Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich)

Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) · Janet Spittler (Charlottesville, VA) J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

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Carl Johan Berglund ’s References to Heracleon

A Quotation-Analytical Study of the Earliest Known Commentary on the

Mohr Siebeck Carl Johan Berglund, born 1973; 1997 Master of Science in Engineering, KTH, Stockholm; 2007 Bachelor of Theology, Stockholm School of Theology; 2008 pastor, Swedish Mission Covenant Church (now Uniting Church in Sweden); 2019 PhD (Faculty of Theology) in New Testament , Uppsala University; since 2019 Director of Studies at University College Stockholm (Stockholm School of Theology). orcid.org/0000-0002-2203-7977

ISBN 978-3-16-159221-8 / eISBN 978-3-16-159222-5 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-159222-5 ISSN 0512-1604 / eISSN 2568-7476 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2020 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproduc- tions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed on non-aging paper by Gulde Druck in Tübingen, and bound by Buch- binderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany.

Preface

Preface This monograph is a revised version of my doctoral dissertation in New Tes- tament Exegesis, which was defended at Uppsala University in June of !"#$. Since I began working on Origen’s references to Heracleon in !"#!, I have had the pleasure to interact with fellow scholars in a number of settings, some of which have led to the publication of earlier versions of certain of the argu- ments in the book. My take on Greco-Roman education and learned culture was well received at a conference in Göttingen, Germany, in !"#%, and a num- ber of the points made in chapter ! are previously made in my paper in the conference volume.1 The difficulties of evaluating ancient Greek quotations were discussed in Leuven, Belgium, in !"#%, and the beginning of chapter & is a reworked version of my essay in the conference volume.2 My methodology for discerning verbatim quotations from less faithful renderings, which is discussed in the rest of chapter &, was presented at the Origeniana Duodecima conference in in !"#', and was later published in the conference proceedings.3 Likewise, my analysis of Heracleon’s interpretation of the heal- ing of a son of a royal official in John (:()–%( was presented at a conference in Örebro, Sweden, in !"#*, and has since been published in a conference volume.4 Many people have generously contributed to the completion of this work. My academic supervisors, James A. Kelhoffer, Anders Ekenberg, and Peter Martens, have gently and expertly guided me toward the more fruitful areas of my research. Ronald E. Heine has been a generous mentor with a seeming-

1 Carl Johan Berglund, “Interpreting Readers: The Role of Greco-Roman Education in Early Interpretation of New Testament Writings,” in Scriptural Interpretation at the Inter- face between Education and Religion, ed. Florian Wilk, TBN !! (Leiden: Brill, !"#$), !"%– %&. 2 Carl Johan Berglund, “Evaluating Quotations in Ancient Greek Literature: The Case of Heracleon’s Hypomnēmata,” in Shadowy Characters and Fragmentary Evidence: The Search for Early Christian Groups and Movements, eds. Joseph Verheyden, Tobias Nicklas, and Elisabeth Hernitscheck, WUNT '$$ (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, !"#&), !"#–'#. 3 Carl Johan Berglund, “Discerning Quotations from Heracleon in Origen’s Commen- tary on the Gospel of John,” in Origeniana Duodecima, eds. Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony and Rita Corstjens, BETL '"! (Leuven: Peeters, !"#(), %$(–)"'. 4 Carl Johan Berglund, “How ’Valentinian’ Was Heracleon’s Reading of the Healing of the Son of a Royal Official?,” in Healing and Exorcism in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity, eds. Mikael Tellbe and Tommy Wasserman, WUNT II/)## (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, !"#(), !#(–'(. VI Preface ly inexhaustible supply of experience of scholarship on Origen. Marianne Wifstrand Schiebe has been exceedingly helpful, not least in her tireless ef- forts in scrutinizing my translations from ancient Greek. Karl Olav Sandnes has been a recurrent source of joy and new perspectives on my work. Harold W. Attridge, Tobias Nicklas, Joseph Verheyden, and Ismo Dunderberg have been helpfully encouraging. David Konstan has been a cordial critic. Simeon Burke has been a friend and a critical reader. Martin Wessbrandt has been a stimulating conversation partner. Hans Engdahl has contributed with another perspective on Origen. And my fellow doctoral students Bim O’Reilly, Daniel Gustafsson, Adam Sabir, Michael Öberg, and Petter Spjut have been good companions on the long journey from project description to final draft. The writing of a scholarly monograph would be impossible without loving support and encouragement from those closest to one’s heart. Fortunately, I have been generously supplied, in innumerous forms, by Linda, the love of my life, and by our two wonderful sons Albin and Einar. May you both grow up to question the world with all your minds, love your neighbors with all your strengths, and trust the Lord with all your hearts!

