A Russian Officer in the Persian Cossack Brigade: Vladimir Andreevich Kosagovskii by Pavel Babich Submitted to Central European

CEU eTD Collection Professor Reader: Second Supervisor: Professor In partial fulfillment partial In the of requirements the of degree for A Russian Alfred RieberAlfred Vladimir Andreevich Kosagovskii O Alexei Miller Central EuropeanUniversity Central fficer in the Persian Cossack in thePersianfficer Brigade: Cossack History DepartmentHistory Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Master of Arts of Master Pavel Babich Pavel Submitted to Submitted

2014

CEU eTD Collection written per the copies with madeaccordance Further may such madeinstructions in be not without from pageobtained must This librarian. such made. the any copies formof part a giv either part, mayprocess, or full in accordance made the be with in only instructions en the by Author the and Centrallodged Library.in may Details European be Copyright in the text thesisthis Copyright in of restsCopies the with any by Author. missionthe of Author. i

CEU eTD Collection chapters. following the and unit Russian the Iran general?politics The in in and brigade, towards any was the plan general actions there of connection with in were reasons region? fluctuating the Russianfor the What government’sof attitude Iran? werethe in his geneabout What ideas several questions. to officers the Brigade, successful the head of Kosagovskij, answerin colonel give to Constitutionalists. Persian once againand Russia, came to Brigade enteredthe oncecontract, again the facedecline of support with fromlittle disbandmentHowe possible Brigade. the of ambassador Russian personally to Shah intervened the in from revenues the Russia wereto guaranteewhich a given as Brigade wasThe Din. alMozaffar control when took thecase they whole over toTehran safe ensure succession of started troops to effectively theRussian Brigade came of sphere Iran.Its foreign politics into in the Brigadeof wasactivity crisis.out the time put Atthe instruction his the of A Vladimir Brigade anthe as Russian of actor of possible. influence wasall at and the effective, suffered problemstimes doubtsabout at whether the it raise use imperial expansionIran. Russian in Russian rule of the was officers,and in under time associated the with be came to army Persian the the second place took thein of that 19 half creationthe wasThe Russia. of Brigade part a process the of europeizatio of by request Abstract The thesis will thesis makeThe the of Russian mostOne officers atthe head of successful the Brigade, of activity Brigade,however,the The was a not Persian Brigade Cossack The was founded

ndreevich Kosagovskii, was ndreevich Kosagovskii, appointe

Nasr alNasr - Din to throne the assassination after the of alhis predecessor,Nasr

participate thethe actively of internalsuch country, the in as life in - Din Shah ofDin the Shah to Persia Duke Nikolaevich Mikhail Grand of

What was view mission was colonel’s the he the on assignedWhat given financial support financial given from the

use of the sources of vast use onetheby of left most the political arena only only arena political 1908 in the ii

ver, after the endKosagovskij’s after of the ver, ral trend of ral politics Russian this in d to this position this 1894 to d in in 1879 after the personal 1879 in se se problems lways customs of Northern Persia, Persia, Northern customs of 1894

successful and successful th

century. Thecentury. Brigade for

to fight against fightto against the tothe prevent will be dealt with be will in

Persian loan.

. Due. his to n of of n - CEU eTD Collection Bibliography. Conclusion 3:Kosagovskii’s visionof Persia. politics Chapter Russian in 2:Pe Chapter 1. ArmyPersian OriginsChapter o the and Introduction Contents of Table §6 Government §5. International relations and andPublic Hygiene Health §3. The of Status 2. § Women Climate naturalenvironment §1. and CossackThe Persian §4. Brigade The Persian §3. armyregular The irregular §2. armyIran of powers theForeign 19th§1. century Persia in . Conclusion .

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...... rsia rsia the Kosagovskij’sThrough Colonel Notes.

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CEU eTD Collection thewhole 19 requesteduseto Iranthename instead.In Persian, however, thecountry was Ir called 1 politics imperial Iran.in al office thesisthe focused will on, be that was trained and the founded, directed by Russian political the through sphere and the through military influence mentionedimplemented the all ways through through to access military it advisors military and/or training missions. way be Another military could influencing the state targeted a of having by itself, military of direct forces,implementation imperial things, mightthe have One military other been way the doing target. was of this a consequence a as offor from instance, loans among state. another Finally, many barriers or foreign internal po imposed onto The could sphere domestic political production. checks by be andinfluenced bewould taxation and granted that territorial privileges dominate and thethus over to that which spheres influence over the territories.control targeted ways thatwere do The were to as manifold, the the thedesertsand seas,across the with ultimate maximal reach a to possible goal of goals stateprimary an to alwaysimperial is exportinfluence its Introduction

In theofficial documents Western the countrywas called Persia up until Reza Shah 1935 in - Din rs. Established rs. the to with detachment goal elite train Persianan the for

Shah, in the Shah, several timesin run tool a it long for Russianimplementing served In the casethe the of In late target Economicsthe of an theExpansion part of inseparable an existence is of One empire. the of th

century,so will I use thenames Iranand Persia interchangeably the in paper.

19th ed stateed could by be foreign companies infiltrated

was applied.

century Russian Empire,Iran 1

litics of the state,the achieved,litics of influenced

growing in scale to up war.growing a in . Cossack The Persian : through the economics,through : 1

was zon a over the borders,

anthroughout e of of e Brigade

Nasr

CEU eTD Collection previous overcome years.of crisis the twelve officers ever Russian the all Under headhim of in it. the been of charge in had the one on person, research affairs the in of the of researchers. focus this of mechanismsmilit Russian the as such The influence, way. general a in researched is Iran on States Great the of influence the of problem The country. the of history political the on mostly not, did thenthey why. with actual ofthe politics line empire Russian followingIran the in in years will me allowmakethen, about to conclusions fell whetherKosagovskii’s in ideas high a officerwhether such was for of madewhatcomprehension he theplans Persia for mission and Russian in the countryheperceived wasallow and better customs,will its working for in Cossack will worldview reveal and the vision sources his colonel the ofthe of role of the Cossack Persian case politics, closely thoseimperial their to actions. at officers and look the a chievements and flops in close connection close chievements flops the with and in officers currently of charge in Brigade study of of moststudy one the officers and the influential successful of charge in the Taking the consideration Taking into the of factor state personal forimportance the W and Russian the history of The Briga . That makes it de Brigade

Brigade in Russianthe in imperial politics. estern Iranian studies are represented by a number of works of number a by represented are studies Iranian estern

, it has , beenthe made toit of the thesis goal focus the

Brigade Vladimir Andreevich , Vladimir, Andreevich ofThe Kosagovskii. analysis the

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KosagovskiiV. A. ctual material, allows material, toctual the one research views position and that The specificity specificity the the The of person of colonel nd nd diaries valuable source.a research specificity The of Brigade

he he show left interest his Kosagovskii ientalism. Analyzing the viewsientalism.Analyzing Ocherkrazvitiya Persidskoi Kazachyei Brigady

into a force, his real convinced the apparently and into ideas General ], (Moscow, ], 1921), 393.

being Russian a duty officer Iran, on makes notes, in his

in numerous within connected topics langua icy in Iran an icy in as oriental region. 3

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in an an in ads of CEU eTD Collection PresentTime 13 12 11 10 Question) English authors worksthe of Apart sheets). from (503 accounts, written the eyewitness’ with use the is it Russia. Valdaj,central Kosag These works, some tohowever, did ones. publishedget before be not other the Persia” acquired to them.attached On Kosagovskii Cossack Persian notes” (1829 ( files 521 theon “ conducted corpus called Historical Archive Military State (RGVIA, literature list. the to addition an as just though used references, few a for except scholars, the by Russian particular of activities and the in Iran,

RGVIA,76,op. d.f. 1, 378, 3 RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371.d. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 217.d. RGVIA, op. f.76, d.1, 378 ovskii The “Military forces of takes The Persia” up biggestthepart the of manuscript documents The research the is focused stored onthat Russian are the in and Empire Russian of relationship the concerning materials archival The

10 , over 13 dyelo “The history of Persian history“The of Cossack . Vol. . , accounts of theaccounts , of Ru ’s death.In was 1918theby he revolutionaries mansionhis shot in in - was detailed diaries writing all with documents important and letters

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those nine years makingnumberby a forces of works: of “Military ) and) divided is in 1 - Brigade 2. L.,2. 1815; Curzon G.

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CEU eTD Collection 19 18 17 16 15 [Caucasianwar] MarshalGeneral I.F.Paskevich 14 Gilan, in breeding silkworm the on Iran life in of and social economic aspects on various data present meansinfluence. of it achieving in persistent very be to period that at turned had politics Russian the makeconclusions, one let documents actions. his by height” unreachable an onto Persia his of direction general Brigade activities. on successors and Kosagovskii Cossack Persian the of head the at be to got who officers of majority the that fact the Concerning Kosagovskii way critical not to them a inclined and trustis them. in Persia numberthe of I.F.Paskevich”, prince Marshal V. so “The Potto and on. Caucasian War”

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371,d. 1 RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371.d. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 217,d. 204. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 217.d. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378,d. 7 RGVIA76, f. op. d.1, 378, 5

under his leadership. The author gives quite an explicit characteristic of the of characteristic explicit an quite author gives The leadership. his under Kosagovskii A. V. General of “Diary the is research the for important Highly The materials in the “Information about Persia by V.A. by Persia about “Information the in materials The

, rnig p h eet o 1890 of events the up bringing ”,

several times mentions his personal acquaintance to his predecessors his to acquaintance personal his mentions times several . (Sevastopol, . 1993).

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CEU eTD Collection 25 24 23 22 21 20 Astrabad as such provinces, mostimpor the and biggest the detail describing in materials holds also the ocean. drop in a only however, is, This publication. for prepared being now is Manuscripts Oriental of diary magazine. East” “New the in published Cossack Persian the of history early the on it of researchers. for accessible hardly thus and unpublished remains why that every act commentaries certain to like in case. transport military the in have to necessary most the is what artillery; and cavalry infantry, by used be could crossing river the for tools and means what march; the start to best it is year the possible during face to allows mindset aboutthe make officer’s attitude. and conclusions it thus, Persia, to connected anything to wa referred the and them shows described it that is topics various those on found time. the at society Persian the of picture colourful Tehran

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 140,d. 227. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 145,d. 187. NovyiVostok [New Orient], nn. 3,4(Moscow, 1923). RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371,d. 77 RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371,d. 99 RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371,d. 10 20 The enormous amount of documentary works left by V. A. V. by left works documentary of amount enormous The Kosagovskii pr fo te rvosy etoe fls te ops “ corpus the files, mentioned previously the from Apart Kosagovskii csos mrl ad anr o te oas r found. are locals the of manners and morals customs, ,

also deals in detail with what challenges Russian army might army Russian challenges what with detail in deals also march through the Persian territory on India: at what time of of time what at India: on territory Persian the through march trd n h cleto o te an Ptrbr Institu Petersburg Saint the of collection the in stored

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RGVIA,446, op. f. d.1, 43, 44. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 179,d. 182, 224, 184, 365. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 252.d. noihs ucsos n h office the in successors ontovich’s odto o Anzali of condition Kosagovskii The archival materials in the the in materials archival The in comparable not notes, and reports of number a left also officers Other h tei wl mk ue f vs cru o axlay ieaue One literature. auxiliary of corpus vast a of use make will thesis The 29

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was viewed as negative and thus not deserving much of a a of much deserving not thus and negative as viewed was

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Kosagovskii 12

the works East, the colonialism on and Middle

estern works. The topic of the Persianthe of topic The works. estern e usa pbi. hy lyd an played They public. Russian he way or another were relevant tp relevant were another or way

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CurzonG. SykesP.M. BerarV. AgaevS. L. uaia . M. L. Kulagina vnv . S. M. Ivanov Kazemzadeh F. F. Kazemzadeh

30 , 1981). ,

Western historiograph Western the of Iran of literature narrative Foreign nex the of works The the

34 P . . Ivanov, S. M. ersiyaI persidskaya smuta. [Persia and the Persianmutiny]

Persiaand thePersian Question a b nmd Aog hm tns eaae h wr o work the separate stands them Among named. be can

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[ (Chic. German 13 32 35

The information presented by Curzon is is Curzon by presented information The - and others, despite pertaining Marxist Marxist pertaining despite others, and

2. 1892. L., – and “Ten thousand miles in Persia” by by Persia” in miles thousand “Ten and ul for the research. The authors base authors The research. the for ul

L.,1968). imperialism - urce of factual material, despite the despite material, factual of urce 94 A td i Imperializm in Study A 1914. 19th

and early twentieth century istwentieth early and . (L., 1902)..

– by the English the by

19th

beginning of the 20 the of beginning

Iran .

( Saint century and does not does and century ]. ( f 1905 of Moscow

–

Petersburg

ahl X vekov. XX nachale - 1911 , 1969). , – f J. Curzon Curzon J. f

- th ]. are full of full are economic L, 1968; L., .

19th centuries]. , 1912). , ( Moscow

and

CEU eTD Collection call to it is relevant how show will result final The position. his on actions and perf actual his affected Iran in officer Russian a as role his of realization his how show to noes, these through outlook world his out figuring by and texts, were records madethe the Colonel’ after the in instructor an as job the of start the before written notes and diaries the as period, this beyond exceptions when colonel Persian the as Cossack army unit important an such of head the being them, achieve to sought he how and duties was, mindset colonels’s the what of picture comprehensive a the giveto expected are notes culture.The their and people in, working was he of country perception his reflecting articles and sketches notes, are These himself. Staff. General Russian the to subordinate officer acting an as well as Shah Persian the of service Kosagovskii thesis. this by compensated partly hopefully be will which research, the of focus central the making generally not historiography is the Western that, the to articles his of one in attention special pays who h ga o te eerh s truh nlss f h colonel the of analysis through is, research the of goal The 1893 of ranks the in stays mainly paper the Chronologically The t reconstruction of the researchthe is object of The

ae f h rsac are research the of base ’s way of thinking in what regards his duties in Iran what’s way duties Iran regards thinking in of in his Kosagovskii

was h on Brigade Brigade is duty in Tehran. However, there are also some are also However, dutythere Tehran. in is

give valuable information, and also some of of some also and information, valuable give h sources the 14 s comeback Russia. to

was.

colonel colonel

he Russian officer colonel officer Russian he B rigade Brigade

Kosagovskii how he perceived his perceived he how –

as an official in the official an as in

tef Ohr than Other itself. - 1906, the period the 1906,

and its office aoffice its and Kosagovskii

et after left ormance ’s

CEU eTD Collection deservesmorecertainly attentionthanever it before. had Brigade colonel of history the making were that personalities the at closer look and Empire Russian Cossack Persian the of history the on work qualified and comprehensive no still is there far with unitRussian connection the and politics Iran general. in in in actions of plan general any wasthere answer if and brigade, the towards attitude government’s Russian the of fluctuating for reasons the on light a throw to attempt wit line in were plans Kosagovskii scientific The

as it was at the time,and the at wasas it Brigade

an imperialist and an orientalist and to what extent his activities and hisand andand orientalistactivities an what an to extent imperialist his

Kosagovskii as such, however significant this unit was in the history of Persia, of history the in was unit this significant however such, as

novelty of the research is evident at least from the fact that by by that fact the from least at evident is research the of novelty even England. Obviously, no one even made an attempt to to attempt an made even one no Obviously, England. even h

h Rsin meil oiy n Iran. in policy imperial Russian the

are some extraordinary, the in of way embodiment an

a big part of Russian empire’s politics in Persia. ItPersia.politics empire’s in Russianof partbig a 15

Brigade

e eerh will research Te . The personality and personality The .

also CEU eTD Collection (Moscow,1939), 30. 39 38 1983),83. Kuznetsova. 37 in Tehran reach could money collected the of part a only the on depended that medieval princ on was built the of population fifth a cities. inhabited the cattle nomadic with preoccupied were on, so and Arabs Turkmens, composition ethnic by various of represented tribes inhabitants, the of quarter a About land. the working were who grow, to the spurred which development started states European the with Persia of connections of number the mid the Since ruled. production of relations patriarchal and traditional Brigade 1. Chapter §1. Foreign powers in the 19th century Persia century in 19th the powers Foreign §1.

ability to concentrate the tax co tax the concentrate to ability M. CurzonG. Irandust. S The state control over the land was organized poorly. poorly. organized was land the over control state The th More w the During . Iv anov.

. Persiya

Iranpervoyv polovine XIX veka [Iran in the First Half of the19 Persiaand thePersian Question Persian Army and t and Army Persian an half an Babidskiyevosstaniya v Irane(1848

vchera

hole hole of a of

il f h lcl ues n tax and rulers local the of will segodnya 19th country’s many extraordinary taxesrequisiinvolved iples, and

etr Ia ws agl a arra cuty where country, agrarian an largely was Iran century

of commodity of [ Persia llection under i under llection 9 he Origins of the Persian Cossack Persian the of Origins he - – 10 m 10 , Vol. , L 2.

Yesterday ud, us Bakhtiyar Lurs, Kurds, 16 39

- illion population illion 1952gg.).

- .,1892. money relations in moneyIran. in relations

and ts control, says control, ts

Today .

[ P Babid .404. - olcos Nels t say, to Needless collectors. . The central government’s central The . ].

(Moscow,1927), N.9. A. revolts

T were settled peasants settled were axation, for instance, for axation, s Blci Qashqai, Balochi, is, th

century]. in

scholar American Iran - breeding. Only breeding. 37 (1848 - 19th

(Moscow, - 1852)]

century tions

CEU eTD Collection the19of pervoypolovine [PoliticalXIX v. and socio 41 1981., 700 40 of Shah officials Persian whohigh Europe.He to this trip a repeated twice, trip 1889.Somelater 1878 in and of secr atmeet and times resistance, that suchstrong attitude sources suggest was an the courtiers. his wasby already takenThe placereformshad instigated startedto that groomer but not did for Mirzaas well, too long, last Taghi secula first was apparatus administrative (AmirFarakhani (1848 came that the keenly it of decisive one factors be that to to Babid the uprisings led “ known the as famous the confrontation Nasr by alcountry ruled effective bureaucratic an and apparatus a army.regular maintain to unable became state the why reason main the was Nowshirvani, F. V.

N. A.N. Kuznetsova. NowshirvaniV.F. - 1900:Studies in Economic and Social History. etly supportedetly or Russia by Britain. 561. - 1852). The first The1852). first attempts a at In 1873 1873 In second half the In of By the period in the focusthe the of period in By paper the th

the the of necessity reforms him showing how by centuries] in the in

r educational institution, GreatGame Nasr his ownhis bathhouse - TheBeginnings Commercializedof Agriculture in Iran. TheIslamic Middle East, e

PoliticheskoyeI sotsialno (Moscow:1978), 109.

Kabir),the at vizier grand

al - Din shah became monarch Persian to first the - Din (1848 Shah

between the organized the trips, the organized presumab ”.

reduced 19th

in Kashan in - Dar a economicsituation in Iran in theend the18of

century needthe for reform undertaken Mirza Taghi by were

, the, underwent state lands revision,a the Russian Empire British and - ekonomicheskoyepolozheniye Iranakontse v XVIII 41 - l 17

1896) was already actively 1896) actively was involved already into - Fonun EditedbyA.L. Udovitch, P

Nasr al – – such was the order of the was of whosuch order Shah the

last quarterthelast of - , was created. was, The reforms created. started khan’s were veins open by - Din Shah’ advanced 40 ly ly

hoped to persuadehoped to the forms Iranin so was felt s court. The

Europe Europe rinston.New Jersey, 19th s,

which waswhich also agree to makeagree to

ce was ntury th

–

his his

. The The . first the the khan –

half the the -

CEU eTD Collection economy Persian the of backwardness The area. the in powers colonial Sh the of power the on much so not based choice. best the feeblefrom support With state,the waswithin tactic a thesuch perhaps Shah’s tried to and side, balance two,between the mighthave Government telegraph a fromKishlar.use line to however Astrabad the Thus, reckless Persian 1879 1 and was monopoly thefor Lianozov given In fishing Caspian right (1873). in 1862,1865 on th navigation officials. Persian Likewise, high Bank was c treasury British gold Assolution,banknotes. of a reserve the slowly go beganPersia to BankShahanshah (Imperial) (1889) Persia’s partof goodly economy. monopoly were concessions that granted gave two the apowers great control over succeed. toPartly not did make growing the with do and expenses,Russia Britain money wereof the expended opulence and in the of trips,results however,were not exactly expected. they as Tremendous sums ounteract the Shahanshahthe ounteract Loan bank’s and Russian influence, Developmentthe Among those was the concession forAmong was the concession establishment those the b h rltv pltcl needne f esa al h sm, tl remained still same, the all Persia, of independence political relative The 872 signed Britain agreements build to the Russian EmpireRussian sign created (1890). (1890). It created

. The Persian The. Persian governm e Karoune (1872),river acted

used used the as on of loans someinfluence levers the of ed

at the the glance, at first favor justit never gave oneto as a

thathad the right monopoly to issue analogousto and document build it allowing counterweight ent had apparently foreseen this foreseen apparently had ent the the

18 Russian empire’s representative

getting profit out the of its

telegraph Iran to through lines India. In h a o te iar o te w main two the of rivalry the on as ah, comfort S the of

the Englishconcession for y the Englishof y the the hah, and the hah, ref Great Game , and toand ,

to the the to

paper orms was . CEU eTD Collection forcesin Persia 19from sil 43 andTheRise Rezaof Khan (1796 an war 42 of case In staff. of p no were There tribes. nomadic the of cavalry of out predominantly whole the foremen, or waskhans and army be the until Up irregular. and regular parts: of Iran army irregular The §2. activities. prior Brigade’s the of overview an offer first will I perceptions, foreign and ground influence m the of one armyas Persian the perceived powers foreign means Cossack Persian the of t for was Russia whereas spokes the in wrenches throwing isolation, and crisis of out economy Persian the for path of discretion,abuse and bribery of sales political the the in reflected life of The country. was administrati by state governed

I. R. Rozenblium.I.R. KazemzadehF. Persii e eom y ciey nevnn wt te ne lf o te country the of life inner the with intervening actively by reform he oee accurate However A i nt exist not did ccording Such a structure of the irregular army remained practically unchanged during unchanged practically armyremained the irregular of structure a Such Re

XIX .

erhr ad co and searchers

n re t bte apeit te eain ewe itreto o the on intervention between relation the appreciate better to order In 19th

v . [The PersianArmy. aWith shorthistorical essay on thedevelopment of thearmed

Russiaand Britain in Persia to some of the Western historians of Iran, Britain attemptedBritain to Iran, historians of the some toof Western etr. h mlta called militia, The century. Persidskayaarmiya. S

ad the and , th

century].

uh statement a such

ntemporaries divided the Persian army into two large large two into army Persian the divided ntemporaries summoned -

1925). re fre consisted forces armed ( Tehran Brigade

of state of assembly

L., 1999. L., P. 43

,1922), 4. kratkim , 1864 ,

by by as well. as administrative 19 and perniciously influencing any attempts any influencing perniciously and

istoricheskim caseneed.the the in of Shah

a be may -

1914.L.,1968. 100; P. Keddie N.R. savar the of ginning f h troops the of - 42 44.

maig mutd, consisted “mounted”, meaning , i i udutdy re ht the that true undoubtedly is it ,

ocherkom f oa militias local of

offices. ost important important ost 19th a satd y the by started was

razvitiya

etr a century ermanent li ermanent

vooruzhennych organized 43 sources

QajarIran –

regular y the by find

sts

by ve of a

CEU eTD Collection 47 46 1892).,127. 45 44 was composition are be ought they to protecting” l the rob lands same often the pillage would immensely Fatherland the horsemen of defenders the “those population: money and food of lack the to Due irregularly. paid and lowwas salary The state. the from salary a receive to right the had horseman every fighting, the in engaged was cavalry the When itself. tribe the t of equipping the and armoring of duty The horsemen. of amount it much so not depending force, “sinister a as troops force d government the war, the of the receiving after months only masse en assembled be was cavalry and infantry firman ”. isorders,

RGVIA,446, d. f. 5, 3. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 242,d. 4. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, d. RGVIA,446, d. f. 5, 2. 46

the the

necessary for the proa odr o te hh The Shah. the of order) (personal Kosagovskii could army irregular the state, the of territories vast the account into Taking rbl he we smoe b te hh a olgd o upy certain a supply to obliged was shah the by summoned when chief Tribal The rallying

it recruitment

ol dsis h udsilndms o top,laig ny a only leaving troops, of mass undisciplined the dismiss would

point.

varied fmla fo introduction, from familiar ,

were required from each khan receiving receiving khan fromeach required were

378,23; Curzon G. 44

domestic order

rbe rfetd h ethnic the reflected problem . on V

raw virtually ery often often ery political circumstances, as as circumstances, political a ual to unable was 47

Persiaand thePersian Question even . 45

material tha material

firman

ifrn sal trib small different maintain

characterizes the Persian irregular irregular Persian the characterizes

sal sae hw ay nt of units many how stated usually t

could opsto o te tribes. the of composition

on the figure who controlled who figure the on h army the firman

play play

the the s a their had es one end the Following . , Vol.2.( , L., Fearing . firman he riders fell on fell riders he

or another role another or , and where and ,

possible hi story, small ocal Its

CEU eTD Collection Iranian(Moscow,society]. 1996), 49 48 themostly environmentwhat political determined the of southwestern Iran. ne on held whom Per The shore. Gulf Persian the along and Khuzestan of South they east (Afshar) of and (Qashqai) the land. Turk of people called also made 60% whole to Farsis, the up population of theIran at of time. Persians, The rise. to started slowly state the in importance whose were claims political Their politics. centralizing as such Persia, in Iran. Central and Eastern the of parts some and south, Fars, mountains, army units. the of readiness battle times, at and, character the upon acting army, the affected and physical traditions,

O.I. Zhigalina. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378,d. 50. ighbours, nomadic Luri, Bakhtiyari and Kurdish tribes. Those tribes. Kurdish and Bakhtiyari Luri, nomadic ighbours, amounted h scn bg sec big second The were number, in largest The The Arabs were a relatively small group in Persia, mostly concentratedthemostly Persia, in in groupsmallwere relatively Arabsa The

o Etnosotsialnayaevolutsiya iranskogo obsh’estva. [Ethnosocial to their Bedouin way of life, were waging constant wars against their against wars constant waging were life, of way Bedouin their to to 29% of the 29% of to entire - Mongolic origin, who inhabited mainly the north the mainly inhabited who origin, Mongolic

apa rgos n h nrh Mka ad Baluchistan and Makran north, the in regions Caspian Lurs , Bak , distinct distinct

in f h pplto o te ad w land the of population the of tion

70 htiyaris, Kurds and so on, on, so and Kurds htiyaris, - 72.

etl ulte. l o tee atr inevitably factors these of All qualities. mental

population. rna peoples Iranian Kosagovskii 21

opposed

calls this “Turk group , were often times against times often were located A

number of Iranian ethnos Iranian of number

y h Sit Persians, Shiite the by

sian arabs, many of of many arabs, sian w internal west s ae p f the of up made as s o te Zagros the of est 48 evolutiontheof

and southeast and

strifes were strifes o 49 -

Tatars”;

n the in

the CEU eTD Collection M istoriiIrana. 50 could their state counton help casethe only in t of but exist, to cease not did cavalry nomadic The noticeably. down went militia and of state. the harming the interests units dismiss and assemble could obligations, military permanent any have not did that khans the time peace the In horsemen. 150,000 a with up come could leaders tribal the that fact the countingspecially power, shah’s the for danger followin was rule khan’s the of independence The them. between communications poor with militia. Persian state provincial, The of wasdisconnected provinces, conglomerate a tr nomadic the of cavalry irregular of out consisted century Persianthe mainstay army. of fight tri the made life nomadic the of features distinctive The shah. the as chiefs, tribal co The nomads. the with deal tribes creation the centralizeda were of resisting state”. internal and disorders

odern

Trubetskoi - ed fre wih a te esn h drn te etre te wr the were they centuries the during why reason the was which force, ready

y moig as methods harsh imposing by ec, h irglr ry f rn n h concluding the in Iran of army irregular the Hence, times at fact, in did, government central the that fact the Despite constant of source the were tribes “The Trubetskoj, W. to According After historyof Iran].

[ Role

V.V. the regular army had been created, the numbers of the irregular cavalry the created, army irregular numbers regular the been the of had g out of this disconnectedness. The lack of control of lack The disconnectedness. this of out g

of . alienating

Rol settled

(Moscow,1978), 176. osedlo

and wars

- the chiefs’ good chiefs’ the kochevych

nomadic

n Iran, in

urt

tribes f h Sa tid o vi ay icr wt the with discord any avoid to tried Shah the of i gnrl i ws ey carefu very was it general, in ,

plemen en oe of one being

of 22

Iran

Irana

will might cut off their off cut might will

v the

period 50 heir

Early ModernPeriod. An

h mi cnrfgl ocs that forces centrifugal main the

novogo sympathy a for

vremeni bs n trioil or territorial, and ibes ure o te 19 the of quarter

had al had military we i hd to had it when l . e a constant a bes

Ocherknovoi

war. ways been a a been ways

at essay support f support

controlled will, will,

on often

the o th

CEU eTD Collection 53 52 51 totalthe estimated the sizeof army around of men. thousand 50 actual and research armygovernment, the 150 to numbered up Persian the of lists mobilization the to Agreeing standards. (Austrian) European arme be to point certain a to supposed were that force fighting a alterations. the of the of end the by and creator, its survive not did Mirza Abbas of work the successes, of number a after that, fact the to contributed This unchanged. command and management ar the in education and formation European powersEuropean necessary Ru the with clashes the in militia the 19th §3.

Rozenblium, CurzonG. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378,d. 27 The Persian regular army Persianregular The

T introduced and constitution European new adopted having reformer, The the of beginning the in created were state Qajar the in units regular first The h Rsin iiay pcait, h bsd hi cnlsos n h field the on conclusions their based who specialists, military Russian The century by a talented prince Abbas Mirza. The prince saw the saw prince The Mirza. Abbas prince talented a by century he regular Persian army by the the by army Persian regular he Persiaand thePersian Question

to create a regular ground forces following the model of the Western Western the of model the following forces ground regular a create to Persidskayaarmiya . Formally, the army consisted out of cavalry, artillery and infantry, and artillery cavalry, of out consisted army the Formally, . 51

rsn saf n aar, naty n atley however, artillery, and infantry cavalry, in staff present 19th

38. century the Persian army did did army Persian the century ,6.

ssian regular forces and and forces regular ssian , 127. , end 23

of the of 200 men. thousand my, sent 19th

forth the basics of recruitment, of basics the forth ad e and d

century o wtes n major any witness not upe acrig to according quipped concluded that it was it that concluded had little prospect as prospect little had 52 53

shortcomings

of CEU eTD Collection 57 56 55 54 Persian the armywas of worst vices service on actually to left and dismissed wereregiments the of half a the teenagers armyresult, had and old next often eachmento other. serving himself. for substitute afind officer,or from his leave a buy moneyto enough soldier, arbitrarily, ignoring as recruited be to eligible a existed and 34 mostbattalions regiments, them, of however, information, official the to according personnel, The structure. organizational bulky old, its keeping forces, armed Persian the in chains weakest units the and of army.loyal mounted the created, Cossack the until time, long a For army. Persian the of part privileged considered t fact the to creation its owed guard The shah. the protect

RGVIA,446, d. f. 39,4. RGVIA RGVIA,446, d. f. 39,11. CurzonG. The recruitment of the regular recruitmentinfantry, regular The the of or artillery, The the or cavalry, regular The Ideally, every three yea three every Ideally, determined law The ,76,d. 252,f. 3. sarb firman Persiaand thePersian Question

as highly unreliable. The The unreliable. highly as az cud ty n h am fr lftm i cs h fie t save to failed he case in lifetime a for army the in stay could ,

ind y h sa that shah the by signed

the actual ranged

gholams topkhane

w percent two

from a

size rs a soldier had had soldier a rs 20

ee osdrd s n o te ot battle most the of one as considered were b te n o the of end the by , - qatr o third a to quarter a

er eid f evc fr h slir. n at a fact, In soldiers. the for service of period year of population of territorialthe in living unit. Gholam

the sale of ranks and and ranks of sale the , 139. , . gholams 55 24

fixed ur ws seil nt eind to designed unit special a was guard wvr te recruit the owever, peyade a

year of leave. In reality, more than than more reality, In leave. of year f h Sa md u te most the up made Shah the of h upr ii o te population the of limit upper the live at live

existed

, was, territorial 19th f h personnel. the of

home appointments

hat irregular forces were forces irregular hat etr ws n o the of one was century

only on on only paper. . T . ing was conducted conducted was ing

he one u t 15 to up counted ly number of men of number - based.There Brigade . Apart from Apart . O 56 eo the of ne

57 w

orthy

As a a As was

CEU eTD Collection 60 59 (Moscow,1909), 58 had class class the 80’s the of beginning the it. of head the at officers Prussian two with education military of branch a had school royal a established was there Nasr military. the exceptfor graduates the years twenty a than in education the with army Persian provide to failed above The teacher. oft systematized and a program, lacked however, schools, The opened. were officers future the the of end the By made. was army period for for the allowance himself of leave tumans leave, a of case In officers. the for income of shah. be could officer an of a inheriting

CurzonG. Rozenblium, Vulfson

58 al It will be wrong to say that no attempts to improve the state of affairs in the in affairs of state the improve to attempts no that say to wrong be will It leav military aforementioned The The efforts to make a change in the officers’ educational level undertaken by undertaken level officers’ educational the in change make a to efforts The

to his commander to be allowed to go, and also the officer kept the kept soldier’s the officer also and go, commander to his to allowed be to st not did Shah Din

E.S

45. Clearly unsatisfied with those numbers, Naib al Naib numbers, those with unsatisfied Clearly 45. Persiaand thePersian Question n .

Persidskayaarmiya…, appointment Dar ol Dar Persy

116. n h cnet f h cass eedd ut n h tse f the of taste the on just depended classes the of content the en

v -

ich Fonun - mentioned mentioned 59

proshlom effected

, it could also been bought. No appointment or promotion or appointment No bought. been also could it ,

was op here. Soon after the second trip to Europe in 1878 in Europe to trip second the after Soon here. op

8. ihu a rb t a higher a to bribe a without nastoyash well a ol Dar

19th organized f rilr hd 0 tdns ad h infantry the and students, 30 had artillery of , 143. , on the model the on sought -

e was the the was e Fonun qualified officers. Despite officers. qualified 25 ’

em. [ThePersians in their pastand present]. century in Persia two military schools for schools military two Persia in century

mlyet n l te departments the all in employment oee b vze Frkai also Farakhani, vizier by opened , sarbaz and in a thorough manner, in more in manner, thorough a in and largest

of a French lycee. This school This lycee. French a of

had to pay a sum of several of sum a pay to had

and

fie, iitr r the or minister officer, - Saltane, the minister the Saltane, most the fact that the that fact the reliable source reliable 60

In In CEU eTD Collection Petersbug,1883), 9. note on[A thePersian army from the20th of Sep 61 most the of one was commandtheir often were soldiers the Mamontov, N. to according and, weak, very was discipline The present. personnel the of quarter a only usually had regiments the conserve properly. it use to how know not did basically and guns their disassemble and assemble clean, to how taught not were guns the of most education the organizing the on army’s seemed grounds unreal. on were personnel the of part and passivity completely was promoted be the to system, of con however,and lack The officers. efficient and active be to them train to families noblest the of children commandto right battalion. a The it. in students rank 150 the assigned were with school the College of graduates Staff a 1885 in established military, of

Fr ankini. effective education The financial control of the army was arbitrary and and arbitrary was army the of control financial The odes ee o taught not were Soldiers Obtaining the only taught obviously, institutions, educational aforementioned The

Zapiskaopersidskoi armii ot 20 sentyabria 1877 g.//Sbornik materialov po Azii, 4.Vyp. ammunition; it was also impractical to attempt to to attempt to impractical also was it ammunition;

idleness ers with hostility. with ers

competent officers to the army by giving the soldiers a chance to chance a soldiers the giving by army the to officers competent did not function not did

elrbe aspects deplorable am .

ong the ranks the ong

nhnal i te esa army; Persian the in unthinkable

h mna ad ae of care and manual the . There was practically no practically was There . stant change of the teachers were serious barrierschange were teachers stant serious the of fiil r nfiil ev, h vr togt of thought very the leave, unofficial or official . Considering the situation when the biggest thewhen situation Consideringthe . 26 tember1877//of Materials on A Target

f h Prin army. Persian the of

rcie was practice f clnl n wr gvn the given were and colonel a of

rs as arms, corrupt. M corrupt. target conduct goe i odr t order in ignored

ae involved Wages

practice, soldiers practice, hs encouraged this sia,4

consequence a

aterial security aterial maneuvers as maneuvers th

issue]. regarded (Saint

a o CEU eTD Collection 65 1917.one,Part 1878 epoch v 64 [GeneralStaff colonelBenderev’s tripsaround theregion in 1902] 63 62 lac the again by paralyzed time and time was general in forces armed Persian the of reorganization Cossack the establishing for out of command by manned was army regular Persian the that fatigue”. to resistant is he and asperities endures easily he infantryman: an for qualities valuable very has soldier Persian A Europeans. the startled often observation of keenness and wit quick his virtues; main his of one is eating in temperance his enduring; and sources The soldier. Persian a on comments satisfactory most a mention of qualities personal depreciate not did army agricultural in part took They living. a for money some earn to absent voluntarily were just or service. f was and uniform, practically soldier Persian a Thus, the keep receive finally would commanders regimental the When tangled and long remennogopravitelstv, 1878

Vu Mezhdunarodnye K. I.B RGVIA standing army in no time. Undoubtedly, such an opinion added to the arguments the to added opinion an such time.noUndoubtedly, armyin standing lfson

of imperialism.of Documents The unflattering and The enderev. , 63 , f. Persy

As a rule, in summer about in rule, a As currency 446, field works,field

skilled officers and and officers skilled w d. Poezdkipo rayonu 1902v Generalnogog. Shtaba polkovnika Bendereva.

ich 39,8. otnosheniya -

1900].(Moscow ueurtc rcs, with process, bureaucratic

proshlom o hmevs and themselves to re t er hs iig isl even himself living his earn to orced k of organization of the regular military service, the impotence the service, military regular the of organization of k

or sold or small streets items the on - 1917.Chast pervaya, 1878

ludicrous condition ludicrous v I

from

nastoyashem epokhu Brigade 65 - Leningrad,154.1939),

the

h gnrl pno o te usa ofcr was officers Russian the of opinion general The with imperializma. Dokumenty archives speaking three quarters three

n ern Ay tep t sat thorough a start to attempt Any Tehran. in , 114. , pay better administration, administration, better 27

sarbaz

h slir i vgtbe o wheat. or vegetables in soldiers the

the

every broker broker every i nt eev wgs alwne or allowance wages, receive not did of the of of combat Persian strength -

tsaristand temporary governments, 1878 1900gg. : “He is is “He : sturdy

of the soldiers were on a leave leave a on were soldiers the of . (Ashgabad, . 1904), 251. [ . remained what International 64

iz strongl eris that, recruits,

arkhivov

hl o active on while demanding they y

built, deft, patient deft, built, tsarskogo

relations ln marches long , could form an an form could

, they would they , hi share. their ne the under

in I

military

the

62 -

CEU eTD Collection officers The made. were Corps” “Austrian the Vienna from officers the of aid the with when 1878, in made instruct desire. shah’s the with coincided intentions their as especially army, Persian the in part economic m Iran, in life of spheres different over influence their exercise of process §4. keen the for need the and difficult on, lean to very shah the was and government Persian structure a Such army. Persian the of value thecombat to add not did also leaves military mass The brigandage. and robbery even handicraft, do to circumstances the by forced were They life. dog’s a leading were authorities, own their by robbed pay, no almost with soldiers, Persian were ranks of sale and funds public of administrat Persianthe affairsin ofstate thefollowed simply quite military the in affairs of state The service. military quality of incapable and unprepared untrained, an was name a such bore that structure The sense. true its the of independence the to compared and,but not provinces the last continuingleast, money. of lack Tehran in government central the of The Persian Cossack PersianCossack The ly. o rae Erpa am, esa gvrmn ivtd European invited government Persian army, European a create To Cossack Persian the of creation The the of end the by Thus,

r ad oslat. h ms prominent most The consultants. and ors , as presented earlier. Obviously they could not miss the chance to take to chance the miss not could they Obviously earlier. presented as , reform ing ing h Prin eua Am. h Wsen oes re to tried powers Western The Army. Regular Persian the distributed Brigade 19th

century Iran still did n did still Iran century

h Asra uniform Austrian the 28 h fudto of foundation the

Brigade

early

a a at f a of part a was

tep o sc kn was kind such of attempt ot have a regular army in in army regular a have ot

tt ognzto. The organization. state ion. The embezzlementThe ion. among

for a support was felt was support a for ost notice ost

l te Persian the all

small trade or trade small ably, in the in ably, n

ongoing CEU eTD Collection regulararmy in 1879 69 (Moscow,1925), 85. 68 67 edition(May 1980)1, 66 7 the On armies. Cossack Terek or Kuban in served previously had whom of all sergeants, Cossack served years for knew 12 previously Cossack and structure the in cavalry well its Alexei Staff General of colonel lieutenant by headed was Hig His of assent royal “the soon and himself, to promote Russian generally the influence in Persia” ful the creating in initiative the Atkin, Muriel scholar Petersburg American the Saint to According appeal. official the grant The to decided Persia. in regiment Cossack similar a establish Caucasus the governor Nikolaevich, through trip his that during forces him Cossack the escorted of training and arms uniforms, the admired Shah Din Europeanizing years that. before seven disbanded was Corps unf but infantry, regular

S. S. Iranskii, M.Pavlovich.

ild ept te at ht a ta tm tee a n cer oiy te than other policy clear no was there time that “at that fact the despite filled O.A. Krasnyak. Ibid,330 Muriel Atkin,Russia and 1780Iran, The establishment of the Cossack Cossack the of establishment The The personnel of the mission consisted out of three Cossack of the consisted of out mission three personnel The the by chosen was mission the of head The .

reform process. When on When reformprocess. Stanovlenie iranskoireguliarnoi armii 1879 v

- th . 329 . 1921].(Moscow, 2007), 53.

of May, 1879, the mission arrived in Tehran. The commanding The Tehran. in arrived mission the 1879, May, of . -

Persiyabor’be v zanezavisimost’. eea o te acss n 1862 in Caucasus the of general e jure de

ortunately their successes did not go go not did successes their ortunately Brigade

- 1828Univ Of MinnesotaPress; Minnesota Archive Editions n 82 hvn sopd okn d fco about facto de working stopped having 1892, in

a fly n h Prin ie te eus was request the side: Persian the on fully was

29 his second trip to Europe in 1878, Europe in to trip second his

Brigade ns” a granted. was hness” Grand Duke Grand [ Persia

67 - 1921gg. . was

- struggling independence].for 81 ws r was 1881, . Domontovich eod step second [Creationof theIranian rn Duke Grand

Mikhail Nikolaevich Mikhail eod this beyond

officers and fiveofficers and 68 .The mission mission .The equest wo had who ,

Nasr of the the of Mikhail . ed T 69

al he to . -

CEU eTD Collection 71 70 forces armed Persian the in time first the For used. were army regulations Russian abridged training, For specialists. Caucasus. the other and Afghans ethnicprovincials. makeup The the of Turkmens, Kurds, nomadic were them Among volunteers. 600 to up enlarged was unit the that After Russian the during Caucasus mohajers embezzlementminimizedwas of structure organizational the in sides weakest the of one was traditionally financing financial over hand to shah Brigade that scale sum in already 1879, April of in work started his Having for it. financing system of stable a organize to shah the persuaded having unit, Cossack the of composition and organization ar men 400 of out regiment cavalry a create to requested was officer

RGVIA rival in Tehran, Tehran, in rival

Krasnyak h Prin re fre, n b and forces, armed Persian the The uniform of the Persian Cossacks copied the one of the Russian units in in units Russian the of one the copied Cossacks Persian the of uniform The t men 400 first The the of One , .

f. 72 446,

, descendants of the noble Muslim families that moved to Iran from the the from Iran to moved that families Muslim noble the of descendants , O.A. Nasr d. , , Ibid Weapons mer 43,103.

- main i dcdd o d a lto t te eiet tu cetn a creating thus regiment, the to platoon a add to decided Din ,56. Domontovich Domontovich

achievements of of achievements

were forged in Tehran under the supervision of Russian of supervision the under Tehran in forged were sre n h Csak eiet ee erie ot of out recruited were regiment Cossack the in serve o

contr 71 - esa wr i te einn o the of beginning the in wars Persian .

l o h ofcr at officer the to ol ed ucsfl eoitos bu te future the about negotiations successful held mrse te hh ih h rsls o uh a such to results the with shah the impressed a

ytm f riig a introduced was training of system Brigade 30 mkn ti mv te osblt of possibility the move this making y Domontovich

men, the other 200 were recruited as as recruited were 200 other the men,

was rather heterogeneous. was rather

the head of the the of head the

was that he persuaded the the persuaded he that was 19th Brigade 70 : .

is every first Upon his his Upon

century. The . CEU eTD Collection 76 75 74 Petersburg 73 ungrounded absolutely were pretensions such means advisor, military a and mission Russian the of head Zinovyev, by send telegram secret a from clear becomes it As Zinovyev. Councilor Privy head its particularly, disobedience of Piotr colonel by replaced and back called was he contract the of end the after service, of period powers dependenc in Iran put that concessions the with alongside did and orders Russian de became Cossack al Abddoctor historian Persian the to According the thewere units trainedand all educated equal manner an in the of level the at training the to up finally and unit, rec Cossack

RGVIA

Zarrinkoob O Ri Brigade . ttikh A . In accordance with the official version, official the with accordance In that successes the Despite auth wide very gave contract The

75 Krasnyak f eoig oe nleta a te esa cut Acrig o Zinovyev, to According court. Persian the at influential more becoming of ,

P.A f. . , 1889), , 150. Brigade 446,

, war of Persian the minister wasto he Persia, subjectIn . officially only - . at idpnet te omne [f the [of commander the independent… facto Abdal eived an individual training; then the education went to the level of a of level the to went education the then training; individual an eived Politiko Charkovskii d. , 44,6. Ibid –

a sbet o h mini the to subject was he did not always follow the orders of the Russian embassy and, embassy Russian the of orders the follow always not did he Hossein. - ,64. statisticheskiiocherk Persii. [Politicaland statistic essay on Persia].

