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Chapter 24: Amines Amines: Nitrogen containing organic compounds Organic derivatives of ammonia, NH3, Nitrogen atom have a lone pair of electrons, which potentially make amines both basic and nucleophilic There are many naturally occurring organic compounds that contain nitrogen (alkaloids) H3C CH3 H N O O H CO NH CO2CH3 3 2 O Ph NH H C N N H 3 H3CO N O HO CH CH cocaine 3 3 OCH3 physostigmine mescaline H3CO HO2C CH3 HO N H N O quinine N N H H CH NH CH3 3 N HO N H nicotine coniine 286 lysergic acid morphine 24.1: Naming Amines Alkyl-substituted (alkylamines) or aryl-substituted (arylamines) H H N C N H H sp3 alkylamines arylamines + Classified: 1° (RNH2), 2° (R2NH), 3° (R3N) and 4° (R4N ) NH2 H H3CH2C CH2CH3 N H3C N N N N CH CH H H H 2 3 primary (1°) secondary (2°) tertiary (4°) quarternary (4°) amines amines amines ammonium ion Although the terminology is the same, this designation of amines is different from that of alcohols. R R H R C O C O C O C O R R H H H H H R H H H H 1° carbon 2° carbon 3° carbon methanol primary secondary tertiary 287 145 Amine nomenclature: The nomenclature for primary amines is similar to that of alcohols, the suffix -amine can be used in place of the final -ol Consider the -NH2 group as an amino substituent on the parent chain CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2OH NH2 OH NH2 butane 1-butanol 2-butanol CO2H cyclohexanamine 2-amino-3-phenyl- CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 NH2 (cyclohexylamine) propanoic acid 1-butanamine 2-butanamine (butylamine) (2-aminobutane) NH 2 H N NH H2N 2 2 1,4-diaminobutane 1,5-diaminopentane (putrescine) (cadaverine) 288 Symmetrical secondary and tertiary amines are named by adding the prefix di- or tri- to the alkyl group Unsymmetrical secondary and tertiary amines are named as N-substituted primary amines. The largest alkyl group is the parent name, and other alkyl groups are considered N-substituents. H CH3 H C CH N H3CH2C CH2CH3 3 3 N N N N CH2CH3 CH CH CH2CH2CH3 H 2 3 diphenylamine diisopropylamine triethylamine N,N-dimethyl- N-ethyl-N-methyl- propylamine cyclohexylamine Many arylamines go by non-systematic nomenclature NH2 NH2 NH2 H2N CH3 aniline o-toluidine p-phenylenediamine 289 146 The nomenclature of heterocyclic amines is highly specialized and often non-systematic N N N N N N N H H pyridine pyrrole quinoline imidazole pyrimidine O N N N N N H N H H H indole quinoxoline pyrrolidine piperidine morpholine 24.2 Structure and Bonding in Amines The nitrogen of alkylamines is sp3 hybridized and tetrahedral 290 In principle an amine with three different substituents on the nitrogen is chiral with the lone pair of electrons being the fourth substituent; however, for most amines the pyramidal inversion of nitrogen is a racemization mechanism The barrier to nitrogen inversion is about 25 KJ/mol (very rapid at room temperature). 291 147 24.3 Properties and Aources of Amines Primary and secondary amines, likes water and alcohols, can be hydrogen bond donors (N-H) and hydrogen bond acceptors (the lone pair) 24.5 Basicity of Amines The chemistry of amines is dominated by the basicity of the nitrogen lone pair O O N H N H + + O R O R 292 Alkyl amines are stronger bases than water, alcohols or ethers + - R3N: + H2O R3NH + HO + - [R3NH ] [HO ] Kb = pKb = - log Kb [R3N] pKb values are rarely used. Amines basicity is measured by the pKa of the conjugate acid. (pKb + pKa = 14) The conjugate base of a weak acid is a strong base: Higher pKa = weaker acid = stronger conjugate base The conjugate base