Département D'ecologie Et Environnement
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Caryophyllales: a Key Group for Understanding Wood
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164, 342–393. With 21 figures Caryophyllales: a key group for understanding wood anatomy character states and their evolutionboj_1095 342..393 SHERWIN CARLQUIST FLS* Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93110, USA Received 13 May 2010; accepted for publication 28 September 2010 Definitions of character states in woods are softer than generally assumed, and more complex for workers to interpret. Only by a constant effort to transcend the limitations of glossaries can a more than partial understanding of wood anatomy and its evolution be achieved. The need for such an effort is most evident in a major group with sufficient wood diversity to demonstrate numerous problems in wood anatomical features. Caryophyllales s.l., with approximately 12 000 species, are such a group. Paradoxically, Caryophyllales offer many more interpretive problems than other ‘typically woody’ eudicot clades of comparable size: a wider range of wood structural patterns is represented in the order. An account of character expression diversity is presented for major wood characters of Caryophyllales. These characters include successive cambia (more extensively represented in Caryophyllales than elsewhere in angiosperms); vessel element perforation plates (non-bordered and bordered, with and without constrictions); lateral wall pitting of vessels (notably pseudoscalariform patterns); vesturing and sculpturing on vessel walls; grouping of vessels; nature of tracheids and fibre-tracheids, storying in libriform fibres, types of axial parenchyma, ray anatomy and shifts in ray ontogeny; juvenilism in rays; raylessness; occurrence of idioblasts; occurrence of a new cell type (ancistrocladan cells); correlations of raylessness with scattered bundle occurrence and other anatomical discoveries newly described and/or understood through the use of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. -
WOOD ANATOMY of CHENOPODIACEAE (AMARANTHACEAE S
IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012: 205–232 WOOD ANATOMY OF CHENOPODIACEAE (AMARANTHACEAE s. l.) Heike Heklau1, Peter Gasson2, Fritz Schweingruber3 and Pieter Baas4 SUMMARY The wood anatomy of the Chenopodiaceae is distinctive and fairly uni- form. The secondary xylem is characterised by relatively narrow vessels (<100 µm) with mostly minute pits (<4 µm), and extremely narrow ves- sels (<10 µm intergrading with vascular tracheids in addition to “normal” vessels), short vessel elements (<270 µm), successive cambia, included phloem, thick-walled or very thick-walled fibres, which are short (<470 µm), and abundant calcium oxalate crystals. Rays are mainly observed in the tribes Atripliceae, Beteae, Camphorosmeae, Chenopodieae, Hab- litzieae and Salsoleae, while many Chenopodiaceae are rayless. The Chenopodiaceae differ from the more tropical and subtropical Amaran- thaceae s.str. especially in their shorter libriform fibres and narrower vessels. Contrary to the accepted view that the subfamily Polycnemoideae lacks anomalous thickening, we found irregular successive cambia and included phloem. They are limited to long-lived roots and stem borne roots of perennials (Nitrophila mohavensis) and to a hemicryptophyte (Polycnemum fontanesii). The Chenopodiaceae often grow in extreme habitats, and this is reflected by their wood anatomy. Among the annual species, halophytes have narrower vessels than xeric species of steppes and prairies, and than species of nitrophile ruderal sites. Key words: Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae s.l., included phloem, suc- cessive cambia, anomalous secondary thickening, vessel diameter, vessel element length, ecological adaptations, xerophytes, halophytes. INTRODUCTION The Chenopodiaceae in the order Caryophyllales include annual or perennial herbs, sub- shrubs, shrubs, small trees (Haloxylon ammodendron, Suaeda monoica) and climbers (Hablitzia, Holmbergia). -
The C4 Plant Lineages of Planet Earth
Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 62, No. 9, pp. 3155–3169, 2011 doi:10.1093/jxb/err048 Advance Access publication 16 March, 2011 REVIEW PAPER The C4 plant lineages of planet Earth Rowan F. Sage1,*, Pascal-Antoine Christin2 and Erika J. Edwards2 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2 Canada 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Providence, RI 02912, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received 30 November 2010; Revised 1 February 2011; Accepted 2 February 2011 Abstract Using isotopic screens, phylogenetic assessments, and 45 years of physiological data, it is now possible to identify most of the evolutionary lineages expressing the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Here, 62 recognizable lineages of C4 photosynthesis are listed. Thirty-six lineages (60%) occur in the eudicots. Monocots account for 26 lineages, with a Downloaded from minimum of 18 lineages being present in the grass family and six in the sedge family. Species exhibiting the C3–C4 intermediate type of photosynthesis correspond to 21 lineages. Of these, 9 are not immediately associated with any C4 lineage, indicating that they did not share common C3–C4 ancestors with C4 species and are instead an independent line. The geographic centre of origin for 47 of the lineages could be estimated. These centres tend to jxb.oxfordjournals.org cluster in areas corresponding to what are now arid to semi-arid regions of southwestern North America, south- central South America, central Asia, northeastern and southern Africa, and inland Australia. -