Vällingby, June !"!" Carl Johan Berglund

Contents

Preface ...... V

Chapter !: Introduction ...... # A. Aims and Questions ...... % B. Material ...... #" C. Method ...... #% D. Theoretical Framework ...... #' I. “Gnostics” and “” ...... #' II. “Valentinians” and “” ...... !! III. The Heterodox and “Those Who Bring in the Natures” ...... &" E. Previous Scholarship ...... && I. Groundwork ...... && II. Convergence ...... &% III. Consensus ...... &' IV. Reorientation ...... (! V. Resistance ...... (% VI. Reevaluations ...... (*

Chapter ": Ancient Literary Criticism ...... %& A. Greco-Roman Education and Learned Culture ...... %& B. Principles of Ancient Literary Criticism ...... %* C. Literary-Critical Commentaries ...... )# D. Early Christian Commentaries ...... )% E. Origen’s Use of Literary Criticism ...... '" F. Origen’s Reception of Heracleon ...... '&

Chapter #: Quotation Analysis ...... '' A. Ancient Quotation Practices ...... '* I. Quotations Adapted to New Contexts ...... *" II. Quotations from Well-Known Literature ...... *# III. Reconstructing Lost Works from Quotations ...... *& VIII Contents

IV. Quotations in Clement of ...... *' V. Quotations in Eusebius of Caesarea ...... $" B. Origen’s Quotation Practices ...... $! I. Verbatim Quotations ...... $! II. Summaries ...... $% III. Explanatory Paraphrases ...... #"" IV. Mere Assertions ...... #"( C. Conclusion ...... #"%

Chapter $: Creators and Creations ...... #"' A. Passage #: The Agency of Creation (John #:&a) ...... #"' B. Passage !: Spiritual Humans and Spiritual Life (John #:&b–() ...... ##$

Chapter %: The Testimony of ...... #!' A. Passage &: The Explanation of the Only-Begotten (John #:#)–#*) ...... #!' B. Passage (: A Prophet Who Is Not the Prophet (John #:!#b) ...... #&" C. Passage % A: The Word, the Voice, and the Sound (John #:!&) ...... #&& D. Passage % B: What Is Around John Is Not John Himself (John #:!#) .. #(" E. Passage % C: The Investigating Priests and Levites (John #:#$) ...... #(( F. Passages )–': John’s Reason for Baptizing (John #:!(–!') ...... #($ G. Passage *: Christ’s Physical Presence (John #:!)–!') ...... #%& H. Passage $: The Location of the Questioning (John #:!*) ...... #%$ I. Passage #": The Less-than-Perfect Lamb of God (John #:!$) ...... #)"

Chapter &: Passover in Jerusalem ...... #)% A. Passages ##–#!: Visiting Capernaum (John !:#!–#&a) ...... #)% B. Passages #&–#(: Merchants in the Temple Court (John !:#&b–#') ...... #'# C. Passages #%–#): Three Days and Forty-Six Years (John !:#*–!") ...... #*#

