Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention and Control

Technical Bulletin No.:39 iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant iiv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic as well as potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are Zoonotic are diseases such of Diseases:impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of Zoonotic of because countries Diseases:developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under &facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing Pr eventiondeveloping of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices Contrpractices farming poor as well as ol practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death Contrdeath and disease animal and olhuman the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections Many cases. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging Z. B. Dubalreemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal S. B. Barbuddhe animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic population which are always at greater risk. N. P. Singh risk. greater at always are which population

(Narendra Pratap Singh) Singh) Pratap (Narendra

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as well as domestic rodent reservoir.Technical These Bulletin diseases haveNo.: 39 potentially serious human health and economic impact. In the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are comparatively more than the developed countries because of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices continuously add the human and animal disease and death cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are Importantcommon Zoonotic in India. Several programme Diseases: are regularly organized by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though PreventionGovernment of IndiaAnd launched Control many programme for effective control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal populationPrepared which are alwaysBy at greater risk.

Z. B. Dubal (NarendraS. B. Pratap Barbuddhe Singh) N. P. Singh

ICAR Research Complex for Goa (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Old Goa - 403 402, Goa (India). iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant iii iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic as well as potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are Published are by diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of Dr. of N.P. Singhbecause countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor Director and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor ICARpoor Researchand Complexawareness of lack for GoaFurther, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices Ela, Old Goa-practices 403farming 402,poor Goa,as Indiawell as practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, Phone : +91sanitation, 832poor 2284678/679with associated are infections Many cases. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access Fax access :or +91 832hygiene, 2285649personal inadequate food, contaminated to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are E-mail are : [email protected] services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized Website organized : www.icargoa.res.inregularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by

Government of India launched many programme for effective Q effective for programme many launched India of Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases Authors diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging Q reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population Correct citation: Dubal Z B, Barbuddhe S B and Singh N P. (2014). Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention and control. Technical Bulletin No. 39. (Narendra Pratap Singh) ICAR Research Complex for Goa (IndianSingh) CouncilPratap of Agricultural(Narendra Research), Old Goa- 403 402, Goa, India.

Page Layout : Mrs. Sushma S. Gadagi

Printed at: M/s. Impressions, Belgaum iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl

as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have potentially serious human health and economic impact. In the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are comparatively more than the developed countries because of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices continuously add the human and animal disease and death cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, Foreword contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are common in India. Several programme are regularly organized by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Government of India launched many programme for effective ince prehistoric time,control major changes in human disease burden, spatial distribution, and pathogen types have arisen largely owing andto humanprevention activity. of emerging The changes zoonotic diseases, new diseases Sfrom small hunter gatherer areto largestill bombarding agricultural andcommunities the old diseases are still encroaches was associated with the emergencein the newer of geographical human contagious areas of India. Thus, India have diseases, many of which are aanimal big challenge origin. Outto fight of all with microbial such emerging and reemerging pathogens, 61% are zoonoticzoonotic with 13%diseases species for saving regarded such as a huge human and animal emerging or reemerging. Amongpopulation emerging which infectious are always diseases, at greater risk. 75% are zoonotic with wildlife being one of the major sources of infection. In India, agriculture and animal husbandry workers such as farmers, livestock owners, animal handlers, veterinary extension workers and veterinarians contract many (Narendra Pratap Singh) zoonotic diseases. Etiological changes in mans environment and agricultural operations, increased movement or traveling of man, handling of animal byproducts and waste, overcrowding of animals, increased trade in animal products, drug resistant organisms, changing livestock farming practices, climate change and disaster and changes in microbial pathogens due to genetic shift and drift are the principal factors responsible for emergence and re-emergence of pathogens. Many of these factors are interrelated. Increased urbanization allows faster spreading of any new disease between populations and air travels enables to spread the disease all over to world within a short span of time. Emerging pathogens are more likely to be viruses than other pathogen types and more likely to have a broad host range. Interestingly, many of such pathogens are maintained in the environment by wide reservoir host and many of such emerging pathogens have wildlife reservoir as well as domestic iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant viv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These rodent reservoir.reservoir. rodent These diseasesdomestic as havewell as potentially serious human potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic healthand andhealth economichuman serious impact. In potentially the developing countries, the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of the impactimpact the of such countries, diseases aredeveloping comparativelythe more than the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developeddeveloped the countriesthan more because of comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, underreporting reportingunder system,facilities, povertydiagnostic andpoor lack of medical facilities and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part at ruralrural at part offacilities developingmedical of countrieslack and including India. Further, countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack lack of awarenessFurther, India. and poorincluding personalcountries hygienic practices as well personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as as poorwell as farmingpractices practiceshygienic continuouslypersonal add the human and continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animalanimal and diseasehuman andthe deathadd cases. Manycontinuously infections are associated cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with with poorassociated sanitation,are contaminatedinfections Many cases. food, inadequate personal contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, hygiene,personal or accessinadequate food, to safe water contaminated and lack of basic health to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, services,health whichbasic of arelack commonand water in safe India. to Several programme are common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are regularlyprogramme organizedSeveral byIndia. Governmentin common of India for control of by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of such zoonoses.control for India Though of GovernmentGovernment by of India launched many Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme programmemany forlaunched effectiveIndia of control Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, are stillzoonotic bombardingemerging of and the oldprevention diseasesand are still encroaches are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are indiseases theold newerthe geographicaland areasbombarding still of are India. Thus, India have in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. a bigof challengeareas to fightgeographical with newer such the emergingin and reemerging a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and zoonoticemerging such diseaseswith fight forto saving suchchallenge big aa huge human and animal zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge populationa such whichsaving for are alwaysdiseases at greaterzoonotic risk. population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population

(Narendra Pratap Singh) Singh) Pratap (Narendra (Narendra Pratap Singh) viiv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl

as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have potentially serious human health and economic impact. In the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are comparatively more than the developed countries because of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices continuously add the human and animal disease and death cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, Preface contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are common in India. Several programme are regularly organized by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Government of India launched many programme for effective ivestock is an integral part of farming community control in India as 65-70% human population is dependent on agriculture and andallied prevention sector ofespecially emerging animal zoonotic diseases, new diseases Lhusbandry. The concept areof stillemerging bombarding infectious and thediseases old diseases are still encroaches appeared in late 1980s, whenin the newermajor geographicaloutbreaks occurred areas of India. Thus, India have around the globe e.g. Hantaana big challengevirus in toUSA. fight Later with suchmany emerging and reemerging emerging diseases have beenzoonotic reported diseases from severalfor saving countries such a huge human and animal which have potentially seriouspopulation human which health are and always economic at greater risk. impact. Examples are avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and the Nipah virus. The major factors involved in the increase in zoonoses, whether new or old, include population shifts and growth; changes in behavior;(Narendra group Pratap urbanization, Singh) poverty and crowding, changes in ecology and climate; evolution of new strains of microbes; inadequacy of the public health infrastructure, modern tourism and liberalized trade. There are several domestic and wild animals as well as birds which are playing important role in transmission and maintenance of zoonotic infections. Wild carnivores and stray dogs are major reservoir of rabies in India. Pig on the other hand also known as “Mixing Vessels” for influenza viruses where, reassortment of various genes of influenza viruses easily takes place. Pig also acts as an amplifying host for Japanese encephalitis. As far as birds are concerned, the entry of migratory birds in wild life sanctuaries as well as water bodies could not be stopped, thus playing a vital role in transmission of avian influenza in India and various other countries in different continents. The role of rodents in transmission of zoonoses have been accepted worldwide. Rodents exploit a wide variety of habitats iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant vii iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These and environmentreservoir. rodent even thosedomestic as withwell extremeas climatic conditions potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic throughoutand health the human world. serious Some of thesepotentially infections can also be the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of indirectlyimpact the transmittedcountries, by the bitedeveloping the of vectors like mosquitoes, comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries flies, developed ticks, the fleathan or more mites. India iscomparatively facing problem of Hanta poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, virusreporting infection,under Kyasanurfacilities, forestdiagnostic diseasepoor and Crimean Congo and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part Hemmorhagicrural at facilities fever whichmedical of arelack recentlyand reported as rodent countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack borne zoonoticFurther, India. infections.including Beside this,countries rickettsial infections like personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as Q feverwell as and scrubpractices typhus hygienic are also endemicpersonal and big challenged continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease foranimal India.and Thehuman majoritythe add of human populationcontinuously is staying in close cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with proximityassociated withare domesticinfections animalsMany ascases. well as with domiciliated contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, animalspersonal especiallyinadequate food, in slum areascontaminated of various cities which to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, highlightshealth basic theof outbreakslack and ofwater manysafe to bacterial infections like common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are leptospirosis,programme salmonellosis,Several India. in brucellosiscommon etc. and viral diseases by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of like dengue,control for NipahIndia of virus infectionGovernment by and Japanese encephalitis. Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme Somemany areas arelaunched proneIndia of for tick borneGovernment viral disease e.g. Ganjam control virus and Bhanja virus infection control as observed in sheep and goat from Orissa. Most of the emerging viral diseases are and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and surprisingly zoonoses. To tackle these diseases, their control in are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are animal species is essential. For all these diseases or infections, in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in veterinarians were instrumental in their identification, a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a isolation of the causative organisms and understanding of zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic the epidemiology of the infection. A close liaison between population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population veterinarians and medicos is therefore necessary.

(Narendra Pratap Singh) (Authors) Singh) Pratap (Narendra viiiiv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl

l Approaches for prevention and control of disease: ...... 28 (Narendra Pratap Singh) l References:...... 31 iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant ixiv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic as well as potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections Many cases. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population

(Narendra Pratap Singh) Singh) Pratap (Narendra iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 1iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic as well as potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at Introductionfacilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices hepractices Joint Expertfarming poor Committeeas well as of WHOpractices and FAOhygienic (1959)personal has defined Zoonoses continuously add the human and animal disease and death aredeath “thoseand diseasesdisease animal and and infectionshuman the whichadd are naturallycontinuously transmitted between cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, vertebratesanitation, animalspoor with and man”.associated are Zoonoses infections includeMany onlycases. those infections where contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access Tthere is eitheraccess or a proofhygiene, or a strongpersonal circumstantialinadequate food, evidence contaminated for transmission between to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to animals and man. Zoonoses is the word derived from Greek word “zoo” means common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though animals Though and “noses”zoonoses. such means of diseases,control for theIndia of term coinedGovernment andby first used by Rudolf Government of India launched many programme for effective Wirchow effective whofor defined programme it for communicablemany launched India diseases.of ThereGovernment are variety of infectious control agents (more than 300) which spreads through various modescontrol of transmission. Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases regarded asdiseases emergingnew ordiseases, reemergingzoonotic (Tayloremerging of et al. 2001).prevention Amongand emerging infectious are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are diseases, 75% are zoonotic with wildlife being one of the major sources of infection in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging (Daszak et al.reemerging 2001).and Moreemerging thansuch 20with virusfight to families challenge contain big a human pathogens of zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal which Flaviviridae,animal and human Bunyaviridae, huge a such Reoviridaesaving for anddiseases Togaviridaezoonotic , accounting for more population which are always at greater risk. than half of the speciesrisk. affectinggreater at humans.always are which population The wide range of animals (domestic, pets, companion, synanthropic) acts as a reservoir and carrier of many zoonotic disease agents and organisms are distributed in the natural ecosystem such as soil, water, food and aerosol. The link between (Narendra Pratap Singh) human and animals with their surroundingSingh) arePratap very close(Narendra especially in developing countries where animals provide transportation, draught power, fuel, clothing, proteins etc. This can lead to serious risk to public health with severe economic consequences. As the population continue to increase and new area are opened up for food production, both for humans and their livestock, which are more frequently exposed to disease agents as a results of encounters with wild animals, thereby increasing human exposure to rare zoonotic infections. Increased urbanization allows faster spreading of any new disease between populations and also within an area. However, air travels enables to spread the disease all over to world within a short span of time. In the 20th century, the epidemiology of the occurrence of disease has been shifted due to a number of factors and driving force that have converged to create a new era of emerging and re-emerging diseases. WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases held in Geneva on 3-5 May 2004, defined an emerging zoonosis as “a zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range”. The concept of emerging 2iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl infectious diseases appearedas well in lateas domestic 1980s, when rodent major reservoir. outbreaks These diseasesoccurred have around the globe e.g. Hantaan viruspotentially in USA. serious These diseaseshuman health have andpotentially economic serious impact. human In health and economic impactthe developingand their current countries, upward the impact trend of are such likely diseases to continue. are Examples are avian influenza,comparatively severe acute more thanrespiratory the developed syndrome countries (SARS), because Bovine of Spongiform Encephalitis poor(BSE) diagnostic and the facilities,Nipah virus. under A reporting total 3461 system, cases poverty with 170 and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing deaths of SARS have been reported from 25 countries on five continents. In 2003, the countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor National Institute of Virologypersonal confirmed hygienic the practices presence as ofwell the as new poor corona farming virus practices which causes SARS. More than continuously60 bacteria families add the humancontain and human animal pathogens; disease and however, death the enterobacteria and thecases. mycobacteria Many infections account are associated for the with major poor emerging sanitation, and reemerging species. Re-emergingcontaminated diseases food, are inadequate age-old diseasespersonal hygiene,that have or increased access their prevalence again. Someto safe of water these and diseases lack of werebasic previouslyhealth services, treatable which butare have developed resistance to thecommon drugs used in India. to treat Several them. programme The increase are regularly in migration organized due to war and international bytravel Government has also offacilitated India for controlthe spread of such of disease.zoonoses. Cholera, Though for example has increasedGovernment due to increase of India in launchedshipping. many The programmeTB, which forclaims effective one human life every minute controlin our country in a deadly combination (particularly of the multi drug resistant strainsand prevention of Mycobacterium of emerging tuberculosiszoonotic diseases,) with new AIDS diseases is first emerging as a major humanare still killer; bombarding leptospirosis and the as old an diseasesemerging are diseasestill encroaches claimed many human lives followingin the floods newer geographicalin Maharashtra areas and of India. Gujarat Thus, in India recent have past. Between 29 March and 10a Maybig challenge 2005, a totalto fight of with214 casessuch emerging of meningococcal and reemerging disease including 16 deaths (case zoonoticfatality ratediseases 7.5%) for has saving been such reported a huge tohuman WHO. and NICD animal has confirmed N. meningitidispopulation serogroup which A in are 7 alwayscerebrospinal at greater fluid risk. specimens. India has had its share of emerging infections (Vibrio cholerae 0139, plague, Gp–B rota virus, HIV/AIDS, Nipah virus, chikungunya fever, Chandipura encephalitis, H5N1 influenza, etc.) laced with successes and controversies. (Narendra Pratap Singh) In recent times, India had to mobilize a sizeable proportion of its precious resources and trained manpower from developmental activities to win the nagging war against bird flu (HPAI caused by H5N1 strain) since 18th Feb., 2006 when it was first reported from Navapur Dist. of Maharashtra, and subsequently from other places including Jalgaon (Maharashtra), Gujarat and MP in 2006; Imphal (Manipur) in July, 2007, West Bengal, Assam and Tripura in 2008, Sikkim on 19th January, 2009, and recently from Tripura in 2011-12.; Brain fever (JE) which has become endemic in the central eastern part of U.P. and NE region of the country had killed approximately 1016 children and left many crippled with permanent neuromuscular retardation in 2005.

