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Open Full Dissertation Document 4.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Sociology RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS AND ADOLESCENTS’ RISKY BEHAVIORS A Thesis in Sociology by Amy Adamczyk ©2005 Amy Adamczyk Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2005 ii The thesis of Amy Adamczyk was reviewed and approved* by the following: Roger Finke Professor of Sociology and Religious History Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee Richard Felson Professor of Sociology and Crime, Law and Justice Eric Silver Associate Professor of Sociology and Crime, Law and Justice Eva Lefkowitz Associate Professor of Health and Human Development Paul Amato Professor of Sociology and Demography Head of the Department of Sociology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii Abstract Sociologists have long been interested in how individuals are affected by the people with whom they interact and the environments where they live. Despite a plethora of research on contextual influences, little research has been conducted on religious contexts. Examining the association between teens’ risky behaviors and three religious contexts, this project addresses this omission in past research. To begin I assess the extent to which friends’ religiosity, religious schools and living in the Bible Belt are independently associated with first sex and delinquency. Because so few sociologists have examined multiple or overlapping religious contexts, we do not know which behavior is associated with which context. Additionally, we know little about the extent to which more inclusive contexts, such as the Bible Belt are mediated by more immediate ones like friendship groups. I find that the more immediate and intimate contexts mediate Bible Belt influences: schoolmates religiosity is associated with first sex and friends’ religiosity is related to delinquency and first sex. This project also examines the extent to which religious contexts are associated with attitude-behavior consistency. Specifically, in which contexts are teenagers’ own religious attitudes most likely associated with delinquency and first sex? I address this issue by examining whether friends, school, or regional religiosity moderates the relation between individual religiosity and risky behaviors. I find that friends’ religiosity moderates the link between individual religiosity and delinquency, but not first sex. Additionally, I look at the separate influence of romantic partner and friends’ religiosity. After establishing a direct relation between sex and friends’ religiosity, I examine whether sex attitudes explain the association and find that guilt about sex, in part, mediates it. Finally, I use longitudinal data to boost confidence about the causal direction by estimating the effect of friends’ religiosity on sex. I also show that first sex is associated with subsequent friendship choices. My analysis relies on two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Unlike previous studies, which use respondents’ perceptions of their friends’ behaviors, the data on friends and romantic partners for this study are taken directly from their reports. Likewise, my analysis improves on previous studies by using longitudinal data to establish causal ordering for friend influences, and multilevel models to correctly estimate associations between teens’ risky behaviors and friends, school, and regional religiosity. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Figures.………...………………………………………………………………………...viii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..…………...ix Chapter 1- Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 Which Religious Contexts?..............................................................................................................1 Religious Contexts and Attitude-Behavior Consistency..................................................................4 Process of Influence.........................................................................................................................5 Religion and Different Types of Behavior ......................................................................................6 Selection or Socialization................................................................................................................7 Improved Data and Methods............................................................................................................8 Religious Contexts and Adolescents’ Risky Behaviors...................................................................9 Layout of Chapters.........................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2- Multiple Religious Contexts………………………………………………………13 Religion and Risky Behaviors.......................................................................................................15 Context Selection...........................................................................................................................16 Micro-Level Influences (Friendship Groups) ...............................................................................17 Meso-Level Influences (Schools) .................................................................................................19 Macro-Level Influences (States) ...................................................................................................21 Religious Contextual Influences....................................................................................................22 Data and Measurement..................................................................................................................24 Dependent Measure.................................................................................................................26 Key Independent Variables......................................................................................................26 Individual Religiosity: ......................................................................................................26 Friends’ Religiosity............................................................................................................26 School Religiosity..............................................................................................................28 Regional Religiosity...........................................................................................................28 Control Variables.....................................................................................................................29 Methods....................................................................................................................................30 Results............................................................................................................................................31 Estimating First Sex.................................................................................................................31 Estimating Delinquency...........................................................................................................32 Religious Contexts and First Sex.............................................................................................33 Religious Contexts and Delinquency.......................................................................................38 Discussion and Conclusion............................................................................................................42 Friends’ Religiosity and Delinquency.....................................................................................44 Friends’ Religiosity and First Sex............................................................................................45 School Religiosity…………....................................................................................................47 State Religiosity………...........................................................................................................49 v Macro, Meso, and Micro………..............................................................................................50 Figure, Tables and Graph...............................................................................................................52 Chapter 3- Unraveling Religious Peer Associations………………………………………….70 Religion and Sexual Behaviors......................................................................................................72 Process of Friends’ Religiosity......................................................................................................74 Religion and Attitudes about Sex..................................................................................................76 Attitude-Behavior Consistency......................................................................................................77 Romantic Partners Verses Friends.................................................................................................78 Additional Influences.....................................................................................................................80 Data and Measurement..................................................................................................................81 Dependent Measure..............................................................................................................83 Key Independent Variables...................................................................................................83
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