A Taxonomic Backbone for the Global Synthesis of Species Diversity in the Angiosperm Order Caryophyllales
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales Hernández-Ledesma, Patricia; Berendsohn, Walter G; Borsch, Thomas; Mering, Sabine Von; Akhani, Hossein; Arias, Salvador; Castañeda-Noa, Idelfonso; Eggli, Urs; Eriksson, Roger; Flores-Olvera, Hilda; Fuentes-Bazán, Susy; Kadereit, Gudrun; Klak, Cornelia; Korotkova, Nadja; Nyffeler, Reto; Ocampo, Gilberto; Ochoterena, Helga; Oxelman, Bengt; Rabeler, Richard K; Sanchez, Adriana; Schlumpberger, Boris O; Uotila, Pertti Abstract: The Caryophyllales constitute a major lineage of flowering plants with approximately 12500 species in 39 families. A taxonomic backbone at the genus level is provided that reflects the current state of knowledge and accepts 749 genera for the order. A detailed review of the literature of the past two decades shows that enormous progress has been made in understanding overall phylogenetic relationships in Caryophyllales. The process of re-circumscribing families in order to be monophyletic appears to be largely complete and has led to the recognition of eight new families (Anacampserotaceae, Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Macarthuriaceae, Microteaceae, Montiaceae and Talinaceae), while the phylogenetic evaluation of generic concepts is still well underway. As a result of this, the number of genera has increased by more than ten percent in comparison to the last complete treatments in the Families and genera of vascular plants” series. A checklist with all currently accepted genus names in Caryophyllales, as well as nomenclatural references, type names and synonymy is presented. Notes indicate how extensively the respective genera have been studied in a phylogenetic context. -
Conference Programme and Abstracts
Conference Programme and Abstracts enue etc. x Caryophyllales 2015 September 14-19, 2015 Conference Programme Caryophyllales 2015 – Conference Programme and Abstracts Berlin September 14-19, 2015 © The Caryophyllales Network 2015 Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8 WLAN Name: conference 14195 Berlin, Germany Key: 7vp4erq6 Telephon Museum: +49 30 838 50 100 2 Programme overview Pre-conference Core conference Workshops Time slot * Sept 13, 2015 (Sun) Sept 14, 2015 (Mon) Sept 15, 2015 (Tue) Sept 16, 2015 (Wed) Sept 17, 2015 (Thu) Sept 18, 2015 (Fri) Session 3: Session 7: Floral EDIT Platform Herbarium management: 9.00-10.30 Opening session Caryophyllaceae (1) morphology (Introduction) JACQ Coffee break & Coffee break & Coffee break & 10.30-11.00 Coffee break Coffee break Poster session Poster session Poster session Herbarium Sileneae Session 1: Session 4: Session 8: EDIT Platform 11.00-12.30 management biodiversity Adaptive evolution Caryophyllaceae (2) A wider picture (hands-on) JACQ informatics 12.30-14.00 Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Sileneae Session 2: Session 5: Session 9: EDIT Platform 14.00-15.30 Xper2 biodiversity Amaranthaceae s.l. Portulacinae Different lineages (hands-on) informatics Coffee break & Coffee break & 15.30-16.00 Coffee break Coffee break Coffee break Poster session Poster session Session 6a/b: Tour: Garden & EDIT Platform 16.00-17.30 Caryophyllaceae (3) Closing session Xper2 Dahlem Seed Bank (hands-on) / Aizoaceae Tour: Herbarium, 17:30-18:45 Museum, Library 18:30 19:00 Ice-breaker Conference dinner * exact timing see programme Caryophyllales 2015 September 14-19, 2015 Conference Programme Sunday, Sept. -
Winged Accrescent Sepals and Their Taxonomic Significance Within the Chenopodiaceae: a Review Gamal E.B
Winged Accrescent Sepals and their Taxonomic Significance within the Chenopodiaceae: A Review Gamal E.B. El Ghazali1 1Faculty of Science & Arts at Alrass, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia Abstract: The present study aims to review the presence of winged accrescent sepals in various plant families with emphasis to the Subfamilies, Tribes and genera of the Chenopodiaceae and their significance in classification. Winged accrescent sepals were found to be sporadically scattered in 24 dicotyledonous and two monocotyledonous, one Gymnosperm and one Bryophyte families. In the Chenopodiaceae, winged accrescent sepals are present in three Subfamilies, five Tribes and 26 genera. The present review showed that these modified sepals although are unique morphological features in certain genera, Tribes and Subfamilies in the family Chenopodiaceae, they are also encountered in unrelated families and are not supported by