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Tick Borne Viral Zoonotic Diseases: a Review Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(6): 2034-2042 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Tick borne viral zoonotic diseases: a review www.entomoljournal.com JEZS 2020; 8(6): 2034-2042 © 2020 JEZS Received: 04-09-2020 Renuka Patel, Ranvijay Singh, Bhavana Gupta, Ajay Rai, Shreya Dubey, Accepted: 06-10-2020 Braj Mohan Singh Dhakad and Divya Soni Renuka Patel M.V.Sc. Scholar, NDVSU, Abstract Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Ticks are the important arthropod vectors for transmission of numerous infectious agents and are India responsible for causing human and animal diseases. Among the world’s tick fauna, 80% are hard ticks and remaining 20% are soft ticks. However, only 10% of the total hard and soft tick species are known to Ranvijay Singh be involved in disease transmission to domestic animals and humans. The global loss due to ticks and Associate Professor & Head, tickborne diseases (TTBDs) was estimated to be between US$ 21.38- 28.76 billion annually, while in NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya India the cost of controlling TTBDs has been estimated as US$ 498.7 million/annum. A number of tick Pradesh, India species have been recognised since long as vectors of lethal pathogens, viz. Crimean-Congo Bhavana Gupta haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), Nairobi sheep disease virus, Assistant Professor, NDVSU, Tick borne encephalitis virus etc. and the damages caused by them are well-recognised. Hyalomma Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, anatolicum anatolicum and Haemaphysalis spinigera are the two important species of ticks present in India India, which are responsible for causing CCHF and KFD respectively. There are about 400-500 cases of KFD, 10000-15000 cases of CCHF with 500 deaths are reported annually. Generally tick-borne viral Ajay Rai diseases manifest three different clinical conditions: encephalitis, haemorrhagic fevers and acute febrile Assistant Professor, NDVSU, illness. The diagnosis of TBDs is challenging and information exchange from physician to veterinarians Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, and vice versa is beneficial for both sides but mainly for patients. There is a need for improved diagnostic India facilities and laboratories. Shreya Dubey Keywords: Ticks and Tick borne disease, CCHF, KFD M.V.Sc. Scholar, NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Introduction Ticks are the important arthropod vectors for transmission of numerous infectious agents and Braj Mohan Singh Dhakad are responsible for causing human and animal diseases [1]. Various wild and domestic animals M.V.Sc. Scholar, NDVSU, are reservoir hosts for tick-borne pathogens of livestock, pets and humans [2]. Ticks are Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India obligatory blood sucking ectoparasites that infest mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Among the world’s tick fauna, 80% are hard ticks and the remaining 20% are soft ticks. Divya Soni However, only 10% of the total hard and soft tick species are known to be involved in disease M.V.Sc. Scholar, NDVSU, transmission to domestic animals and humans. Tick-borne diseases are prevalent only in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, [3] specific risk areas where favourable environmental conditions exist for individual tick species . India The global loss due to ticks and tickborne diseases (TTBDs) was estimated to be between US$ 13.9 and 18.7 billion annually, while in India the cost of controlling TTBDs has been estimated as US$ 498.7 million/annum [4]. Tick borne diseases (TBDs) have been growing and spreading worldwide consequent to the increase in movement in tick-infested areas like forests, grasslands, pastureland and fields. In addition, different human behaviors including sitting on logs, visiting tick-infested parks and sitting along trees are further adding to the potential risk factors for acquiring tick borne infections [5]. Many bacterial, viral and rickettsial diseases are transmitted through ticks as they act as a vector for pathogenic organisms. Generally tick-borne viral diseases manifest three different clinical conditions: encephalitis, haemorrhagic fevers and acute febrile illness. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Haemaphysalis spinigera are the two important species of ticks present in India, which are responsible for causing the fatal tick-borne viral diseases of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) respectively [6]. Corresponding Author: Renuka Patel Tick associated pathogens M.V.Sc. Scholar, NDVSU, Current comprehensive listing of tick associated viral pathogens, their hosts and geographical Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, distribution across the globe are presented in table India ~ 2034 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com Table 1: Important tick borne viral zoonotic diseases S.N. Disease Organism Vector Host Region Referances 1. CCHF CCHFV Hyalomma Humans, ruminant and ostrich India, [7] marginatum Northern Africa, Southern Europe, Southern parts of Asia 2. KFD KFDV, Haemaphysalis Rats, South asia, [8] Group-B Toganvirus spinigera Squirrels,mice,shrews,porcupines, India (Flavidiridae) humans 3. Nairobi sheep Bunyaviridae Rhipicephalus Sheep and Goat East and [9] disease appendiculatus Central Africa, India 4. Tick-borne Tick-borne Ixodes scapularis, Rodents, humans Europe, [10] meningo encephalitis virus Ixodes ricinus, Russia, Asia encephalitis (TBEV) Ixodes persulcatus (Flaviviridae) 5. Louping ill Louping ill virus Ixodes ricinus Sheep, red grouse, humans Scotland, [11] (Flaviviridae) America 6. Powassan Powassan virus Ixodes cookei, Humans, squirrel, mice Eastern [12] disease (Flaviviridae) Ix. marxi, Russia, North Ix.spinipalpusm, America Ix.scapularis, Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis 7. Colorado tick Colorado tick fever Dermacentor Humans, elks, Marmots, deer Canada [13] fever virus(CTFV) andersoni Colorado, Idaho Coltivirus 8. Alkhurma Alkhurma virus Ornithodorus Camel, Sheep Saudi Arabia, [14] haemorrhagic savignyi, Egypt fever Hyalomma dromedary 9. Heartland Heartland virus Lone star tick White tailed deer, Racon U.S., Missouri [15] virus disease (Amblyomma and Tennessee americanum) 10 Bourbon virus Bourbon virus Lone star tick Midwest and [16] disease (Orthomyxoviridae) Southern united states Kyasanur Forest Disease (Kfd) Arabia and Nanjianyin virus in China. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease associated with sudden onset of high grade fever, Indian scenario prostration, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and occasionally Since 1957, the estimated incidence of KFD in India has been neurological and haemorrhagic manifestations. The virus was 400–500 cases per year [19]. Since 1957, after the discovery of initially suspected as a Russian spring–summer (RSS) KFDV many sporadic cases have been observed in the complex of viruses since isolates from monkeys and human endemic state of Karnataka every year, mostly in five major showed relatedness to this virus. KFDV is classified in risk districts Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Udupi, Uttar Kannada, and group 4 pathogens and causes endemic disease [17]. Dakshina Kannada [20]. Between 2003 and March 2012, there were 3263 reported human cases and of these 823 were History laboratory confirmed and 28 deaths due to KFDV have been This disease was first discovered in 1957 from Kyasanur reported [21]. forest area, Shimoga district of Karnataka state in southern From 2012 to 2013 KFD outbreak was reported in the India, when an illness occurred in monkeys- Black faced Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Chamarajanagar among the forest langures (Semnopithecus entellus) and Red faced bonnet workers. During the same period, the virus was detected in monkeys (Macaca radiata) and in humans [18]. It derives its ticks and monkeys in Nilgiri and Wayanad [22]. During 2016, name from the forest range where the virus was first isolated. KFD cases were reported from Dodamarg and Sindhudurg It is also known as “monkey disease/monkey fever” because districts of Maharashtra and Dharbandora taluk of Goa [23]. of its association with monkey deaths. The number of cases increased in 2017 from Dodamarg, Sawantwadi, Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra and Valpoi, Global situation Pernem, Dharbandora taluk of Goa state. As of now, KFD is only reported from India. The other Recently first case of suspected KFD in latest outbreak came viruses which are closely related to KFD are Omsk to light on 24 november 2018 from Aralagodu, around 18 hemorrhagic fever virus in Siberia, Alkhurma virus in Saudi residents of the village are now suspected to have been ~ 2035 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com affected by the virus. This year 2018-19 about 3,548 fever noticed during high viremic stage. Case fataity rate is 100% cases were tested for KFD and of which 341 cases were noticed in experimental infections. Neurological signs were positive. noticed in 2nd febrile stage in bonnet macaque in experimental infection with KFD. Epidemiological determinants Agent Humans The KFD virus (KFDV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus The incubation period of KFD is estimated to be about 2 to 7 and family Flaviviridae. The KFD virus (KFDV) is days after tick bites or exposure [8]. The initial prodormal immunologically close to Alkhurma virus. This RNA virus stage lasts for around one week with sudden onset of fever, measuring about 25nm in diameter. The positive-sense RNA headache, gastro intestinal disturbances, insomnia, sore throat, genome of the KFDV is about 11 kb in length and encodes a decreased blood pressure and heart rate, pain in muscles and single poly protein
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