family, the to income stop bringing notonly will as they vulnerable, be even more will position their ajob them. without Without who living used got families the to absence, of years a few quite after usually home, return they either i.e. choices; limited with presented are They Italy. asin money thesame notfor anddefinitely employment get to able be hardly will they Ukraine, to return they when 40s-50s, whothat late know their in women the are inItaly positions their to most cling whoto seem migrants ofUkrainian category the Indeed, like trash.” out, them throw just And you a person! from learn even when onecan time that isexactly years 40 care. children andyoung children little the from free usually is person and this experience… suchan potential, sucha whohas isaperson it old years him…40 told AndI categories? those into fit I don’t whatif that him told I by heart. learnt he has that questions reciting you know, asif programmed, 18.Hewas if as just whowas probably byayoungman interviewed Iwas Iwent to that this one place “In experience: pain abouther extreme with speaks Nadia goods shop. small a runs husband where her anearbyvillage, in sales assistant of position the to herself confine to andhad to her profession related ajob notfind could programmer a computer of degree a has who now, Nadia, 40s.Until their in people nothire did for sheapplied companies the that basis the on was refused but interviews job of couple a wentto even and jobs various for applied Nadia return, After Ukraine. in brought Revolution Orange hope that of wave 2006 onthe Ukraine in to to return decided inBologna, 3years spending after Ukraine), to return (43 uponher Nadia life. professional for also but sphere private the for only not true age holds social in A shift success. of their evaluation and expectations relations, of the choice determine often that hierarchies important form status gender andmigrant age, quote again, this In marriage.” and official support limitless both get theycan there work they for, someone whomwith lucky, thosewomen whoget are50 Only lovers. their become to guys,only married some can weOnly date? whom nosupport… have . As it was discussed in the first part of this chapter, many this chapter, of part first the in As itwasdiscussed . 208 CEU eTD Collection simply exist.” I home at back Ilive, “In Italy andItaly: aboutUkraine on herfeelings nowcomments years afew for man Italian anold carefor shewhere provides a flat way of hall tiny ina inItaly lives money, herItalian with she bought which a flat has Ukraine (53)whoin Inna Thus, migration. in experience women that difference, experiential individual, personal, the migrants, by many omitted usually that is migration benefit from the admits Valentina statement self-reflective her In mine.” even its so, but to me, so alien feels It rising… dark something magical, something feel I seaside, the along walking am I Sea…When Black the been to have I life my in once sea,only the to next lived never have I sea…and the of because somuch me attracts Naples that think also I And age. insuchan this to find expected not women have Alotof special. you know howtomake youreyes, into how to look court, to know how [men] Italians And here, and children. and household, Work, Ukraine? in see they whatdo “But replies: sheimmediately Italy women like why doUkrainian 3 children) of mother widow,a (47, Valentina ask when I Thus, Ukraine. in werefacing women that perspectives anddull ofopportunities lack with sharply contrast ofthese experiences Some precious. more beautiful, more feel to helped them that an experience easiness, certain experience they suggested women both where a place, lover, a great of myths romantic the of place isa Here Italy money. remit and earn to place asa only not features Italy these quotes, of both In women melted.” our course Of you. for culture you… Hereis for difference the Here is out. it bring to how know shehas,they that trait onesingle that whatever shehas, whatever woman a in know emphasize they to how was Italy, Casanova from Giacomo wondering? And whyareyou difference? the …Doyou feel ass!’ fat that ‘Look at say: they but place same stare the boys they and say:‘ onespot[buttocks] atthis allstaring theyare Italians of passing byagroup Iam When Italians… with ourguys compare “Just to andItaly: Ukraine in women to attention demonstrate to approach in difference on the comments also single) (37, Lida wentabroad.” when I crippled not Ifelt life my in time first the For men. these with hell big’….to too is ass ‘your straight’, not are legs ‘Your get? do they And what eyes. their in somehow attractive least at look to our men, attract somehow endsto wits their goto they poor things, women], [Ukrainian they But hookers. like look our women all that say “They a one-year-old) of mother married, Lena (29, so generously: out dole men that Italian attention the of meaning aboutthe ownthoughts their hear bella they already think that they are young and beautiful. However, women seem to have to seem women However, beautiful. youngand are they that think already they 209 Che bella !’ andwhenpass byour I !’ CEU eTD Collection house?!” In my analysis, these passionate testimonies speak not only of the discrepancy ofthe discrepancy ofthe only speak not testimonies these passionate analysis, Inmy house?!” or pants apair have to Just what for? And across. you are carrying as is if it Italy, in here, But somehowso noticeable. wasn’t it InUkraine, home made. special, something time every but anything, just not and and bake, cook time the youall home at another, to one house from clean the evening and on the week-ends - week-ends varenyky! andonthe evening the in dinner work, to him with to take food breakfast, him you cook man: aUkrainian tohave means iswhatit herself…This complaining already she is youknow, but her anything, tell wantto didn’t I andeven though man a Ukrainian got herself here ofmine afriend Recently why.now see I And the time. all kitchen I was the in me that used tell to allmy friends [in Italy] man Ukrainian Iwasmy with cook. When men Italian all a small fact; “Even (47) Vera problematic. remain Italy in even gender roles, of transformation actual change into these internal of translation the However, roles. family their in priorities re-think to seem women Ukrainian them, whohire women Italian of examples andemancipatory men ofItalian them) about (orimagination attitudes both by Inspired doll.” as shea porcelain is if her, treats boyfriend her how see You should man. anItalian have to better it’s her for that know I but son-in-law aUkrainian have to like I’d Of course, daughter. my Even for Ukrainians! No more man. an Italian only has tobe it life, my in be aman there will if that know, now I No, versa. andnotvice woman the of care take to whoneeds man a andit’s fragile, and priceless is woman A things. heavy carrying a not for awoman is mule that here,how beawoman to I’ve learnt myself… for price knowa have to I that me taught It alot. has changed me “Italy (47): Vera perspective. in roles and familiar gender experiences, previous the set and behavior women’s in transformation certain trigger canboth, experience Such motion. set is in perception subjective women’s where place a into interest zone ofaneconomic from a ofmigration theplace transforms These experiences, Italy. anolder widowerin up marrying Han’ka ends thetheatrical Valentina, like relations; romantic of hopesandexpectations upontheir given whomaybe women, have the to non-expecting generously offers Italy that “package” ofthe part a are men response, Valentina’s in and like theNaples, for her attraction of acknowledgement Valentina’s echoes quote This eats kiwi!” Han’ka, And now, me, night! till morning workfrom hard work, and toweed, roots beat of andanendless row Justafield life? my seen in I have What sea!the swims in Han’ka, Me, kiwi! Han’ka, eats me, “Canyou imagine, ofsentimentalism: lack her Han’ka justifies Maria. play, the of character main the with together fate her migrant lament sad and tofeel refuses Han’ka, characters, comic ofthe One 2006. in theatre staged byVolyny 45 44 play ofatheatre echoaprotagonist to seem These accounts Meaning just aman. Dumplings stuffed with potatoes, cheese cabbage.or 210 44 And there you go, after work, after running to running after work, after go, Andthereyou Naples, the city ofCinderellas city Naples, the 45 inthe , CEU eTD Collection However, as time pass disappointment also creeps in and many women realize that Italian men’s thatItalian realize women and many in creeps also as time pass disappointment However, world. this of behers,andshecan beapart kingdom can ofallhis prince, theright meet to manages she only if tale, fairy aCinderella Like in migration. in a woman of transformation oflife- potential idealized that to contribute these factors all of children, andespecially families totheir Italians of dedication the idealized men, ofItalian behavior andflattering Flirtatious privileges. family the ofItalian outside aposition to woman migrant a reduces and thus, women, Italian for available control and legal social of mechanisms the herof deprives system same value the herfrom excludes status her migrant feel, might she emancipated and how liberated no matter Italy, in home; at it would do she if as relationships the enter to expect she cannot Italy, stays in woman migrant a howlong no matter that reminds comment Daryna’s Again, upeverything.” pick ourwomen up. And pick women ones our the that are they in fact, scum of sorts noall pants, no money, have who and those women, their about care good Italians All Italians. hate “I comments: (53) Daryna lover. occasionally worker and a domestic of position a to bereduced and