Chapter ': Meeting at the Well ...... #*' A. Passage #': A Temporary Life (John (:#&–#%) ...... #*' B. Passage #*: The True Husband (John (:#)–#*) ...... #$) C. Passage #$: The Right Place for Worship (John (:#$–!") ...... !"# D. Passage !": On False Worship (John (:!#) ...... !"( E. Passage !#: Knowing Whom You Worship (John (:!!) ...... !"* F. Passage !!: Worshiping in Spirit and Truth (John (:!&) ...... !#( G. Passage !&: The Lost Members of the Household (John (:!&b) ...... !#$ H. Passage !(: In What Way Is God “Spirit”? (John (:!() ...... !!# I. Passage !%: The One Who Knows Everything (John (:!%) ...... !!( J. Passage !): Christ Reveals Himself (John (:!)–!') ...... !!% K. Passage !': The Abandoned Water Jar (John (:!*–&") ...... !!' Contents IX

Chapter (: The Disciples at Sychar ...... !&# A. Passages !*–&#: The Spiritual Food of Jesus (John (:&#–&() ...... !&# B. Passages &!–&): The Imminent Harvest (John (:&%–&*) ...... !&* C. Passages &'–&$: The Samaritan Revival (John (:&$–(!) ...... !%(

Chapter ): The Healing of a Son ...... !)& A. Passage (" A: The Royal Official (John (:()) ...... !)( B. Passage (" B: The Human Condition (John (:('–%") ...... !)* C. Passage (" C: The House of the Royal Official (John (:%#–%&) ...... !'%

Chapter !*: Death and the Devil ...... !*& A. Passages (#–(!: Hope of Immortality (John *:!#–!!) ...... !*& B. Passages (&–(): Children of the Devil (John *:(&–((a) ...... !*' C. Passage (': Standing in the Truth (John *:((b) ...... &"! D. Passage (*: The Last Judge (John *:%") ...... &"%

Chapter !!: Concluding Discussion ...... &"$ A. The Tasks of This Investigation ...... &"$ B. Origen’s Presentation of Heracleon’s Work ...... &#! I. A Wide Variety of Material ...... &#! II. A Clear Heresiological Bias ...... &#) C. The Form and Content of Heracleon’s Writing ...... &#* I. A Continuous Commentary on the Gospel of John ...... &#* II. Heracleon’s Use of Other Early Christian Literature ...... &!! D. Heracleon among Other Early Christians ...... &!* I. Heracleon and the Heterodox ...... &!* II. Heracleon and “Those Who Bring in the Natures” ...... &&! III. Heracleon and Orthodoxy ...... &&) IV. Heracleon and Origen ...... &&* V. Heracleon and the Christians of the Second Century ...... &(" E. Implications for Future Scholarship ...... &(! I. A Methodology for Quotation Analysis ...... &(! II. A New Basis for Considering Heracleon ...... &(& III. New Insights into Early Christian Diversity ...... &((

Appendix: Origen’s Verbatim Quotations from Heracleon ...... &($

Bibliography ...... &%$

X Contents

Index of Ancient Literature ...... &'%

Index of Modern Authors ...... &$&

Index of Subjects ...... &$' Figures

Figure !. Extent of adaptation vs. mode of attribution...... '

Figure ". The structure of Origen’s Commentary...... #&

Chapter #

Introduction Chapter !: Introduction Chapter !: Introduction In the second century CE, a fascinating transition in the reception of early Christian literature occurred. The earliest generations had been engaged in rewriting the written material they had inherited into new compositions, the way Luke is generally believed to have rewritten Mark, writers of early Chris- tian letters to have copied Paul, and authors of apocryphal Acts to have built on earlier Christian narratives. By contrast, a new generation retained previ- ous Christian writings as they were, and placed their own reflections in com- mentaries (hypomnēmata), a type of secondary literature in which the added material is clearly separated from the original text, and which thereby pre- sents the original text as valuable, important, and authoritative. This transi- tion contributed to establishing the fourfold Gospel and the Pauline letters as authoritative writings comparable to the Old Testament, and is therefore formative for the emerging New Testament. The earliest known witnesses to this transition, the hypomnēmata on the Gospels written by the second-century Christian author Heracleon, are – unfortunately enough – only extant in the form of references made by two later authors: two in the works of (ca. #%"–!#% CE) and four dozen by Origen of Alexandria (ca. #*%–!%( CE).1 The Greek word ὑπο- μνήματα can be used to refer not only to learned commentaries, but also to official records, personal notes, and physical means of remembrance, which means that we do not know the actual genre of Heracleon’s writing. Since all we have is a collection of short excerpts, we know neither if it had any other title, nor the extent or format of the work.2

