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Do Psychopathic Traits Influence Distractibility by Empathy-Eliciting Pictures? City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Student Theses John Jay College of Criminal Justice Summer 8-2019 Do Psychopathic Traits Influence Distractibility by Empathy- Eliciting Pictures? Priya M. Reji CUNY John Jay College, [email protected] How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/jj_etds/123 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Running Head: PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND EMPATHY 1 Do Psychopathic Traits Influence Distractibility by Empathy-Eliciting Pictures? A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Masters in Forensic Psychology John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York Priya Mariam Reji PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND EMPATHY 2 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….......7 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………9 Unmasking the Psychopath: What is Psychopathy……………………………………......9 The PCL-R and PPI-R: Measures of Psychopathy………………………………………10 Triarchic Model of Psychopathy…………………………………………………………12 Conceptualizations of Psychopathy……………………………………………………...14 Etiology of Psychopathy…………………………………………………………………15 Low fear model of psychopathy…………………………………………………………16 The Response Modulation Hypothesis (RMH)………………………………………….18 Lack of Empathy in Psychopathy………………………………………………………..19 Current Study Overview…………………………………………………………………24 Methods………………………………………………………………………………………….26 Pilot Stimulus Norming Study …………………………………………………………..26 Participants……………………………………...………………………..........................26 eStroop Task Participants…………………………………………………………..……27 Procedures and Measures………………………………………………………………...28 Demographic Survey…………………………………………………………….28 Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R)…………………………...28 Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)……………………………………………..30 The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)………………………………………30 The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM)…………………………………...31 Emotional(e) Stroop Paradigm Stimuli…………………………………………………..32 Empathy and Arousal Ratings…………………………………………………………...32 PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND EMPATHY 3 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………….33 Results…………………………………………………………………………………………...33 Correlation Between Personality Measures……………………………………………...33 Reaction Time…….……………………………………………………………………...34 Accuracy…………………………………………………………………………………34 Arousal Ratings…………………………………………………………………………..35 Empathy Ratings…………………………………………………………………………35 PPI-R FD and Reaction Time……….…………………………………………………...35 PPI-R FD and Accuracy……………………………………………………..…………...36 PPI-R FD and Arousal Ratings………………………………………..…………............37 PPI-R FD and Empathy Ratings…………………………………………………............37 PPI-R SCI and Reaction Time…………………….………………..................................37 PPI-R SCI and Accuracy…………………………………………...................................38 PPI-R SCI and Arousal Ratings……………………………………….............................38 PPI-R SCI and Empathy Ratings………………………………………...........................38 PPI-R CH and Reaction Time…………………..………………………………………..39 PPI-R CH and Accuracy…………………………………………………………………39 PPI-R CH and Arousal Ratings…………………………………………………………..39 PPI-R CH and Empathy Ratings………………………………………………………....40 Total PPI-R and Reaction Time……………..…………………………………………...40 Total PPI-R and Accuracy……………………………………………………………….40 Total PPI-R and Arousal Ratings………………………………………………………...41 Total PPI-R and Empathy Ratings…………………………………………………….....41 PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND EMPATHY 4 IRI EC and Reaction Time……………………………………………………..………...42 IRI EC and Accuracy…………………………………………………………………….42 IRI EC and Arousal Ratings……………………………………………………………..42 IRI EC and Empathy Ratings……………………………………………………………43 IRI PT and Reaction Time……………………………….………………………………43 IRI PT and Accuracy…………………………………………………………………….43 IRI PT and Arousal Ratings……………………………………………………………..43 IRI PT and Empathy Ratings……………………………………………………………44 IRI PD and Reaction Time…………………………………………………………....…44 IRI PD and Accuracy………………………………………………………………....…44 IRI PD and Arousal Ratings……………………………………………………………..45 IRI PD and Empathy Ratings……………………………………………………………45 TriPM Meanness and Reaction Time……………………………………………………46 TriPM Meanness and Accuracy………………………………………………………….46 TriPM Meanness and Arousal Ratings…………………………………………………..46 TriPM Meanness and Empathy Ratings…………………………………………………47 TriPM Boldness and Reaction Time……………………………………………………..47 TriPM Boldness and Accuracy………………………………………..…………………47 TriPM Boldness and Arousal Ratings……………………………………………………48 TriPM Boldness and Empathy Ratings…………………………………………...……...48 TriPM Disinhibition and Reaction Time……………………………………………...