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Beyond Motherhood

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Beyond Motherhood BEYOND MOTHERHOOD: UKRAINIAN FEMALE LABOR MIGRATION TO ITALY By Olena Fedyuk Submitted to Central European University Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Professor Ayúe Ça÷lar Professor Prem Kumar Rajaram CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2011 Statement I hereby state that the thesis contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions. The thesis contains no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgment is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Budapest, May 31, 2011 CEU eTD Collection 2 Abstract Conceptualizing contemporary labor migration from Ukraine as a form of transnational, cross- generational familial project, this dissertation looks into the shifting practices of Ukrainian women’s migration to Italy and asks what kinds of ruptures, coping mechanisms and continuities were triggered and emerged in response to this transnational, feminized migration. Drawing on the fieldwork conducted among Ukrainian care- and domestic workers in Bologna and Naples, my research has indicated the centrality of motherhood in such familial migration projects led by women. To bring out dynamic role of motherhood in imagining, strategizing and carrying migration I introduce an analytical distinction between motherhood as a trope and motherhood as a situational practice. Such distinction between the two allows me to address the very mechanism of justifying, making sense of and dealing with the unequally distributed responsibilities within migrants transnational social fields, and to capture the emotion work and negotiations that shape these fields and the power struggles within them. Though motherhood has been addressed extensively in transnational literature dealing with migration of women from the global South to the global North, neither the studies which analyze Ukrainian migration to Italy under motherhood as trope nor those which analyze through the lens of motherhood as experience are able to capture the multifaceted dynamics of shifting of meanings and practices that allow women to deal with prolonged absences and resist blaming discourses of both Italian and Ukrainian states that often surround female mobility. Shifting within their positions in transnational social fields between the modes of motherhood at home and in migration, women learn to engage in a variety of economic social and intimate relationships and turn migration into a beneficial project worth undertaking. Seeing how motherhood as an idealized trope is translated into the situational practices not only at the intersection of migration and family, but also at the the site where migration brings rupture into women’s professional and personal lives this dissertation explores how women daily shift between various regimes of performativity and identification, which enables them to maximize earnings, maintain personal integrity, keep ties within the transnational families, feel strong about themselves, protect themselves from the CEU eTD Collection pressure of the pubic opinion and various forms of exploitations. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to say thank you to the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, CEU and especially to my supervisors Ayúe Ça÷lar and Prem Kumar Rajaram for believing in my project and helping me to shape my ideas, inspirations, indignations and puzzles into an academic work. Within the department, I want to specially thank Vlad Naumescu for his insightful comments on various stages of this dissertation. I want to thank Andreas Dafinger for his help with the chapter on migrants’ embodied geographies, Balazs Vedres for picking up the first writing up seminar in this department, and all the participants of this seminar. Special thanks go to Dan Rabinowitz, who against all technological odds, carried on with the seminar in the most constructive way. Finally, this dissertation would never happen without a group of wonderful people, my co-fighters in this department Elisabeth Schober, Anca Simionca, Neda Deneva, Gabor Halmai, Alexandra Szoke and Luisa Steur, who, despite their own work and pressures, have read and commented on my countless drafts, encouraged and criticized my work and went with me though some of the hardest and the happiest times in these last five years. Special gratitude and thanks go to Marie Curie SocAnth Doctoral Fellowship Program and, especially to Michael Stewart, for not only making my research possible through the generous financial support and numerous trainings, but for creating a functioning network that was a source of inspiration and support for all these years. My special thanks go to Frances Pine, for her unflagging interest in this project and her most generous encouragements. I wanted to thank people in Max Planck Institute in Halle, Goldsmith University of London and Astra Films in Sibiu, as well as to all Marie Curie SocAnth fellows scattered all around the world and to wish them the best of luck in their endeavors. I also want to thank people who at various stages have helped me with their comments and editing of my texts: Eszter Timar (CEU Academic Writing Center), Elisabeth Schober, Orysia Kulick, Francesca Vianello, Grace Rivera and Tanya Petrenko. Finally I wanted to give a warm hug and thanks to Oksana Pronyuk whose amazing spirit and activism opened up the doors of migrants’ Italy for me. I want to thank my dear friends Olha Podoba, Volha Bukhovka and Silvana in Naples, Marija Vynarchyk, Olha Rurka, Nelia, Marijka and Stepan Sopushynski in Bologna, Valja and Marta in Milan, Zhenia Baranova in Brescia, CEU eTD Collection Kateryna Havrysh in Ferrara and Halyna (Toscana) who shared their rooms, food and stories with me and believed in the importance of my work with passion that made me carry on. To these and many other migrants, who without giving me their names, shared with me their most intimate and inspiring life stories, I dedicate this work. 4 Table of Contents BEYOND MOTHERHOOD: UKRAINIAN FEMALE LABOR MIGRATION TO ITALY ..................1 Abstract..................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................4 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................7 Research and Fieldwork Methodology ................................................................................13 Chapter 2. Contextualizing labor migration from Ukraine .................................................19 General background: Politicizing labor migration from Ukraine............................................19 Ukrainian migration, Italian context: Specifying the location ................................................21 Overview of the effect of Italian migration legislations on Ukrainian migration......................29 Migrants’ community? Organizational life and representation of Ukrainian migrants in Italy .31 Ethnographic epilogue: Gendered expectations in the context of the mostly female migration ..........................................................................................................................................35 Chapter 3. Theoretical frames: Intersection of migration and family roles, labor and space....................................................................................................................................42 Gender - defined family roles..............................................................................................47 Labor .................................................................................................................................49 Spaces...............................................................................................................................53 Chapter 4. Materiality of distance and absence: the role of photographs in measuring time and maintaining connections between Ukraine and Italy. .........................................60 Ethnographic vignette: Two departures...............................................................................60 The role of objects in maintaining transnational connections ...............................................63 Networks of trust and reputation: Ukrainian mini-vans circulating between Ukraine and Italy ..........................................................................................................................................66 The role and place of photographs in a migrant’s family......................................................70 Asymmetries of keeping in touch ........................................................................................72 Photographs: performing migration and family ties..............................................................73 Pictures from home: connecting to the “real” life. ................................................................75 Pictures sent home from Italy: the “no-story” photographs..................................................81 CEU eTD Collection Transnational families as sites of conflicted interests ..........................................................85 Chapter 5. Second
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