of a strong acid is a weak base Lower pKa = stronger acid = weaker conjugate base + + R3NH + H2O H3O + R3N: lower pKa + higher pKa R3NH more acidic + R3NH less acidic R3N less basic 293 R3N more basic 148 Table 24.1 (p. 899): pKa values of ammonium ions + - Alkyl ammonium ions, R3NH X , have pKa values in the range + - of 10-11 (ammonium ion, H4N X , has a pKa ~ 9.25) The ammonium ions of aryl amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines are considerably less basic than alkyl amines (pKa ~ 5 or less). The nitrogen lone pair is less basic if it is in an sp2 hybridized orbital (versus an sp3) + NH3 + NH4 pKa= 9.26 pKa= 4.6 + (H3CH2C)NH3 10.8 + + N H 5.2 (H3CH2C)2NH2 10.7 (H CH C) NH+ 11.0 3 2 3 + H N H 0.4 + NH2 7.0 O + - 1.0 NH3 294 24.5 Basicity of Substituted Arylamines The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen of aniline are conjugated to the π-electrons of the aromatic ring and are therefore less available for acid-base chemistry. Protonation disrupts the conjugation. Substituents can greatly influence the basicity of the aniline. The effect is dependent upon the nature and position of the subtituent (recall the acidity of substituted phenols) 295 149 Electron-donating substituents (-CH3, -OH, -OCH3) make the substituted aniline more basic than aniline itself (the pKa of the anilinium ion is higher than 4.6) Electron-withdrawing substituents (-Cl, -NO2) make the substituted aniline less basic than aniline itself (the pKa of the anilinium ion is lower than 4.6) See Table 24.2 (p. 903) + + Y NH2 + H3O Y NH3 + H2O Y= -NH2 pKa= 6.15 less acidic -OCH3 pKa= 5.34 (more basic) -CH3 pKa= 5.08 -H pKa= 4.63 -Cl pKa= 3.98 more acidic -CN pKa= 1.74 (less basic) -NO2 pKa= 1.00 296 Problem 24.4: Which compound is more basic? a) O b) c) (CH3)2NH -or- N -or- NaOH -or- H3C NH2 H3CH2C NH2 C H3CH2C NH2 Problem 24.6: Rank the following in order of increasing basicity? O a) O2N NH2 NH2 Br NH2 , , H O b) NH Cl NH2 2 H3C NH2 , , c) NH F3C NH2 H3C 2 H2FC NH2 , , 297 150 24.6 Synthesis of Amines Reduction of Nitriles, Amides and Nitro Compounds 2 N LiAlH N + NH NaCN LiAlH4 4 H3O 2 R-Br R C N C C C ether R H R H R H H H + H3O 1° amine -or- NaOH, H2O Mg(0), CO2 O O SOCl2 O H3C-NH2 LiAlH4 H H R-Br C C CH C CH + C 3 -or- 3 then H3O R OH R Cl R N R N H BH3 H 1°, 2° or 3° amine HNO , H SO NO2 NH2 3 2 4 H2, Pd/C -or- H2O SnCl2 1° arylamines 298 2 SN reaction of alkyl halides and tosylates Ammonia and other alkylamines are good nucleophiles and react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides or tosylates via 2 and SN reaction to give alkyl amines. 1°, 2°, and 3° amines all have similar reactivity; the initially formed monoalkylation product can undergo further reaction to yield a mixture of alkylated products 299 151 Synthesis of primary amines from the reaction of alkyl halides or tosylates with “ammonia equivalents” Azide ion is a very strong nucleophile and react with 1° or 2° 2 alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN reaction. The resulting azide can be reduced to a 1° amine. H 2 H H N N N C X SN H2, Pd/C H N N N C N3 C R2 R2 R2 H2N C R1 -or- R1 R1 R2 LiAlH4 R azide 1° or 2° alkyl halide Alkyl azide 1 or tosylate 1° amine Gabriel amine synthesis: reaction of potassium phthalimide with 2 alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN reaction. The resulting N-substituted phthalimide can be hydrolyzed to a 1° amine. O K+ O O H KOH H H N C X NaOH/H2O N H H N C H2N C EtOH H R R1 2 O R1 R1 O O Potassium 1° amine Phthalimide phthalimide N-substituted phthalimide 300 Reductive amination: synthesis