molecular characteristics. Within the Chenopodiaceae, both the genera Sarcobatus and Dysphania, possess winged accrescent sepals, but molecular characteristics support the transfer of the genus Sarcobatus to a separate family, and confirmed the position of Dysphania within the family Chenopodiaceae. In addition, based on molecular characteristics, Subfamily Polycnemoideae which doesn't possess winged accrescent sepals, shared similarity with the Chenopodiaceae. Keywords: Modifications of Sepals, Sarcobatus, Dysphania, Polycnemoideae, Molecular Characteristics Introduction: Bidens (Larson, 1993), pappus of plumose bristles as Sepals are usually green and their primary function is in Cirsium (Larson, 1993), crowned as in Diabelia the protection of the flowers at the bud stage landrein (Landrein, 2010), crested as in Iris (Guo, (Endress, 2001). These sepals may wither and drop 2015), reflexed collar as in Datura (Radford et al. -
Chenopodiaceae) Sergei L
doi: 10.15407/ukrbotj74.06.521 Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Pontic-Mediterranean coastal and some Australasian taxa of Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) Sergei L. MOSYAKIN M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2, Tereshchenkivska Str., Kyiv (Kiev) 01004, Ukraine [email protected] Mosyakin S.L. Taxonomiс and nomenclatural notes on Pontic-Mediterranean coastal and some Australasian taxa of Salsola (Chenopodiaceae). Ukr. Bot. J., 2017, 74(6): 521–531. Abstract. Current and historical views on taxonomy and nomenclature of Pontic-Mediterranean coastal and some Australasian taxa of Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) are analyzed. Taxonomic identity and nomenclature of several names applied and misapplied to members of the species group known in recent publications mainly as Salsola pontica (Pall.) Degen sensu lato are discussed. It is demonstrated that Kali dodecanesicum C. Brullo & al. is a later synonym of Salsola squarrosa Steven ex Moq., which appears to be the earliest species-rank name available for the whole Pontic-Mediterranean group of taxa. This group is represented by Western Mediterranean (S. controversa Tod. ex Lojac.), Eastern Mediterranean (S. squarrosa s. str.), and mainly Pontic (S. pontica s. str.) geographical races. Considering the blurred morphological and geographical limits between these taxa, they are better treated as three subspecies of S. squarrosa: subsp. controversa (Tod. ex Lojac.) Mosyakin, comb. nov., subsp. squarrosa, and subsp. pontica (Pall.) Mosyakin, comb. nov., respectively. It is demonstrated that S. macrophylla R. Br. (described from Australia) is not conspecific with any of Pontic-Mediterranean coastal taxa but is probably related to the currently recognized species S. australis R. Br. -
International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol
Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the Evolution of C₄ Photosynthesis Author(s): G. Kadereit, T. Borsch, K. Weising, H. Freitag Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 164, No. 6 (Nov., 2003), pp. 959-986 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3691834 Accessed: 20/05/2010 19:46 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. -
One-Seeded Fruits in the Core Caryophyllales: Their Origin and Structural Diversity
RESEARCH ARTICLE One-Seeded Fruits in the Core Caryophyllales: Their Origin and Structural Diversity Alexander P. Sukhorukov1*, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev2, Madeleen Struwig3, Maya V. Nilova1, Khalima Kh. Dzhalilova1, Sergey A. Balandin4, Andrey Erst5¤a, Anastasiya A. Krinitsyna1 1 Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 2 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 3 Department of Botany, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 4 Department of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 5 Herbarium, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia ¤a Current address: Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS The core Caryophyllales consist of approximately 30 families (12 000 species) distributed Citation: Sukhorukov AP, Mavrodiev EV, Struwig M, worldwide. Many members evolved one-seeded or conjoined fruits, but their origin and Nilova MV, Dzhalilova KK, Balandin SA, et al. (2015) structural diversity have not been investigated. A comparative anatomical investigation of One-Seeded Fruits in the Core Caryophyllales: Their the one-seeded fruits within the core Caryophyllales was conducted. The origin of the one- Origin and Structural Diversity. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117974. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117974 seeded fruits and the evolutionary reconstructions of some carpological characters were traced using a tree based on rbcl and matK data in order to understand the ancestral char- Academic Editor: Wei Wang, Henan Agricultural Univerisity, CHINA acters and their changes. The one-seeded fruit type is inferred to be an ancestral character state in core Caryophyllales, with a subsequent increase in the seed number seen in all Received: October 28, 2014 major clades.