Factors Influencing The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases At least 11 pathogens have emerged or re-emerged in India during 1992-2009, majority of which were of animal origin. In India, agriculture and animal husbandry workers such as farmers, livestock owners, animal handlers, veterinary extension iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 3iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have workers andhave veterinariansdiseases These had beenreservoir. foundrodent to commonlydomestic as well as contract approximately potentially serious human health and economic impact. In 40 zoonotic In impact. diseases. economic Similarly, and health people human engagedserious in productionpotentially and processing of the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are livestock are productsdiseases suchsuch of as personnelimpact the workingcountries, in abattoir,developing the dairy, poultry enterprises comparatively more than the developed countries because of and of piggerybecause suffer frequentlycountries developed withthe aboutthan 22more zoonotic diseasescomparatively including rabies, poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty JE, K yasanurpoverty forestsystem, disease reporting ( KFD),under anthrax,facilities, brucellosis,diagnostic plague,poor TB, Leptospirosis, and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and Salmonellosis, Campylobacteriosis, listeriosis, verotoxic E. coli and Clostridial countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices infections. practices The followingfarming poor as factorswell as are responsiblepractices forhygienic emergencepersonal or re-emergence of continuously add the human and animal disease and death bacterial death zoonoticand diseases…disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, 1. Etiologicalsanitation, changespoor with in mansassociated environmentare infections andMany agriculturalcases. operations e.g. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated Leptospirosis, plague, Rift Valley fever, Kyasanur Forest Disease etc. to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized 2. Increasedorganized movementregularly are or programme traveling Several of India. manin e.g.common amoebiasis, giardiasis, by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though colibacillosis,Though zoonoses. slmonellosis,such of control SAARS,for India Yellowof fever Government etc. by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control 3. Handling animal byproducts and waste e.g. control anthrax, chlamydiosis, and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases dermatophytosis,diseases new diseases, tularaemiazoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches 4. Cultureencroaches anthropologicalstill are diseases old norms the e.g.and dermatophytosis,bombarding still are food borne infections, in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have brucellosishave India etc.Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal 5. Increasedanimal and in densityhuman huge a of animalsuch populationsaving for e.g.diseases dermatophytosis,zoonotic tuberculosis population which are always at greater risk. etc. risk. greater at always are which population 6. Increased trade in animal products e.g. anthrax, brucellosis, salmonellosis, Hantaan virus, Bird flu etc. (Narendra Pratap Singh) 7. Drug resistant organisms e.g. E.coli,Singh) StaphylococcusPratap (Narendra aureus etc. 8. Changing livestock farming practices e.g. E.coli O157:H7, Salmonellosis, Listeriosis etc. 9. Changing environmental conditions including climate and disaster e.g. plague, Leptospirosis etc. 10. Pathogen changes like genetic shift and drift e.g. Influenza, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus etc. Natural animal habitats like national park and sanctuaries are also frequent sources of disease transmission. The major factor involved in the increase in zoonoses, whether new or old, include population shifts and growth; changes in behavior; group urbanization, poverty and crowding; changes in ecology and climate; evolution of new strains of microbes; inadequacy of the public health infrastructure, modern tourism and liberalized trade. Many of these factors are interrelated. There are many examples of zoonoses that were probably prevalent previously with silent 4iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl foci but have either surfacedas well recently as domestic or just rodent recognized. reservoir. On These the other diseases hand, have many emerging zoonoses are notpotentially easily identified serious human because health the clinicaland economic signs observedimpact. In are not specific or distinguishablethe developing from other countries, clinical the infectionsimpact of such or thediseases animals are are healthy carriers with no apparentcomparatively clinical more signs. than the developed countries because of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty The avian flu has hit our andpoultry lack ofindustry medical severelyfacilities at(in rural Maharashtra, part of developing West Bengal and other states) and despitecountries the including most appropriate India. Further, methods lack of ofawareness controlling and poor the disease, new areas keep comingpersonal in hygienic the grip practices of the disease. as well asIt pooris because farming our practices borders are porous, and at every moment,continuously there add is possibilitythe human andof introduction animal disease of andnew death disease from neighboring countries,cases. like Many avian infections flu from are Bangladesh.associated with New poor animal sanitation, disease contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access are not only emerging or re-emerging in our country at an alarming rate but are to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are potentially dangerous to humanscommon such in India. as HAPI Several (highly programme Pahogenic are regularly Avian Influenza); organized Nipah, Hendra, Hantaan,by norovirus, Government SARS of Indiaand recent for control outbreak of such of zoonoses. Crimean Though Congo th hemorrhagic fever in Ahmadabad,Government Gujarat of India since launched 18 January,many programme 2011. Vector for effective borne diseases like Japanese encephalitis,control dengue, West Nile virus, KFD and Rift Valley fever are also spreading to a much wider areas. Therefore, all challenges of existing and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases coupled with newer challenges increase the responsibilities of researchers, are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches scientists, disease diagnosticiansin the newer and geographicalfield veterinarians. areas of India. Thus, India have a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging Importantzoonotic viral diseases zoonotic for savingdiseases such ina huge India human and animal Japanese Encephalitis (JE):population Japanese which Encephalitis are always (JE)at greater is a mosquitorisk. borne viral zoonotic disease of public health importance with epidemic potential and high mortality rate. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) (Family-Flaviviridae) is the most common cause of childhood viral encephalitis in the world with an estimated 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths(Narendra annually Pratap (Monath Singh) and Heinz 1996; Solomon et al. 2003). The disease was first recognized in Japan and the country was experiencing recurrent outbreaks of encephalitic syndrome since 1871 known as Von Economo’s disease or encephalitis lethargic. Several neighboring countries like Russia, China, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Thailand etc. experience the disease outbreaks. In India, it was first detected in 1955 from Tamil Nadu. There are two subtypes of JE virus such as Nakayama and JoGAr – 01 (Beijing), however GP78 (Nakayama strain) is thought to be the most common Indian strain of JE. Pig is the amplifier host. JE is primarily a disease of rural, semi urban, agricultural areas where vector mosquitoes (mainly Culex tritaeniorhynchus and less frequently other species of Culex and Anopheles) proliferate in close association with pigs and other animal reservoirs. JE occurs chiefly in three areas: (1) China and Korea (2) the Indian sub-continent consisting of India, parts of Bangladesh, southern Nepal, and Sri Lanka (3) the Southeast Asian countries of Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. JE was clinically diagnosed for the first time in iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 5iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic as well as potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections Many cases. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches India in 1955encroaches at still V ellore,are erstwhilediseases old Norththe and Arcot districtbombarding still of Tamilare Nadu. A large scale in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have outbreak have of JEIndia was Thus, reportedIndia. of fromareas Bankura andgeographical Bardwannewer the in districts of West Bengal a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging in 1973. Sincereemerging thenand the diseaseemerging such has beenwith fight reported to fromchallenge 24big a states/Union Territories zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal so far. Thereanimal and was ahuman rise huge ofa JE such incidence saving for in 1980sdiseases and haszoonotic dropped significantly population which are always at greater risk. and maintained till 1995.risk. Latergreater at the diseasealways are spreadwhich to newpopulation areas probably due to agricultural development and intensive rice cultivation supported by irrigation schemes that lead to an increase in mosquito population. It is a seasonal disease in temperate areas. Epidemics coincide with the heavy rainfall and or floods during (Narendra Pratap Singh) monsoon and post monsoon period (AugustSingh) toPratap December),(Narendra agricultural practices, due to high density of the mosquito vector (because of stagnant water), and presence of reservoir host (pigs). Northern India, including North-eastern India, receives summer monsoons and as such the transmission season begins from May, with incidence reaching peak in August-October depending on the advancement of monsoon. With onset of winter, JE outbreaks subside. However, in endemic areas, sporadic cases may occur throughout the year due to congenial climatic conditions (e.g., Southern India). JEV is endemic in the Gorakhpur and Basti divisions of eastern Uttar Pradesh. An abundance of rice fields and a bowl-shaped landscape of this region allow water to collect in pools (Parida et al. 2006). Heavy rains saturate the ground providing ideal breeding conditions for mosquitoes. In addition, high temperature and relative humidity provide a suitable environment for JEV transmission. The longest and most severe epidemic of JE in 3 decades occurred from July to November 2005 in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Overall, 5,737 persons were affected in 7 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, and 1,344 persons died (WHO 2005). A warning to the 6iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl impending Japanese encephalitisas well as outbreakdomestic rodentwas given reservoir. to Tamil These Nadu diseases Government have in 2006. The disease has beenpotentially reported serious in 2007 human from health Assam and (368),economic Goa impact. (44), TamilIn nadu (17), Manipur (11),the Karnataka developing (6), countries, Haryana the (6) impact and K oferala such (1) diseases (Anon, are 2007. www.promedmail.org). Incomparatively 2010, most morehuman than cases the developed were reported countries from because May of to October especially in northernpoor diagnostic India. The facilities, season under may reportingbe extended system, or year poverty round and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing in some areas especially in southern India. Human cases reported from all states countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor except Dadra, Daman, Diu,personal Gujarat, hygienic Himachal, practices Jammu as well & as K poorashmir, farming Lakshadweep, practices Meghalaya, Nagar Haveli,continuously Punjab, Rajasthan add the humanand Sikkim. and animal Highest disease rates and of death human disease have been reportedcases. from Many the infectionsstates of Andhra are associated Pradesh, with Assam, poor sanitation, Bihar, Goa, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala,contaminated Tamil Nadu, food, Uttar inadequate Pradesh personal and West hygiene, Bengal. or access to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are Pigs and birds are the mostcommon important in India. reservoirs. Several programme Though arethey regularly usually organized do not manifest the disease, theyby develop Government very highof India titers for ofcontrol virus of and such infect zoonoses. mosquitoes. Though Thus, pigs are known forGovernment amplifying ofhosts. India However, launched manypregnant programme sows prematurely for effective give birth to infected andcontrol often dead piglets leading to huge economic impact on swine market. Pond heron, grey heron, night heron, cattle egret and little egret are and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases the known birds involved in bird cycle in India. Serological evidence of JEV activity are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches among paddy birds, crow,in theduck newer and geographical other water areas birds of India.were Thus,also Indiadocumented. have Susceptible children are infecteda big challenge by infected to fight mosquito with such bites. emerging The virus and reemerging enters in the brain and neurological cellszoonotic through diseases hematogenous for saving suchroute a wherehuge human it causes and extensive animal damage to the brain cells populationby mechanical which means are always and inflammatoryat greater risk. reactions. Later, complementary mediated cytolysis of the infected brains cells have been occurs. The infected person shows symptoms like high fever, severe headache, prosration, neuchal rigidity and altered sensorium. In some cases, incoordication, paralysis and death can be occur in(Narendra extensive damagePratap Singh) of the neurological cells. Frogs, snakes, egrets, bats and most domestic animals like cattle and horses are also infected by the virus. Man is an incidental and dead-end host. Man-to-man transmission does not occur in nature. Cattle also act as dead-end host in the transmission cycle. From Ardeid birds, JE infection is transmitted by mosquitoes to pigs/ducklings. Man or cattle get infected either from birds or pigs/ducklings through mosquito bite. Ardeid bird–mosquito–Ardeid bird and pig/duckling–mosquito–pig/duckling cycle exist in nature. The virus cannot usually be isolated from clinical specimens, even with the best laboratory facilities, probably because of low levels of viremia and the rapid development of neutralizing antibodies. The diagnosis is therefore usually based on the presence of antibodies. The IgM capture ELISA for serum and CSF has become the accepted standard for diagnosing JEV (Parida et al. 2006). Chikungunya virus: This is also a mosquito borne viral infection characterized by severe, sometimes persistent joint pain (arthritis) with fever and rashes. The structural proteins of CHIK virus from both African and Asian strains were well iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 7iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have isolated andhave analyseddiseases (SimizuThese et al.reservoir. 1984),rodent while serologicaldomestic as well as cross-reactivity further potentially serious human health and economic impact. In defined In the virusimpact. and groupedeconomic and CHIhealth KV withinhuman theserious Semliki Forestpotentially virus (SFV) antigenic the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are serocomplex are (Weaverdiseases such etof al. 2005).impact the Monkeys,countries, and possiblydeveloping the other wild animals, may comparatively more than the developed countries because of serve of as reservoirsbecause ofcountries the virus.developed Itthe is mainlythan more caused by thecomparatively bite of infected Aedes poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty Aegypti mosquitoes.poverty system, The incubationreporting under periodfacilities, can bediagnostic 2-12poor days, but is usually 3-7 and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and days followed by clinical signs of fever, debilitating arthralgia (joint pain), swelling countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices of joints, stiffnesspractices farming of joints,poor as myalgiawell as (muscularpractices pain),hygienic headache,personal fatigue (weakness), continuously add the human and animal disease and death nausea, death vomiting and anddisease rash.animal Itand is rarelyhuman the life-threatening.add continuously Homeopathy has very cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, effective treatmentsanitation, poor forwith Chikungunya.associated are Homeopathicinfections Many treatmentcases. can also be given contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access along withaccess or conventional hygiene, treatmentpersonal (allopathy)inadequate food, if desired.contaminated Rhus Tox, Eupatorium to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are Perf, Bryonia, are Arnicawhich areservices, the health few homeopathicbasic of lack and remedieswater safe thatto help in Chikungunya common in India. Several programme are regularly organized but more organized accurateregularly andare effective programme remedy Several can beIndia. in chosen bycommon a homeopathic doctor by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though according Though to clinicalzoonoses. picturesuch of of control that for particularIndia of case. Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control CHIKV was first isolated from the serum of a febrile humancontrol in Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) in 1953 during an epidemic of dengue-like illness (Robinson 1955; Ross and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and 1956). Retrospective case reviews have suggested that CHIKV epidemics occurred are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have as early have as 1779India butThus, were India. frequently of areas documentedgeographical inaccuratelynewer the in as dengue outbreaks a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging (Carey 1971).reemerging Numerousand largeemerging such citieswith in Southfight to East Asiachallenge big particularlya Calcutta and zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal Bangkok animal haveand beenhuman identifiedhuge a such as activesaving for sites fordiseases transmissionzoonotic of disease (Burke population which are always at greater risk. et al. 1985; Pavri 1964;risk. Sarkargreater at et al. always 1965). are Chikungunyawhich population fever has an interesting epidemiology, it shows cyclical pattern of appearance and disappearance, of which major epidemics occur at an interval of 7-8 years and sometimes as long as 20 years between two episodes. Outbreaks were reported from various parts (Narendra Pratap Singh) of India such as Vellore, Calcutta and Singh) MaharashtraPratap in 1964;(Narendra Sri Lanka in 1969; Vietnam in 1975; Myanmar in 1975 and Indonesia in 1982. After an interval of more than 20 years, chikungunya fever reappeared in several countries including India, Indonesia, Maldives, Thailand and various Indian Ocean islands. During the 2005–2007 explosive epidemics in the Indian Ocean islands and in India, anecdotal cases of CHIKV-associated deaths, encephalitis and neonatal infections were reported (Powers and Logue 2007). Till 10 October 2006, 151 districts of eight states/provinces of India have been affected by chikungunya fever. The affected states are Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala and Delhi. More than 1.25 million cases have been reported from the country with 7,52,245 cases from Karnataka and 2,58,998 from Maharashtra (Chhabra et al. 2008). The envelope 1 gene (E1) sequences of the virus isolated from the Ae. albopictus mosquito species showed close genetic relatedness (Kimura 2 Parameter genetic distance=0.0013) to CHIKV- positive isolates from human serum samples from Kerala (Kumar et al. 2012). The recent outbreaks of chikungunya in Orissa have been caused by viral strains of IOL group of the ECSA genotype with E1-A226V, E2-I211T and E2-L210Q mutations, 8iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl which in turn has favoredas wellA. albopictus as domestic to rodent be the reservoir. main arboviral These diseases vector have in this region (Das et al. 2012). potentially serious human health and economic impact. In the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are Rabies: Rabies is one of comparativelythe most important more than oldest the developedrecognized countries diseases because in India. of It has been recognized inpoor India diagnostic since facilities,the Vedic under period reporting (1500–500 system, BC) poverty and is described in the ancient Indianand lack scripture of medicalAtharvaveda. facilities at rural It is parta highly of developing fatal zoonotic viral encephalitis caused countriesby rabies including and related India. viruses, Further, Genus- lack of Lyssavirus awareness andFamily- poor Rhabdoviridae that infectspersonal almost hygienic all warm-blooded practices as animalswell as poor especially farming carnivores practices (dogs, cats, foxes, jackal etc)continuously including add wild the life human and andhuman animal beings. disease The and disease death is cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, most commonly seen in carnivores from which it is transmitted to herbivores and contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access other hosts. Human rabiesto transmitted safe water and from lack wild of basic animals health is rarely services, reported which inare India, where nearly 95% deathscommon occur due in India. to bites Several from programme rabid dogs. are The regularly dog hasorganized been, and still is the main reservoirby Government of rabies inof India for(Ghosh, control 2006). of such However, zoonoses. wild Though life rabies is also a big problemGovernment and challenged of India to launchedIndia. Recently, many programme an incidence for effectiveof rabid fox bites in a village in southerncontrol part of India involving 18 individuals, including 4 children were reported andby Madhusudana prevention of emerging et al (2013). zoonotic Out diseases, of the 18 new individuals, diseases one person was died withare the still rabid bombarding symptoms. and The the partialold diseases Nucleoprotein are still encroaches (N) gene sequencing of the virus inisolated the newer from geographical the patient areas who of India.died ofThus, rabies India had have close homology with species I a(prototype big challenge rabies) to fight sequences with such availableemerging andin GenBank reemerging and our own past isolates fromzoonotic dogs and diseases humans, for saving thus suchconfirming a huge human that virus and spilloveranimal from wildlife to domesticpopulation dogs continues which areto alwaysoccur inat greaterIndia (Madhusudanarisk. et al., 2013). Rabies is transmitted by bites of rabid animals, corneal transplant, kisses or sexual contact, tissues of an infected animal or fresh wound that come into contact with (Narendra Pratap Singh) saliva or tissues of an infected animal. The disease is characterized by marked change in behavior like irritability, increase sensitivity to noise and light, increased alertness, restlessness, aggression, depression, hiding in dark place, impaired corneal reflex and attack. In more severe form, the affected animal showed nervous signs like irritability, viciousness, biting and attacking, muscle tremors, incordination, pica, spasm, paralysis, difficulty in swallowing, drooling and frothing of saliva, dropping of jaws, coma and deaths. Both sylvatic and urban cycles of rabies perpetuate in India since ancient times. Rabies is present throughout the country, except in the islands of Lakshadweep and, Andaman and Nicobar. India has the highest incidence of human rabies in the world. India reported about 20,000 human deaths every year (Sudarshan et al. 2008). The Indian Association for the Prevention and Control of Rabies estimates that about 80,00,000 people receive treatment for dog bites every year. Once symptoms of rabies develop, it is almost invariably fatal in humans. The problem with dog rabies in India is that dogs are asymptomatic carriers and they are freely available in every human establishment. The dog population was estimated to be about 25 million, most of which are ownerless and not immunized against iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 9iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have rabies. Thhave e estimateddiseases animalThese bitereservoir. load rodent per year domestic wasas 2.28well as million. A study carried potentially serious human health and economic impact. In out inIn four citiesimpact. of Indiaeconomic and has reportedhealth human the annualserious incidencepotentially of animal bites to be the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are 2.1 per are 1000 population.diseases such of The impact numberthe of animalcountries, bitesdeveloping inthe the capital city of Delhi comparatively more than the developed countries because of had of increasedbecause from countries 23852 in 1995developed the to than 29905 more in 1998 of whichcomparatively over 95% were dog poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor bites (Bansal 2004, www.japi.org/january2004/Correspondence.pdf). Many cases and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor of dogpoor bitesand have awareness been of reportedlack Further, from India. various statesincluding of India.countries Recently, a British personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices woman bittenpractices by farming a puppypoor as in well Goa as has diedpractices in a Uhygienic K hospitalpersonal from rabies (Navhind th continuously add the human and animal disease and death Times, 29death May,and 2012).disease Anotheranimal and casehuman ofthe a manadd from Karnatakacontinuously and working in cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, Goa was diagnosedsanitation, poor in with Goa Medicalassociated are College (GMC)infections Many withcases. rabies 25 years after the contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access dog bite access (Times or of India,hygiene, 16personal th September,inadequate 2012).food, Childrencontaminated constitute 30 to 50% of to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are those receivingare which post-exposureservices, health vaccinationbasic of lack or and dying water fromsafe theto disease. The nuisance common in India. Several programme are regularly organized of stray dogsorganized seemsregularly toare have assumedprogramme epidemicSeveral India. proportionsin common everywhere. Municipal by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though bodies acrossThough Indiazoonoses. avoidsuch of catchingcontrol for theseIndia strayof dogs dueGovernment toby animal rights activists, Government of India launched many programme for effective for instanceeffective for the numberprogramme of straymany dogslaunched culled India inof Delhi had Government decreased from 50,000 to control control 2500 a year (Bansal 2004, www.japi.org/january2004/Correspondence.pdf). and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches The diseaseencroaches hasstill beenare eliminateddiseases old fromthe and UK, Japan,bombarding Malaysia,still are Taiwan, Portugal and in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have Uruguay have whileIndia restThus, of theIndia. countriesof areas are facinggeographical problemnewer the ofin rabies elimination and a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging control. Differentreemerging and strategiesemerging havesuch beenwith adoptedfight to to control/eliminatechallenge big a rabies broadly zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal viz., thoseanimal directedand human at humanshuge a such (pre saving exposurefor treatment)diseases zoonotic and those directed at population which are always at greater risk. animal host species (populationrisk. greater at controlalways andare vaccination).which population The strategies should be used in combinations to control the rabies in animal as well as in humans. In order to eliminate canine rabies, there are few pre-requisite viz., availability of potent cell culture vaccine, medical and veterinary professional interactions, effective (Narendra Pratap Singh) methods for prevention and control withSingh) effectivePratap diagnostic(Narendra services, increase awareness in public, implementation of dog control strategies, financial backing and other inter-sectoral cooperations etc. Chandipura virus encephalitis: Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a vesiculovirus, Family Rhabdoviridae. Vesiculo viruses were isolated in 1965 in the Chandipura (Nagpur) region of India from two adult patients with febrile illness during an outbreak caused by chikungunya and dengue viruses (Bhatt and Rodrigues 1967). The virus, known to be carried in dormant stage by sandflies, which live near domestic animals like cows and buffaloes, is transferred from the fly to human beings specifically during monsoon. Cases clinically diagnosed as viral encephalitis from Raipur in central India in 1980 showed CHPV aetiology, confirmed by isolation of CHPV virus from the acute sera (Rodrigues et al. 1983). Anukumar et al. (2013) observed a progressive replication of virus in spinal cord and brain but not in other tissues like kidney, spleen and liver of suckling mice. Histo-pathological lesions noticed in the spinal cord and brain tissues suggested the extensive damages in these tissues. Chandipura virus has been isolated in Nigeria from hedgehogs 10iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl

(Atelerix spiculus). In naturalas well conditions, as domestic it rodent has been reservoir. isolated These from diseases a pool have of 253 unidentified Phlebotominepotentially sandflies serious (Phlebotomus human health spp.) inand the economic Maharashtra impact. State In of India (Dhanda et al., 1970)the and developing from unidentified countries, the Sergentomyia impact of such in thediseases Karimnagar are district in Andhra Pradesh,comparatively India (Geevarghese more than the et developed al., 2005). countries The data because show of a wide distribution of the viruspoor diagnosticand the capacity facilities, of under two reportinggenera of system, sandflies poverty namely and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing Phlebotomus (subgenera Phlebotomus and Euphlebotomus) and Sergentomyia to countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor transmit the virus. personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices CHPV was incriminatedcontinuously as the etiological add the human agent and of animal large-scale disease andencephalitis death outbreaks in children (9 cases.months Many to infections15 yr of age)are associated in various with districts poor sanitation, of Andhra contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access Pradesh in 2003 with high case fatality rate (CFR) of 55.6% (Rao et al. 2004). In a to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are focal outbreak in easterncommon districts in of India. Gujarat Several between programme June andare regularlyJuly 2004, organized CHPV aetiology in 11 of 20 encephalitisby Government cases indicated of India for its control importance of such as zoonoses. an encephalitis Though causing virus in endemic areasGovernment in India of (Chadha India launched et al. 2005). many Anprogramme outbreak for of effectivetwenty- six cases of encephalitis withcontrol a case fatality rate of 78.3% was investigated among children in Gujarat State, India in 2005. Chandipura virus RNA was present in 9 and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases of 20 acute-phase serum samples, and virus sequences from the present outbreak are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches were closely related to prototypein the newer strain geographical (1965) and areas Andhra of India. Pradesh, Thus, India India have (2003) isolates (Chadha et al. 2005).a big challengeIn the Nagpur to fight withregion such of emergingMaharashtra and reemerging in 2003, 33 encephalitis cases were confirmedzoonotic diseases as Chandipura for saving with such casea huge fatality human rate and (CFR)animal of 41%. In 2005, in an outbreakpopulation in Bhandara which areand always Nagpur at greater districts, risk. 7 of 21 cases were confirmed as Chandipura (NIV annual report, 2003-2006). In a hospital-based surveillance of acute encephalitis among children from endemic areas of North Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh between May 2005 and April 2006, CHPV aetiology was identified (Narendrain 25 of 52 Pratap cases Singh) with seasonality in late summer and early monsoon. An outbreak of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in children was reported from Nagpur division, Maharashtra, between June and September 2007. Recently, 17 people died with 29 registered cases in Gujarat in 2010 (http://www. dnaindia.com /india/report_chandipura-virus-kills-17-in-gujarat_1419111) and 17 children died in Nagpur region in July, 2012 (Shrivastav 2012, http://articles. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword /niv/recent/4).