…49 TriPM Disinhibition and Accuracy……………………………………………………...49 TriPM Disinhibition and Arousal Ratings……………………………………………….49 PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND EMPATHY 5 TriPM Disinhibition and Empathy Ratings……………………………………………...50 TriPM Total and Reaction Time…………………………………………….…………..50 TriPM Total and Accuracy………………………………………………………………50 TriPM Total and Arousal Ratings………………………………………………………..51 TriPM Total and Empathy Ratings………………………………………………………51 STAI Trait and Reaction Time…………………………………………………………..52 STAI Trait and Accuracy………………………………………………………………...52 STAI Trait and Arousal Ratings…………………………………………………………52 STAI Trait and Empathy Ratings…………………………………………………..……52 Relationship between Task Accuracy and Empathy Ratings……………………………53 Relationship between Reaction Time and Empathy Ratings………………...…………..53 Relationship between Task Accuracy and Arousal Ratings……………………………..53 Relationship between Reaction Time and Arousal Ratings…………….………………..53 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………….....53 Affective Empathy and Task Performance………………………………………………59 Affective Empathy and Psychopathic Traits……………………………………………..61 Response Modulation Hypothesis………………………………………………………..62 Limitations……………………………………………………………………………….62 Future Directions………………………………………………………………………...64 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..……………..65 References…………………………………………………………………………………...….67 PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND EMPATHY 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Means, Standard Deviations, and Ranges for Personality Measures…….……....79 Table 2 Correlations Between Personality Measures…………….…………….…….…..80 Table 3 Means and Standard Deviations…….……….………………….……….……….81 Table 4 Standard Error for Reaction Time with Covariates……………………..……….81 Table 5 Standard Error for Accuracy with Covariates…….……….……….……….…...82 Table 6 Standard Error for Arousal Ratings with Covariates…….……….……….……..82 Table 7 Standard Error for Empathy Ratings with Covariates………….………...……...83 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 PPI-R FD T Scores and Reaction Time Differences………………………......…84 Figure 2 PPI-R Coldheartedness (CH) T Score and Empathy Ratings…….……….……..85 Figure 3 Total PPI-R Scores and Empathy Ratings…….……….……….……….…….…86 Figure 4 IRI Empathic Concern and Reaction Time…….……….……….……….………87 Figure 5 IRI Empathic Concern and Arousal Ratings…….……….……….…………...…88 Figure 6 IRI Empathic Concern and Empathy Ratings…….……….……….…...….…….89 Figure 7 IRI Personal Distress and Empathy Ratings……………………………………..90 Figure 8 TriPM Meanness and Empathy Ratings…….……….……….……….…………91 Figure 9 TriPM Total and Empathy Ratings…….……….……….……….……….……...92 Figure 10 Arousal Ratings and Accuracy…….……….……….……….………..…………93 Figure 11 Arousal Ratings and Reaction Time…….……….……….…….……….….……94 PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND EMPATHY 7 Abstract Empathy is a crucial component in forming interpersonal connections, and reflects the ability to share and understand the feelings of others. Psychopathy is often associated with a reduced ability to feel and display empathetic concern towards other people. The Response Modulation Hypothesis argues that such individuals have an attentional deficit, which makes it difficult for them to shift focus between stimuli, thus individuals who have high scores on the interpersonal- affective factor of psychopathy have an increased ability to ignore emotional stimuli that are goal-irrelevant. The current study investigated whether psychopathic traits would influence distractibility on an emotional Stroop (eStroop) task. One hundred and thirteen undergraduates completed a series of personality measures and performed the eStroop task where they identified the color of a square that was superimposed on negative and positive images chosen to elicit empathy, or neutral pictures that served as controls. After the eStroop task, participants saw all the pictures again and rated their level of arousal and empathy towards each picture. Our hypotheses were partly supported, but only for positive pictures; Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised Fearless Dominance factor (PPI-R FD) scores were negatively correlated with reaction time for positive pictures, but positively correlated for negative pictures. Moreover, task accuracy, and arousal and empathy ratings were not modulated by PPI-R FD. In contrast, PPI-R Coldheartedness (CH) scores were unrelated to performance on the eStroop task, but showed negative correlations with arousal and empathy ratings. Thus, PPI-R FD appears linked to deficits in relatively automatic bottom-up processes, whereas PPI-R CH is more associated with processing deficits that are more deliberative in nature. PPI-R Total Scores, Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) Meanness, and TriPM Total Psychopathy Scores also showed negative correlations with empathy ratings, even though they had no relationship with task performance. Conversely, Interpersonal Reactivity Index
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