. ae esait consideration into Persia take

Ruzgaran[Epochs].

Domontovich Domontovich o 31

rities to the Russian officer at officer Russian the to rities sought to achieve an achieve to sought ty f a ol a frt ad rdal it gradually and first, at only war of stry

(Tehran,1380[2002]), 859. Do 76 - . Consequently, he persuade he Consequently, . montovich Hossein Zarrinkoob, however, “the however, Zarrinkoob, Hossein

civd uig i three his during achieved Brigade . e lo us the puts also He ”. utfig i atmt a a as attempts his justifying 73

was dismissed because dismissed was as a whole. In this way, this In whole. a as . Brigade

y from the Western Western the from y

official status of the of status official

floe only followed ]

the head of head the

Brigade ( Saint d the the d - year

74 .

CEU eTD Collection on 77 1905 of revolution Constitutional Persian the authorities. after Russian was It the question by this only on regulation of lack of because however, problem, a be to continued mission military Russian the of head expanding but withoutof definitely influence, its an imperialistic immediate plan. the using of thoughts some with perhaps R and side, Persian the of initiative the on Kosagovskii wrong. is politics imperial Russian of tool a and concession another or One which side, development. foreign in tool a as the of potential the understand or consider openly not did Russia stages, al of renewal a reject Iran acting dismissal by provided information insider the to According the at co the of prolongation commandmentthat Caucasus military Russian and affairs Foreign of ministry Russian

- Kosagovskii

Din Shah. the 77

. This accusation was enough for the Russ the for enough was accusation This . development

Some tension in relations between the head of the the of head the between relations in tension Some T gis Rsin neet itnig o rae sbtnil re fre for force armed substantial a create to intending interest, Russian against o ocuin cn e drawn be can conclusions wo

was based on the the was on based

could have also prevented the General Staff from developing it further. it developing from Staff General the prevented also have could

V.A allows one to make an important hypothesis. The hypothesis. important an make to one allows Secondly, .

of Ocherkrazvitiya Persidskoi Kazachyei

a, view way,

the

the Domontovich’s contract Domontovich’s the politics. Otherwise, it would not not would it Otherwise, politics.

Persian

the the

Zinovyev’s slander Zinovyev’s Brigade

n the ing Cossack

Brigade was not under the full con full the wasunder not ntract of Domontovich in Iran was Iran in Domontovich of ntract Brigade

u o this of out 32 - 1911 that the Russia the that 1911 Brigade

// si dd t ahr ih go grace, good a with rather it did ussia New

, who, claimed that

n t ery tgs niey s a as entirely stages early its on despite despite

ian minister of war P. Vanovskii P. war of minister ian East Brigady//Novyi Vostok, №4 . First of all, at least in the early the in least at all, of First .

Kosagovskii further on, with the general idea idea general the with on, further ,№4 have prevented have a ].

personal request personal

Cossack (Moscow,1923), 392. A brief note brief A te el esn for reason real the , trol from the Russian trol from Russian the n Government made Government n Brigade Domontovich Brigade

its successful its

was created was

. intolerable. intolerable.

[ An made by by made

by Brigade and the and

essay

Nasr

was

to to

CEU eTD Collection 146. underNasr al 80 79 78 a on non go soldiers letting of technique Persian traditional the used newcolonel the as service, numbered sig was personnel of number the it, of result whole the in expenditures of by incurred Karavaev. colonel was Staff General the from appointed person next The vain. allowed. 1885. Tehran in in printed and Persian to translated wasthat artillery”, Cavalry Cossack the of training guns, the use to how on idea an have not fact, army,in Persian regular the that fact the of Because added.was guns 4 with battery artillery cavalry the Thus, ensemble. music a and squadrons regime side contradicted Persian they the Russian if measureany interests in statement problem: officers clear a this to of were to Russian of orders not obey any

Misl Atkin

Krasnyak

- Rustem. ,

h piay probl primary The Ch Colonel nt was added to the the to added was nt Muriel. Nasr arkovskii

O.A. - p o 0 mn bt de but men, 800 to up DinShah 1882from to 1888. - the the paid leave

Russiaand Iran, 1780 Persiyapri Nasreddin

al , Charkovskii Brigade Ib - D id

n hh ae scn atmt o invite to attempt second a made Shah in ,65,66. lo i nt ty n ern ogr hn i 3 his than longer Tehran in stay not did also

did not have a functioning artillery branch and the soldiers didsoldiers theand branch artilleryfunctioning a havenot did 80 . The new commander introduced a thorough retrenchment thorough a introduced commander new The . .

m ht Kuzmin that em

continued the work of of work the continued Brigade - - shakhe1882s po 1888 Ocherkig. v rasskazakh. [Persia Brigade 1828 - , Sketchesin shortstories.] at ol 200 only facto 333. ta hle t pay to helped that ,

lnsd wt te eea ad guard and veteran the with alongside -

Charkovskii K rve hd o ae ee the were face to had aravaev Brigade nificantly cut. Officially the the Officially cut. nificantly Domontovich - 0 mn ee n h actual the on were men 300

turned into a division. Also, a Also, division. a into turned

composed the “Guide to the to “Guide the composed

(

Saint off

Domontovich h dbs bt a a as but, debts, the

Petersburg I 18 another 1883 In . - A. N. A. 78 er contract year .

, 1897), , Kuzmin Brigade bt in but ,

debts debts -

CEU eTD Collection 81 Germany the Germanas ones, al the of abolition inevitable the about sure representative, diplomatic German time same the al Naib War of Brigade non the on 1890, added to happened poor state the in of affairs. promi empty t with struggling was itself which government, Persian the from dotation extraordinary an expecting on kept reality, S the least state at colonelit wasin under it bringing of nor unit, the expanding of neither intention no was There card. trump was time of period that at Orient the in e.g. China, in working of experience some having one colonel him, After years. 4 for longest, the far

her de. ooe Sher big paety o fmla wt te Persian the with familiar not apparently being Schneur, Colonel added. chneur KosagovskiiV. A. Brigade Brigade The state of affairs in the of state affairs in The out personnel the letting of method usual the abandon not did also Schneur The results poor rather the Despite

counted only counted only men, 300 only horsemen.including 170 - Brigade paid leave. By the moment Schneur was called back i back called was Schneur moment the By leave. paid

ld eoitos n elcmn o te usa i Russian the of replacement on negotiations led , as su as e, hc Sher eivd Dogt n fiue f rp that crops of failure and Drought believed. Schneur which ses, - Saltane, infl Saltane, , Ocherkrazvitiya Persidskoi K

ch and simply create a convoy of 165 Cossacks instead. At the At instead. Cossacks 165 of convoy a create simply and ch

faced a recurrent financial crisis, to which poor management of of management poor which to crisis, financial recurrent a faced

rather uenced by the English, proposed to proposed English, the by uenced Brigade

he finances. Official Tehran Official finances. he so soughttoso influence its Iran. spread in treated by im by treated , Kuzmin ,

Domontovich seemed to be so hopeless that the Minister thatthe seemed hopeless so be to 34 azachyeiBrigady

A. K. A. - perial Russia as Russia perial Karavaev stayed in the in stayed Karavaev Schneur was appointed, as the as appointed, was Schneur

, 400. ,

offered only offered

the Shah to abolish to Shah the srcos ih the with nstructors a reserve, a reserve, a n May, 1893, the 1893, May, n 81 . The The . Brigade

constant Brigade

spare

CEU eTD Collection 82 them. with pensions 5 the On discontent. their express openly to started they that much so vanity and interests the of officerintroduction systematized training. the mention to not volunteers, promoted the among himself for support strong a of positions the equalized begi all decree, this to Agreeing order. officer the in officers the of abundance mounted Cossacks. anequipped That put end the all to of 2nd the on Sept training, intense of months three merely After recruitment. new the to Brigade arrival his upon face to had he situation difficult the in manager effective country the visitsto inspection of a number during acquired dialects, he which language and Persian commandthe of Kosagovskii more commander Kosagovskii ter evc a non as service their n me, 84 e a al t gt o h Sa’ prd 50 f rie and trained of 500 parade Shah’s the to get to able was he 1894 ember, The abolishment of the privileges that that privileges the of abolishment The that issue Another colonel appointment his of time the By next the select to decided Staff General Russian this like situation the In ranks, or getting them by protection orprotection bribery, getting them by or ranks, . In a very short time he called the personnel out of the leave and started a started and leave the of out personnel the called he time short very a In . th

f a, 85 the 1895 May, of V.A.

was as new introduced Russia the the of head , Ocherkrazvitiya Persidskoi Kazachyei Brigady

carefully As a result of this mutiny the mutiny this of result a As mohajers . On the 7 the On .

Kosagovskii - commissio mohajers 82

. Brigade those aspiring for aspiring those Kosagovskii

and volunteers within the the within volunteers and th

of March, 1894 Colonel Vladimir Colonel 1894 March, of

ned officers. By doing this, this, doing By officers. ned 35 et the left a t dl ot a te unreasonable the was out dole to had

T so te rcie f neiig the inheriting of practice the stop To . Kosagovskii

mohajers proved himself to be a capableabeto himself proved Brigade Brigade Kosagovskii

officers’ , 395. , talksdisbanding the of unit

n to ter hereditary their took and sd o no hr their hurt enjoy to used

n mission Tehran. in had already had a good a had already had

faced a real danger of danger real a faced Brigade rank would rank

introduced a newa introduced , and created and ,

Kosagovskii Andreevich

have have

and to .

CEU eTD Collection 83 Brigade the impossible made “Regulations” the of thewithin officers Russianof position the of strengthening a the to instructors Russian only invite to obliged was government Persian the “Regulations”, the of articles the of one to According 24 the On his to committed unit the over control strict establish to time same the at and future, the of foundations orders, Shah’s with the the the affairsin state abnormal of the the of value the moment critical embassy, mission.At understanding this Russian Russian thewith contract the prolong to going not washe that clear madeit of War, Minister Cossack English inviting the by to subject instructors the on agents military British the with talks started des the with manned and created Brigade the of dissolution factual the of use took War of Minister Persian The disbandment. rticles of the “Regulations” without amendments, what played a decisive role in the in role amendments, decisive a without “Regulations” whatthe of played rticles

RGVIA

Brigade Brigade The Kosagovskii . wa ojciey a a tp n h wy o unn the turning to way the on step a was objectively what , 9 the On . F. Brigade th

446.

. At the same time, it greatly added to the authorities of the head of the of head the of authorities the to added greatly it time, same the At . iuto ws vn oe opiae, hn ab al Naib when complicated, more even was situation of May, 1895 1895 May, of The crisis made clear to to clear made crisis The , stepped , D.

47.7. was moment.stake the at at

th “

decided to enhance the rights of the commander of the of commander the of rights the enhance to decided Persian Brigade f a te ae er u a so a out year same the May of

in and addressed the shah directly with the request to stop to request the with directly shah the addressed and in Kosagovskii

“Persian

Brigade ee ae. o rvn ay iia icdns n the in incidents similar any prevent To based. were Brigade erters. At the same time the Minister of War War of Minister the time same the At erters. Brigade ” I fc, h vr eitne f h Persian the of existence very the fact, In . for the German or British to take control over control take to British or German the for

presented his “Regulations” to to “Regulations” his presented 36 Kosagovskii . On the 24 theOn.

”

was abolished

Brigade -

th called called n ht we what on

. The Shah approved all the all approved Shah The . of May, 1895 in accordance 1895 in May,of Brigade 83 “Persian .

. The acceptanceThe. k rud the grounds ak Brigade - Brigade Saltane, the the Saltane, Nasr

Brigade

no an into al ”

trust. - was Din.

CEU eTD Collection 1968, 85 colonelKosagovskii]. 84 the of part large a of sympathies the incident the After Iran. in influence Russian the court, Persian safely Tehran becomearrived to in new the soon sh 7 the On throne. the al Mozaffar only that claimed sides, British and Russian both al Mozaffar prince the of opponent al Naib Persia. of throne howe Cossacks, wisdom” sakekeepingand astuteness the of for the order capital. in al Amin with relationship vizier grand The unreliable. also was forgotten almost was shah into plunged 1 of assassination the was Iran of history the of aspiration and colonel goal the was Such politics. Imperial Russian of tool effective st

Kosagovskii

Kazemzadeh, F f a, 86 y h hns f pnsait ea Kerm Reza panislamist a of hands the by 1896 May, of 352 The the gave that test serious first The aig eosrtd t ifune ln te tugig atos t the at factions struggling the along influence its demonstrated Having Kosag .

Brigade

V.A.

ho, ifrn gop satd tugig o te oe. h dead The power. the for struggling started groups different chaos, ovskii . Iranian . Relations Russia with and the Soviet Union. A Studyof Imperialism . e, likewise ver, Iztegeranskogo dnevnika polkovnika Kosagovskogo. [From the Tehrandiary of Kosagovskii Brigade -

(Moscow,1960 Brigade Din, who resided in Din,Tab in who resided , swiftly mobilized by by mobilized swiftly , , and, th

f ue 19 Mzfa al Mozaffar 1896 June, of who took often itne t tk te hoe nta o te afl heir lawful the of instead throne the take to intended , -

atn, o o te ae hh te iitr f a and War of minister the shah, late the of son Saltane, 84 of instrumentsignificant a as potential its confirmed also . The police could not deal with the situation, the army army the situation, the with deal not could police The . alwd h clnl o c “n codne ih his with accordance “in act to colonel the allowed , eae fetd by affected became ), 56. ),

Kosagovskii initiative. 37 riz time.the at riz

Brigade Nasr

al -

i, sotd y h Cossacks, the by escorted Din, - h nrge o srgl fr the for struggle of intrigues the - the chance to write its name in in name its write to chance the ah Din shah that happened on the on happened that shah Din otn wo a i a good a in was who Soltan, , took 85 .