of an amine by the reduction of an imine from the condenstion of an aldehyde or ketone with ammonia, 1° or 2° amine. O -H O H / Pd/C 2 NH 2 NH2 + H3N 1° amine H 3-phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) ammonia amphetamine CH CH3 3 O -H O N H2/ Pd/C HN 2 2° amine + H3CNH2 H 1° amine methamphetamine H3C + CH3 CH3 O N H3C N H -H2O H2/ Pd/C + (H3C)2NH 3° amine 2° amine 301 152 – Sodium cyanoborohydride, Na+ N≡C-BH3 : the cyano ligand makes cyanoborohydride a weak hydride source and it will react with only the most easily reduced functional groups. such as an imine. Does not reduce ketones and reduced aldehydes slowly Reductive amination with NaB(CN)H3: one-pot reaction H H CHO NaB(CN)H3 + H C-NH N N 3 2 C CH C CH3 3 H H H H H N N NH2 NaB(CN)H C CH 3 CH2 3 + H2C=O H H practice problem 24.1 (p. 908) Hoffmann and Curtius rearrangements (please read) 302 24.7: Reactions of Amines Acylation: ammonia, 1° and 2° amines react with acid chlorides and anhydrides to give amides (Chapt. 21.4, 21.5 & 21.8) NH3 O unsubstitiuted C R NH2 (1°) amide O O SOCl O R'NH 2 2 mono-substitiuted C C C R' R OH R Cl R N (2°) amide H carboxylic acid acid chloride O R'2NH C R' di-substitiuted R N (3°) amide R' 303 153 Hofmann elimination: E2 elimination of a trimethyl ammonium group to give an alkene NH2 - + - + (H3C)3CO K No reaction (H2N is a very poor leaving group) H3C-I I- N(CH3)3 - + + + (H3C)3CO K (major) (minor) Hofmann elimination gives the less substituted alkene, where E2 elimination of an alkyl halide or tosylate will follow Zaitsev rule to give the more substituted alkene 304 24.8 Reactions of Arylamines Electrophilic aromatic substitution: an amino group is a very strong activating group and an ortho/para director.
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  • Diisopropylamine As a Single Catalyst in the Synthesis of Aryl Disulfides

    Diisopropylamine As a Single Catalyst in the Synthesis of Aryl Disulfides

    Green Process Synth 2018; 7: 12–15 Krzysztof Kuciński and Grzegorz Hreczycho* Diisopropylamine as a single catalyst in the synthesis of aryl disulfides DOI 10.1515/gps-2016-0205 by ruthenium complex in the presence of Et3N (0.25 eq.) Received November 20, 2016; accepted February 1, 2017; previously at 60°C (1–3.5 h) [26]. Rosenthal et al. [27] have reported published online March 16, 2017 the synthesis of disulfide polymers in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and Et N (1.25 eq.). Ruano et al. [28] Abstract: The search for less time-consuming and inex- 3 have reported a very efficient synthesis of disulfides by air pensive methods for the synthesis of disulfides continues oxidation of thiols under sonication in basic conditions. to be a hot subject of research. Herein, we report that diiso- At the beginning, they studied the behavior of thiols and propylamine (iPr NH) can act as a very effective catalyst 2 Et N (1 eq.) in dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent (in for this process. The oxidative coupling of aryl thiols was 3 air, at 80°C). Disulfides were obtained in high yields after carried out in the presence of catalytic amount of iPr NH 2 24–48 h. The lengthy reaction and the need of high tem- in air (room temperature) in acetonitrile, without metal peratures prompted them to explore the external activa- catalyst, additives, or external activators. This procedure tion for acceleration of this reaction. They revealed that, opens a low-cost, green, and industrially applicable syn- under sonication conditions, the complete conversion thetic pathway to obtain aryl disulfides.