Sex and Sexuality in China Sex and Sexuality in China explores issues of sex and sexuality in a non-western context by examining debates surrounding the emergence of new sexual behav- iours, and the appropriate nature of their regulation, in the People’s Republic of China. Commissioned from Western and mainland Chinese scholars of sex and sexuality in China, the chapters in this volume are marked by a diversity of subject materials and theoretical perspectives, but turn on three related concerns. First, the book situates China’s changing sexual culture, and the nature of its governance, in the socio-political history of the PRC. Second, it shows how China’s shift to a rule of law has generated conflicting conceptions of citizenship and the associated rights of individuals as sexual citizens. Finally, the book demonstrates that the Chinese state does not operate strictly to repress ‘sex’; it also is implicated in the creation of new spaces for sexual entrepreneurship, expertise and consumption. With contributions from leading China scholars in the West and mainland China, Sex and Sexuality in China offers a comprehensive and highly topical account of China’s current landscape. The volume will be of interest to area specialists in China and East Asia, to those concerned with post-socialist societies, and to the huge interdisciplinary field of sexuality studies. Elaine Jeffreys lectures in China studies at the University of Technology, Sydney. She is the author of China, Sex and Prostitution (RoutledgeCurzon, 2004). Routledge Studies on China in Transition Series Editor: David S. G. Goodman 1 The Democratisation of China 15 Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Baogang He China 2 Beyond Beijing The search for national identity under Dali Yang reform Yingjie Guo 3 China’s Enterprise Reform Changing state society relations after Mao 16 Elite Dualism and Leadership Selection You Ji in China Xiaowei Zang 4 Industrial Change in China Economic restructuring and conflicting 17 Chinese Intellectuals Between State and interests Market Kate Hannan Edward Gu and Merle Goldman 5 The Entrepreneurial State in China 18 China, Sex and Prostitution Real estate and commerce departments in Elaine Jeffreys reform era Tianjin 19 The Development of China’s Jane Duckett Stockmarket, 1984–2002 6 Tourism and Modernity in China Equity politics and market institutions Tim Oakes Stephen Green 7 Cities in Post Mao China 20 China’s Rational Entrepreneurs Recipes for economic development in the The development of the new private reform era business sector Jae Ho Chung Barbara Krug 8 China’s Spatial Economic Development 21 China’s Scientific Elite Regional transformation in the lower Cong Cao Yangzi delta 22 Locating China Andrew M Marton Jing Wang 9 Regional Development in China 23 State and Laid-Off Workers in Reform States, globalization and inequality China Yehua Dennis Wei The silence and collective action of the 10 Grassroots Charisma retrenched Four local leaders in China Yongshun Cai Stephan Feuchtwang and Wang Mingming 24 Translocal China 11 The Chinese Legal System Linkages, identities and the reimaging of Globalization and local legal culture space Pitman B Potter Tim Oakes and Louisa Schein 12 Transforming Rural China 25 International Aid and China’s How local institutions shape property Environment rights in China Taming the yellow dragon Chi-Jou Jay Chen Katherine Morton 13 Negotiating Ethnicity in China 26 Sex and Sexuality in China Citizenship as a response to the state Elaine Jeffreys Chih-yu Shih 14 Manager Empowerment in China Political implications of rural industrialisation in the reform era Ray Yep Sex and Sexuality in China Edited by Elaine Jeffreys First published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library,2007. “To purchaseyourown copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2006 Elaine Jeffreys, selection and editorial matter; the contributors, their own chapters All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-96706-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-40143-7 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-40143-2 (hbk) Contents Contributors vi Acknowledgements viii Introduction: talking sex and sexuality in China 1 ELAINE JEFFREYS 1 Transformations in the primary life cycle: the origins 21 and nature of China’s sexual revolution PAN SUIMING 2 Sex, politics and the policing of virtue in the People’s 43 Republic of China GARY SIGLEY 3 Contesting citizenship: marriage and divorce in the 62 People’s Republic of China MARGARET Y.K. WOO 4 Regulating male same-sex relationships in the People’s 82 Republic of China LI YINHE 5 Sexual citizenship and the politics of sexual storytelling 102 among Chinese youth JAMES FARRER 6 Selling sexual health: China’s