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD): This is a tick-borne flavivirus infection, first described by Telford Work and Harold Trapido in 1957 in a small forest region i.e. Sorab taluka of Shimoga district of Karnataka in India. KFD virus belongs to Russian Spring Summer Encephalitis group, a member of family Flaviviridae. The virus came to light when scientists heard that, monkeys were dying in large numbers in the area, and a number of local villagers also developed a mysterious illness comprising of severe headache, chills and a high fever. After an incubation period of 2-7 days, the clinical symptoms start with the onset of continuous fever (about 40°C) for about 12 days or more, headache, vomition, myalgia, cephalgia, insomnia, bradycardia, iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 11 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have hemorrhages have on diseases mucousThese membranes,reservoir. rodent encephalitis,domestic as neckwell as stiffness, tremor and potentially serious human health and economic impact. In mental In disorders.impact. Initially,economic and the diseasehealth washuman localizedserious withinpotentially a small area of Sagar the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are Sorab talukaare of Shimogadiseases such of districtimpact whichthe thencountries, moved todeveloping adjoiningthe areas as a result of comparatively more than the developed countries because of deforestation of because and increasedcountries human/animaldeveloped the than more activity in thecomparatively forest area. KFD mainly poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty appears duringpoverty inter-monsoonsystem, reporting periodunder i.e. facilities, December diagnostic to Junepoor when man enters the and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and forest for collecting wood and plants for fuel and get bitten by larval and nymphal countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal stages of infected ticks, continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously Haemaphysalis spinigera cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections Many cases. which become very contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated active during the period. to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to KFD virus has been common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common isolated from 16 species by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by of ticks. However, Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government Haemaphysalis spinigera control control is considered as main and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and vector. In enzootic state, are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are KFD virus circulates in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in through small mammals a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a such as rodents, shrews, zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic ground birds and ticks. population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population When monkey came in contact with infected ticks, they get infected, amplify and dissimilate (Narendra Pratap Singh) the infection creating hot spot of infection.Singh) Pratap (Narendra In 1983, a large scale epidemic of KFD involving 1500 human cases and 150 deaths has been recorded which coincided with the clearing of large tracts of the forest for cashew nut plantations and grazing of cattle (Varma 2000). This has had a two- fold effect on KFD biology and epidemiology. First, significant increase in human presence in surrounding area leads to increased human exposure to the agent and its vectors (ticks). Second, the introduction of cattle to the region has led to a relative shift of host for these adult ticks which prefer to feed on large animals including humans (Varma 2000; Chomel et al. 2007). Avoidance from tick infested area; use of tick repellent or wearing protective cloths and use of acaricides are the preventive measures. Immunization with killed vaccine may be done for population at risk. Swine and Avian Influenza: Swine and avian influenza are acute respiratory infection characterized by fever, cough and dyspnoea. Influenza A viruses are negative sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses under the Family 12iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl

Orthomyxoviridae. Severalas wellsubtypes as domestic of influenza rodent reservoir. viruses These are diseasesexist in have nature depending on the hemagglutininpotentially and serious nerraminidase human health antigens. and economic So far impact.17 H and In 10 N antigens are present. So,the in developing theory, 170 countries, different the combinations impact of such of diseases these proteinsare are possible. These manycomparatively combinations more are thannot reportedthe developed till date. countries However, because some of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty subtypes such as H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2 are very pathogenic and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing to human beings. Pandemiccountries flu includingviruses have India. some Further, avian lack fluof awareness virus genes and poorand usually some human flu viruspersonal genes. hygienic Both practices the H2N2 as welland as H3N2 poor farmingpandemic practices strains contained genes from aviancontinuously influenza viruses.add the human Avian influenzaand animal viruses disease areand normally death not known to infect humanscases. butMany human infections and are avian associated influenza with poorviruses sanitation, share the haemagglutinin and neuraminidasecontaminated antigens. food, inadequate Therefore, personal it is hygiene,likely that or accesssome of these viruses may have resultedto safe waterby recombination and lack of basic during health infection services, of which avian are viruses in mammals or mammaliancommon viruses in India. in birds. Several An programme outbreak areof avianregularly influenza organized A (H5N1) was reported in byHong Government Kong during of India 1997 for amongcontrol ofvarious such zoonoses. species of Though birds including chickens and ducksGovernment leading of to India heavy launched mortality many in chicken.programme Subsequently, for effective control it was isolated from a child who died of Rey’s syndrome in Hong Kong in May 1997. Intensive surveillanceand conductedprevention ofduring emerging Nov-Dec. zoonotic 1997 diseases, revealed new diseases that, the subtype has never been isolatedare still from bombarding humans and before the old this diseases episode. are Epidemiological still encroaches and laboratory investigationsin the implicated newer geographical transmission areas ofof India. the virus Thus, fromIndia infectedhave chickens to human due toa bigantigenic challenge variation. to fight withSince such then, emerging the outbreaks and reemerging of H5N1 zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal virus have been reported from different parts of the world with South East Asian population which are always at greater risk. region being highly affected. Both H1N1 and H5N1 are unstable, so the chances of them exchanging genetic material are higher, whereas a stable (seasonal flu) virus is less likely to take on genetic material. The H5N1(Narendra virus is Pratapmostly Singh) limited to birds, but in rare cases when it infects humans it has a mortality rate of 60% to 70%. Experts worry about the emergence of a hybrid of the more virulent Asian-lineage HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza) A/H5N1 strain (media labeled ‘bird flu’) with more human- transmissible Influenza A strains such as this novel 2009 swine-origin A/H1N1 strain (media labeled ‘swine flu’), especially since the H5N1 strain is and has been for years endemic in birds in countries like China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Egypt. The most recent poultry outbreaks have been reported from the northeastern part of the country, near the border with Bangladesh: between January and April 2008 from West Bengal, in April 2008 and January, 2012 from Tripura, in November and December 2008 from Assam, and again from West Bengal between December 2008 and May 2009. No human cases have been reported from India to date. Swine influenza virus was first isolated from pigs in 1930 in the U.S. Many a times, the people have developed swine flu infection when they are closely associated with pigs. The known SIV includes H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3 strains. However, the strains isolated from Mexico have H1N1 antigens and mainly found iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 13 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have to infect have the people.diseases H1N1These was reservoir. found rodent in Spanishdomestic as flu well in as 1918 to 1919, the Asian potentially serious human health and economic impact. In flu inIn 1957-1958impact. and theeconomic Hongand Khealth ong fluhuman in 1967-1968.serious Manypotentially outbreaks of human the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are influenza are causeddiseases by Swinesuch of influenzaimpact the (Hsw1N1)countries, virus havedeveloping the also been reported from comparatively more than the developed countries because of India. of The termbecause ‘swinecountries flu’ is misleading,developed the than butmore the reason we’recomparatively caught up in calling it poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty ‘swine’ influenzapoverty issystem, that the H1N1reporting under was first facilities, found in pigs.diagnostic Evenpoor though, the virus is a and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and combination of genes from swine influenza, avian influenza and human influenza. countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices It’s a real combinationpractices farming poor of as a lotwell ofas viruses practices which, ishygienic a commonpersonal scenario in influenza continuously add the human and animal disease and death viruses. death The and H5N1 disease was labeledanimal and ‘avian’human influenzathe add because itcontinuously was first found in birds. cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, The novel H1N1sanitation, viruspoor with is derivedassociated originallyare frominfections a strainMany thatcases. lived in pigs and this contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access origin gaveaccess or rise to thehygiene, commonpersonal name inadequate of ‘swinefood, flu’, usuallycontaminated used by mass media. to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are Influenza are viruseswhich can changeservices, health its make-upbasic of lack in and one ofwater twosafe ways:to Antigenic drift is a common in India. Several programme are regularly organized series of mutationsorganized regularly thatare cause theprogramme virusSeveral to graduallyIndia. in evolvecommon over time. Antigenic by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though shift is anThough abrupt zoonoses. change such of in the surfacecontrol for antigenIndia of proteinsGovernment thatby suddenly creates a new Government of India launched many programme for effective subtype effective of thefor virus. Pigsprogramme are many thought tolaunched be dealIndia of ‘mixing vessels’Government for the reassortment control of human, swine and avian influenza A viruses. They probablycontrol play a crucial role and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases in the emergencediseases new of newdiseases, strainszoonotic which canemerging of start a globalprevention and pandemic. However, the are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches reassortment encroaches couldstill are also occurdiseases old in athe human,and infectedbombarding withstill are both human and animal in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have influenza have A viruses.India Thus, TheIndia. H1N1of areas virus has adaptedgeographical newer itself the in to humans and is highly a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging contagious. Byreemerging contrast,and theemerging H5N1such ‘birdwith fight flu’ to was (andchallenge is)big a spreading between birds, zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal only occasionallyanimal and spreadinghuman huge a fromsuch a birdsaving tofor a human,diseases and evenzoonotic more rarely spreading population which are always at greater risk. from one human to arisk. secondgreater (andat maybealways are a third)which and thenpopulation stopping. So the new H1N1 isn’t behaving like a swine flu virus in the sense that H5N1 is behaving like a bird flu virus, even though by the conventions of virology it is still classified as a swine flu virus. The disease was also reported from Goa where 73 samples from (Narendra Pratap Singh) Salcete taluka were sent for swine flu testingSingh) ofPratap which 24 (Narendra have been reported to be positive in 2010. However, all the patients were recovered completely. Buffalopox Virus (BPV): Buffalopox is a zoonotic and contagious viral disease, which mostly affects buffaloes, but rarely cows and human beings. It is caused by buffalopox virus (BPV), classified in Orthopoxvirus genus of Poxviridae family. Occurrence of outbreaks is accompanied with 80% morbidity and significant productivity losses. Human cases of buffalo pox have been reported regularly from different states of India (Bhanuprakash et al., 2010). Nosocomial outbreaks have also been reported among the nurses and burn patients due to contaminated needles (Zafar et al., 2007). During 1992-94, epizootics of buffalo pox were reported among buffaloes in Dhule and Jalgaon districts of Maharashtra. The disease is being continuously reported from Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka. An outbreak of buffalo pox in domestic buffaloes with high morbidity rate was recorded in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra in November, 2003. The disease was also associated with human infections particularly the milkers working in affected farms (Singh et al. 2006). Recently, the outbreak of the disease 14iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl in buffaloes and humans ashas well been as domesticreported rodent from Solapurreservoir. and These Kolhapur diseases district have of Maharashtra which was confirmedpotentially seriousby electron human microscopy health and economicand polymerase impact. chainIn reaction (Gurav et al. 2011).the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are comparatively more than the developed countries because of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices continuously add the human and animal disease and death cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are common in India. Several programme are regularly organized by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Pock lesion on neckGovernment of India launched Pockmany lesion programme on udder for effective control Nipah virus: Nipah Virusand infection prevention (Ni ofV emerging) is an emerging zoonotic diseases, infectious new disease diseases of public health importanceare in still the bombarding South-East and Asia the oldRegion. diseases The are virusstill encroaches is named after the Malaysian villagein thewhere newer it geographicalwas first discovered. areas of India. This Thus, virus India along have with Hendra virus comprises aa big new challenge genus todesignated fight with suchHenipavirus emerging inand the reemerging subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Fruit batszoonotic (Genus diseases Pteropus for saving) have such been a huge identified human and as animal natural reservoirs of NiV. Therepopulation were focal which outbreaks are always of Niat Vgreater in Bangladesh risk. and India during winter in 2001. Drinking of fresh date palm sap, possibly contaminated by fruit bats (P. giganteus) during the winter season, may have been responsible for indirect transmission of Nipah virus to humans (Luby et al. 2006). There is circumstantial evidence(Narendra of human-to-human Pratap Singh) transmission in India in 2001. During the outbreak in Siliguri, West Bengal, 45 people died including health workers and hospital visitors after exposure to patients hospitalized with Nipah virus illness, suggesting nosocomial infections (Chadha et al. 2005). An illness of mysterious fever with high case fatality was reported from district Nadia, north of West Bengal’s capital, Kolkata, between 11th and 28th April, 2007. All five cases died within 3-10 days of onset of illness. Initial impressions pointed towards a new strain of dengue. However, blood samples of three dead patients tested positive for Nipah virus by RT-PCR at the National Institute of Virology, Pune. The full genome sequence of Nipah virus (18,252 nt) amplified from lung tissue showed 99.2% nt and 99.8% aa identity with the Bangladesh-2004 isolate, suggesting a common source of the virus (Arankalle et al. 2011). Epidemiological investigation revealed that, the index case did not give any history of travel to Bangladesh, the border is just about 5 km away from the village, where an outbreak of Nipah virus was confirmed during the same period. Till date, the human and animal cases of Hendra virus infections have not been reported from India. However, the Hendra virus is closely related to Nipah virus and outbreak of Nipah virus infection has iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 15 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have been reportedhave fromdiseases SiliguriThese and reservoir. nearbyrodent areas, theredomestic as is well a needas to monitor both the potentially serious human health and economic impact. In diseases In in India.impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty Ganjam Viruspoverty Disease:system, Ganjamreporting virusunder (GANfacilities, V), a tick-bornediagnostic poor arbovirus of veterinary and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing importance causingdeveloping of highpart morbidityrural at andfacilities mortalitymedical of inlack exoticand and crossbred sheep countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor and poor goats, and is widelyawareness of prevalent lack inFurther, IndiaIndia. (Banerjeeincluding 1996). countries It causes an acute febrile personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices illness in sheeppractices andfarming goatpoor characterizedas well as bypractices fever, anorexia,hygienic lumbarpersonal paralysis and high continuously add the human and animal disease and death fatality. Thedeath and virus isdisease antigenicallyanimal and relatedhuman the to Nairobiadd Sheepcontinuously Disease virus. Studies at cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, the genetic andsanitation, serologicpoor with levels haveassociated are demonstratedinfections Many GANcases. V as an Asian variant of contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access NSD V asaccess theor two viruseshygiene, differedpersonal only byinadequate 10 food, and 3 per centcontaminated at nucleotide and amino to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to acid levels, respectively (Marczinke and Nichol 2002). Hybridization studies using common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though RNA probesThough demonstratedzoonoses. such of thatcontrol bothfor GANIndia of V and NSDVGovernment areby more closely related to Government of India launched many programme for effective Hazara viruseffective for (HAZV),programme a membermany of thelaunched CrimeanIndia of Congo haemorrhagicGovernment fever virus control (CCHFV) group than to Nairoviruses (Marriott et al., 1990).control CCHFV is one of the most pathogenic human viruses among Nairoviruses, which has a wide geographic and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and distribution in Africa, Europe and Asia. A few fatal cases due to CCHFV have are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have been reportedhave India fromThus, PakistanIndia. of andareas India (Athargeographical et al.newer , 2003).the in The wide prevalence a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging of GANV in reemerging different and partsemerging of such India, with its fight associationto challenge withbig a these important viruses zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal and its versatilityanimal and tohuman infecthuge a sheep,such goatsaving andfor mandiseases makes zoonotic it an important zoonotic population which are always at greater risk. agent. It was first isolatedrisk. greater from at Haemaphysalisalways are which intermediapopulation ticks collected from sheep in Ganjam district of Orissa state in 1969. Subsequently, the virus was also isolated from ticks collected from sheep and goat from Shimoga district and also from Culex vishnui mosquito from Vellore and acute sera of sheep from Chittoor (Narendra Pratap Singh) district of Andhra Pradesh. Besides HaemaphysalisSingh) Pratap intermedia(Narendra tick, the virus was also isolated from Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloids ticks collected in Pune city in 2004-05 and from sheep of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Gangam virus was also isolated from the acute phase serum of a 12 yr old European boy who was suffering from febrile illness in Vellore, Tamil Nadu (Dandawate et al. 1969). During investigation of a disease outbreak in a sheep farm in Veerapuram village of Chengai-MGR district of Tamil Nadu, high morbidity and mortality in sheep was reported (Joshi et al. 1998). The wide geographic distribution of the virus, prevalence of antibodies among humans and animals and its ability to infect sheep, goat and humans poses a threat as one of the emerging viral disease of public health importance. Bhanja virus: The Bhanja virus (Bunyaviridae) was isolated first from adult tick H. intermedia, collected from a goat with lumbar paralysis in locality, Bhanjanagar, Orissa state, in December, 1954 (Hubalek 1987). Later, the virus has been isolated from various countries such as Nigeria, Italy, Senegal, Southern USSR, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The highest prevalence of antibodies to Bhanja virus has regularly 16iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl been observed in herds ofas wellruminants as domestic (sheep, rodent goat, reservoir. cattle), These this diseasescould be have due to their frequent infestationpotentially with the seriousvirus vector. human Antibodies health and economic to Bhanja impact. virus Inhave also been detected in sheepthe developing and goat countries,sera from the Orissa, impact Gujarat of such diseasesand Karnataka are state of India. Generally incomparatively adults, the virusmore thancauses the an developed unapparent countries infection because but of in young ruminants (lamb, kid,poor calf) diagnostic it is pathogenic, facilities, under causing reporting fever system, and neurological poverty and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing symptoms. Several cases of Bhanja virus febrile illness have been described in countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor humans, with symptoms personalincluding hygienic photophobia, practices vomition, as well as poor meningoencephalitis, farming practices and pareses (Calisher andcontinuously Goodpasture add 1975; the human Vesenjak-Hirjan, and animal disease 1980). and In deathspite of the presence of virus in smallcases. ruminant Many infections and ticks, are associatedthe human with cases poor of sanitation,bhanja virus has not been reported fromcontaminated India. This food, might inadequate be due personal to underreporting hygiene, or access system and poor diagnostic facilities.to safe The water wide and geographical lack of basic health distribution services, and which presence are of antibody in domestic animalscommon could in India. probably Several make programme Bhanja arevirus regularly as an emergingorganized virus infection. by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Government of India launched many programme for effective Importantcontrol bacterial zoonotic diseases in India Leptospirosis : Leptospirosisand prevention is caused of by emerging the organism, zoonotic adiseases, spirochete new diseasesof genus Leptospira that consist ofare 8 stillpathogenic bombarding species, and the23 oldserogroups diseases are and still 280 encroaches serovars. in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have The disease may appear in acute or chronic form and occurs approximately in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging 160 mammalian species (Alexanderzoonotic diseases, 1991). for The saving disease such ina hugeanimals human is characterized and animal by fever, jaundice, haemoglobinuria,population which abortion, are always still atbirth, greater repeat risk. breeding, loss of milk etc. The mouse, vole, rat, mongoose, shrew, jackal, dog, pig, cat and cattle are the important reservoirs. Amongst these, rats and small rodent particularly R. noruegicus and Mus musculus are the most important reservoirs. The farm workers, sewer workers, fishermen and miners are at high risk of infection. In (Narendra Pratap Singh) India, the disease is most commonly seen in coastal areas including Andaman and Nicobar islands. The 1980s witnessed a sudden increase in leptospirosis and seroepidemiologic and clinical studies show that the disease is endemic in Andaman Islands and southern states of India. Outbreaks were reported from Mysore, Gujarat, Nagpur and Andamans in 1997. An outbreak of leptospirosis was also reported in 2002 in Mumbai following prolonged water logging due to heavy rainfall. Leptospirosis is widespread in animals in other regions such as West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh and, has been reported to be a common cause of acute renal failure in south India (WHO, 2006). The principal strains of Leptospira are Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, automnalis, pyrogenes, grippotyphosa, canicola, australis, javanica, sejroe, louisiana and Pomona. Since 1997, the outbreaks of leptospirosis has been reported every year from different places in India viz. Madras and Valsad in 1997, Orrissa in 1999, Mumbai in 2000, Gujrat, Orrissa and Mumbai in 2002, South Gujrat and Chennai in 2003, Gujrat in 2004, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala in 2005- 06, Karnataka and Maharashtra in 2006-07 and so on (Jena et al., 2004; Mathur et iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 17 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have al., 2009). have Mumbai,diseases Gujarat,These Keralareservoir. androdent Chennaidomestic experiencingas well as Leptospirosis cases potentially serious human health and economic impact. In almost In everyimpact. year. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of Transmission of because of leptospiracountries developed occursthe than throughmore contact comparatively with an environment poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty contaminated poverty by urine,system, abortedreporting under fetus andfacilities, uterine dischargediagnostic poor of reservoir host or and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing other infected animals.developing of part Leptospira rural at can alsofacilities entermedical throughof lack abradedand skin and mucous countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor membranepoor and duringawareness bathingof lack or swimmingFurther, India. in lake,including river orcountries canal polluted with the personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal urine of infected animals. Leptospira are excreted in the urine of infected animals continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, for a long time,sanitation, oftenpoor forwith an entireassociated lifeare time in caseinfections of Many rodents. cases. Venereal transmission contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access also occursaccess or in rodents.hygiene, Manpersonal is consideredinadequate food, as “dead endcontaminated host” but transplacental to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are transmission are haswhich been reported.services, health Thebasic diseaseof lack mayand manifestwater safe to in human in two phases. common in India. Several programme are regularly organized 1 st phase isorganized septicaemicregularly are and 2nd phaseprogramme is Several due toIndia. immunein response.common Fever, anorexia, by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though stiffness, Though jaundice,zoonoses. haemorrhage,such of control for neurologicalIndia of signs,Government by abortion, haemataemia, Government of India launched many programme for effective haemoglobinaemia effective for andprogramme deathmany may occur.launched DiagnosisIndia of of LeptospirosisGovernment can be made control by observation of clinical symptoms supported by laboratorycontrol investigations where and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases the organismdiseases new can easilydiseases, detectedzoonotic by darkemerging of field microscopyprevention and in clinical material are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches viz ., urine, encroaches faetalstill are tissues, diseases bloodold the etc.and The organismsbombarding still canare be isolated by using in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have Ellinghausen-MacCullough-Johnson-Harris have India Thus, India. of areas (EMJH)geographical newer medium,the in Kurthoff’s medium a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging and Fletcher’sreemerging mediumand in emerging 1 to such 6 weeks.with Microscopicfight to challenge Agglutinationbig a Test (MAT) is zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic the most widely used test for the diagnosis of Leptospirosis. LEPTO Dipstick assay population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population is a newly developed test for rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis and uses a broadly reactive antigen for detecting chiefly IgM antibodies. Besides these, several other immunodiagnostic methods are also available. (Narendra Pratap Singh) Combinations of different approachesSingh) like rodentPratap control,(Narendra sanitation, proper management and immunization have been used to eradicate the disease from dairy and piggeries. Monovalent and multivalent vaccines are available for animal use. The calves are vaccinated at 3-5 months of age to counter passive immunity. The vaccination which offers protection for 6 months should be done by using local strain as the protection offered is serotype specific. In man, the disease control measures include: 1. Personal hygiene and protection which consist of (i) drink boiled or chlorinated water, (ii) wash hands with disinfectants, (iii) drink pasteurized or boiled milk (iv) protect food articles and utensils from contamination with urine of rat, (v) encourage use of protective clothings (rubber gloves, goggles, gum-boots particularly when working in water logged areas or handling animals/animal products during slaughterting and parturition etc., (vi) avoid swimming and wading in water of lakes, ponds, swimming pods contaminated with urine of rats and livestock, and (vii) encourage mechanization of agricultural operations. 18iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl

2. Sanitation: It includesas well (i) asdisinfection domestic rodent of contaminated reservoir. These work diseases areas have such as food stores, abattoirs,potentially fish and serious meat processinghuman health plants and economicand animal impact. sheds, In (ii) proper collection, transport,the developing treatment countries, and thesecured impact disposal of such diseasesof garbage, are (iii) proper collection, treatmentcomparatively and more secured than thedisposal developed of animalcountries excreta, because (iv)of proper disposal of deadpoor diagnosticand infected facilities, animals, under (v) reporting disinfection system, of swimmingpoverty and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing pool with chlorine, countries(vi) drainage including of wet India. areas, Further, and (vii) lack rodent of awareness control and in poor the areas of domestic andpersonal farm environment.hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices 3. Animal related care:continuously It calls for add(i) care the humanin handling and animal of laboratory disease and and death other cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, animals as they may be carriers, (ii) regular immunization of domestic contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access animals to protect themto safe from water disease and lack and of basic from health becoming services, carriers, which areand (iii) improvement in occupationalcommon in hygieneIndia. Several standards programme in cattle are and regularly pig farms. organized 4. Health education: Generalby Government people and of India particularly for control the of high such risk zoonoses. groups Though should Government of India launched many programme for effective be educated about thecontrol disease, and the protective measures to be followed including prohibition of recreational activities in contaminated waters. and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases 5. Immunization: Strain-specificare still bombarding killed vaccines and the forold diseaseshuman use,are still particularly encroaches in endemic areas, are availablein the newer but geographicalthese have limited areas of use India. due Thus, to many India infecting have serotypes. Vaccinationa big is challengevaluable whento fight large with numbers such emerging of workers and reemerging are exposed to infection in situationszoonotic (e.g. diseases rice fields) for saving that precludesuch a huge satisfactory human and control animal of reservoir hosts. Immunizationpopulation which of at least are always 60% of at populationgreater risk. and 90% of those at risk, must be continued for 3 years to halt epidemics. Vaccine prepared from highly virulent strains appear to afford better cross-protection than those prepared from strains of low virulence. Vaccine produced in protein free (synthetic) media(Narendra give much Pratap less Singh) severe reactions. Annual boosters are required to maintain sustained immunity levels. Plague: It is a highly fatal zoonotic disease caused by a bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Plague is an ancient disease which caused three pandemics since the 6th century, but the global transmission has been low in recent years. The disease affects wide variety of species like man, camel, deer, dog, cat, donkey, antelope, rabbit, rat and squirrel. Plague is re-emerging disease as there is a report of re-emergence in Algeria in 2003 after a gap of 50 years. It is a bacterial zoonosis with rodents being the principle reservoir. The black rat (Rattus rattus) and oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) are notorious reservoir and transmitting agent for human plague in India. Recently, one case of human plague was reported in Oregon, US in Times of India in June, 2012 stated that a man after biting by stray cat or mouse developed a symptoms of bubonic plague which was progressed to septicemic plague. It was unclear if it was the cat or the mouse that bit him but the bacterium that causes plague is known to be carried by rodents, cats and other carnivores and passed on to humans via fleas that feed on the infected animal (http://articles. iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 19 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/science/32268631_1_bubonic-plague- have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic as well as potentially serious human health and economic impact. In mice-stray-cat) In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of There of werebecause 12.5 millioncountries deathsdeveloped in the Agra than epidemicmore during 1612.comparatively The epidemics were poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty reported inpoverty Beed system, District ofreporting Maharashtraunder facilities, (bubonic diagnostic plague)poor and in Surat District and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing of Gujarat (pneumonicdeveloping of part plague)rural at in 1994.facilities A totalmedical ofof 876lack casesand (596 in Maharashtra, countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor 151 inpoor Gujarat,and 68 awareness in of Delhi,lack 50 inFurther, Karnataka,India. 10 including in Uttar Pradeshcountries and 1 in Madhya personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices Pradesh) practices were presumptivelyfarming poor as well diagnosedas practices in both hygienic epidemics, personal out of which 54 cases continuously add the human and animal disease and death were reporteddeath and as dead.disease Recentanimal outbreakand human ofthe 16 add confirmed casescontinuously of pneumonic plague cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, with 4 deathssanitation, seenpoor duringwith 2002 inassociated Shimlaare Districtinfections ofMany Himachalcases. Pradesh (Gupta and contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access Sharma, access 2007). or An outbreakhygiene, personal of bubonicinadequate plaguefood, was also reportedcontaminated in Uttaranchal in to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to 2004. common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Clinically Though plaguezoonoses. hassuch threeof forms:control for i) BubonicIndia of plagueGovernment thatby involves the legs and Government of India launched many programme for effective inguinal effective lymphfor nodes programme causing many intenselaunched haemorrhagicIndia of inflammation;Government ii) pneumonic control plague which is now rare but highly fatal disease involvingcontrol the lungs; and iii) and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases Septicemia diseases plaguenew thatdiseases, is the zoonotic terminalemerging stageof of bothprevention bubonicand and pneumonic are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches plague. If bubonicencroaches still are plague diseases is notold properlythe and treatedbombarding thenstill itare may lead to meningitis in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have (meningeal have plague).India Thus, The India. importantof areas symptomsgeographical are newer nausea,the in chill, fever, dysponea, a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging chest pain, pneumonia,reemerging and epistaxis,emerging such haematuria,with fight to diarrhoea,challenge big a constipation, painful and zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal oedematous animal and buboes, human cyanosis,huge a such staggeringsaving for gait, diseases delirium, zoonotic prostration, coma and population which are always at greater risk. death. The diagnosis ofrisk. humangreater at plaguealways is are made which based on clinicalpopulation features suggestive of plague, demonstration of the pathogen (Yersinia pestis) in clinico-pathological material including sputum, CSF or throat specimens, isolation of the etiological agent on CIN agar, laboratory animal inoculation with clinico-pathological material, (Narendra Pratap Singh) serodiagnosis by PHA, CFT and IgM captureSingh) ELISAPratap and PCR.(Narendra The basic measures to control the plague include i) reduction of rodent population by rodenticide and eradication of rat flea using insecticide; ii) using killed and live vaccines as prophylaxis, iii) isolation and immediate treatment of affected persons and iv) health education. Tetracycline is the drug of choice followed by chloramphenicol and streptomycin for treatment of plague. Anthrax: Anthrax is an ancient disease commonly seen in domestic herbivorous animals (cattle, sheep, goats and horses). This is a rapidly fatal infectious disease often characterized by sudden death, exudation of tarry uncoagulated blood from the mouth, nares and anus (pathognomic symptom), spleenomegaly, gelatinous infiltration of subcutaneous and subserous tissues, and malignant pustule or eschar formation on skin. The causal agent of anthrax Bacillus anthracis is one of the largest of all bacterial pathogens. It is a Gram positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1-1.2 µm and a length of 3-5 µm. Anthrax spores are transmitted by contact with infected carcasses, hides, hairs or bone meal. It is endemic in countries like India, Pakistan, Iran, Russia, Latin America 20iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl and Central Africa. The diseaseas well asis domesticendemic rodentin Tamil reservoir. Nadu, TheseKarnataka diseases and have Andhra Pradesh (Kumar et al., 2000).potentially Recently, serious 70human cases health of anthrax and economic seen impact.at Christian In Medical College, Vellore theand developing 112 cases countries, of anthrax the in impact surrounding of such diseases places are(Sarada et al., 1999). The majoritycomparatively of cases are morecutaneous than the anthrax. developed However, countries human because cases of of intestinal, septicemic, meningeal,poor diagnostic pulmonary facilities, andunder gastrointestinal reporting system, anthrax poverty have and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing also been reported. An outbreak of human anthrax in Mysore with four deaths after countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor consuming diseased deerpersonal meat has hygienic also been practices reported as well recently as poor (Ichhpujani farming practices et al., 2004). In June, 2011, humancontinuously cases of anthrax add the humanhave been and reportedanimal disease from andKandhamal death district of Orrissa (near cases.Bhubaneshwar) Many infections (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes. are associated with poor sanitation, com/2011-0620/bhubaneswar/296840221anthrax-hit-chief-district-veterinary-contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access officer-veterinary-experts).to safeHowever, water and animal lack of anthraxbasic health has services, been recognizedwhich are by veterinarians in all parts commonof India. in If India.suspected Several of programmeanthrax (on are the regularly basis of organized sudden death, pathognomic symptomsby Government and history), of India the for carcass control shouldof such zoonoses.never opened Though to avoid contamination of theGovernment surroundings. of India Generally, launched manyfor quick programme and fairly for effectivereliable diagnosis blood smears controlprepared from ear clippings or laryngeal oedema are stained for M’ Fadyean reaction.and prevention On microscopic of emerging examination,zoonotic diseases, bacterial new diseases capsule appears reddish purple whereasare still bacilli bombarding take deep and theblue old colour. diseases Besides are still this, encroaches there are various methods are availablein the fornewer detection geographical of anthrax areas of bacilli India. viz.Thus, isolation India have of the pathogen on blood agar, ainoculation big challenge of to laboratory fight with suchanimals, emerging Ascoli’s and reemergingprecipitation test employing anthrax hyperimmunezoonotic diseases serum for saving against such attenuated a huge human anthrax and animal spores, specific and sensitive enzymepopulation immunoassays which are alwaysbased aton greater purified risk. toxin antigens for serodiagnosis and, PCR based diagnosis of B. anthracis. Penicillin is one of the promising drug for treatment of the anthrax. B. anthracis is highly susceptible to a variety of antimicrobial agents including penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin,(Narendra and Pratapfluoroquinolones. Singh) However, the standard treatment for anthrax is a 60-day course of an antibiotic, such as ciprofloxacin or doxycycline. For prevention, vaccine is available for people at high risk (such as veterinarians, laboratory technicians, employees of textile mills processing imported goat hair, and members of the armed forces). The control of the disease requires coordination between public health, agriculture and animal husbandry departments and the industry. Brucellosis: The disease is characterized by abortion (usually in 5-8 months of gestation), retained placenta, orchitis, epididymitis, temporarily impaired fertility and, causes considerable economic losses due to loss of progeny, milk yield and animal protein. Brucellosis is caused by members of the genus - Brucella. Of different species, B. abortus is the most widely spread species whereas B. melitensis and B. suis are irregularly distributed. B. neotomae has its natural foci in the western United States while B. ovis is distributed in all sheep raising countries. B. canis infection has been confirmed in many countries such as USA, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chechoslovakia, Germany, Japan and India. Brucella melitensis iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 21 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic isas thewell prevalentas species seen in potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic and health human serious man andpotentially causes a more severe the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, formdeveloping ofthe disease. It is estimated comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more that thecomparatively true incidence is 25 poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, timesdiagnostic higherpoor than the reported and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and cases due to underdiagnosis. countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic Brucellosis personal affects primarily continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add the livestockcontinuously and is transmitted cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections to Many humanscases. by ingestion, close contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access Negativeaccess or hygiene, personal Positive inadequate food, contact, contaminated inhalation or accidental to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which RBPTservices, Test health basic of lack and inoculation.water safe to Major route of common in India. Several programme are regularly organized infection organized in animalsregularly isare through ingestionprogramme Several of contaminatedIndia. in common food, milk and water, by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though close contact,Though upperzoonoses. respiratorysuch of control tractfor andIndia of conjunctiva. Government Besidesby these, contact with Government of India launched many programme for effective aborted effective fetus for and uterineprogramme dischargemany andlaunched venerealIndia of transmission.Government Brucellosis is almost control invariably transmitted to man from infected domestic animals.control However, it has been and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases documented diseases beyondnew diseases, doubt, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches the possibilityencroaches still ofare humandiseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have to humanhave India transmissionThus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging of Brucellareemerging and infectionemerging such with fight to challenge big a zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal (Naparstek animal and et al.,human 1982;huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic population which are always at greater risk. Lubani et al., 1988; Manturrisk. etgreater at always are which population al., 1996; Tikare et al., 2008). Human brucellosis was once thought to be predominantly (Narendra Pratap Singh) transmitted through animal Singh) Pratap (Narendra contact. Several cases of human brucellosis have been regularly reported from various states in India. Brucella infected cow (Swollen joints) Even in small state like Goa, many cases has been reported especially from rural part of Goa. Out of 50 samples collected from suspected human patients, 15 were found to be positive for Brucella (The Hindu, 5th Sept., 2010). However, it is now being realized increasingly that animal products such as milk and meat products also play an important role in the disease transmission. Dairy products prepared from unpasteurized milk such as soft cheeses, yoghurts, and icecreams may contain high concentration of the bacteria and consumption of these is an important cause of brucellosis. In female animals, abortion occurs in late gestation. Sometimes, fever, anorexia, lameness etc. In males, orchitis, epididymitis, testicular hypertrophy and somtimes infertility. In humans, headache, muscular pain, insomnia, anorexia, weakness, 22iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl drenching sweets with peculieras well as odour, domestic undulating rodent reservoir. fever (in These the diseasesevening). have Death may be due to sever toxaemiapotentially and endocarditis. serious human Various health studiesand economic clearly impact. show a In high prevalence of the disease thein variousdeveloping parts countries, of India. the There impact are of suchseveral diseases methods are are available for detection ofcomparatively Brucella pathogens more than from the clinicaldeveloped samples countries such because as Milk of ring test for herd surveillance,poor diagnostic Serum Tube facilities, Agglutination under reporting Test system,(STAT) poverty and Rose and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing Bengal Precipitation Test (RBPT) for individual animal testing. Besides these, countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor several immunological methodspersonal viz.hygienic ELISA, practices CFT, asEIA, well SDTHas poor are farming also practicesavailable. Recently, PCR is widely continuouslyused for its addconfirmation. the human andMost animal effective disease for and control death of bovine brucellosis, however,cases. due Many to ban infections on cattle are slaughter associated in with certain poor states sanitation, of India, it has been replaced with contaminatedtest and segregation food, inadequate policy. Vpersonalaccination hygiene, of animals or access with suitable vaccine like B. abortusto safe S-19,water B.and melitensis lack of basic Rev-1 health in cattle,services, sheep which and are goats, B. suis strain 2 in pigs andcommon hygienic in India.measures Several can programme protect the are persons regularly who organized are at occupational risk. by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Government of India launched many programme for effective Tuberculosis: Tuberculosiscontrol (TB) is one of the most widespread infectious diseases and leading cause of death due to single infectious agent among adults in the and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases world. The tubercle bacilli that causes tuberculosis in man belong to the so-called are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches Mycobacterium tuberculosisin thecomplex newer whichgeographical falls under areas ofthe India. genus Thus, – Mycobacterium India have and has four species namely,a big M.tuberculosis, challenge to fight M. withbovis, such M. emergingafricanum and and reemerging M. microti . Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonoticchronic diseasesbacterial for zoonoticsaving such disease a huge ofhuman cattle and and animal easily spreads to humans throughpopulation inhalation which of are aerosols always ator greater ingestion risk. of unpasteurized infected milk. Amongst the members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), M. tuberculosis is mainly human pathogen, whereas M. bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis has exceptionally a wide host range and is the principal agent responsible(Narendra for tuberculosis Pratap Singh) in domestic as well as wild animals. With 30% of total cases, India has the most TB patient in the world. It is the leading cause of death in India with a total of 4,21,000 deaths annually. About 1000 Indians die from TB per day i.e. one per min (Krishnaswami, 2000) and 95% of new TB cases are seen every year. There is a financial loss of 4-7% in GDP due to TB in Asian countries. TB costs more than Rs. 13,000 crores in India (ICMR Bulletin, 2002). The Office International des Epizooties has classified bovine tuberculosis as a List B disease, a disease which is considered to be of socio economic and public health important within countries and is of significance to the international trade of animals and animal products. Various animal species play an important role in the maintenance of M. bovis in wildlife communities and the spread to domestic animals. Badgers (Meles meles), brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), deer (Odocoileus virginianus), bison (Bison bison) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) are examples of wildlife that are maintenance hosts of M. bovis. The test and slaughter polices of tuberculosis control, efficiently used with livestock, are insufficient where wildlife reservoir exist. It will not be possible to eradicate M. bovis from livestock until transmission between wildlife and domestic animals iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 23 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have have diseases These reservoir. rodent domestic as well as potentially serious human health and economic impact. In In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections Many cases. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are TB infected buffalo in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging halted. Betterreemerging diagnosticand testsemerging forsuch quickwith screeningfight to of thischallenge big disease a at field level should zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal be developedanimal and and madehuman availablehuge a such at thesaving grass-rootfor diseases level (Sandhu,zoonotic 2011). Control of population which are always at greater risk. tuberculosis in theserisk. animalsgreater at is dependentalways are uponwhich the judiciouspopulation use of diagnostic tests and the application of sound disease control principals. The advance in the development of tuberculosis vaccines for cattle and deer may offer valuable insight into the use of vaccination for control of tuberculosis in a range of captive wildlife (Narendra Pratap Singh) species. Such an endeavor will require Singh) collaborativePratap efforts(Narendra between agriculture, wildlife, environmental and political interest. To eliminate the potential zoonotic sources of TB, pasteurization of milk before marketing and organized goat/sheep abattoirs should be made mandatory under law; where milk samples and carcasses can be routinely tested/examined for TB; and the cause of TB possibly traced to the infected herds. Vaccination of our livestock against TB and routine screening of livestock (e.g., on a yearly basis at the farms and also at the animal fairs) should be made mandatory (Sandhu, 2011). Toxoplasmosis: The disease is caused by Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa) and affects all warm blooded animals like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, horse, camel, dog, cat, monkey, rodent and man. The principal host is cat in which the organism reproduces sexually and the cysts are shed in faeces of cat and spread the disease to other animals and man. The disease may be transmitted through contaminated food, undercooked meat and meat products, milk, water, inhalation, through semen and by transplacental routes. Congenital as well as acquired infection occurs in man. There may be abortion, premature birth, 24iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl hydrocephaly, microcephaly,as well ashepatomegaly, domestic rodent spleenomegaly,reservoir. These diseasesfever, haveicterus, blindness, epileptic convulsion,potentially cerebral serious humancalcification health and and economic mental impact. retardation In in congenital infection. theIn developingcase of acquired countries, infection, the impact there of such may diseases be pyrexia,are lymphadenopathy, headache,comparatively stiff neck, more pain than in the joints developed and meculopapular countries because rash. of The disease is more importantpoor diagnostic in immunocompromised facilities, under reporting persons system, as the poverty dormant and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing cyst in the body of such individuals can alive again, may show cerebral illness countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor and ultimately death. Toxoplasmosispersonal hygienic is also practices not well as wellstudies as poor in India farming even practices though numbers of abortions werecontinuously reported inadd humans the human as well and animalas in animals disease andparticularly death in cats. There are many cases.difficulties Many infectionsin toxoplasmosis are associated diagnosis, with poor because sanitation, it is an asymptomatic infection,contaminated causing significant food, inadequate morbidity personal and hygiene,mortality, or accessfor this reason the “diagnostic-space”to safe wateris very and important lack of basic (Rodrigues health services, et al., which 2009). are The use of molecular biologycommon techniques in India. is useful Several in programme pregnant are women regularly with organized recent seroconversion, to excludeby Governmentthe presence of of IndiaT. gondiifor control DNA of suchin amniotic zoonoses. fluid. Though In addition, the RT-PCR, forGovernment detection T. of gondii India launched DNA, also many appears programme an easy, for accurate effective and rapid diagnostic technique,control whose application is also useful in cases of borderline serologic resultsand (Pignanelli, prevention of 2011). emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches in theF oodbornenewer geographical infection areas of India. Thus, India have Vibrio cholera: This is onea big of thechallenge oldest to recorded fight with infectious such emerging diseases. and reemerging The first six pandemics of cholera originatedzoonotic diseasesin Bengal for savingand occurred such a huge between human 1817 and animal to 1923 and the seventh pandemicpopulation started whichin 1961 are in always Indonesia. at greater The risk. last decade of the 20th century witnessed a sharp increase in the global re-emergence of cholera. In September 1992, V. cholerae O139 Bengal (the first non-O1) appeared in south India. This spread to the rest of India and Bangladesh. Subsequent outbreaks due to this organism were reported(Narendra in Nepal, Pratap Pakistan, Singh) southeast Asian countries and Japan. More than 200 serogroups (O1–O200) exist (Chatterjee and Chaudhuri, 2004), but only toxigenic strains of the serogroups O1 and O139 cause cholera (Nelson et al., 2009). The genome of V. cholerae is in a state of constant flux, resulting in the reemergence and displacement of serotypes Inaba and Ogawa. Several biotic and abiotic factors, viz., salinity, temperature, rainfall and plankton, have been proven as important factors in the ecology of V. cholerae that inﬂuence the transmission of the disease (Huq et al., 2005; Constantin de Magny et al., 2008). There is a vast diversity of V. cholerae isolated in Delhi during 1992–2000 (Das and Gupta, 2005) and also a changing patterns of V. cholerae in Sevagram, Maharashtra seen, between 1990–2005 (Narang et al., 2008). Cholera is endemic in northern and Eastern India, which includes Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh and West Bengal. It has a freshwater environment with salinity close to zero and subtropical climate conditions. This region experiences hot, humid summers and chilly winters. The annual rainfall is moderate (<1000 mm). Cholera occurs in certain pockets of this region in seasonal outbreaks. The disease is on the rise in this part of India, with frequent sporadic cases and outbreaks (Taneja et al., iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 25 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have 2009), particularlyhave diseases withThese a peak reservoir. only duringrodent thedomestic monsoonas well as months. The ecology potentially serious human health and economic impact. In of V. In cholerae impact. in freshwatereconomic and environshealth ishuman poorlyserious understood,potentially making it difficult to the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are gauge theare exact diseases incidencesuch of of disease.impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections Many cases. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control control Colonies of Vibrio on TCBS medium Antimirobial sensitivity test of the Vibrio spp. and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches Listeria monocytogenes:encroaches still are Listerosisdiseases old the is anand emergingbombarding zoonoticstill are disease. It is estimated in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have that L. monocytogeneshave India Thus, is India. responsibleof areas for 28%geographical deathsnewer duethe in to food borne illnesses a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a in the United States. The organism is unbiquitous and inherently robust and can zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic population which are always at greater risk. thus survive food-processingrisk. greater at and refrigerationalways are which of contaminatedpopulation meat and dairy products. Although 13 serotypes have been identified, only 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b are frequently isolated from clinical samples, with serotype 4b causing by far the most cases of human listeriosis (Raybourne, 2002; Borucki, and Call, 2003). However, serotype 1/2a is the most prevalent serotype in food. The occurrence of listeric (Narendra Pratap Singh) infections in the Indian subcontinent hasSingh) beenPratap extensively(Narendra reviewed (Malik et al., 2002). Listeriolysin O based ELISA and interferon-g assay has been developed for

