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Preface 1 Moving People: States, Displacement, and Resettlement

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Preface 1 Moving People: States, Displacement, and Resettlement Notes Preface 1 . For more on Panos London see www.panos.org.uk and for oral testimony work, see http://panos .org.uk/our-work/our-methodologies/voice/ 2 . H. Slim and P. Thompson, Listening for a Change: Oral Testimony and Development (London: Panos, 1993). 1 Moving People: States, Displacement, and Resettlement 1 . See T. C. Bisht, Displacement, Resettlement and Everyday Life: An Ethnographic Study of People Displaced by the Tehri Dam in India (PhD thesis, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia). 2 . T. Scudder and E. Colson, “From Welfare to Development: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Dislocated People,” in A. Hansen and A. Oliver-Smith, eds., Involuntary Migration and Resettlement: The Problems and Responses of Dislocated People (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982). C. McDowell, ed., Understanding Impoverishment: The Consequences of Development- Induced Displacement (Oxford: Berghahn, 1996). M. Cernea and C. McDowell, eds., Risks and Reconstruction: The Experiences of Refugees and Resettlers (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000). T. Scudder, The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs (London: Earthscan, 2006). M. Cernea and H. M. Mathur, eds., Can Compensation Prevent Impoverishment? (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008). 3 . A. Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York: Doubleday, 2004) 4 . J. C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998). 5 . G. Hyden, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry (London: Heinemann, 1980). 6. M. Cernea, “Risks, Safeguards and Reconstruction: A Model for Population Displacement and Resettlement,” in M. Cernea and C. McDowell, eds. Risks and Reconstruction, 33–35. 7 . D. E. McMillan, Sahel Visions: Planned Settlement and River Blindness Control in Burkina Faso (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995). 8 . E. Colson, The Social Consequences of Resettlement (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971). C. McDowell, Understanding Impoverishment . M. Cernea, “Risks, Safeguards and Reconstruction: A Model for Population Displacement and Resettlement,” in M. Cernea and C. McDowell, Risks and Reconstruction . E. Ferris, Natural Disaster and Conflict-Induced Displacement: Similarities, Differences and Interconnections (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 2008). W. Kaelin, “The Role of the Guiding Principles in Internal Displacement,” Forced Migration Rerview, Vol. 23 (2005), 8–9. C. McDowell and G. Morrell, Displacement beyond Conflict: Challenges for the 21st Century (Oxford: Berghahn, 2010). 218 / Notes 9 . C. McDowell, “Involuntary Resettlement, Impoverishment Risks and Sustainable Livelihoods,” in Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies , 6, No. 2, 2002, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/ 10 . Ferris, E. Natural Disaster and Conflict-Induced Displacement ; also Cernea and McDowell, Risks and Reconstruction . 11 . Cernea and McDowell, Risks and Reconstruction ; McDowell and Morrell, Displacement Beyond Conflict . 12 . Cernea and McDowell, Risks and Reconstruction ; T. E. Downing, “Mitigating Social Impoverishment when People Are Involuntarily Displaced,” in C. McDowell, ed., Understanding Impoverishment: The Consequences of Development-Induced Displacement, 33–48 (Oxford: Berghahn, 1996). 13 . Personal correspondence from Professor Frank Pieke, University of Leiden, June 2009. 14 . E. Lahiff, Land Reform and Poverty in South Africa (Cape Town: University of the Western Cape, Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, 2007). 15 . B. McDonald and M. Webber, “Involuntary Resettlement in China: a Model of Good Practice,” Forced Migration Review , Vol. 14 (2002), 38–39. 2 The Individual Voice: The Challenges and Benefits of Listening to Personal Narratives 1 . For more on this, see H. Slim and P. Thompson, Listening for a Change: Oral Testimony and Development (London: Panos, 1993). 2 . Personal communication to O. Bennett, 1998. 3 . See http://panos.org.uk/oral-testimonies/ for other Panos oral testimony projects. 4 . Slim and Thompson, Listening for a Change, 88–89. 5 . R. Kalshian, ed., The Caterpillar and the Mahua Flower: Tremors in India’s Mining Fields (New Delhi: Panos South Asia, 2007), and Alchemy of Iniquity: Resistance and Repression in India’s Mines, a Photographic Enquiry (New Delhi: Panos South Asia, 2008). 6 . See, for example, work by Kuntala Lahari-Dutt cited in Chapter 6 . 7 . H. Brody, “Taking the Words from Their Mouths,” in Tribes: Battle for Lands and Language, Index on Censorship, Vol. 28, Issue 4, 1999, 42–47. 8 . Project communication, Panos London, 1999. 