Kosagovskii

control over Tehran. The Tehran. over control n. h cuty was country The ani. - Din ha Din

, supported, by d

the right to right the . L ., CEU eTD Collection other any against tool a as it seeing years, previous the in than support more af of state the used competently the time at same Russia, unrest. any of case in support a as Cossacks the viewed circles institution. the of Cossacks and officers The Bank. Development and Loan established Russian a Iran for as customs the guarantee loan. to Northern The income of the was shifted Rus time same the At army. the in and offices the in salaries and pensions paying in stoppages to led which bigger, getting were government Persian the of obligations loan the worse, positions andwereinformation data commander. for collecting their Cossacks sergeant and instructors Russian with alongside officers Persian mission strategi as Afghanistan and Turkey bordering Kosagovskii parade. 31 the On briefly. the of force the increase to order al Mozaffar 1899 March, of 1st the on Already order. the populati Brigade The existence of the the ofexistence The empire, Russian the of agent military a as duties his out Carrying Rsin on f 90 lyd n mes rl i srnteig f the of strengthening in role immense an played 1900 of loan Russian A

on, clergy and the shah were on the sides of the Cossacks that maintained that Cossacks the of sides the on were shah the and clergy on, f the of

received fe sn uis o eea poics f rn icuig h ones the including Iran, of provinces several to units sent often Brigade st

of August, 1899 the Shah Shah the 1899 August, of in mie a gatd ces o h icms f l the all of incomes the to access granted was empire sian

hi py rm the from pay their Gauly a te iaca stain n rn a getting was Iran in situation financial the as Gradually, . Brigade Brigade

obviously had profits for Iran as well. The ruling ruling well.The as Iran profitsfor had obviously 38

bank, in fact, from a Russian financial financial Russian a from fact, in bank, by

ar ad tre t gv the give to started and fairs reviewed 1500 mounted Cossacks on Cossacks mounted 1500 reviewed another 1000 men, what was served served was what men, 1000 another fr h Rsin mie O this On empire. Russian the for c

- Din gave gave Din Kosagovskii Brigade

CEU eTD Collection the Empire. of Russian sake the themfor implemented he way and the ideas his task, his and Iran to application world his reveal will sources the through person his of study case following colonel the bringing me The empire. Russian the of edges actual the outside imperialism the that fact the the of potency the long a Such revolution.Constitutional the stop to (Parliament) the when 1908 in was usage its of point focal The politics. imperial Russian of tool a as used and comprehended government. Persian the of intractability possible any against as well as Iran in influence foreign By the beginning of the of beginning the By Kosagovskii Brigade

Brigade Brigade , who reanimated the the reanimated who ,

into the sphere of Russian imperial politics largely belongs to belongs largely politics imperial Russian of sphere the into

represented itself an itself represented

as a lever of influence was to a great extent caused by caused extent great a to was influence of lever a as

20 Brigade th

century 39 s ocs bomb forces ’s

Brigade Persian Cossack Cossack Persian

example of the presence of Russian of presence the of example

n tild t nmes The numbers. its tripled and re the arded

path to recognition of recognition to path Brigade

Persian Persian rit, or guilt, of guilt, or rit,

came to be to came view on on view Majles

CEU eTD Collection soil studied through be to promising the Orientalist prism paradigm.of officers, The wide speaks a topics. on and of range The and materials th 2,000 pages) to written (up of text, his he which to in limits imposesexpression no to Russian werehelp supposed Russian the powerthey withempire, of were be the to line in imperial and politics Along their in homeland. readers that, with werethe representing the officers official countrymore on with the than numberpeople whoRussian enoughlimited of spent Iran in time acquainted get to under exactly was brigade that rule his the peaks. at of one its perception their feelingstheir of but andsurprising it, interests.It not is interesting, duties, basic about the their of general unknownthe about life relatively country, c alreadyyears for and generalexisted 24 five sequence seen the instructors. The they encountered.surroundings persona were not Iran just to gearsthewerefunctioning as but machine,bright in confined to are not dry have only reports, andThenumbers descriptions. men sent officers had Russian sent uponthe on being sources their mission. The we still the Through 2: Persia Chapter olonel left clearly notes, articulated thoughtsolonel about what reports left or was beyond In the caseKosagovskij, the of In however,we have happy huge to a amount are materials Kosagovskijby aThe officersleft were are unique of The source. a the end thecolonel of Until had Kosagovskij’s brigade 1903, in service notes andLeaving messagesIran onethe was of about generally lities atlities and much times known the in interest took little exotic and

a surface level, surface theira present to and level, the impressions

interests in the region interests the be region to reached. in

Colonel Kosagovskij’s Notes. Kosagovskij’s Colonel 40

e topice provide a

objectives , CEU eTD Collection 86 Anzali uponof arrival.Kosagovskij city his the the was vegetation that says just region. subtropical that Sea, Caspian on from the It wonder, the coast. Anzali no Persian to Baku then, is perceived.country countr the such naturethings as buildingsmadeaccessible and easiest aboutimpression the time withacquainted enough culture, get customs, the to language and and simple countrywas the to and a environmentalHaving yet features. landscape not had §1. officers’ notes severalthe depending groups into their topic. on get state. better a thoseTo Russian an at sources, look attemptmadewas sort to canto motives bringquestion moreand understandingthe their motives of clarity Orient the style “Western a dominating,presenting of restructuring, and having overauthority Said’s orientalists classic in understanding,whether they were o “ruling But teachingsettling by describing it, theit, aboutwhether they it”. decision were Orient following Edward country; Said’s definition of Orientalism, ar they notes and leaving by accountsare or aboutway this Persia, another studyingin the

Said, Climate and natural environment and natural Climate many first officers the impressions the werethis of to connected had humid

The accounts by Kosagovkij accountsby The theto attention the richness of pay flora around usualRussian road that officersThe used take their was to way on Iran by to first thatwas thing theThe of c eye the catching officers upon Russian Edward. –

dealing with making authorizingby it statements viewsabout it, it, of 86 y. The sources on They. sources on hold topic this abouthow information was exactly the ” remains until remains ” analysis deeper the of The sources. answer this to

“Orientalism”(New York: Vintage Books

, 1994), , 2 - 3.

e “dealing with “dealingwith e ver and it” oming CEU eTD Collection 90 89 88 87 their condition. change the by theypredetermined nature and thus,hardly be live in, anything can done to the understandingcolonist/imperialist of aborigines:those people ar Kosogovskij of withthinking falls theline in here primitive Western thatwomen extremelythey same are the and of lively region beautiful veryhigovernment. well contradicts even He poor state the for the of population, theeffortlocal to Persian of the instance, of lack changed. helped or doesbe The not colonel deeper try and look this to connectinto judgment. his peoplein are because this The like and bellies thin with big limbs his yellowclimate the Locals are of description land. in feeble, directly by connectingthefurther characteristics causedof fevers concepts miasmasby Kosagovskij from on goes swamp air. Europe. Kosagovskij, discovered being sticksin to old the however, r a beautyof nature, the says,the Despite he besteven time the there in year is the of for wishing more.one sameAt the we Kosagovskij’s time peculiar notes find in text. also mentioning richnessmagnificent, of the the hardly which animal world leaves

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 139. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 103. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 59d. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591d. (128 ). 83. otten smell in theotten smell swamp air, and throughin the miasmasspread land It is this about is timeIt (18 fever, it seems, just hangs fever, in seems, theair it reigns theland, suffocation chilly,some underground dampness; Foliage is luxuriousFoliage among but some thick, that and all

1(128 ), 85

89 90’s), that first the bacteriascausing 90’s), are illnesses . Kosagovskij straightforwardly. applies stereotypes

mself when he aboutthemself says later 88

. of the people tothe unchangeable of the

of the and of nature, thus it cannot it - skinned, devastated, devastated, skinned, - e fashioned 90 87 . Thus, the Thus,. the .

CEU eTD Collection 92 91 the mouth parallels Russian. in herea drawnThe of be can between however,clearly wordup, showthe had that say certain that can not for one used is it nowadays.The etymologyand the build easy whether tell to is it word wide this was Kosagovskij; before case,use any in in word “persiuk”.peculiar Orientalist.called aboutthe when Easternan country; talking whichapproach well mightbe very go to show away desire from a Russian exclusively an standarmentioned his to comparison own standards, and domatch cultural when not realities the the All for reasons climatic thatthat. Kosogovskij measuring does things is in built manner, this althoughhouses exactly there obviously arein cultural and He should not abouthouse howgo does like. details look into why th and are does just“stupid” calls it not because really it matchhow understanding of a his be can seen mostbuilding in until cities the nowadays; however,of Kosagovskij, the theof secludedness frominner of life family world. outside the Iran,connected house many with in of culture,one which of the aspects local the is the with rooms theoutside right yard. leading This traditionaltypeinto isainner a of stupid “generally Persian was design” in

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591d. (128 ), 74. RGVIA76, f. op. d.1, 591 (128 ),90. I could not not thecould find I word analogous in In the very firs the In house for provided theThe lodging receivedalso negative characteristic: it Persiuks’ assault at aPersiuks’ at in border theMuganassault strip steppe

On the8

ds, they ds, mostKosagovskij criticized. times the get of not does t voyagest to call Kosagovskijto Persia with the starts a locals th

of August of (1892

91 43 any any the of the publications of time, neither , which, clo means building a –

P.B.) IP.B.) making was report a about the

an offensive an humiliating meaning offensive and –

or or Western

This This of type a 92 – . persiuk

sed fromsed the standpoint e for a a for - CEU eTD Collection 95 94 93 “Maybe climate that the icy. whilethe developingvery role its Persians, plays in justand a themind statementPersians, says,he the climate. about The are to up quick blaze with are dealing childrenthey and just animals”like grow the judgmentshowsin stereotypes that of was set a implemented. confusion mind.wonder Russian caused whetherit the officers’ in once again This biga number Azerbaijani Also, of stillTurks ar were and of Persians, was Arabinvention the a exclusive the Islam. Sunni to an response “racial fashion,religions”called which, was said in thatShiite faithamong the all, vice religion and with the at versa,especially the Sunnite beatthe ” Shiite mentioned: even “As for refinementcruelty, of even torments guile, here the and minded Persian conservative Shiite mercantile,a and is Sunnite whereas a Turk is noble brings Persian”, uphe a proverbas an a of unknown he and adds on:further origin, are thehow concep intermingled awhich character, red will like thread ofpervade notes.his It all see is to interesting the people. over superiority local the officerwords. Russian comesThus, initially from p the and Persian

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 121. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, d. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 112.

Characterizing the Persians, the Kosagovskij Characterizing writes“The of that insolence Persians s according to pliability toadying; one’s and s according Persians whom feel instinctively Kosagovskij makessomethe national Persians’ about also generalizations 93 . The next bringsThe . sentence it s quick to calm to tos quick Iran hot, day that and down,the in the is similar night is zhid

for a Jew.suffix a The for

395(226 ), 113. 94 . One wonders One . muchhow Persians were the identified

ts of religion of ts ethnicity. a “Jealousand as Turk, sly

even further on, term the as ethnical not is – iuk 44

is also used is numberalso a in swear of time sowhenthe concept of the 95 . The nextsentence brings The to . e Shiite;e one to is left osition of his undoubtedhis of osition

- - CEU eTD Collection 97 96 valued much comparison labour theis and to malein less one, notbecause growing of happens their but becauseemancipation, femalerather depict it. notes preferred workers are many on fabrics,Women local but the it of womenseveral the Caucasus,one serving in remarksalmost that pictures one he or day every as, person, a diary,as reading his even before Iran,when mission his hein was such mention, hand, is it interesting to stress a o women of timesposition understanding often to key culture. the the is theOn other and Russia, in be continuesonly to until so Understandingthe day. the present hand,the women’s one the interest in pos 2. § army case an Russian use do. of intervention in should way this was following outsidebring only changes. would the good The sources confirmKosagovskij that one from seeview Kosagovskij brings of up, can that point this from intervention an beari the help country and withto the on and thoughtinternally. locals this Drawing condition, physical to their religion.even, Thus, can some their be little done extent, count fast are gettoo”very to fast, old,

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591d. (128 ), 51 RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 122. One of the of which mostOne on topics Kosagovskijextensive are talks women. the On The discrimination discrimination coursewomen veryThe of of is The Status of Women Status of The ng ng suggestionsfor mindin the the spread Russian that of influence ry andry climate from ofits people, its theirand inseparable behavior, nature the 97 .

of thinking of

96 - 63. – . Kosagovskij,. tends see to thus, the of nature

at at his least what suggestions on roads the

45 ition in thewas East not in present ition always

n womenn for natural Kosagovskij is much the place the as in officers’

thus muchthus is more CEU eTD Collection 102 101 100 99 98 divide sympathy author, the thethe remain on of othe The subjectthe within values. stays realm women, Orient. Persian all the of despite Kosogovskij, because to apparently women and Eastern incomparable Western are There nothat. parallelsare of possibility wasintercourse blocked the watchmen, under of themselves werethus who castration, crippled by any not dare to whyof harm did they wome beauty the heraway, feet. were Muslimsthey crippling soft. more himand This to are is poetic andfor harsh, more order example, prosaic in woman a prevent to from running polesthe Asia. at of present both their women. treat andtheir fear Jealousy positionfor amongprivileged men are that peer with womenconnected average Gilan from are paid in coins silver women a 60 to anwhile 30 month, as only 10 get profitable

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 4. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 2.

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 180. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 176. RGVIA,76,op. f. Kosagovskij draws parallels with the with Kosagovskij draws Chinese parallels Persians the the and way in they Bringing up the up comparisonKosagovskij Bringing not China, further with go does than –

then do thecontrarythen do and onlyfind not you if do confessor,another mullah, maninfriend, the first theend, you meet 99 alongside the with Chinese.

98 . A . man, should respectful, always be forto ev express loathing . The numbers provided The. numbers Kosagovskijmenby provided the that silk say fabrics in

If youimportant, something yourask an want about advice

1,395d. (226 ), 177.

100 . Kosagovskij mentionsKosagovskijthe. saying of Persians to one his

drawn the to woman positiona of the in West 101 .

The Chinese,The Kosagovskij,however,says are

anyone, your an and ask advice for wife 102 . 46

r side of of civilizational side r the cultural and n, but rather were putting themrather but n, erything –

–

CEU eTD Collection 105 104 103 many papers, Caspian men the region are cold in very with women,relationshipin notes, partly officers’ causedanother by is factor.As follows fromit Kosagovskij’s control allow medical consequence, and, a this, as are de not Islamicallow the the absence oflaw did total and that, police waylife, of the corrects Islamic about partly He himself, law. sayinghowever, by that even if out that of Kosagovskijconclusion tois it tends make over intermediaries house,she have property can personal father’s even through conduct and business has rightto the hand, demand not conditions hard and with not time, only but the “educational” on The other purposes. wife, towards women.domesticprohibited abuse wifenot is beatIt one’s to from time to within. theopinion of Kosogovskij’s apparent unchangeabilitythe system of Persian from spirit lawIslamic allowsits happen crimes in to such the commitin it crimes stop to even case this but countryside, can expected that man be a in ready toit be will from more expectoutburst to an chances woman city a from from than one the the struggle is immediately beingKosagovskij, suppressed men, by is a this and life

Petrushevskii I. P.,Islam Irane.[v RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 180. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 168. It is remarknecessary is to It that of self Anythe awakening The peculiar treatmentThe women appears some of as fromit in regions, the

103 . Equalit . 105 . If these conditions these notIf . met, are a has divorce. right My she to

y between sexes not seem does are Iran.in There topic a be to

- consciousness from women, toof side the according Islamin Iran bud.According perceptionKosagovskij, the of to the sharia’ sharia’ essenceits in allow does not unlimited

] (L ] 47

eningrad:LGU Publishment,1966), 175 worse than the ones her she the worse had than in 104 . This just adds up just up This the . adds to - generalizations about the aboutthe generalizations facto le galized. - and

- death - 177.