thebackground in tostay have always would she or life, family the Italian of stronghold woman the in a migrant for place a there is there whether of doubts actual and bitterness of feeling mixed a expressed have women many However, baby.” approach the to side even which know from don’t men Our hopes!empty But suchapicture! taking Always arms.of dreamed his ourbabyin with husband see my to much sowanted always …I am melting I heads, on their babies their and carry strollers, the andpush babies, their with walk Italy herein Iseehow men “When (47): Valentina alesserdegree. in demonstrate to seem men which Ukrainian symbols, family, with the andinvolvement dedication of symbols it read in and public in behavior men’s Italian observe women Ukrainian that the fact of butrather families with their men Italian of engagement oflevel real the speak of doesnotthought admiration women’s Ukrainian share. women Ukrainian that values ofthe familial heart very tothe speaks it that indicates it, of evaluation positive unanimously and the feature, this mentioned women Ukrainian which with The frequency families. their to anddedicated engaged with much more are Italian that women Ukrainian among belief astrong is men Italian of advantages the main of One roles. actual in shift the into translated sonot easily but themselves, women within happening is shift the but roles, and a home familial of ideals whatare the andwoman, man beacaring to whatit is ofwhatthese roles evaluation women migrants’ the of rather but andItaly, Ukraine in families in up take men the roles should be. Through their migration, women seem to to reconsider women seem migration, their Through be. 211 CEU eTD Collection of most sincere involvements and discoveries that run parallel with cases of clear calculations clear with cases of parallel thatrun anddiscoveries involvements sincere of most a mixture workpresent inmy stories ofmigration most However, sexuality. over control and purity about discourses national rigid in framed is often Italy to women Ukrainian assuchof Migration fields. social migrants’ within them negotiate actors the which with means and various hierarchies gender andage national, ofthe grip onthe Ireflected migration, in established relationships the in andexploitation dependencies of themechanisms forward Bringing roles. familial and gender experiences, previous of re-evaluation migrants’ and capture new subjectivities of formation the bring forward to sought I children their for benefit economic about the exclusively whoare concerned mothers of trope the through project migration portraying from away Stepping Italy. in women Ukrainian of ofidentifications regimes shifting and experiences migration lived the of complexity the andexplore mother’ a ‘migrant of image gobeyondthe to tried I chapter this In lastlove.” his me always called He tenderness. and the dress,flowers, sea,the bythe moments those romantic wedding, that me Healsogave him… now after I receive that pension 600 EURof and and papers status, legal that he me gave only not ofPasquale… think sometime I Nowadays, death. his for me would blame know they I because when died, he here Iwasn’t that mercy God’s was it that children, his told I on Later much longer. stay for he won’t heknew that a feeling have I sadly? a bit at me, a distance? Howhesmiles akiss me from you seehow he blows here, “Look andcomments: recording the in for was looking thespotshe finds Valentina death. Pasquale’s a about message received weeksandwhereshe three where stayed for to she Ukraine, home went Valentina thewedding, after then ayear In less distance. the of readbecause to impossible whose are women, of gazes Slavic full stop is nearestbus The wedding. the at stare openly whostop and passers by, people, of groups notice thesea,onecan back to its turns camera the when Sometimes, kiss. and hug ocean, the by hand hand in walk They insuit. smartly dressed is andPasquale flowers She holds boats. seaand the fishing of background the against dress, long herbaby-blue happy in shevery looks seethat still can I me, for fast-forwards Valentina OnDVDwhich del’Uovo. Castel to next sea, the 2005by spring in wedding, filmed her a DVDof me showing on insisted she Naples, in Valentina stayed with I When lady. acleaning workas to shewhom used for Pasquale, man a 70yearold to time; thethird for got married Valentina Italy son.In their hasbought for which Valentine the flat from gasandwater pipes andeven furniture andkeepsstealing alcoholic hasturned Ukraineherex-husband In agrandmother. become she has year andlast three of shea mother is twice; Ukraine in was divorced (47) Valentina Afterword. law. and Italian society the Italian of pressure bythe protected migrants, Ukrainian unlike are, who women, Italian onlyfor is dedication 212 CEU eTD Collection one’s own position in relations. these complex in ownposition