CAMP test for detection of L. Listeria colonies on PALCAM agar monocytogenes 26iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl diagnosis of listeriosis in animalsas well as (Barbuddhe domestic rodent et al., reservoir. 1999 & 1998). These L.diseases monocytogenes have has been isolated from casespotentially of mastitis, serious reproductive human health disorders and economic and septicaemia impact. In in animals (Shakuntala et al.,the 2006; developing Rawool countries, et al., 2007). the impact Carriage of such of the diseases pathogen are has been reported in feces andcomparatively genital tract more of 5-10% than thehumans. developed countries because of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty Campylobacter spp.: Thisand is lacka significant of medical zoonotic facilities atpoultry rural part pathogen of developing and leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis.countries Poultryincluding remain India. Further,healthy lackcarriers of awareness and transmit and poor by fecal shedding. Around 2.5personal million hygienic human practices infections as well are asreported poor farming annually practices in the United States. The diseasecontinuously is more common add the in human children and andanimal there disease is an and emergence death of fluorquinolone resistance.cases. In Many developing infections countries are associated it is withreported poor sanitation,in 5–20% in contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access childhood diarrhoea. C. jejuni isolated from 13.5% of the diarrhoea patients and to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are this was more frequent thancommon combined in India. Salmonella Several programme and Shigella are regularly infections organized (4.3%; P < 0.001) (Jain et al., 2005).by Government Campylobacter of India forjejuni control has ofnow such become zoonoses. the Though most frequently reported organismGovernment from cases of India of bacterial launched gastroenteritismany programme in forhumans effective in many countries (Crushellcontrol et al ., 2004, Iovine, 2008). In India, it was reported from all parts of the country. and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases Enterohemorrhagic Escherichiaare still bombarding coli (EHEC):and the old diseasesIn last are stilltwo encroaches decades, Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichiain the newer coli geographical (EHEC) have areas ofemerged India. Thus, as an India important have foodborne enteropathogena big of challengehumans whichto fight oftenwith such leads emerging to bloody and diarrhea, reemerging and occasionally to kidney failure.zoonotic Escherichia diseases for coli saving O157:H7 such a hugewas humanfirst recognized and animal as population which are always at greater risk. a cause of human illness in two separate outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis in Michigan and Oregon in 1982 (Riley et al., 1983). The organisms were transmitted in both cases by undercooked beef. Increasing numbers of diseases related to E. coli O157:H7 have been reported since 1982, most have been sporadic (Ostroff et al., 1989) but many institutional(Narendra Pratapand community-wide Singh) outbreaks (Swerdlow et al., 1992) have occurred in nursing homes, schools and day care centers or have been related to eating at fast food restaurants (Bell et al., 1994), drinking untreated municipal water or fresh-pressed apple cider (Swerdlow et al., 1992), or swimming

E. coli isolate on EMB agar Antimirobial sensitivity test of the E. coli isolates iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 27 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have in lake waterhave (Keenediseases etThese al., 1994).reservoir. It is rodent estimated domestic thatas 0.6%well as to 2.4% of all cases of potentially serious human health and economic impact. In diarrhea and In impact. 15% to 36%economic ofand all caseshealth of human bloody serious diarrhea orpotentially hemorrhagic colitis are the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are associated are with diseases E. such coli of O157:H7.impact the In a nursingcountries, homedeveloping the outbreak, the estimated comparatively more than the developed countries because of attack of ratesbecause from bothcountries food-bornedeveloped the andthan person-to-personmore comparatively transmission were 33% poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty among thepoverty nursingsystem, home reporting residents under and facilities, 13% amongdiagnostic thepoor staff. The attack rate and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and was reported to be as high as 67% (42 of 63 persons) in a kindergarten outbreak countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices involving practices unpasteurized farming poor milk.as well as practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death It causes death noand signs disease of illnessanimal inand its naturalhuman the host,add cattle andcontinuously sheep, but has a low cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, infectious dosesanitation, inpoor humanswith whereassociated itare causes haemorrhagicinfections Many cases. colitis and haemolytic contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated uraemic syndrome. The manure-contaminated irrigation was the source of the to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized largest recordedorganized outbreakregularly are affectingprogramme moreSeveral thanIndia. 7000in childrencommon who had consumed by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though contaminated Though sproutszoonoses. such inof Japan.control Non-O157for India of EHEC wereGovernment reportedby in 1.4% of stools Government of India launched many programme for effective from caseseffective for of bloody diarrhoeaprogramme many in Kolkatalaunched India (Ministry of of HealthGovernment and Welfare 2006). control EHEC O157 sorbitol phenotype have been isolated from thecontrol Ganga River, Varanasi (Hamner et al., 2007). The detection of potentially pathogenic O157:H7 in river and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and water is alarming. are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging Preventionreemerging and and controlemerging such ofwith zoonoticfight to and foodbornechallenge big a infections zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal Veterinarians animal and play anhuman importanthuge a such role insaving preventionfor diseases and controlzoonotic of zoonoses by virtue population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population of their ability to destroy or treat the diseased animals and also controlling the movement of domestic animals. There are several factors involved in the causation and transmission of disease. Correct epidemiological investigation will help to identify these various factors in order to control them during outbreak. The basic (Narendra Pratap Singh) approach in controlling or preventing aSingh) diseasePratap is to identify(Narendra the weak linkages in the chain of their transmission. This requires sound knowledge of epidemiology of disease, i.e. its magnitude, spatial and temporal distribution, multifactorial causation, sources of infection and the dynamics of transmission. Prevention: Prevention implies all measures taken to exclude a disease or to protect the animals and/or humans from acquiring an infection. Prevention can be done by following measures…. 1. Quarantine 2. Immunization 3. Environmental hygiene 4. Chemoprophylaxis. 5. Education of people about disease prevention. 6. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment 28iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl

Control: This is a strategyas well which as domestic employs rodent all reservoir.tactics useful These fordiseases reducing have the frequency of illnesses whichpotentially are already serious present human in health a population and economic or in impact. other words In measures to reduced the incidencethe developing of disease. countries, It aimsthe impact to reduce of such the diseases morbidity are and mortality caused by the disease.comparatively Control more can than be done the developed by following countries measures…. because of poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty 1. Effective and earlyand lack diagnosis of medical and facilities prompt at treatment rural part of developing countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor 2. Isolation of diseasepersonal animals hygienic from practices healthy as stockwell as poor farming practices 3. vaccination ofcontinuously healthy stock add the human and animal disease and death cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, 4. Chemoprophylaxiscontaminated including food, deworming inadequate personal hygiene, or access 5. Awareness campaignto safe water and lack of basic health services, which are common in India. Several programme are regularly organized 6. Separation/culling/slaughteringby Government of India of disease for control animals of such or animalszoonoses. at Though risk Government of India launched many programme for effective Approachescontrol for prevention and control of disease: Quarantine: Quarantine is the restraint placed upon the movement of animals, man, plants, or goods whichand are prevention suspected of ofemerging being carriers zoonotic or diseases, vehicles new of infectionsdiseases are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches or of having been exposed to infectious agent(s). Quarantine may be international, in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have interstate or local. Officea bigInternationale challenge to fightde Epizootics with such emerging(OIE) was and established reemerging in Paris in 1924 with a viewzoonotic to make diseases uniform for proceduressaving such afor huge veterinary human and quarantine animal and develop appropriate regulationspopulation which that are are applicablealways at greater throughout risk. the world. The period of quarantine depends on the incubation period of the agent, the time taken for the infection to be confirmed, i.e., isolation and identification of the pathogen and the time taken for an infected animal to become infectious. Test and Slaughter: If a disease(Narendra is infectious,Pratap Singh) affected animals can be a source of infection to others. In such circumstances it may be economically and technically expedient to slaughter an ill minority of animals to protect a healthy majority. A recent outbreak of avian influenza in different states of India was tackled by depopulation of several poultry birds. Several animals in India are infected with brucella. However, in our country, cow slaughtered is banned. Therefore, there is test and segregation policy to be followed. It is a big challenge to our country to prevent the spreading of Brucella to other animals. The disease is highly contagious and dangerous. Environmental hygiene: Implementation of farm hygiene practices improves the sanitary environment of animals. The practices include excrement treatment and disposal, ventilation, availability of clean water, pest control, improvement of housing and general cleanliness. Environmental hygiene plays an important role in control of mechanical vectors, for example, house flies, mosquitoes, ticks, mites, fleas and lice. Systematic antemortem and postmortem examination of slaughter animals has led to a substantial reduction in the risk of transmitting meat borne iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 29 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have pathogens. have Disposaldiseases of cThese arcasses inreservoir. the fieldsrodent needsdomestic as to bewell checkedas out for preventing potentially serious human health and economic impact. In the spreadingIn impact. of the variouseconomic and disease.health Deephuman buriedserious or burnpotentially are the correct methods the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are for disposal are of carcassesdiseases such of as wellimpact asthe farm waste.countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty Mass immunization:poverty system, Immunizationreporting under reducesfacilities, thediagnostic numberpoor of susceptible in and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing the population developing and of thuspart augmentsrural at herdfacilities immunitymedical of lack makingand the infection more countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor difficultpoor and to spread.awareness Immunizationof lack Further, programmeIndia. mustincluding be epidemiologicallycountries relevant, personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal immunologically effective, operationally feasible and socially acceptable. The continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, effective immunizationsanitation, poor with program associated depends are on severalinfections Many factorscases. such as type of vaccine contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access used, genotypicaccess or diversityhygiene, ofpersonal the pathogeninadequate food, in immunizationcontaminated area, appropriate to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are storage facilities,are which properservices, disseminationhealth basic of lack of vaccine,and water acceptabilitysafe to by the people, common in India. Several programme are regularly organized mass awareness,organized availabilityregularly are of vaccineprogramme andSeveral so India. on. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective Vector control:effective for Vectorprogramme controlmany is verylaunched importantIndia of aspect Government in prevention of disease control from spreading. It has become extremely popular among thecontrol public health experts. and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases The approachdiseases new consists diseases, of activitieszoonotic concernedemerging of with environmentprevention and management and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches source reduction,encroaches still chemicalare diseases control,old the biologicaland control,bombarding still geneticare control, personal in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have protection have andIndia healthThus, education.India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal a) Environmentalanimal and human measures:huge a such Measuressaving for to diseases be appliedzoonotic for environmental population which are always at greater risk. management arerisk. sourcegreater at reduction, always are fillingwhich and drainagepopulation operations, planned water management, and proper disposal of refuse and other wastes. b) Chemical measures: A wide range of insecticides belonging to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate groups are available for vector control. (Narendra Pratap Singh) Indiscriminate use of insecticidesSingh) resultsPratap in the development(Narendra of insecticide resistance by vectors.

1. Contact poisons: Natural : pyrethrum, rotenone, derris, mineral oils Synthetic : organochlorine - DDT, HCH, lindane organophosphates - chlorthion, dichlorvos, parathion. carbamates - carbaryl, dimetilan 2. Stomach poisons : paris green, sodium fluoride 3. Fumigants : hydrogen cyanide, methyle bromide, sulphur dioxide c) Biological measures: (i) Fish : Several species of fish such as Gambusia affinis, Aplochilus panchax, Paecelia holbrooki are effective as predators of anopheline (ii) Fungi: Extremely studied fungi is Coelomomyces (iii) Protozoa : Nosema algerae , Thelohania, and Vorticella (iv) Bacteria : Bacillus thuringiensis, B. sphaericus. 30iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: PreventionPrevention AndAnd ControlControl d) Genetic manipulationas well of asinsect domestic vectors: rodent Transgenic reservoir. Thesetechnology, diseases controlled have manipulation of genomepotentially of an serious insect humanby the healthdirect andintroduction economic impact.of DNA In into the germ line offer athe challenging developing potential countries, to the exploit impact genes of such and diseases gene contents are across species barrierscomparatively and the moreability than to the introduce developed particular countries becausesequences of without the genomepoor disruption diagnostic facilities,caused byunder conventional reporting system, cross-breeding. poverty and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing Transgenic technology may be useful in controlling vector borne diseases for countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor example, by inducingpersonal insecticide hygienic susceptibility practices as and well temperature as poor farming susceptibility. practices Reservoir control: Reservoircontinuously is defined add as the “any human person, and animalanimal diseaseor non-living and death thing cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, in which infectious agent lives and multiplies and can be transmitted to a susceptible contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access host”. For e.g. foxes and dogesto safe are water main and reservoir lack of basicfor rabies. health It services, is helpful which against are rats, stray dogs and other noxiouscommon reservoir in India. hosts Several of programmeinfections suchare regularly as leptospirosis, organized plague, typhus and rabies.by Poison Government baiting of and India trapping for control have of beensuch zoonoses.among the Though most commonly employed techniquesGovernment against of India reservoir launched hosts. many Anti-rodentprogramme for measures effective include environmental sanitation,control use of rodenticides and fumigation. Early diagnosis: In veterinaryand prevention medicine of emergingthe techniques zoonotic of diseases, early detection new diseases have been successfully appliedare in still the bombarding diagnosis andof tuberculosis, the old diseases brucellosis, are still encroaches mastitis, glanders and salmonellosis.in the Early newer diagnosis geographical of areasdisease of India. is very Thus, important India have and a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging necessary for immediate treatment and control measures over the disease. Some zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal diseases are difficult to diagnosepopulation because which are of alwayscommon at greater flu like risk. symptoms for e.g. many viral infections. Application of tuberculin skin test in domestic animals and human population, and mallein test for glanders are classic examples in this regard. The development of various immunological and molecular techniques such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radio immunoassay (RIA), immunofluorescence(Narendra (IF), Prataprestriction Singh) fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), sequence analysis, DNA probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized diagnostic procedures with their wide applicability. Treatment: Mass treatment of an affected population may be carried out under an emergency or when the disease prevalence is very high. Mass treatment is given either prophylactically or curatively. Use of coccidiostats to poultry in drinking water and routine incorporation of anthelmintics in the ruminant salt licks or feeds are some of the examples of mass treatment. Genetic improvement: It has been shown that the incidence of some infectious diseases can be reduced by selective breeding. For example, certain breeds of cattle in tsetse zone of Africa are known to be tolerant to trypanosomosis. In general, the local breeds of animals are resistant to various common diseases while the exotic breeds like HF and Jersy are more prone to infections. Therefore, development of new animal breeds particularly resistant to various disease and high milk/meat producing are essential. iv Important Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention And Control ImportantControl ZoonoticAnd Diseases:Prevention PreventionDiseases: AndZoonotic ControlImportant 31 iv as well as domestic rodent reservoir. These diseases have Health education:have diseases TheThese health educationreservoir. rodent envisagesdomestic as makingwell as community aware of potentially serious human health and economic impact. In the causeIn andimpact. mode ofeconomic diseaseand transmission,health human preventionserious andpotentially treatment of disease, the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are and the are role of communitydiseases such of in impact combating the diseases.countries, Healthdeveloping the education through mass comparatively more than the developed countries because of media of suchbecause as newspapers,countries radio,developed the cinema,than more wall slogans,comparatively television can be very poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty effective. poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor Epidemiologicalpoor and awareness diagnosis: of lack In Further, epidemiological India. including diagnosiscountries the frequency of the personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices population practices event (disease),farming poor as itswell timeas and placepractices patternhygienic of occurrencepersonal and associated continuously add the human and animal disease and death factors ordeath circumstancesand disease areanimal ascertained.and human the Theadd primary purposecontinuously of epidemiological cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, diagnosis is tosanitation, determinepoor with immediateassociated are and longinfections termMany needscases. for purposeful action contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated against the disease. Molecular epidemiology that relates to the use of molecular to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized techniques organized namelyregularly RFLP,are PCR, andprogramme DNASeveral probesIndia. isin a promisingcommon field for interactions by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though between Though epidemiologyzoonoses. such andof the control laboratory. for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and References: are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. 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In In impact. economic and health human serious potentially the developing countries, the impact of such diseases are are diseases such of impact the countries, developing the comparatively more than the developed countries because of of because countries developed the than more comparatively poor diagnostic facilities, under reporting system, poverty poverty system, reporting under facilities, diagnostic poor and lack of medical facilities at rural part of developing developing of part rural at facilities medical of lack and countries including India. Further, lack of awareness and poor poor and awareness of lack Further, India. including countries personal hygienic practices as well as poor farming practices practices farming poor as well as practices hygienic personal continuously add the human and animal disease and death death and disease animal and human the add continuously cases. Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, sanitation, poor with associated are infections Many cases. contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or access access or hygiene, personal inadequate food, contaminated to safe water and lack of basic health services, which are are which services, health basic of lack and water safe to common in India. Several programme are regularly organized organized regularly are programme Several India. in common by Government of India for control of such zoonoses. Though Though zoonoses. such of control for India of Government by Government of India launched many programme for effective effective for programme many launched India of Government control control and prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases, new diseases diseases new diseases, zoonotic emerging of prevention and are still bombarding and the old diseases are still encroaches encroaches still are diseases old the and bombarding still are in the newer geographical areas of India. Thus, India have have India Thus, India. of areas geographical newer the in a big challenge to fight with such emerging and reemerging reemerging and emerging such with fight to challenge big a zoonotic diseases for saving such a huge human and animal animal and human huge a such saving for diseases zoonotic population which are always at greater risk. risk. greater at always are which population

(Narendra Pratap Singh) Singh) Pratap (Narendra

ICAR RESEARCH COMPLEX FOR GOA (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Old Goa - 403 402, Goa, India