CEU eTD Collection 107 106 convicted forwere ones as rape, the “luring”a man it. into women was that sexualit think to common controlled have causedthe by be Persiancould Persia, men, tosimilar medieval Europe, in as it appetite thatcouldsexual hardly they satisfy harems. descriptionthe a in such Also, to resemblance 19 to theprove, accounthis on hard female supposed bears hypersexuality Kosagovskij’s explained by be sympathy despite here, them.that Buteven to is it agains Kosagovskij had valid. clearly not determination shows Rather, ofis and bias prejudice it level the described as exactly so impotent was the reason and populations, shabby the men often were himself. with said,contradiction Assick he the ontoll climate the was local its taking certainly had befrom, for to reason tension. a it a but them frontof the in elders, Kirghiz the in happening and Turkmen his tribes, where man a abilities prove to had very and temperamental are to prone Something sexual similarintercourse. was eve and

Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159, 105. muchbetter sexually and men?looking healthier, than was active Even it if Upon describing women in Gilan women describing Gilan Mazandaran,KosagovskijUpon and in co 107

. It makesIt . such wondercould whereRussian a get one officer information n n considerable a thempart of impotent are 108 . Following howFollowing . bethis women logic, same could bethe in regions living

century mythcentury a Western

– when had complaintfrom a been presented had wife to his

highly doubtful highly t thet The description locals. women a of can better in light

–

the explanationof climaticthe the 48

bout the Oriental women’sthe bout great 106 . Women, on the other hand, the . on Women,

y. Sometimesy. women - looking andlooking mes into a mes a into CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 Persianwords in 110 109 somewhatand theperception hadchildish foreigners towards the locals not when Kosagovskijexpect could an that. it she as the example gives of naïve thethe secretsof all put about to her and clothes again. appearedIt on that curious know to ladies, local astonishment waswhen wife came he his sawalmostto his he back, that naked was wives by visited lady of supervisorthe of customsBelgian local Kermanshah European1900. in The had guests not). and Treats Music. Baths. Duties. birth. mention names, can following: I which of the out shorttranslations, Kosagovskij brings up mentions and chapter generally the written fiv by book is to “what todevoted women obliged and to do how obliged are talk” they are Iran presented mentioning by century bookis a called who Persian wordsa of manyabout how can be wife home,mentionsa the tough at reports Kosagovskij

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 191. Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 88. Theexact title and ofmeaning it isdifficult to due tell tothepeculiar way of transliteratingof RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 395d. (226 ), 44. An entertaining and picture theAn telling wife entertaining of description visitthe a is of An inter totally were not Women suppressed wives,as from suggests. Kosagovskij Apart

family as slaves, she is a family a she slaves, is guile as personified indeed a just my not that she is slave,but is wife also holding me my and esting esting underresearched and theinsight women’s into in 19 late history

People say is slavePeople to a wife her that husband; well, and Iadd will to Russianto Kosagovskij used.

e women,e for in which amazing fact theis an itself time. ferengi 112 tasted a tasted riverful of a Shah’s a with marriage daughter: .

Mahram

local aristocratswhile the waslocal Belgian of house; out the (Eur opean) dress,opean) strippedthehad Europeannaked

and

49 Namahram

Namaz

(what is allowed(what and is whatis Korsun NanaKorsun . Fasting. Marriage. Giving Fasting. . 109 .

110 . The book The . is 113 .

111

. The The . th

CEU eTD Collection 116 115 114 In sense this denied. t skin Gilani the womenas descriptionare his local beautifuldim mostlywith in white very talk climate the on bad continued the following and of miserable men. local look “almost sexual secondly, dissolutenessgeneral women” among which to a contribute reasons spread such high STD of high, mentioned,as with, no was Kosagovskij medical help. incredibly main two lists and a with somerash, ill leprosy with According toMazanderan. of city him, the Ra in amount on subjectconsiderable notes the of the andGilan regions for of bigger comparedinvolvement this Russia’s region in South, a the left to Kosagovskij, health. §3. throughsometimes ofeven veil visible a sympathy. are description morethe learn positionwomen judgment oldhis about of In Persia. in and amount vast a produce of which until information is valuable nowadays we if want to to women. Persian sympathetic interest he them has The in him to on spurs

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 124. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 122. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 120. Connected to topic, somewhat this Connected and of public the it of issue continuation a is diaries showand KosagovskijThe notes cololel the i that However, the spread of the of spread toHowever, diseases the due thedoctors cannot absence beof however,goes a contradiction This, clear into with whatKosagovskij sa Public Health and Hygiene and Public Health 116 . This obviously to the with This has . do man’s prejudgment.

Kosagovskij on a holds to Orientalistprejudicesrather that still

due to Northerndue work his and mostlyIran,and Tehran in due to he militaryhe Russian doctors the reactions by are revealing:

114 . The transmitted The sexually rate. diseases of 50

sht almost sht men womenwereall and

: Muslim: and, insularity s general in

115 . Then there is a there a Then is . ys later, ys later,

CEU eTD Collection 120 119 118 117 that, andfor ofprofession reluctance ownersthe those call to people could maintainedwork of be to anddeal cleaned,there regularly special a existed everyone residue, for has else drink to as it is it cleaner, bit a waterleast the ones at rich can allow themselves to whatever wants,there he Kosagovskij canals) canals of mentionsthat to onecase in no stops open throw in howwells, housesof Persia: into water gets dit in good is a deal There criticism of For describing the three means well. instance, as of water organize Russian to supply a would these army, case fight it in lands in partof the devoted itto A and strategy big is ins stored transmitted water is and the Iran, in all charts. drawingsit with and of precise and wellfull to water the attention sewerag of supplyissues and training of level outstanding engineering in as a officer, pays an of good deal or,their rather, non hospitals, curing of satisfactory level same the through and problemstimes therefore at themselves, offer a could various sorceresses, consult who,to Kosagovskijas had usually puts gone it, doctors Russian there tosignificant started a flow Caspian, be towards population thelocal of Russian set hospital after had barracks been the shore of on southern up the

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 28. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 81. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 128, 129. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371d. (159 ), 127. The problems andThe h health public of - prepared article on topic,the description many a the including of ways 117

. In the absence of the absence of the In . qanats 118

- existence. Kosagovskij,Colonel received an having

sometimes cemeteries. the under To make pass

ygiene with doend deficiency the of not

51 m,most had STD women with concerned

120 pired by clear by military reasons: pired how ches and . Qanats e. Among his notes there a Among e. his is

and wells require gooda qanats have reservoirs (underground (underground lead tolead 119 . CEU eTD Collection 124 123 122 121 the since Colonel one, abouttechnicaltalks that a features he’s specialist and in, current the deep urgent situation into and capital” needs of its Kosagovskij, says that, government“treats the jauntily issue does this not and go widesprea wereTehran very the ground at sucked place,right into which the makes illnesses wonder that in no Persians, thus, sewage The instead taking theof theof city, diseases out be let dep reservoir, a vertical well made underground deep several metres from away house the sothere Instead, are Persia. the there wasKosagovskij, thing the sewerage such as Europeansense no in in Kosagovskij followingthe mentionsthe locals, story: consequences. catastrophic that,To greedinessillustrate slyness also and and of

RGVIA Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371,d. 40. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 371,d. 35 The sewerage sewerage not freeThe fromstay does according either; criticism, This section section the Kosagovskijof This information mig gives

finally agreed to payfinally for himself agreed thecleaning however, found, worsenedand thesituation to the extent the not to hewant giveas did of his coin own. a A cleanmake anand investigation for thewell thegovernmental stillwasbut bedridden, a trying find to have lothe of a people.After could poisoned the that, all sayyid notneighbours, was his connected well to anyoneand the else’s, rotting, the but was slimy yellowishthick, colour, acquired and as corpse taste a the dog drinking and wat this selling in thewell rotting been for month, whole a and the poisoned strychnine bywas police had good count. dog a for The his cleaning of intothrew own property, bigdog a his well; the dog he that wouldand knowing rather strangle hims , f .76,

Mughannas op

ending on its size ending branches on sewage suck and forits can 10 himself led a . 1, .

d . 371, . 43.

(cleaners), (cleaners), wishing to get tips from

- dthe because of the of housesdensity

37. sayyid lonely life andlonely life didnot even or else servants, have

- called called

kept onkept drinking.Luckily his for er.In turned thewater red theend a zir 52 - ab

, which to canals underground lead a mirab

121

ht be the most the be ht unbiased (watering to official) mirab .

elf than the elf pay for 124 sayyid .

sayyid could not be not could 123

to sayyid . Despite all Despite .

still kept on

- Fazlallah, 15 years. 15 sayyid 122 money,

. Such . - got got

CEU eTD Collection 125 of Shah possibilitythe Support a looks reliable of tool a like In of having influence. corners the in where especially far other of tribal forcesit, and werelocal strong. will,but mosthe not his did enjoy certainly unlimited power of all counthe in was whereshah, indeed, Tehran, powerful in certain point a until obeyedeverything majoritywas him,the time against in Constitutionalas revolution. the of The shah, as the supported conviction Thisif sharing this e itself. happened significant a notice. In conflictsis brigadeall the the took alwayspart, it had Shah, equals the sense the here as very XIVI in Louis said, am state” the Kosagovskij sayin even by Colonel this further takes impression as Austrian officers the wereit, simultaneously reorganize to the invited army. onethose countedas of momentarybe was ideas;need urgent hardly for there any theon caprice willof Shah.dependent or the crea The §5. paradigm. relati a doing the usedthe needssystems be for of Russian when military. Thus, could even when aboutthe mind and talking he how irrigation bearswatering in different Kosagovskij roads, the which could Russian remarksthe ones armymarch, through to The promoteimpetus Russian is the interest, why this is when speaking timeshowever,often officer to motivationthat the them.led we the writing see can to archival restrictions. due the thesis drafts the thatIn Kosagovskij article left, numerous and are accurate such people and as culture areissues chartsand mostly aside. left drawingsThe

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378d. (503), 12. In the course of the officers gotIn timeto how countrymuch Russian learn the the in Government and International relations and International Government

vely vely research, independent Kosagovskij Russian within stays imperial

–

unfortunately to is impossible it add

tion of Brigadetion can the itself g that g “the state them the to ven when 125

about about try, try, . This This . CEU eTD Collection 128 127 126 music wi neutral instead, thetold Minister, Foreign Russian meetingthe representative Upon Moshirappearedit that ol Russia underwere their who direct not control.In 1903 al Mozaffar Shah for wasthe left timesseveral hi with promised he solve thecase, to himself. theit hit by In Shah end, his minister to killfellow; the husband wheninsolent and alNaser ho with wasshe him.was servantlove thea in to same princess’s sent The night Armenian princessan wasso nicely behaving gothe the him, with that impression the pay largestto bribe for it of claimed Finance, Minister this taking is be because he to only place was t written misshusband whento anything her drunk was the all check morning to in aboutAnis ad Kosagovskij speaks the of country. part scope could his had, he limitation hardly as about havethe more southern details of case Kosagovskij,the statementhowever, madethe he causedt rather is by

use with an with use share Kawam’sto furious invitation The herprincess bed. told RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, d RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, d RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, d Generally, there Generally, respectis seenlittle the to highest ofofficials Persian the court. The courtcouldofficials also theirThe on own act even regard thoseaccount of in through Astara byaccompanied Cossack from the orchestra Brigade. the

s walking sticks walking took a and 2000 tumans, fine, however, which, . 395. . 378. . 378. . 128 .

th theth of purpose diminishing the of importance the 309. Kapellmeister 150. 315. dast

127

. Concerning himConcerning . story following told: a the on ball is - e khatts - Dowle, the senior wife of wife theDowle, Nas senior

not to play Save to “God not the play but Tsar”, play

(decrees), written her by spouse,so (decrees), not as 54

- 126 Din Shah about heard the . Kawam. ad - Din Shah was to going er er ad - - Dowle, theDowle, Dowle, the the Dowle, - Din, whoDin, had he one one he he CEU eTD Collection 134 RiennerPublishers, 1989), 127. 133 (Traveller’ssketches)] 132 131 130 129 the projectdelaying and with interfering means, by it, all seemed shown have a to to capitalsafe a the by andconnect it fast road. Persian the governmentfor the modernize to theon important Caspian and sea port Russian the by side offered Anzali on Caspian the shoreport an in wheremight knowing it lead powers, twobetween England, the not great and Russia preference to giving any, Ghods Kosagovskijby notes left the confirmmade rather statement the Mohammad by R. to end the an Turkmen the pillaging region theirsee wishto taking Russia stated over their the land. This, North mentions manySociety, that 1874 in the of metpeople Mashhadhe (Khorasan, in as notables” Russia they their Britain, will bodyand “give and soul the cometo possibility for to back Kosagovskij openly to a expressed Brigade happens conflict if between that Russia exampleprevious shows s one border the representative the ofRussian PersianRussian eyes and both Muslimsin at residing

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, d GhodsMuhammad Reza. Ogorodnikov P.I. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 217d. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 217d. the Muslimpopulation of C The officials, officials, however,so wereThe to not with easy deal someas and the of locals, perceptionRussians Russia of The and Iran in wasThe uniform simple. not and - Eastern were Iran) spitting by anger thein and name Shah, openlythe of –

that sha andPersia the 129 .

StranaSolntsa: Persiya (Putevyye ocherki). [The land of thesun: Persia

(SaintPetersburg: V. Demakov publ.,1881), 166. 131 . 378. . . Ogorodnikov, a m a Ogorodnikov, . Iranin the TwentiethCentury: A Political History . . aucasusresettled in Iranafter theCaucasian War. 410. 221. 289.

134 133

, and, on firstand, a , glance, was opportunity wonderful a . This caseThis constructing. the is illustrated of by sea a ide of it; hand, the of theide on it; other h in h particular in position the on competition based its d the Anzali the d 55 ember of the Russian the Geographic of ember 132

The Persian side,The by however, - Tehran Tehran road. The projectwas

y would thought, put mohajers

(Boulder,CO: Lynne

130

in the the in CEU eTD Collection 136 135 §6. somewhat a amouKosagovskij left comparable this, nonevery role as of previousimportant in the the officers ofon position doing thejustenthusiasm job. his Colonel’s enthusiasm Apparently a the in play did wasthe becauseinformation of officer’s collected instructio GeneralStaff.the hard topossibly It much define,is how however, this of curiosity,plain but of useful foris a information Russian the government and Persian deal to the with courtofficials.takes Al attention to of Russians andlot how the within perceived Russia what Persia, are it of internalquestion and the external state. relations of Kosagovskij Persian a pays the of Persian structure about the government, ho would Persians even forthe go sabotage” the to direct of heartaccess Russians country. the suchEven road was a if built, costs. Persians“The never all which will the allow gi constructing road would Naser of alcourt do” Europeans thethis of understand meaning [Anzali not used. portbe As could the follows from Kosagovskij, notes by left the “Persians agreementsprevious fleetwas a Persia the allowed have Caspian, not to thus, in had viewed outthepress of it. picture th is left What is understanding of of lack project’sfull the benefits

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378,d. 415. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378,d. 414. This section section showsthe of This notes was officer Russian well the howinformed Conclusion 135

- . According to Kosagoskij, to was topic According . matter a debatesthe of this it Din Shah, and conciseDin Shah, was a decision made

- Tehran] road maybeTehran]road even 56 136

l this, this, course, just not of l done out is nt of theof nt on top information – w deep, in fact, w fact, the he did go deep, in into

this wasthis way Russian the the e e that thefact of light in n andmuchn how was –

prevent building at prevent

better than ic.

ve the CEU eTD Collection nextthe chapter. of and serving Russian region thanones.interests rather beThis Persian the will topic materials the thethrough of almost Orientalism.of a goes which stereotypical topic is There like views notes his Kosagovskij in behaves and customspeople local and spirit the in theand plans publishuse, to never some came articles the fruition. of to materialsThe thepresent. fund Kosagovskij of in are open misinterpretations. mistakes and about matarchival the care of common sewerage. comparisonhealth and of givenThe the data folk in and dull considered unimportant traditional historiography,such Persian in as simplytimes, information this on topics unique, especially is the were which comprehensive and full rather information the theyon wit topics are dealing had Iran,people viewon and he state its system.its generallyprovide notes The In all of the notes the of all notes In researched, constanthowever,spiritthere a superiority of is notes, reports diaries The and colonel by theleft Kosagovskij allow deduce to erials with with other published erials the at timeliterature allow not speaking does

officer , theRussia’s which the of spread is influence in 57

manuscripts for manuscripts the private a reda thread h.At CEU eTD Collection 138 Revolution1905of RevolutionsSince 1800. 137 worldview, his he did Orientalist spread in actively or the Russian help of were theagain. officer’s Did aspirations? a remain he observing What passive process. my transition, and colonel that claim is the with interfere Russian interests commands the thefollowing of from o Persians side the toolRussian a as of politics foreign used head of Iran,in with the the constitutionalists and Shah’s and Russia the state 20th to the guard be Yet, Shah’s designed 1879. in endthe of the first by the decade of dareI say suppositions would the Iran. not go far from truth.very actual the Kosagovskii that Given fact, could duty. one already make abouthow presuppositions his even perception, Orientalist notin mind bearing Russian that a he in is he was country, working 3 Chapter

Atkin, Cronin,Stephanie. century, it To support my support To Persian C The previous chapter picture of a The gives how

Muriel.

viewed Cossack Persian Kosagovskii’s Kosagovskii’s

Russiaand Iran, 1780

became of hearth regarded a theas within reaction be Persian to - 1909. 137

Deserters,Convicts, Cossacks. In: Iranian . Focusing on theaspect,Focusing on . last the

(NewRoutledge,York: 2013), 164;21.

ossack ossack (L.,1910),202. argument on

, canHe its people very and calledculture. its well be an Brigade vision vision , I will refer to the to refer sources will I , lef - ’s most weapon againstthereliable 1828.