emerging sex shop 124 industry JO McMILLAN 7 Female sex sellers and public policy in the People’s 139 Republic of China ZHANG HEQING 8 Debating the legal regulation of sex-related bribery 159 and corruption in the People’s Republic of China ELAINE JEFFREYS Index 179 Contributors James Farrer is Associate Professor of Sociology at Sophia University in Tokyo. He is the author of Opening Up: Youth Sex Culture and Market Reform (2002) Chicago: University of Chicago Press, an ethnography of youth dating, romance and sexual culture in 1990s Shanghai. His recent research focuses on sexual storytelling, ethical rhetoric in everyday life and intercultural and international intimacies in urban China and Japan. Elaine Jeffreys lectures in China studies at the University of Technology, Sydney. Recent publications include China, Sex and Prostitution (2004) London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon; and ‘Feminist prostitution debates: are there any sex workers in China?’ (2004) in Anne McLaren (ed.), Chinese Women: Living and Working, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 165–211. She is currently working on a text that examines the legal regulation of new sexual behaviours in the People’s Republic of China. Li Yinhe is a Professor and senior researcher at the Department of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. She is widely acknowledged as China’s foremost female scholar on sex-related issues, having published extensively on the subjects of male homosexuality and female sexuality. Some of her most well-known publications are (2001) Fuke yu xing [Foucault and Sex], Jinan: Shandong renmin chubanshe; (1998) Zhongguo nüxing de ganqing yu xing [Love and Sexuality of Chinese Women], Jinri Zhongguo chubanshe; and (1998) Tongxinglian yawenhua [Homosexual Subculture], Jinri Zhongguo chubanshe. Joanna McMillan is a freelance writer specializing in Chinese social issues. She is the author of Sex, Science and Morality in China (2006) London, New York: Routledge, a critique of how sex is thought and talked about in China today. Jo is currently writing a fictionalized account of her research adventures in China and travelling in Southeast Asia. Pan Suiming is Professor and Director of the Institute for Research on Sexuality and Gender at the Renmin (People’s) University of China, Beijing. He is widely acknowledged as one of China’s foremost scholars on issues of sex and sexuality. Recent publications include Pan Suiming, William Parish, Wang Aili and Edward Lauman (2004) Dangdai Zhongguoren de xing xingwei Contributors vii yu xing guanxi [Sexual Behaviour and Relations in Contemporary China], Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe; and Pan Suiming and Yang Rui (2004) Xing’ai shinian: quanguo daxuesheng xing xingwei de zhuizong diaocha [Ten Years of Sex and Love: A Survey of the Sexual Behaviours of Chinese University Students], Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. Gary Sigley is a lecturer in Asian Studies at the University of Western Australia. His research interests centre on governmental reasoning and practice in contemporary China. Gary has recently published an article on Chinese authoritarian governmentality and population planning under the title ‘Liberal despotism’ in Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. A book on the discourse of population in modern China titled Governing Chinese Bodies: Reproduction and Citizenship from Plan to Market is forthcoming. Margaret Y. K. Woo is Professor of Law at Northeastern University School of Law, USA. She was formerly a Fellow at the Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College and presently, an Associate in Research at East Asian Legal Studies Center of Harvard Law School and the Fairbank Center of Harvard College. Professor Woo has published and spoken widely on China’s legal reforms. She is the co-editor of (2003) East Asian Law – Universal Norms and Local Cultures (London: RoutledgeCurzon), a collection of interdisciplinary studies on the competing tensions of global/local forces on East Asian identities and legal systems. She is also the co-author of American Civil Litigation (New York: Aspen Publishers, forthcoming). She is currently working on a joint study with a group of legal scholars from Tsinghua University and Peking University in Beijing, China. This study collected empirical data from the Chinese courts and is one of the first systematic studies of current Chinese legal reforms. Zhang Heqing is an Associate Professor and the Deputy Director of the Department of Social Work at Yunnan University. He is the author of Ruoshi qunti shengyin yu shehui gongzuo jieru [Subaltern Voices and Activist Social Work] (2002) Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe.