BIBLICGFl.APHY ON VIOMEN /The Church and the Second Gex, Daley,}{.ary, New York:Harper&Row,1968 .:./~ 01-IEN''S LIB:E3.ATION AND THE CHURCH ,Doely, Sarah Bentley, ed.; Few York1Association Press, 1970 L/ :HEN THE MINISTER IS A WOY.AN,Gibson, Elsie;NewYonks Holt, Rinehart 1970 v.:~OMEN OF THE CHURCH,McKenna, Sister Mary I.a.wrence.N.Y.:P.J. Kenedy1967
IA'HZ BIBLE AND THE ROLE OF WOMEN ,Stendahl, Krister. Phil. 1Fortress,1966 vCONCIBNING THE ORDINATION OF WOMEN ,/orld Council of Churches. Geneva1World Council of Churches, 1964 '-1('nAM'S FRACTURED RIB, Margaret Sittler Ermarth. Phil.: Fortress Press, 1970. VVOICES OF THE NEW FEMINISM,Mary Lou Thompson,ed. Boston:Beacon Press FEB. IOD ICAI.S : VCONCERN. May-June 1971 vGENESIS III. &-;c '.l-1 ?- /~~ · 1J ~- ~c) ii'rturg~. October 1970 Vl?RESBYTEB.IAN LIFE, February 1, 1971 vST. ANTHONY MESS ENG EB., Yi.arch 1971 WORD, December 1969 '-8efCIAL ACTION, April 1971. WONEN"S EMANCIPATION, Mary Mclarty CHALLENGE TO WOMEN Marie Lydia Grant IN PRAISE OF A NAME
Or, Variations Upon the Martha-figure Within the Differing
Christian Traditions
Martha, when I renamed you Martha/Mary I was focusing upon your strengths: your hardnosed realism, your scientific and
logical mind on the one hand and your mystical, religious and theological interests on the other hand. You represented to me a strong woman, Martha, who was also rooted in a deep mystical faith, Mary. I was drawing upon two traditions within Christianity which began with Jesus relations with the
sisters, Martha and Mary. But I am aware that malestream
Christianity has put down Martha at the expense of Mary. The church fathers liked the swooning, fawning and submissive
Mary; they disliked the questioning, the argumentive, the
challenging Martha. Therefore they promoted the Mary-figure both. as the contemplative, cloistered woman and as the
docile, silent housewife. Luther fixed the Martha tradition with his famous line, "kinder, kitche, kirke."
Since I would not like you to think that that is what I had
in mind in renaming you, I would ;ike to share some
reflections on the Martha-figure which I have run across in
my life-time of research. I hav7 discovered that actually the stronger figure but that the male dominance of the theological tradition suppressed this motif. Martha is the dragon-killer both in ancient myths and in much of
Christian art.~ She is the £em~le counterpart to St. George. In terms of Genesis Four, it is Martha's heel which crushes the head of the snake. Martha is the New Eve: she rather than Adam is the first theologian; she takes the initia~¥eand in free, self-reliance addresses God. Martha is the Judith of the New Testament (remember my hour-long lecture on the daring heroism of Judith?) She dares to tell the men of Israel: "Don't ask me what I am going to do for God! I will not tell you." In Jungian symbolism, one Martha is equal to the Three Marys. Mary the Virgin-Mother, Mary the Lover, and
Mary the Mystic are all three matched by the single figure of Martha, who in her Hebrew-biblical name means "ruler of the household." And, as I have written to you elsewhere, it is Martha who stands with Jesus (Elijah prototype) as the co-worker in the Resurrection of Lazarus. She too is a miracle-worker.
In researching for my play on Savonarola I discovered this latter Martha-motif in the monastery of San Marco in
Florence. The murals on the walls of the cells done by the famous Fra Angelica depict Martha twice. Once in Gethsemene "together" woman who provides good food, who is a hostess opens her house, and whose existence as a woman is not defined by her sexual organs. She is like a goddesSwho brings help {in the ancient legend she brings water from the rock). She brings salvation. She is a strong woman. In the radical Christian sects Martha is the model of preachers and the cause of revolution. She is a woman broken by nothing, the one who works together with the cosmic process. Martha is a woman who derives her being from cosmic powers, who mediates, restrains, and tames these powers, who is not simply thought of as birth-giving mother; she is the combination of the Martha and the Matres cults. One can understand {!) why the Church was not able to swallow a model of a woman with authority, not defined by men, with cosmic powers sovereign over the forces of the abyss, and who
exercised the divine function.
Martha, I have enjoyed rethinking all these various images whtCh have entered into my life in the oddest of places and
in the longest pilgrimages. I never Jriew the why and the
~rh ere fore - un ti 1 this moment when I s a t--d-ewrr--a~~1,-~.;-i:r-?0~~0~.----
d~aw them together in the vision I see for you in the vocatio
~- There is only one thing more I would add in the vision- 1 see for you, and this you can understand is altogether persona1, and that is the verse from the biblical book of Judith Chapter 10:19. men are all sleeping, Martha is awake praying alongside Christ. The second shows her in the Crucifixion
scene standing next to Jesus. Her form conforms to His. In researching for my play on Eckhart, I ran across his famous
sermon on Martha and Mary. "Martha is the strong, active, successful, effective one; Mary the immature, vacillating,
interested only in enjoying and receiving."
According to the contemporary Catholic scholar, Ray Brown,
Martha makes a confession of faith in the John Gospel account of Martha/Mary which is just as great as the famous Peter
'\ dictum (see p.30 of his book on John). In JohnsGospel Martha stands strong of faith, is active and guiding, the one who forced the resurrection of Lazarus to happen. Hers is a critical and passionate voice in dialogue with Jesus.
Bultmann holds that "Martha's answer shows the true stance of faith."
In the myths about Martha which far antedate Christianity there are standard symbols attached to her Rersona - you can see some of these captured by the artist in the copy of the painting attached. Her symbols are bread, not milk; dragon, symbolic of evil which must be conquered yet not destroyed; keys, to release the underworld. Martha is juber coeli, rosa
!'Q.Q.ll.Oi, light of heaven, rose of earth. I am indebted to my German friend, Elizabeth Moltmann, for bringing to my attention tbeuniqueness of Martha's non-violent approach to the Dragon-Evil. "The new element in the Martha legend is that it is not a man who is armored, armed, a hero, a soldier, who conquers this dragon; it is a woman. Another
new element is that the victory is friendly, without
violence. Martha conquers the dragon by spiritual means
without weapons, without armor, and in barefeet and binds the
dragon with her girdle, the sign of purity in a patriarchy
and the symbol of eros and power in a matriarchy. \"\ The
etymology of the name Martha derives from the root "matre'' -
earth mother. And there are hints that the prayer "Ave
Marie" may have replaced "Ave Martha." In any case, the
legend exemplified in the painting accompanying this paper
shows a Martha who radiates peace, composure, and
deliberation; she looks proud, victorious and selfaware.
According to the Christian tradition in the south of France,
Martha migrated to the region of Arles and Avignon where she
is honored as ''a person good of speech and pleasant for all."
The aspects of Martha judged by the patriarchal dogmatic
tradition to be negative have-noT,.,,- been made positive by the
folk tradition, by the artistic tradition, and by the renewed
feminist research. The Fathers in favoring Mary had succeeded
in deprecating Martha: they had found the liberated, strong
Martha too threatening to their fabricated world. In Mary and.Martha they found a convenient antithesis in which Mary
is positive, Martha negative. They preferred woman as Mary,
virgin and mother, the modestly listening Mary, obedient,
passive and submissive. Luther put it well: "Martha, Martha, your work must be to nothing." But the side of the
Christian tradition I have given you here, Martha, is the
Martha who is the older, the mature, the independent person.
In contrast to Mary, Martha is a self-reliant, integrated, Suggested Subjects for course in Fem~.nist Theology: (:Yth - Symbol - Metaphor - Image~- ~~o.J.. G. McLeod Bryan Wake Forest University 1974-
1. Earlier Attempts at Feminist Theology: -Margaret Fuller, Women in the 19th Century "Aglaurian and Louise" :Antoinette Blackwell ~ ~- -~- Mary Baker Eddy
2. Literary Women whose writings have theological significance: ~ve Schriener Ljllian Smith, Killers of the Dream &Jane Adams de Jesus, Carolina Maria, Child of the Dark
3. Religious Groups formed by Women: An_!l.----Lee's Shakers (1787) ~mina Wilkinson's Society of the Universal Friend (1788) Ellen White's Seventh Day Adventists (1863) ,Helen Blavatsky's Theosophical Society (1875) vMary Baker Eddy's Christian Science (1875) ~Founders of Catholic Orders of Sisters, e.g. St. Teresa ?Quaker Sisters: Grimke, Lucretia Mott, Abley Kelly ,Ann Hutchinson (1637) .-Harriet Tubman and the Abolisionists Movement /phoebe Palmer ~Mary McLeod Bethuune .sojourner Tru~h and the Underground Railroad wSouthern Assoc. of Women Against Lynching and the Southern Interracial Committee (Atlanta)
4. "Religion and the Feminine Mystique" Christian Century, June 30,'65 5. "Women's Lib and Christian Marriage" New Theology #10, 154-168 6. The Demand for a New Theology: 7. Religion and the Sexual Revolution 8. The Language of Traditional Theology primarily male-language. 9. Women in World Religions 10. Women in Esoteric Christianity (Heretical ~ects, etc.) 11. Women vis-a-vis the Organized Church and its Clergy 12. Women and St. Paul 13. Women and Jesus (cf. Leonard Swidler's art. and reaction) 14. Renaissance Virgins: "Bovine Madonnas"; "Mother and Child" 15. Female Archetypes within the Religious History of the West: Judith Joan of Arc Teresa etc. HO~! 16. Myth of Feminine Evil, H. R. Hays (1964) /137 17. Eternal Feminine 18. Religion and Misogyny Feminist Theology: continued page 2 l~. Traditional Images in Religion: Mother Sister Lover Virgin Temptress Witch Geo-earth Unconscious Eros Civilizer Mother-God Magna Mother
20. Gyneolatry, as in Cash's reference to Southern Womanhood 21. Sexual Roles:
1) Heterosexual 2) Homosexual 3) Bisexual 4) Unisexual 5) Androgyny a. Bible b. Plato c. Gnostic d. Joachim de Flora e. Jacob Boehm f, Blake g. Berdyaev, On the Making of Man h. Soloviev on Godmanhood (194~ 22.Images of Woman in the Bible (following Martha Wilson's article) 1) Literal-language: a. Relational - mother, wife, daughter, sister, goddess and queen b. Professional - queen, goddess, harlot, priestess, witch, etc. c. Descriptive - barren, female, virginal, with child, pure, etc. d. Characters - and/or historical personages (Eve, Deborah, Jezebel, Rahab, Judith, Marys, etc.) -. mythical: Eve, Gomer, Virgin, etc. 2) Figurative-language: Wisdom, The Beloved, The Barren, Bride of Christ, Heavenly Jerusalem, etc.
3) Woman-language terms linked in pairs with opposites: male-female spirit-flesh Christ-church Head-Body Bridegroom-bride
2~. Myths jnvolving Female-Jm;=tge in the Bihle (follm-dng Phyllis · Trible) 24. Women theologizing and Process Theology and Black Theology and Liberation Theology and Syriac Theology (cf. Letty Russell) Feminist Theology - continued page 3
25. Magna Mother and Mother God myth against backdrop of biblical view:
J. J, Bachofen, %1th, Religion and Mother Right (1967) _...... ~--.nobert Graves, £Mec.J ~7#.S Esther Harding, Woman's Mysteries (1971) E. O. James, Cult of Mother Goddess (1959) Erich Neumann-;-T'he~reat Mother (1963) Herbert Richardson, Nun, Witch and Playmate (1970) r,t/f/1.0~~nn Ulanov, The Feminiile in Jungian Psychology and Christian /;{'-17 Theology (1971) ~---.,.,-~~.apelrud, The Violent Goddess 'lJA. 16 as - /t~ Kl 6. Need for a new theology: Feminist Theology (cf. Valerie Goldstein "The Human Situation: A Feminine Viewpoint" 1958) 27. Beyond Male Morality (machismo ethics): Cf. Mary Daly 28. A Feminist Ethic? 29. Male argument: "Christianity and Church have improved the lot of women." (T. B. Maston, e.g.) 30. Man the enemy (devil theogy) FEMINIST TqEOLOGY
&/:~------Brown , GOD AS ·MO ~HER {Stark,~~~ /Wo7 .t(/:.s-7~o Bruns, J. Edgar, GOD AS WOMAN, WOMAN AS GOD (Paulist. 1973)
Daly I Mary, BEYOND GOD THE FA 'T'HER: 'rOWARD A PHILOSOPHY OF WOMEN "S LIBERA'T'ION (Beacon, 1974) El.Lmann , Mary, THINKING ABOUT WOMAN
O/.'..C~ v-fleilbrun, Ca ro Lgn G.' TOWARD A RECOGNI'T'ION OF ANDROGYNY ( l-l·~r) Justin, Dena, "The :rownfall of Woman," NA'I'URAL HISTORY, Feb. 1973 ?J.e,o~Lantero, Erminie Huntress, FEMININE ASPECTS OF DIVINITY (Pendle Hill, 1973) Martello, Leo Louis, WITCHCRAFT: THE OLD RELIGION (University Books, 1973) WAS A BISHOP (Macmillan, 197 eds. Judith, and Romero, Joan Arnold,/WOMEN AND ress, 197 Ruether, Rosemary Radford, "The Cult of True Womanhood, " COMMON'.4 WEAL, 9 Nov. 1973 --- , "Misogynism and Virginal Feminism in the Fathers of the Church" (xerox copy from Soc. for Relig. in Hi. Ed. ; bel!eve it to be a chapter in some book she was doing together with other people) Russell, Letty M., HUMAN LIBERATION IN A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE: A THEOLOGY (Westminster, 1974) Schmidt, Ruth A., "Second-Class Citizenship in the Kingdom of God," CHRISTIANITY TODAY, Jan. 1, l.971 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, THE WOMAN'S BIBLE (1895)
../ --e~ .. --~-. ',At:_ /Svp; :!I. REQUIRE~ TEX~S: Cone, James,A ?lack Theolo~v c~ Liberation (J.B. Lippincott, 1970),p. Daly, Mary, Bevo:nd God the Fa:.her •.• (Beacon, 1973),p. Gutierrez, Gustavo, A Theolc>lY of Liberation (Orbis, 1972),p. Russell, Letty M., Human Liberation in~ Feminist Perspective-- A Theolo~y.(Westminster, 1974), p0 IV~ SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY: (see attached page) ... . - ----·---·· ...... __~--· ·;_, SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY Suggested list of books for ISSUES IN LIBERATION THEOLOGY, L.M. Russell, in addition to required texts: Cone, A Black Theology of Liberati-err; Daly, Beyond God the Father; Gutierrez, A Theoloi:z:y of Liberation; Russell, Human Liberation in a Feminist Persnective-• A Theolo~y. - - Abbott, Walter M. (ed.), The Documents of Vatican II {Guild, 1966). lves, Rubem, A Theology of Human Hone TCorpus, 1909). Earth,K,The Humanity of God (John Knox, 1970). ------Barth, Karl-, Church Dop:matics: !, Selection, .ed. by G.W. Bromiley, (Harper, 196]). Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, Christ the Center (Harper, 1960). B ~n, John and James Richmond (eds.), A Reader in Contemporary Theolosiy (Westminster, 1967). . . · ns, Edgar, God as Woman, Woman as God ·(Paulist, 1973) .. Buttrick, Geor,se and others: (eds.)-;Interpreter•s Dictionary of the Bible (Abingdon, 1962). . _ . Conzelmann, Hans, An Outline of the Theology of the New Testament . (Harper and Row), 1969) .------. Freire, Paulo, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Herder, 1970t. -- ~axon, Alicia Craig, Women and Jesus (United Church Press, 1973). --vfiagema.n, Alice (ed.), Sexist Relip:ion and Women in the Church ••• - · (Association, 1974) - - --- Herzog, Frederick, Liberation Theology {Seabury, 1972). Jones, William R., Is God a White Racist? (Doubleday, 1973). KMsemann, Ernst, Jesus~ans Freedom (Fortress, 1969J. Kaufmann, Gordon, Systematic Theology: A Historicist Perspective · (Scribners, 1968). Meeks, M.n.,. Ori~ins of Theology of Hope (Fortress, 1974). Moltmann, Jtirgen, Theology of Hope (Harper~and Row, 1967). Mount, Eric, The Feminine Fact~John Knox, 1973). Pannenberg, Wolfhart, What is Ma.n? (Fortress, 1970). Soelle, Doroth~e, Christt°he Re-:::Dresentative (Fortres~ 1967). Soelle, Dorothee, Political Theolo~y (Fortress, 1974). Rabner, Karl and others (eds.) Sacramentum Mund1 (Herder, 1970). Rahner, Karl and Herbert. Vorgrimler, ·1heolo):Z:ical Dictionary (Herder, 1965). · . . ?~berts, J.Deotis, Liberation and Reconciliation: A black Theology (Westminste~, l97l)e · :bs zak , Betty and :'b.eodore, !-ia s:::'...:.1 ~ ne/Feminine {Harper, 1969) •. ?:::lather, Rosemary R., Libera tis:::. ·~=.sology (Paulist, 1973). 7:rkuyl, J. The !fassage of Libe~t.ion in Our~ (Eerdmans, 1970). 7~n Rad, Gerhard, The 'rheolo~v of Isra8l's Historical Tradition~(~arpu~~c..JL E.arvey, Van A. A. :landbook of 1neological Terms (¥iacmillan, 1966). t962.), WOMEN'S LIBERATION A.ND THE CHURCH S:pring 1973 L~ M. Russell Achteme Ier , Elizabeth 'l'he Feminine Crisis in Christian Life. New York: / Abingdon, 1965. --4_Adams, El:>ie and ll.a.ry Louise Briscoe u:e Against the Wall, Mother •••• BevezLy Hills: Gltmcoe, 1971, pa.per. Bachofren, Johann J. Myth9)Religion and Mother Rights. Princeton: Prdncetion U; Pre aa , 1 7. . Bailey, D.S. The Man-W;)rna.n Relation in Christian Thought (also uncier title Sexua.L Relation in Christian Thought). London: Longmans Green & Co., 1959. Bainton, Roland H. Women of the Refornillon in Germany and Italy. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971. Barth, Karl Church Dogmatics III 1 and 4. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1958. Barth, Karl Church Do natics: A Selection. Helmut Gollwitzer (Intrcxiuction), G. W. Bromiley Trans., ed.) New--yo;k: Harper Torchbook, 1961, paper. de Beauvoir, Simone Th~ Second Sex. Translated by H. M. Parshbey. New York: . Barrt om, 1949. 195:2, paper. Beaver, R. Pierce All Loves Excelling. American Protestant Women in World }tl.ission. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans~- 1968, paper. Bebel, Au?,Ust Women Under Socialism. (Part of Schccken Series, Studies in the Life of Woman), Schocken, 19'11, paper • .--v-Bernard, Jessie The Fut.ur e of Marriage. New York: World, 1972. Bird, Caroline with Sara Welbes Brill£:r Born Female. New York: Pockef Books - Revised 1971, pape:r. Bliss, Kathleen The Service and Status of Women in the Churches. London: SCM, 1952. Bonhoeffer, Dietrich Creation and FEL1_1. New York: Macmillan, 1959, Bor-r omea , Sr. M. Charles (ed.) The Ni:w Nuns. Ne':! York: Signet, 196B. Boserup, Ester Woman's Role in Econordc Development_. London: Al.Len & Unwin, 1970. Burton, Gabrielle ITrr> Running Away fcom Horr:e1 But J'rn Not Allowed to Cross the Street: A Primer of Women's Liberation. Pittsburgh: KliOW, Box 86031, 1972. Buytendijk, F.S.J. Woman, A Contemporary View. New York: Newman f.: Association, 1968. Cade, Toni The Black Woman. New York: Signet, 1970, paper , Callahan, Sidney The Illusion of Eve. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1965. Clemens, Lois G •. Women Liberated Herald. Press. Colon, Clare Enter Fighting: Today's Woman. New Outlook, 1971. Cooke, Joanne and others editors Here's To You Mrs. Robinson: Anthology on Women's Lib'eration. Ne·r1 York: Bobbs Me r r i Ll., _, Crook, Margaret Brackenbury Women and Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1965. Culver, Elsie Thomas Women in the World of Religion. Garden City: Doubleday, 1967. Cunneen, Sally Sex: Female; Religion: Catholic. New York: Holt, Rincha~ & Winston, 1968. Curran, Delores Today's Catholic Woman. Notre Dame: Ave Maria, 1971, paper. Daly, Mary The Church and the Second Sex. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. Davis, Elizabeth Gould The First Sex. Baltimore: Penguin, 1972, paper. (Putnam's Sons 1971 Deaux, Andre Teilhard & Womanhood. New York: Pa.ulist, 1968. Deeter, Midge The New Chastity and other Arguments Against Women's Liberation. Coward, Mccann and Geoghegan, 1972. Deen, Edith All the Women of the Bible New York: Harper & Bros. 1955. ~Deen, Edith The Bible: Legacy of Womenhood. New York: Harper, 1969, Deutsch, Helene The Psychology of Women: A Psycho-analytic View. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944-45, 2 vols. Deely, Earah Bentley Women's Liberation and The Church. New York: Association, 1970. w ,,,,____._ _ _ ,... ------n·oniger, Simon (ed.) The Nature of Man in Theological and Ps cholo ical Perspective. New York: Harper, 1 2. Chapter 1 The Human Situation: A feninine Viewpoint" by Valerie Saving Goldstein. pp. 151.-170. Dumas, Francine Man and. Woman; Similarity and Difference. Geneva: wee, 1966. Employment of Women. RE:~gional.Trade Union Seminar, Paris, 1968. Pub. Organization of Econ. Co-op Dev. Paris: 1970. Ermarth, Margaret Sittfrr Adam's Fractured Rib. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1970, paper. Evslin, Dorothy The Fortun'.lte Sex. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972. Faxon, Alicia Craig Wo~en and Jesus. Philadelphia: united Church Press, 1973. Figes, Eva Patriarchal Attitudes. New York: Fawcett World, 1970. Firestone, Shulamith The Dialectic of Sex. New York: William Marrow & Co. Inc. 1970, Bantam, paper. Flexner, ~leanor A Century of Struggle: The Women's Right Movement in the United States. At.heneum , 1970, paper. Francoeur, Robert T. Eve's New Rib. Harcart Brace Jovanovich, 19'72. Friedan, Betty The Feminine Mystique. New York: Dell, 1963, paper. Gibson, Elsie When the Minister is a Woman. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970. Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran (eds) Woman In Sexist Society Studies in Power & Powerlessness. New York: Basic Books, Inc. 1971, New -American Library, paper. Graebner, Alan After Eve: The New Feminism. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1972, paper. Greer, Germaine The Fer~ale Eunuch. Nev· Yor'k : McGraw Hill, 1971, Bantam, paper. Harkness, Georgia Women in Church an~ Society, A Historical and Theological Inquiry. Ne~ York'. Abingdon, 1972. Harris, Sara The Siste~s. '.';'ew Yor!':: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970. Howard, C'1ristian The Ordination of Women to 'rhe Priesthood. (From Church House Bookshop, Chur ch Eouse, Dean's Yard, Londcn SWIP 3NZ.) 1972, paper. Hewjtt, ETi:ily C. and Susan R. Eiatt Women Priest: Yes or ~o? New York: 'j Seabury, 1973, paper. ') f Hole, Judith and :SEen Levine Rebirth of Feminism. New York: Quadrangle, 1971. ' Hoppin, Ruth Priscilla, Author of the E2istle to the Hebrews. New York: Exposition, 1970. Janeway, Elizabeth Man's World, Woman's Place: A Study in Social Mythology. New York: Deta Books, 1971, paper. Ladner, Joyce A. To~orrow's Tomorrow: The Black Woman. Garden City: Anchor, 1972, peper. . Lerner, Gerda Bl Nelson, M. The Christian Woman in a Working World. Tennessee: Broadman, 1970. Norton, Eleanor Holmes (Intro.) Women's Role in Contemporary Society: The Report of the New York City Commission on Human Rights. New York: Avon, 1972, paper. Nyberg, Kathleen Neill The New Eve: A Feminine Look At Christian Style. New York: Abingdon, 1967. Oden, Marilyn Brown Beyond Feminism. New York: Abingdon, 1971. Olsen, V. N. The New Testament on Divorce. 1971. O'Neil, William L. Everyone Was Brave - The Rise and Fall of Feminism in America. New York: Quadrangle, 1969, paper. O'Neil, William L. (ed.) The Woman Movement: Feminism in the United States and England. New York: Quadrangle, 1969. Payne, Dorothy Women Without Men. Philadelphia: United Church Press, 1969. Price, E. The Unique World of Women in Bible Times and Now. 1969. Richardson, Herbert w. Nun, Witch, Playmate. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Roszak, Betty & Theodore (eds.) Masculinel_Feminine: Readings in Sexual Mythology and the Liberation of Women. New York: Harper Colophon, 1970. Ruether, Rosemary Liberation Theology: Human Hope Confronts Christian History and \/ ~ _,,.,.- American Power. New York: Paulist Press, 1972, paper. flt zCJ;l [~_Bussell, Letty M. ferment of Freedom. New York: National Board, YWCA, 600 Lexington Avenue, N.Y., 10022, -paper. Ryder, Smith Biblical Doctrine of Womankind. Epworth Press. Ryrie, Charles Cald~~ll The Place of Women in the Church. Moody Press, 1968. ~chneir, M.iriarn Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings. New York: Vintage1 1972. ,..._. Scott, Ann F. The Southern Lady, from Pedestal to Politics. Univ. Chicago Press, 1971. Scott-Max-,;ell, Florida '\'omen and Sometimes Men. New York: Harper, 1971. Shideler, Mary McDermott Consciousness of Battle. Grand Rapids: Eerdman's 1970. Smuts, Robert W. Women and Work in America. New York: Schocken, 1971, paper. Southard,~. Madeline The Attitude of Jesus Toward Woman. Doran, 1927. Stampler, Sookie (ed.) Women's Liberation, Blueprint for the Future. New York: Ace Books, 1970. Sullerot, Evelyne Woman, Society and Change. New York: McGraw Hill, 1971. Swid.)..er, Arlene Woman in a Man's Church. New York: Paulist, Deus Books, 1972, paper. Theobald, Robert (ed.) Dialogue on Women. Bobbs-Merrill, 1967, paper. Thompson, Mary Lou (ed.) Voices of the New Feminism. Boston: Beacon, 1970, paper. Thurian, Max Mary Mother of All Christians. New York: Herder, 1964. Ulanov, Ann Belford (NTS Thesis) The Feminine in Jungian Psychology & Christian Theolog~. Chicago: Univ. Chicago, 1971. Vos, Clarence J. Woman In The Old Testament. Pub. thesis. Amsterdam: Free University, 1968. Walters, Elizabeth The r'ortunate Sex. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972. Ward, David A. Women's Prison: Sex and Social Structure. Aldine, 1965. Ware~ Cellestine Wor.•an' s Place. The Movement for Women's Liberation. Tower, 1970, paper. Wasi, Muriel (ed.) The Educated Woman in Indian Society. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., c-§8A, South Extension Part II, New Delhi-49. Wedel, Cynthia Employed Women and the 'Church. New York: National Council of Churches, 1959. Werth, Alvin Papal-Pronouncements on Marriage and the Family. Milwaukee: Bruce. Wittig, Moniq11e Les Guerilleres. New York: Viking, 1971. Wyden, Barbara and Gwen Gibson Schwartz The Jewish Wife. Wyden, 1969. Zerbst, Fritz The Office of Woman in the Church. Trans. by A.G. Merkens. St. Louis: Concordia, 1955. f 1./ I l I I ( ,1 l).S. //7/ c,£/~S7?# /f/ 4~~~- NeJ y()R.ri:: /-/4-"(J 4n/KJ /(ow/ /Y'~'l _ ,/ II f tc/7'?f'rZCL./ h/onJcA/_ C//J//7eo , _ _bo,ezet7L__&£t:2£/4"'G ~_eac::_o/-- +1 AT G.e,q/~ [,#~..( e,, /r' - .l)~/ /rl~, 'j:/ C 4- . s~/6T Kc4/&/oA/ II 4e ~/,..,....4,,z/&4 l.iv1c/£/(7S~sT / -- J c/.l:f2_(S 71"'/?lf/ XXL/I_/ [/-lqr~~Mtll/7C/f' / /Y72 ).-1"- 2J-J7 - f/Pi!_ t ''4/)o;f?.7/o,V /7///0 S'c::c:a/JL C.s7e // c/?l/?JCA/4;'c4C c 6 8"9'7 )(C (I (Fed'. 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Earlier Attempts at Feminist Theology: Margaret Fuller, Women in the 19th Century "Aglaurian and Louise" Antoinette Blackwell ~ - Mary Baker Eddy 2. Literary Women whose writings have theological significance: Olive Schriener Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream Jane Adams de Jesus, Carolina Maria, Child of the Dark 3. Religious Groups formed by Women: Ann Lee's Shakers (1787) Jemina Wilkinson's Society of the Universal Friend (1788) Ellen White's Seventh Day Adventists (1863) Helen Blavatsky's Theosophical Society (1875) Mary Baker Eddy's Christian Science (1875) Founders of Catholic Orders of Sisters, e.g. St. Teresa Quaker Sisters: Grimke, Lucretia Mott, Abley Kelly Ann Hutchinson (1637) Harriet Tubman and the Abolisionists Movement Phoebe Palmer Mary McLeod Bethuune Sojourner Truth and the Underground Railroad Southern Assoc. of Women Against Lynching and the Southern Interracial Committee (Atlanta) f2 ~,, rvt~ £ ~ w..__ ~"Religion and{,ihe Fem~" S:hristian Century, June 30,'65 5. "Women's Lib a~hristian Marriage" New Theology #10, 154-168 6. The Demand for a New Theology: 7. Religion and the Sexual Revolution Traditional Tpeology prtlmar.il m~~l uage. 9. Women in World Religions 10. Women in Esoteric Christianity (Heretical ~ects, etc.) 11. Women vis-a-vis the Organized Church and its Clergy 12. Women and St. Paul < • /3_.,_)j_ t .. U . .s ~~ 13. Women and Jesus (cf. Leonard Swidler's art. and reaction) 14. Renaissance Virgins: "Bovine Madonnas"; "Mother and Child" 15. Female Archetypes within the Religious History of the West: Judith Joan of Arc Teresa etc. 16. Myth of Feminine Evil, H. R. Hays (1964) 17. Eternal Feminine(,, 18. Religion and Misogyny ------Feminist Theology: continued page 2 19. Traditional Images in Religion: Mother Sister Lover Virgin Temptress Witch Geo-earth Unconscious Eros Civilizer Mother-God Magna Mother 20, Gyneolatry, as in Cash's reference to Southern Womanhood 21. Sexual Roles: 1) Heterosexual 2) Homosexual 3) Bisexual 4) Unisexual 5) Androgyny a. Bible b. Plato c. Gnostic d. Joachim de Flora e. Jacob Boehm f. Blake g. Berdyaev, Qn the Making of Man h. Soloviev on Godmanhood (194'if)"° 22.Images of Woman in the Bible (following Ma.rtha Wilson's article) 1) Literal-language: a. Relational - mother, wife, daughter, sister, goddess and queen b. Professional - queen, goddess, harlot, priestess, witch, etc. c. Descriptive - barren, female, virginal, with child, pure, etc, Characters - and/or historical personages (Eve, Deborah, Jezebel, Rahab, Judith, Marys, etc,) ( - mythical: Eve, Gomer, Virgin, etc. 2) Figurative-language: Wisdom, The Beloved, The Barren, Bride of Christ, Heavenly Jerusalem, etc. 3) Woman-language terms linked in pairs with opposites: male-female spirit-flesh Christ-church Head-Body Bridegroom-bride involving Female-Image in the Bible (following Phyllis Trible) 24. Women theologizing and Process Theology and Black Theology and Liberation Theology and Syriac Theology (cf. Letty Russell) Feminist Theology - continued page 3 25. Magna Mother and Mother God myth against backdrop of biblical view: J. J. Bachofen, Myth, Religion and Mother Right (1967) Robert Graves, Esther Harding, Woman's Mysteries (1971) E. O. James, Cult of Mother Goddess (1959) Erich Neumann, The(;reat Mother (1963) Herbert Richardson, Nun, Witch and Playmate (1970) Ann Ulanov, The Femii1Ine in Jungian Psychology and Christian Theology (1971) Kapelrud, The Violent Goddess 26. Need for a new theology: Feminist Theology (cf. Valerie Goldstein "The Human Situation: A Feminine Viewpoint" 1958) 27. Beyond Male Morality (machismo ethics): Cf. Mary Daly 28. A Feminist Ethic? Male argument: "Christianity and Church have improved the lot of women." (T. B. Maston, e.g.) 30. Man the enemy (devil theogy) Suggested Subjects for course in Feminist Theology: Myth - Symbol - Metaphor - Image G. McLeod Bryan Wake Forest University 1974 1. Earlierf61'1"1~ Attempts at Feminist Theology: "'?A-- ~ argaret Fuller~ Women in the 19th Century "Aglaurian and Louise" ~\ ntoinette Blackwell Mary Baker Eddy. 2, Literary Wo~en whose writings have theological significance: Olive Schriener r~~-Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream \('{'-'v Jane Adams de Jesus, Carolina Maria, Child of the Dark 3. Reli ious Groups formed by Women: . (\ f~nn Lee's Shakers (1787) JJ,J.., Jemina Wilkinson's Society of the Universal Friend (1788) 5Jlo-.~ Ellen White's Seventh Day Adventists (1863) \ Helen Blavatsky'~ Theosophical Society (1875) ,~-,~!)~\ Mary Baker Eddy's Christian Science (1875) J, . • ~Founders of Catholic Orders of Sisters, e.g. St. Teresa ' Quaker Sisters: Grimke, Lucretia Mott, Abley Kelly u o~nn Hutchinson (1637) ~__,_~~riet Tubman and the Abolisionists Movement u· Phoebe Palmer Mary McLeod Bethuune O. nLJ1~ojourner Truth and the Underground Railroad V~-"Southern Assoc. of Women Against Lynching and the Southern Interracial Committee (Atlanta) /.'Religion and the Feminine .Mystique" _9hristian Century, June 30,'65 tJ ~ ( t,(1..Sa-'(,"" 5. "Women's Lib and Christian Marriage" New Theology #10, 154-168 ,fo- 6. The Demand for a New Theology: Religion and the Sexual Revolution Theology -language. in Esoteric Christianity (Heretical sect s , etc.) Women vis-a-vis the Organized Church and its Clergy Women and St. Paul ~ 1. Women and Jesus (cf. Leonard Swidler's art. and reaction) Renaissance Virgins: "Bovine Madonnas"; "Mother and Child" 15. Female Archetypes within the Religious History of the West: Judith Joan of Arc Teresa etc. c~~l6. Myth of Feminine Evil, H. R. Hays (1964) 17. Eternal Feminine 18. Religion and Misogyny ! Feminist Theology: continued page 2 19. Traditional Images in Religion: Mother Sister Lover Virgin Temptress Witch Geo-earth Unconscious Eros Civilizer Mother-God Magna Mother Gyneolatry, as in Cash's- reference to South~rn.....:. W~~a~nho.od Sexual Roles: -1) Heterosexual \ 2) Homosexual 3) Bisexual ~ " ~-y 4) Uni sexual 5) Androgyny ~ a. Bible b. Plato c. Gnostic d. Joachim de Flora e. Jacob Boehm f. Blake g. Berdyaev, On the Making of Man h. Soloviev on Godmanhood (194~ 22.Images of Woman in the Bible (following Martha Wilson's article) 1 Literal-language: a. Relational - mother, wife, daughter, sister, goddess and queen b. Professional - queen, goddess, harlot, priestess, witch, etc. c. Descriptive - barren, female, virginal, with child, pure, etc. d. Characters - and/or historical personages (Eve, Deborah, Jezebel, Rahab, Judith, Marys, etc.) - mythical: Eve, Gomer, Virgin, etc. 2) Figurative-language: Wisdom, The Beloved, The Barren, Bride of Christ, Heavenly Jerusalem, etc. 3) Woman-language terms linked in pairs with opposites: male-female ~ spirit-flesh / Christ-church Head-Body Bridegroom-bride ~Myths involving Fem~le-Imaee in the Bjble (following Phyllis). Trible 24. Women theologizing and Process Theology and Black Theology and Liberation Theology and Syriac Theology (cf. Letty Russell) .. Feminist Theology - continued page 3 25. Magna Mother and Mother God myth against backdrop of biblical view: J. J. Bachofen, Myth, Religion and Mother Right (1967) Robert Graves, Esther Harding, Woman's Mysteries (1971) E. O. James, Cult of Mother Goddess (1959) Erich Neumann, The(;reat Mother (1963) Herbert Richardson, Nun, Witch and Playmate (1970) ,A~,-Ann Ulanov, The Femii1Ine in Jungian Psychology and Christian l U Theology (1971) Kapelrud, The Violent Goddess ~~~6. Need for a new theology: Feminist Theology (cf. Valerie Goldstein "The Human Situation: A Feminine Viewpoint" 1958)....,. Beyond Male Morality (machismo ethics): Cf. Mary Daly A Feminist Ethic?--~~--- Male argument: "Christianity and Church have improved the lot of women." (T. B. Maston, e.g.) C.~ 30. Man the enemy (devil theogy)