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Technologies for the Stabilization of Mercury

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Technologies for the Stabilization of Mercury Technical and Economic Criteria for Processing Mercury- Containing Tailings Final Report United Nations Environment Programme Division of Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics Chemicals Branch April 2010 The work being presented in this report has been funded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) under the Project Account No: NF 4030-08-44 and coordinated by Dr. Heidelore Fiedler, UNEP’s Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE), Chemicals Branch The work has been conducted by the Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH. All responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors alone. The designation employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply any expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or any of its authorities, or concerning any delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Any views expressed in the document do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNEP, nor preferred compared to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen co-operation and increase international co-ordination in the field of chemical safety. The participating organisations are FAO, ILO, OECD, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR and WHO. The World Bank and UNDP are observers. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote co-ordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organisations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. The electronic version of this document is available from http://www.chem.unep.ch. Contact: [email protected] UNEP Chemicals is part of UNEP’s Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) April 2010 Technical and Economic Criteria for Processing Mercury-Containing Tailings Final Report United Nations Environment Programme Division of Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics Chemicals Branch April 2010 Acknowledgements This report has been prepared by Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH Sven Hageman, Dagmar Schönwiese Theodor-Heuss Str. 4 D-38122 Braunschweig Germany webpage: WWW.GRS.DE in close co-operation with the following partners: IMC - Montan Consulting GmbH (feasibility analysis) Florian Beier, Clemens Mieth, Michael Loss Am Technologiepark 1, 45307 Essen, Germany webpage: http://www.imcgcl.com; www.dmt.de Prof. Dr. Christoph Heubeck (case study on Andacollo) Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften Malteserstr. 74-10, 12249 Berlin GERMANY webpage: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck For the case study on Andacollo, Chile the author (Christoph Heubeck) would like to thank all those who spent their time and knowledge to share their insights and resources (listed in the references). Special thanks are due to I. Honorato (FundacionChile), Andrew Tonmlinson (SERNAGEOMIN), Paul Cordy (UBC, Canada), Daniel Moraga (UCN Coquimbo) and Katja Radon (Univ. München, Germany) all of whom provided essential data. Table of contents 1 Summary and conclusion ....................................................................... 1 2 Introduction .............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Mercury containing tailings as a threat to human health and the environment ............................................................................................... 3 2.2 Reprocessing of tailings – a viable approach to reduce the risk of mercury releases? ..................................................................................... 4 2.3 Objective of this study ................................................................................ 5 3 Toxicity of mercury and its compounds ................................................ 7 3.1 Overview ................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Elemental mercury (Hg0) ............................................................................ 7 + 2+ 3.3 Oxidized mercury (Hg and Hg ) ............................................................... 7 + 3.4 Methylmercury (CH3-Hg ) .......................................................................... 8 4 Occurrence of mercury in mineral ores ................................................. 9 4.1 Overview ................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Mercury ore deposits and mineral deposits enriched in mercury ................ 9 4.3 Mercury associated with other minerals ................................................... 15 5 Historical and present usage of mercury in processing metal ores .. 19 5.1 Historical usage of mercury ..................................................................... 19 5.2 Present use of mercury in small scale gold and silver ore processing ...... 20 6 Fate of mercury during the metal ore processing ............................... 23 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 23 6.2 Speciation of mercury in metal ores ......................................................... 23 6.3 Unit operations in ore processing ............................................................. 23 6.4 Releases of mercury during ore extraction, crushing and grinding ........... 24 6.5 Releases of mercury during ore concentration ......................................... 24 6.6 Releases of mercury during roasting and autoclaving .............................. 24 6.7 Releases of mercury during metal extraction ........................................... 25 i 6.8 Releases of mercury during recovery operations ..................................... 25 7 Release of mercury from tailings ......................................................... 27 7.1 General characterization of tailings and potential release paths for mercury ................................................................................................... 27 7.2 Classification of tailings............................................................................ 28 7.3 Chemical speciation of mercury in tailings ............................................... 33 7.4 Human exposure ..................................................................................... 37 8 Reprocessing of tailings ....................................................................... 39 8.1 Potential economic incentives .................................................................. 39 8.2 Environmental and social benefits ........................................................... 39 8.3 Public involvement ................................................................................... 40 8.4 Examples for recent, planned or proposed reprocessing projects ............ 40 9 Criteria for analyzing the feasibility of processing mercury- containing tailings ................................................................................. 43 9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 43 9.2 Remediation of mercury containing tailings as an alternative ................... 43 9.3 Evaluation phases ................................................................................... 44 9.4 Elemental evaluation parameters ............................................................. 49 9.5 Literature ................................................................................................. 78 9.6 Concluding remarks ................................................................................. 78 10 Case Study: Options for tailings reclamation in Andacollo, Chile: .... 79 10.1 Summary ................................................................................................. 79 10.2 Introduction .............................................................................................. 80 10.3 Site Description ....................................................................................... 81 10.4 Hg in the Environment at Andacollo ......................................................... 96 10.5 Technical description of mine tailings..................................................... 100 10.6 Societal Aspects .................................................................................... 107 10.7 Discussion ............................................................................................. 109 10.8 Outline of Technical Options .................................................................. 111 10.9 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 113 ii 10.10 Recommendations ................................................................................. 113 11 References ..........................................................................................
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