one’s and roles and family gender past experiences, of tore-evaluation leads that ajourney becomes enterprise, economic of terms in presented often though even thus, Migration, life. migration of aspects various to attitude andright feeling right the maintaining goes into emotion workof deal A great exploitations. of forms and opinion various pubic the of pressure the from themselves protect themselves, strong about feel families, transnational the in keep harmony integrity, personal maintain earnings, maximize to them which enables andidentification, performativity of regimes various between shift daily women ishow observe, we can what Instead, nor demons. victims neither are women migrant media, the in presented often is wayit the Unlike and abuses. 213 CEU eTD Collection of migrant transnationalism,” Carling defines them as migrants’ differentiated positioning vis-à-vis positioning differentiated as migrants’ them defines Carling transnationalism,” migrant of dynamics human “The work, his in transnationalism of to moralities Referring 2003). (Hochshield dichotomous pair but rather see the continuation within them and their transformation. dichotomy orthe opposition of these accounts.in dissertationmigrants’ do notuse terms my In asa Ithem 46 are the new rise to continuities and give coherence acquire which ruptures in theprocesses toanalyze me help that keyconcepts The andperformativities. identities ofmoralities, spaces separated these within andsignificance buildnew meanings Migrants ofcontinuities. terms in redefined and of sense made be to need moralities and expectations obligations, of modes differentiated inthese migrants positioning through are emerging that ruptures The regimes. these two in migrants positioning of dissonances the resolve however donot and home migration of actors and spaces various with engagements simultaneous migrants’ from which emerge fields social Transnational care-giver. anda awoman ofaforeigner, experience the lived system, legislative Italian the of andobstacles limitations structural public, Italian the gazeof scrutinizing the discourses, public and political ofUkrainian attitude behind, thescornful by those left on migrants put expectations soaring high the dissonance of the to, are notlimited but include, They Ukraine. and betweenItaly positioning migrants’ in asdissonances ruptures to I refer Significantly, biographies. and familial professional personal, changes in of interms abrupt only here not Ruptures feature ruptures andcontinuities. of framework conceptual the to referring by migration in coherence andnewly found discontinuities issue of the addressed Ihave dissertation this In “migration.” and “home” of places to relation in position their explain and into migration departure their “after” and “before” the life together bring could that coherence need for larger the to pointed narratives migrants’ analysis, my In and trajectories? contexts such diverse among experience migration the of andvisions judgments perceptions, of similarities for how account to i.e. fieldwork, my of puzzle the soon became me, in researcher the was irritating that way,” “same anonymous The else.” way everyone same as the in to Italy came aphrase“I with stories their start would even interviewees Mostofmy terms. key familiar in was retelling hadseenand everyone show that was aTV it asif line ofmigration plot similar a follow often would trajectories migration dynamic and Italy stay in of lengths different backgrounds, varied the most from bywomen narratives how the noticing help not could 2007-2008I in Italy in interviews life-story conducting While migration’ ‘motherly beyond migration female the of understanding Expanding 9. Conclusions: Chapter I use the terms ofthe perceived reflect“before” and“after” ,“home migration of to use terms I the and migration” 46 moralities of transnationalism of moralities 214 (Carling) and (Carling) emotion work emotion CEU eTD Collection spaces, thus reshaping socio-scapes of Italian cities (chapter 7) and how women enter new enter and how 7) women (chapter cities Italian of socio-scapes thus reshaping spaces, public Italian re-appropriate how migrants 6), (chapter self the of reinvention trigger care-work of regimes how intense into look chapters empirical my of mothering, practice the to related directly experiences the to dissertation my tolimit wanting Not in migration. experiences emancipatory often women’s both obscures and diminishes often motherhood Therefore discourses. state orthenationalistic families their within discussion for nospace find usually spheres other these within experiences lived Their lives. women’s in spheres other in many and dissonances ruptures multiple unveils as often a trope motherhood done.However, workis emotions the of most that motherhood around is it Italy, to migration female Ukrainian of case the In