1 The title of Heracleon’s writing is taken from the description in Origen, Comm. Jo. *.#)/(! (SC #)&, #(*.%!): ἐν οἷς καταλέλοιπεν ὑπομνήμασιν (“in the hypomnēmata he [He- racleon] has left behind”). References to Origen’s Commentary on the Gospel of John will be given with book number, chapter number, and paragraph number. Chapter and paragraph numbers will be separated with a slash rather than a dot, to signify that the paragraph numbering is continuous throughout each book and not subordinated to the chapter num- bering. When a quotation is presented, a reference to an edition in the Sources Chrétiennes series will also be given. Unless otherwise indicated, translations from Greek will be my own. 2 Heracleon’s activity is impossible to date with any more precision than to the second half of the second century. Alan England Brooke, The Fragments of Heracleon, TS I.% (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, #$(#), '#–'%, argues for a date around #&"; Eu- gène de Faye, Gnostiques et gnosticisme: Étude critique des documents du gnosticisme chré- ! Chapter ": Introduction

Ancient authors mentioning Heracleon generally describe him as a heretic teacher connected to (ca. #""–#'% CE), who was one of several mid-second-century candidates for leadership of the Christian community in Rome, but left the city after failing to gain sufficient support.3 of Lyons (ca. #&"–!"! CE) mentions Heracleon briefly as a proponent of Valen- tinus’s doctrines, especially the belief in a heavenly Fullness (πλήρωμα) in- habited by no less than thirty divine eons (αἰῶνες) that were emanated from the Father.4 of Carthage (ca. #)"–!!% CE) presents Heracleon as a follower of another teacher, (second century CE), who allegedly had departed from Valentinus by viewing the eons as deities in their own right rather than as aspects of the one God.5 The author of the Elenchos, often iden- tified with (ca. #'"–!&% CE),6 presents Heracleon as a tien aux IIe et IIIe siècles, !nd ed. (Paris: Paul Geuthner, #(!)), &&, suggests #))–#$"; Elaine H. Pagels, The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis: Heracleon’s Commentary on John, SBLMS #& (Nashville: Abingdon, #(&'), #*, proposes #*"–#$"; Timothy James Pettipiece, “The Nature of ‘True Worship’: Anti-Jewish and Anti-Gentile Polemic in Heracleon (Fragments !"–!%),” in Colloque International “L’Évangile Selon Thomas et les Textes de Nag Hammadi,” eds. Louis Painchaud and Paul-Hubert Poirier, Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi $ (Leuven: Peeters, !""&), '&&–(%, here '&$, argues for #)"–#&); Agnès Bastit, “Forme et méthode du Commentaire sur Jean d’Héracléon,” Adamantius #) (!""(): #)"–&*, here #)#, proposes #*"–#&"; Einar Thomassen, “Heracleon,” in The Legacy of John: Second- Century Reception of the Fourth Gospel, ed. Tuomas Rasimus, NovTSup #'! (Leiden: Brill, !"#"), #&'–!#", here #&%, claims, on the basis of his reception by Irenaeus, that he must have been a well-known figure by #$". Alastair H. B. Logan, “The Johannine Literature and the Gnostics,” in The Oxford Handbook of Johannine Studies, eds. Judith M. Lieu and Martinus C. de Boer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, !"#$), #&#–$), here #$', points to the late #&"s or #$"s. 3 Tertullian, Val. %.#. Heracleon’s double association to Rome (where Valentinus taught) and Alexandria (where Origen encountered his hypomnēmata) has caused some scholars, including Birger A. Pearson, Ancient Gnosticism: Traditions and Literature (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, !""&), #*#–*!, to speculate that he was “an Alexandrian who spent some time in Rome as a Valentinian teacher and then returned to Alexandria.” 4 Irenaeus, Haer. !.%.#. Michael Kaler and Marie-Pierre Bussières, “Was Heracleon a Valentinian? A New Look at Old Sources,” HTR ((.' (!""*): !&)–$(, here !&&, are entirely correct that Irenaeus bases the link from Heracleon and Ptolemy to Valentinus on their views, and “does not directly state that Heracleon studied with or followed Valentinus.” However, Irenaeus clearly assumes that the reader knows Heracleon and Ptolemy as affili- ated with Valentinus. 5 Tertullian, Val. % (SC !$", $*.##–#*): Eam postmodum Ptolemaeus intrauit, nominibus et numeris aenonum distinctis in personales substantias, sed extra deum determinatas, quas Valentinus in ipsa summa diuinitatis ut sensus et affectus, motus incluserat. Deduxit et He- racleon inde tramites quosdam et Secundus et magus . 6 For an overview of the debate concerning the authorship of the Elenchos, which is also known as Philosophumena or Refutatio omnium haeresium, see Enrico Norelli, “Construire l’opposition entre orthodoxie et hérésie à Rome, au IIIe siècle,” in Des évêques, des écoles et des hérétiques: Actes du Colloque international sur la Réfutation de toutes les hérésies, Ge- Chapter ": Introduction &