138

. Something and someone behindSomething. this and stood started as started as ceremonial small, a largely unit

Brigade of Russian of (Minnesot Kosagovskii 58

’s and, generally, Russiangenerally, ’s and, mission in a:

Univ OfMinnesota Press; 1980), 333.

Kosagovskii politics inPersia. politics made tocontribution great a this Brigade

Browne E.G. - RussianEncounters: Empires and nly in case nly they not in did t by by t

began to bebegan to explicitly

perceived the Kosagovskii ThePersian Brigade

officer on officer on

once once

CEU eTD Collection 139 mannedwas the by wherever to moreturn for them.it’s advantageous Under why (which came wind firstis they Briigade willthe in place) the mostand to likely with, are deal unstableto but and reliable: less are trim they keep can them youryou hands” in the way: following in gives notes.move The colonel the characterizes the in Kosagovskii mohajer mohajers mission altogether. Russian attemptedhere) make to new a Persian when the was demarche the itself the that done.One the had of War mostthequestioned the existence that of events co attempts seize to serviceexperiencedterm he continuoushis of thechain subordination, Despite strict of vizier. says terms Cossack the of notes by The colonel left caseimperialism? Russian wanted to hehe the If process?how view win, did this

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378,d. 403. of subordination subordination of The reasons for reasons the the The crisis abolishment thatthe lie in of privileges sources reveal The ’s on the rank common with level within the volunteers

mohajers enjoyed until i

talks aboutthe such reasons for and potentially reckless dangerousa Brigade

left the left ntrol over thethat ntrol the Russian Minister Persian instructors of mohajers mohajers Kosagovskii

n 1895n in Persianthe in realities. Kosagovskii Kosagovskii

Cossack Cossack

, which which ,

are disobedient Kosagovskii mohajers 139

during the 1906 Brigade .

Kosagovskii

give an explicit answer an give explicit those to questions. The volunteers, at The samethe easier time,are ’s thoughtsthe on peculiarities of position the Brigade 59

took in As mentionedtook1895. chapter in 1, in

issued a decreewhich a the issued put , the, Minister of (name Persian War put , obstinate unceremonious obstinate and

Within but loyal, know soul, you but “if loyal, their

out of out the them disband and

refers torefers the as “go - 1903 was grand subject the to Kosagovskii

the Persiansystemthe military in

compositionthe of Domontovich ming their sails to sails ming the their Brigade , during, the whole lden age”, and age”, lden

. the Brigade Brigade Brigade

CEU eTD Collection 141 140 soldiersopewhen would Persian the the for was intolerable the fellow command.their among tribesmen use in in customwas a Such especially was officersexception whenhappened Persian clan the to the be having leaders Kosagovs subordination tocomplaints. otherRussian The Persian the and officers,writes a tough extent treatmentthat the very be would receivedfrom side without his army. Persian of the the head The that is the who the much so group officer valued their recognized utmost and i and translators shortguides, “in characterizesHe Petersburg. them familiar the with people well as good localities, the case that in Pers the by frommohajers,originating Transcaucasia, large were extent a the disappointed to mohajers Brigade at

the timewhenthe the Schneur, the of emphasis made was volunteers, the on Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 378,d. 403. Brigade mohajers Brigade

In general, the the general, In writings his In Kosagovskii

was clearly in the statewas of the decline. clearly in

kii the for ian governmentian homesick and , something will do repelthat them extent of the to leaving? The answer , was, very at acknowledged.relative, and even times The only not and theand privileged positionclan to the situation leaders used enjoy. The . a created This d of Brigade

war between and Russia

Kosagovskii wanted total the and within utmost whole subordination Kosagovskii structure

and for theand Russian cau

ouble chain hierarchical thewithin

of the and and decidedhe the get system of clan to rid within –

several times the the of importance stresses a a fortreasure Russia” Brigade nly questionnly authority Russianthe the of Brigade 60 140

was absolutely,to obeyed implicitly and Britain, they .

Many of themMany of claimed to was than better would working it se in Iran.As se in

141 are .

Why, then, the would Why, willing to servewilling to Saint Kosagovskii Brigade mportance for Kosagovskii , which which , Brigade

puts it, be in be in

CEU eTD Collection 142 military.During Persian service the yearsthe Iran, of nine his in the theRussianmatterplace the head missionof concerns had the within system of officers not Russian justthe value startedto Petersburg the appeal the government’s to Mozaffar direct al of the potential of and representative British Minister tried War understood use, to thehaving restructurization provoked thefrom unrest of inevitable side the to an unit be tool the obedient the in the for affairs before of state mentions four wayshimself with how clan of dealt the he leaders’ privileges: put foreign politics Even before Russian impossible. plans explicit the and Persians obey officers would instead makethe of use any

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 217,d. 265. Thus, Thus, 4. 3. 2. 1. Kosagovskii into

townsmen with village dwellerstownsmenwith village an mixing the different in By regiments of people and origin: nationalities thus the separating officers, chiefs subordinates.from their upconsisted units the that By breaking the of peopl them connected By giving with less positions power. someplausibleBy a excuse. expelling under Brigade

life, life, Kosagovskii Kosagovskii ’s functioning ceremonial a as was good Still, enough not unit. it for Brigade

understood theunderstood ensuring of importance the freedomactions of

Kosagovskii was aimede at . however, unrest, The wa

understood the problem

within, also but within, offrom the outside the

Brigade ’s arrival

hands of its commanderhands of all its at The levels. stablishing full control within control full within stablishing the , too., d nomads,d Persians… with Turks 61 in

- Tehran was apparently good wasTehran good enough apparently Din Shah, showsSaint which Din that s handled by the Russian the by s handled and started taking taking started and

e compatriote with their

for mohajers Kosagovskii

such use a were Brigade Brigade action Brigade , that, the 142 . He .

in the in . The

tried tried to . The. of

CEU eTD Collection 143 with.seemed reconciled be to some w talks and even with threaten protests Russian bringinga regiment Khorasan.After to the commandunder The Russian Chernozbov. of ambassador raise plannedto representatives after military advisors Russians exceptforeign the Persia. 1904,however,In had left “theas end”. basically was subordination humiliating, and – Amin the of the headsubordination of the apparently thegrip, and loosened new managed vizier grand achieve to indirect with results of the evaluated Chernozubov. follower,his colonel Chernozubov had just Shah the nominally. unit a totalunder control, a into Russian Cossacks wouldwhich own to allegiance the see logic The1900 Russian War. made of loan the Brigade government.Persian “Regulations” Shah signed the 1895 The the by in enhanced maximal foensure independence

this is to add the to this to nepotism Persian is of the government. a Such line in

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 252,d. 37. The personal contribution personal thatThe By the end of 1903 partly a end By the as by the result pressure of - Kosagovskii khan was of Ministerkhan son Sepahsalar, a the of brother the of grand vizier War

com m ith the grand vizier grand fact the the of ith behind ander’s authorities made and dependent authorities theon him Minister of ander’s less ,

invited sixinvited officers Austrian

left, the governmentleft, Persian

this chain chain this actions: of 143

Brigade r himselfr and the Kosagovs Kosagovskii

to histo 25 62 Kosagovskii Brigade the

, kii

who started to compete to unitwho the with started

, presence of the of presence Austrian officers made to this this made to beprocess can

pushed B pushed the by in his his describes thenotes s in -

year old finan Brigade

was going turn the to cially self

nephew Amin Kosagovskii from the will of the from of will the ritish ritish - sufficient. can One , all the, - khan. khan. This ituation ituation CEU eTD Collection 145 144 a Brigade expensive toy, an as already happened previousas years. the in it Kosagovskii close simply ones stresshis how the useless Shah 1896.in Din handle unrests to liketobacco riots after 1891 of Persian top the establishmentthe valued the Persian for necessary” government, 1903 was it as before money.putting suggests He and soonas they of as ranand, out money, trust Shah’s to the state. the on for reasons contemplates thethe uncertain of position position i with finish to officials Brigade compla of The continued. reports re Russian, Russian, Persian”. re not

Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 252,d. 40. minions

Kosagovskii As some onAfter usefulness of the time talks the the ined funds about of maintenance forthelack ined the of

started its descentstarted its and and meaningits officers.“All the the thethat of instructors fact they lies in n Iran,n Kosagovskii

. The. problem with the makesbecause otherwise sense, the

did did not interesttin lose

Kosagovskii

get moneythe their projects for thethrough European loans, findsessential always to Russiannesstheit stress the of

the Russian the rule Kosago it. in

puts money merelyare excuse.it, talks an Numerous used

Chernozubov state Persian thatthe Ministry of War 145 , there wasand a

an The Shah, The says

claims by actions Shah that aftertheir 1903 the and emphasis on “absolutely Cossacks making the Brigade

theIn Cossacks. problem notes his the he of they were replaced replaced were by they 63

, Kosagovskii rising rising desire among Persian the Brigade Kosagovskii

or the ones after the theor death of Brigade Br vskij, having vskij,having fromretired his igade

is for them. suggestionof is The

and often send would out it

Brigade thinks, is thinks, the is not in l , who, served under had

Brigade would becomewould viewed Brigade 144 other adventurers . Before Before . datethis

for for . Apparently. the

Persia

in the Persian in Nasr ack of of ack

al - CEU eTD Collection 148 147 146 an such verycondition” a difficult evaluation is it “in dilates upon officer the of general Zapiska) retired lieutenant head.his in strategy th at which our instructors.” Only situation Persia. current canin after that makewe defined strictly we Cossack Iran.In of actions one he question: the in a openly letters raises Persian “whatthe into, presumably claims actions the and the that Kosagovskii the as Shah affect also would well.It demonstrates the which, way according to in anygovernment claimsbehind a that and th nothing, Ain alAtabeg years,him 7 weak for is

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 321,d. 2. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 252,d. 55. Ibid,25.

1. expect from them? Only by clearing up clearing up from by these outexpect questions, we them? Only grasp can Kosagovskii

The archive hosts document The a entitled “Memorable note (Pamyatnaya after being sent andThus, decline off seeing the Absence of agents with good of knowledgeAbsence of the country. evaluation:

Brigade e momente present. was openly not , the – -

Dowle. and plainly e way that only makethere the stress to is to Russian is him listen 147

Brigade gets worried clearly about the Russianthe inconsistency of is forwhat Russia, wedo is demand and instructors what our do of

Kosagovskii

the stateaffairs ofthe of Russian the military Iran,and in his in

146

- The prince, The turn,in values Persian any officer next to willed, fully willed, and under his of the ex influence

should viewedbe openly and Russian, presented: is andit –

for the Russian for interest.

Brigade calls for strategy a actions Russian Persia, of in Brigade

takes takes are donecomeand from Russia, 64 Kosagovskii 148

. He then gives then He .

off Kosagovskii icer makes. icer of action This line

”, written 1906.”, In it the in , however,had the Brigade

a list of of a reasons for list

starte - mentor prince

demands for d tod fall the

CEU eTD Collection 149

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 321,d. 5. 3. 2. give directa quotegive here: fewa give Russian for recommendations the It Persia. in case makes to sense problems,defined the Having 4.

his predecessor already knew.his English that, to the Compared and from started ownhead his on find account;he scratch, Tehran. wasThere mission every unified eachin no and newinstruction and of vagueness Inconsistency demands the of heads of only Persia nolens a as volens for secondary goal. rather officers, Brigade remark again wayprovesThis the once which in system unified reports.and and actions of Compared theRussia. Englishand that, to the complete Germans a have separately on. so Reportsfrom and no the has relation to Astrabad,Khorasan,Tehran Russian officers in Gilan between them.coordination head the of Russian cavalry (Cossacks) in systemany of Absence the in avail”. Per same whenthe Persia, few at the time last there exists for years “Young suspected even existence ofone the movement kindrevolutionary any of in secret absenceservice:seems of Absolute “it until verytime the like last no Germans systemat a followed sia”, what aboutsia”, have to I Staffreported Cauc the the in 149 :

it was not it to the Ministry the to theof Foreignand Ministry of Affairs in War

–

a Russiana working unit for the and Russian serving interests –

orbe should not

the Kosagovskii

same places on on samethe same places subjects go ic line from line year. yearic to actionsthe of Russian officers and 65

–

doesstop attempts not here and to a Persiana trained by Russianunit the

Kosagovskii

out himselfby what

the the Russian asus to no to asus

perceived the CEU eTD Collection 152 151 150 when Iranagreement1907 was zonesof the of on direct split defined influence, and mention to this important that document the before Russian written was winto general: consul th sameactions the of had the already been AsiaticTurkey. course done part of in officers military bordering provincesTo thatthe regions. the already have Englishagents them, in (Cossack gene bordering on Khorasan 1905, in Petersburg Persia””. regions projectbordering to this GeneralStaffIn in out the sent Saint in Kosagovskii recommendations. and exist. not did should Russia haveactions used Iran in

Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591,d. 3. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 321,d. 6. Petersburg if theyPetersburg if wereunited under his lead. Russia in therecent times.spoiled could He have theactivities of all directed the general his accessionpersonally assisted to throne invariably thelate from theside of enjoyed years stay in Asia, of and especially withallthe sympathy he that with theextensivethat valuable materials heduring collected his many knowledge With of theexceptional Persia that general ral wouldral subordination himinclude to of Cavalry Head the Training the of

Following this course this actions,Following of the of sources the One “Draft archive is titled in the of project V.A.by Thus, Brigade n officers in Irann officers from Saint withtheorders in accordance Kosagovskii

called “Appointment GeneralStaff the of officers bordin Kosagovskii Kosagovskii

should appointed British be consuls counterpartthe as to influence: ) in ) consul Kerman Tehran, of in generally and all the of of consuls

Kosagovskii

the Russian authoritiesthe territories.such The of consul a e strugglewithe Britainthe influence Iran. over in

, however,did, not limit vague thoughtswith rather himself had some had the with connection in thoughts system of cold havecold least at partially amend been had what

asks asks be to theappointed consul Kosagovskii – 66

and this that us and tells such also sy this a

and the present Shahand thepresent he (as –

formulates main task the the of

150 P.B.) P.B.)

–

one might think that Kosagovskii general of general of er and sea er - 152 British

It is is It

has, stem - 151

CEU eTD Collection 154 153 to generalwill number have consul fulfill a tasks: of - - merchants businessmenand - - to according of Russian task promoting the consul do effectively, general, interests. To this new the as compet between therivalry two sta states

He sho He directshould representative a He be Russia’s of interests He should should grantedHe be free pa serviceA at should topographic be hand

Ibid,5. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591,d. 4. - - - - goal reach his promoting To Russian in influence, says

u ld able engage be ld to direct in r Russian should be staff Russian organized of Afree institutions network of medical help manned unselfish by grandeur”. of delusion representatives constantlyRussian to fail re alreadyworking started ambassador Harding dir this in Kosagovskii win should He should set Persians be up of secretservi Aqualified training consul appointa key should He Persia. every cityinto in Kosagovskii

itor. Besides the Britishfighting itor.

stresses this point, according as, him,to English tajir bashi , should, possess n a

ssage on all the roads ssage the all on roads Persia in

rted cease, to themwith both of Germany facing

(head of all merchants) (head of Russian the over side. to

e 67 lations with Russian and Russian with foreign lations

ce agentsandce out translators of 154 umberauthorities: of

Kosagovskii a chtheir goal of “because the

Kosagovskii 153

of course putsof up

ection,and

, the the CEU eTD Collection 156 155 Besides government Russian Russian call the officers, he spies. as within fluctuation the of Russian plan coherent promoting existed,influence considering at ever the agents network Iran to of of questionable promote in any influence; is its it if Staff officerGeneral means diRussia that the English, Japanesethe Germans the and use Kosagovskii General urgesinterestingly the get similar to Staff the programs that share their to obliged of Russian mainAll the the cities. officers to appointed willPersia regions in be intelligence centralized created shouldbureau be with spies.guides and best Cossack missions? reconnaissance who m would question: to candidates these the of all positionsof military secular main heads,high rulers, well as membersleaders, clergy, as the of created should be him, categorized a there network of Brigade collecting as information,

Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591,d. 5.

Kosagovskii coordinate To aboutmilitary secret service, agentsand Talking would one a raise inevitably necessaryfunction of consulThe the genera . Kosagovskii Brigade

officers and ranks,would bothand lower Russian Persian, make

countssev

the actionsthe the of agents,suggests, Kosagovskii intelligence a presented Brigade tasks the with theagents. To better, get program going ake up the staff the for up secretservice,ake and possibly intelligence

Kosagovskii

. eral groups groups eral people thatof could

the concept in more way. a to According systematic

had done timethe during his the of lead in ’s plain that this answer to Persian is 155 68 d not plan to use notto d kind or not plan any did use

156 . Such a request from request Such a . high a l as a military would military a agent be l as

the the of presence the

cha racteristics all the of b e useful the useful e for s

for creatinga agents agents all in CEU eTD Collection 158 157 useempire to case Russian their help of in need. wider propagandafor among Armenians the P in to work British“are ready for the wholeheartedly crown”. Petersburg, Saint with dissatisfied whereasto Armenians that contrast in Indian samethe direction. the at experience British hints area. the in The talk also commissioners,the and and of Armenians. merchants Mentioning spies as taskperform this without mohajers Russi time highest the use to the of main one assets the consular institutions. coordinated should be andaction with assisted Russian by officers and Cossack In Persian their ranks. work, andlower during such, trips their obviously, the Cossackput, on Persian Persia mentioned: Besides “Kim”from Kipling. number by a other and groups are of professions that, the information merchantsnetwork commissioners of and who transfer collect, and would deliver

Ibid. RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591,d. 7. an an Kosagovskii borders. thatwil understands well it

Interesting is his accent on employing accent his on Interesting foreign merchants role this of in also is emphasis secret Special describingthe in intelligence network t compromising Russia,

directly fromdirectly be government.need “They to Russian the interested –

if given sufficientgiven authorities if guarantees. and practice used widely t by

n Jews,n de Kosagovskii Kosagovskii mohajers’

rwishes, statesmen, rwishes, servants prostitutes, Brigade in way tidy a in

says says the Armeniansthat areRussian

homesickness come desire to and the within back again once the of value the stresses . As. for writes 1905, Brigade 69 he as to well,enough British remember

, so to say. to so , . Kosagovskii calls forKosagovskii calls . ersia to maketo to ersia them loyal

about Armenians about a takes step in ”.Kosagovskii 158 l

be illegal be the address to illegal Kosagovskii

- Kosag controlled banks

ovskii

volunteers volunteers to wider 157 o beo set is generally , it’s the, it’s mohajers

then calls .

use of the the and

as as CEU eTD Collection 161 160 159 veryshould be withthefolk(narodnyi)in psychology and dealing skillful conquest actual bloodless, by attract eventimportant happen in Persia will without us make in taking part it. To the is thepreliminaryhands. This of the country, conquest sure make no that to telling: and Kosagovskii hairhis tears andout he’s Russian says when this bankrupt gets In he 45%”. way, excitedto Englishman when25% with gets where the sell is he goods profit, to100% him, get crave of they hole. Russian calls Kosagovskii barrel’s merchants “greedy fools” check, cylinder border a with filled the right alcohol with the with stones, alcoholfilled barrels with are waterto with filled instead, and escape back Russia At times, to sell it and locally. says sugar and tea, alcohol Iranand into without taxeexcise legally and there, Russia sold to back the as merchantsmore find to it profitable import benefits these Kosagovskii and theRussianabolished, of import and goods facilitated. supported was excisetrade: promote Russiansugar were and taxes the its tea, alcohol on trade. of sphere governthe Russian

Ibid. Ibid. RGVIA

This is This conclusions thatThe him, to the According three mainsmuggledare all exportproducts largely Kosagovskii , f .76,

raises heavy criticismraises u the on says, merchantsthe gradually spoil the Russian image.

159 op how we howwe should take thecontrol over country thewhole in our . 1, . .

is critical aboutthe is thebehaviour subjects Russian conduct in d . 371, . 90.

Kosagovskii

the

income of all theincome sell. goods they all “An of ment, applies various benefitsis true, to it ing hearts people’s to our side,we

draws project explicit lengthy after his are 70

se se mer Russian the Kosagovskii

diameter is put diameter is the into , sugar with are barrels s, and then smuggle then and s, chants make chants about 160 . According toAccording . 161

as a

CEU eTD Collection 162 of from aspects life, its silkworm breed however, thegenuinely interested country, in he small sick are and match what used he the climate culture, about nature, local just they and manyin don’t because cases beto holding himself turn something Iran to plan similar Britishinto Russian to for the India tsar control establishing over official One and mightwonder it. if be would with theconquest” actual armedinvasion, country the coming into forces colonies. step,promote influence the final in after th their The crown, direct even requeBritish the in or Persia to as as Armenians Russia in loyal their the are compatriots to India in felt, the be position be a can general, of in it consul in the Across project whole India. of approachingauthorities vast the of governor general ones a or viceroy British a in suggestscreating Kosagovskii positionconsul a of gene the coordinate state. positions To the in agentsandactions all the officers, of the promote andRussia at image most have of positive influence important collect will to which be of a information Cossack Persian Russian of Iran.Russian activity zenith obviously empire, in primarily theon leaning already should be them. prepared for everyday

RGVIA,76,op. f. 1, 591,d. 8. Summing up everything that everything SummingKosagovskii had up done,he and said proved speaks quotation forThe itse

peculiarities in Iran.peculiarities … Brigade

–

a rather strange rather a Kosagovskii concurrencehappen. to is,

to have to Russia. easy and in are beautiful Women on

to to OrientalistHeway the a thinking. has of low opinion , will, secret create a network,the primaryintelligence goal

Kosagovskii

And when the soldiers will come, will Andeverything thesoldiers when lf, summarizing howlf, ing to water to supplysewerage. and alwaysHe ing bout the and country people to important its 162 st programsto the get British the 71

a latent comparison India British latent with a has thoroughlyhas studied the suggestionto make ral in Northern ral Iran,with in Kosagovskii Kosagovskii e “bloodless e

viewed the ,

menwhile

various did not

. use to

the the CEU eTD Collection i The 1917 RevolutionConstantinople. put of all plans an to end, the giving of sphere British own the influence for and exchange London theand Straits for in of the saw beginning First Russia theup neutralzonegiving World between War its Shapshal and khan (Sergeishah Shapshal), Markovich mentorthethe of shah thethrough authorities increased Cossack Revolution upset manyConstitutional even use tried though Russia plans, to its was bigger possibilities given forRussia N action the in of whatspheres of markedinfluence, GreatGame Central end the Asia. the in GermanyKaiser power of Tibet. The agreementand manyhad boundaries control solidifying that by identified Afghanistan, respective Persia, in ofshaky 1907, brought which Convention British and British Izvolskii 1907, St. Petersburg, 31, Ru August Russia, in aftersubmitted Kosagovskii Twolife. years his the suggestion onto General Staff, Russian making a in Persia domain.can by goaldrawsunderhis everything saying aid line a to openly that muchas is he as the military Persian strengthening case Russian Iran.His the activities in in to outgoes thought wayfind that a forcan or the of used this thrivingbe sake of the officer, Russian most a stays however,and descriptions notes his in and of the nto hands of English. the the The plans The

of Kosagovskii, of however ambitious come were,to were they not to

ambassador Arthur the Nicholson Anglo signed ,

among greatest Iran was the ones it. divided in into Kosagovskii ,

butspreading at Russian influence Iran. in He reasons lying under the with it, reasons lying increasing

72 the the

lived just to witness the faith work:his justlived the of witness to Brigade

Brigade s sian Minister of Minister of A.P.sian Affairs Foreign - Russian relations toRussian forefront the , pro,

are obviously are obviously at aimed not orthern Iran.The Persian - R ussian Mohammad - Russian Brigade - Ali Ali . The

CEU eTD Collection colonelof Kosagovskii], f 163 the mansion Valdaj Pogostikha in August, 30th of the was 1918on by he shot the yard ofthe Bolsheviks in own his

KosagovskiiV. A.. Iz tegeranskogopolkovnikadnevnika Kosagovskogo. [From the Tehrandiary

oreword.(Moscow, 1960), 2

mountains 73

. 163

CEU eTD Collection complex circumstances. own achieve goals. its useful government to thefound betweenon it difference play two the side promote to incentive Iran interests in Englishones; its againstandthe Persian space contested of GreatGameThe Asiathe gavePetersburg Saint in another were possibilities opening forand the Russian Empire, quarter the of the last Russian expanding imperialism.Russia Co camewhich Persian the be to Nasr and thus badunsuccessful the state the armya of Persian reason for the created a The century. Persia the within presented b Russian can traced. be Iran the of Cossack history visionhis officer, personalities and Throughof processes. we follow Russian can story a it, of the of The history the Russia. Conclusion

al , The case study case of The colonel Persian C The

- that underwent that attempts several timesmodernization the throughout of Din Shah Din Shah the turn to to foreignaid creating new in military one units, of orders presentedorders three stages. activityis his in the in First,

ttempts affected the wholettempts well the countryas affected of Iran andof mission his Orient. the in the in the country Through

2 ossack ossack 19th larger problems. the first within larger armedone of The is forces The Brigade

Brigade

century, southand moving by Persian Cossack Brigade

also history the Russian changes the policy of in in Kosagovskii ssack

itself is complex; is itself histories and involves reflects it

is a unique unit in the uniqueIran well unithistory a as of in as is Brigade finished 74

Brigade

as a Russian a as imperialist outside the . The second problemThe . was the

the conquests Asia the Central in by

was these to brought in life with Iran as with Iran as ofone them. , eastwards new options

but were largely Brigade s to

is is 19th

CEU eTD Collection int the of spread is which Russia’s the serving Russian region and influence in which topic is a There goes redlike a through thread materials the the of customspeople views local and spirit the of almostOrientalism.stereotypical in treated Kosagovskii diaries of are the in with respect.little softEven with skin. mostly white officials beautiful Persianthe the courthighest of seen ugly,towards when men all the calls sickwhereas and is women he locals are usethe the by of reflected humiliating ethnonym presu The “persiuk”. undoubted superiority the people.his over things, this local Among other is change done theirto be condition.The comes Russian officer from of position the are predetermined people the by they nature an live in, with colonist/imperialistthe line understanding the Western thoseof aborigines: Russian first Oriental scholarsthe Iran.Thinking Kosogovskij, in of however, falls in of purpose country openingthe the Russfor silkworm positionwomen irrigation, as of with but breeding, just himself not for etc, and scholarly spirit triesreal research to the all that topics suchhis attract interest, environmentApart exotic from r got he into. direct his country and the waspeople he shows working Thein. officer curiosity the in sincere the of analysis sources reveals Kosagovskii’s toOrientalist approach typical the Brigade the military of Russian missionhead Iran,his the development role in in the of of plan the the about tells erests thanones.rather Persian The sources left sources Kosagovskii colonel The by left reveal attitude to his job his a as following the history The of

and and viewhis mil perspective the of on

the

absence of absence of directives fromany government Russian the con Brigade ’s development. Brigade

was extremelywhat indirectly uneven

ian He readers. ian is named among itary unit unit control.itary under his The esponsibilities d thus,d hardly anything can Kosagovskii ,

he works a in pposition

officer his his notes cerning , CEU eTD Collection serve the as should conquering main tool and Iran,and ruling in efforts his over are would say. purpose Cossack as subjectRussian a it of own own theinterest his in Persian work mindset. His in He thedescribes within Persia it. framework settles expansion, Russian of imperial and knowledgeposition allow to the him; plans about audienceRussia teach he in writes Orient theAndreevich about the he case Persia, in of researches it the East. in directstatement a to up the along plans get conductto British their the policy which turns Kosagovskii to British India. the plan several his experience times directly in turn a and place significant aIranpart of into dominion,very Russian much like actual previously alongan intervention the roads andbuilt railways take would over of the calls control levers Kosagovskii as bloodless co “a it, influence, After agentsand the establishingofficers. the take position consul to of Northerngeneral coordinate Iran to in theof actions all at mostthe influence positions Kosagovskiiimportant the in state. suggest hi Cossack Persian the suggestions creatingKosagovskii’s include a network,based onsecret intelligence turning only at end the Persia, ofin least northern part in it, Kosagovskii’s worldview. actions,about his of All aspirations should and researches the of conquest Easternthe either country, de putsHe straight: Petersburg. up it endall Russian the of activiti that madehe himselfletters sentand for partly General the to Saint Staff in All the sources used comprehensive the a tell All Kosagovskii. story about Vladimir Kosagovskii Brigade

is targeted notdevelopingis military, at as Persian official the the

shows devotedRussian a as imperialist the andin himself plans Kosagovskii Brigade , promote to andRussia image have of positive

openly states in theopenly sources that statesthe in 76

positive positive andRussia image seizing of - facto or de facto - jure. doubtThis no leaves to to domain. Russian a es in Iran shouldes be in Brigade as his his as nquest”, mself

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