interactions. and relations practices, outside situational one; thetropedoesnotexist ananalytical only is however distinction Such practice. asituational as motherhood and atrope as motherhood between distinction analytical the introduce I these negotiations of dynamics the analyze To andin migration. home at both decisions the justifying trope, organizing acentral becomes motherhood circumstances under such how shows work My work regimes. strenuous and constrains financial distance, geographical of underconditions redefine to have they which a distance, from mothering andtheir discourses public Ukrainian blaming the under families their from departure their between coherence find have to women migrant which in processes the capturing goodwayof a particularly mechanism this 2003).I find (Hochschield conviction upon this and act then situation the of rightness the of oneself convince to order in feeling own one’s workdone on deepreflexive workas emotion refer to I social fileds, transnational the in position their from simultaneously them on with and carry betweenthem toshift ability the roles, these multiple of accommodation the capture To andidentifications. ofperformativity regimes between shift themselves, toredefine allow migrants that two in places mode differentiated the denote to concept this employ I i.e. research, my in level different ona also function transnationalism of 3and5). (chapter generations across andspills time changes in as it project migration the reinvent that andnegotiations silences flows, tensions, the allows seeing transnationalism of moralities within members andnon-migrating migrating positioning to importance Equal families. the within intimacy gaps in the enhancing family, their to women migrating from care of flow unidirectional the intensifying debt, a moral of aposition into by default almost them homes puts their who leave women of as mothers 4and8,positioning chapters in demonstrate As I wives. and ofmothers migration migration, female casesof the for true particularly stands This versa. not vice and who stayed those supporting money, remitting touch, in keeping in and financially emotionally toinvest obligation their it makes which stay behind who those towards “debt” acertain carry argues Carling, whomigrate, Those behind. stayed who those 215 Moralities CEU eTD Collection 2004; Hochschild 2003b; Ehrenreich and Hochschild 2004b) and cope with its consequences. its 2004b) with andcope andHochschild Ehrenreich 2003b; Hochschild 2004; (Morokvasic force workthe of the flexibilization of promises the to respond how they of picture awider give may market labor inthe global shifts the to react settings different in migration such andsustain trigger that families such extended which in theways into Looking careers. professional of and new forms gendered expectations oflife-cycles, apart migration making across globe, the activities economic intransnational families extended involve that processes and practices transnational dynamic the of research needfor more the emphasizing by conclude captured by terms like terms by captured be canhardly across borders andspendingmoney earning thatinvolve practices changing and quickly situational highly The diverse, politicals. and economics in turbulence Ukrainian the and labor disposable andeasily feminized ofdemand flexible, global the to sensitive process changing andquickly adynamic hasbeen Italy to migration Ukrainian 15years over For absence. their for tocompensate orattempts remittances their through roles gendered familial normative reaffirming in role women’s migrant neglecting and atadistance ofmothering pain suppressed andoften experienced the downplaying empowerment, women’s exaggerate tends to obligations and familial norms gender women from effect liberating emancipatory migration’s on which focuses the literature other, On the out. acted and are prominent more become identities migrants’ whenother life migrants’ of those aspects thus neglecting motherhood, of importance situational shifting the obscure to tends such ties, of strength the on capturing job athorough doing while relations, on mother-child focuses that literature migration the hand, one the On Italy. to women Ukrainian of those like projects migration out andcarrying organizing imagining, in motherhood of role the dynamic capturing in dissertation my of contribution see the I and “migration”. “home” of places the between position migrants ofthe liminality sense of making accusations, off bouncing choices, structuring spheres, these all in works motherhood see how to also but families) transnational of outside relations intimate establishing or migration spacesin the experiences labor, (like experiences, of a variety from migration explore to only not me allowed family the outside spheres into Looking 8). 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