9 . See, for example, The Khwe of the Okavango Panhandle: The Past Life (P. O. Box 344, Shakawe, Botswana: Teemacane Trust, 2002); The Khwe of the Okavango Panhandle: The Use of Veld Plants for Food and Medicine (Part 1) (Shakawe, Botswana: Letloa Trust Lands, Livelihoods and Heritage Resource Centre, 2007); and W. le Roux and A. White, eds., Voices of the San: Living in Southern Africa Today (Cape Town, South Africa: Kwela Books, 2004). 10 . From S. Warrington, “Voices, Voices Everywhere, But How Much Learning Is Going on?” in Participatory Learning and Action 63: How Wide Are the Ripples? From Local Participation to International Organisational Learning , K. Newman and H. Beardon, eds., 31–38 (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2011). 11 . J. Gaventa, “The Powerful, the Powerless, and the Experts,” in Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada , P. Park, M. Brydon-Miller, B. Hall, and T. Jackson, eds., 22 (Westport, CT and London: Bergin & Garvey, 1993). 12 . Ibid., 29. 13 . T. Downing, Avoiding New Poverty: Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Working Paper No. 58 (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2002), 19. 14 . D. Narayan, with R. Patel, K. Schafft, A. Rademacher, and S. Koch-Sculte, Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 3. 15 . R. Chambers, “Power, Knowledge and Policy Influence: Reflections on an Experience,” in K. Brock and R. McGee, eds., Knowing Poverty: Critical Reflections on Participatory Research and Policy (London: Earthscan Publications, 2002), 153. Notes / 219 16 . R. Chambers, Who Counts? The Quiet Revolution of Participation and Numbers, Working Paper 296 Institute of Development Studies (University of Sussex, 2007), 34. 17 . U. Kothari and D. Hulme, Narratives, Stories and Tales: Understanding Poverty Dynamics through Life Histories, Global Poverty Research Group Working Paper No. 11 (University of Manchester, 2004), 3. 18 . Ibid., 33. 19 . Ibid., 35–36. 20 . Ibid., 5. 21 . International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rural Poverty Report 2011 (Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2010), 8. 22 . As well as oral testimony, for example, Panos London now uses digital storytelling and participatory video to record and communicate individual voices. 23 . See Warrington, “Voices, Voices Everywhere.” 24 . Much has been written on this issue. See, for example, P. Thompson, The Voice of the Past; Oral History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 68–71; and for a retrospective view of the debates, A. Thomson, M. Frisch, and P. Hamilton, “The Memory and History Debates: Some International Perspectives,” Oral History, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Autumn 1994), 33–43. 25 . A. Faraday and K. Plummer, “Doing Life Histories,” Sociological Review , Vol. 27, No. 4 (1979), 777. 26 . B. R. Sorenson, Relocated Lives: Displacement and Resettlement within the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1996), and “The Experience of Displacement: Reconstructing Places and Identities in Sri Lanka,” in K. F. Olwig and K. Hastrup, eds., Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object, 142–164 (London: Routledge, 1997). 27 . Faraday and Plummer, “Doing Life Histories,” 777. 28 . One collection of 45 interviews with the Tonga in Zimbabwe and Zambia, who were displaced by the Kariba Dam in the late 1950s, informed our book, but was not included because we could not do justice to the wealth of material in the six case studies that form the heart of this book if we had included this collection as well. 29 . P. Read, Returning to Nothing: The Meaning of Lost Places (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 197. 30 . Thompson, The Voice of the Past , 10. 3 “We had a set way of life. All that has been disturbed”: Tarbela Dam, Pakistan 1 . Information and figures in this section are from Tarbela Dam and Related Aspects of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan (Cape Town, 2000), the World Commission on Dams case study prepared as input to the World Commission on Dams. 2 . There are several references within interviews to tribal areas being Ilaqa Ghair, meaning they are not under the direct control of the administration. 3 . Panos’s partners in Pakistan were SUNGI Development Foundation and Samaji Tanzeem Mutasireen Tarbela (SMT) in Haripur. SMT works on behalf of the resettled, seeking justice and resolution on com- pensation issues. Sixty interviews were gathered between 2001 and 2003, predominantly in Khallabat Township, but also in the Punjab, Karachi, and other more remote locations. This chapter is based on the 40 translated into English from the Urdu transcriptions of the Hindko interviews (see note 12). 4 . “It is presumed that this [decision] was because of the non-acceptance of non-Sindhi population in Sindh
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