“Valentinian” follower from the Italian peninsula who held that the human Jesus received the divine Word from his heavenly mother at his bap- tism.7 Clement presents Heracleon as “the most notable of Valentinus’s school” and sets forth two separate instances where Heracleon comments on material that seems to stem from the Synoptic Gospels.8 And most important- ly, Origen presents Heracleon as a personal acquaintance of Valentinus, and interacts with his interpretations of the Fourth Gospel on four dozen occa- sions.9 This common way of presenting one’s adversaries as links in a genealogical chain through which certain “heresies” have been inherited, ultimately from the magician Simon of Acts *:$–!(, is regularly used by early Christian here- siologists in order to persuade their readers to reject these teachers before even considering their words and opinions.10 Despite this insight, previous nève, "#–"$ juin %&&', eds. Gabriella Aragione and Enrico Norelli (Prahins: Editions du Zèbre, !"##), !''–)); Manlio Simonetti, “Per un profilo dell’autore dell’Elenchos,” in Des évêques, des écoles et des hérétiques: Actes du Colloque international sur la Réfutation de toutes les hérésies, Genève, "#–"$ juin %&&', eds. Gabriella Aragione and Enrico Norelli (Prahins: Editions du Zèbre, !"##), !)&–&'; Allen Brent, “The Elenchos and the Identifica- tion of Christian Communities in Second – Early Third Century Rome,” in Des évêques, des écoles et des hérétiques: Actes du Colloque international sur la Réfutation de toutes les hé- résies, Genève, "#–"$ juin %&&', eds. Gabriella Aragione and Enrico Norelli (Prahins: Edi- tions du Zèbre, !"##), !&)–'#%. For arguments for the traditional attribution, see Miroslav Marcovich, “Introduction,” in Refutatio Omnium Haeresium, PTS !) (: de Gruyter, #($*), #–)#, here $–#&. 7 Elenchos (also known as Hippolytus, Haer.) *.p.%, *.!(.#, *.').*. 8 Clement, Strom. %.(/&#–&!; Ecl. !).#. 9 Heracleon is also mentioned in Theodoretus (ca. '('–%**), Haereticarum fabularum compendium #.$, and in Photius (ca. $#"–$(' CE), Ep. #'%. Thomassen, “Heracleon,” #&', remarks: “That Heracleon was a ’Valentinian’ is thus a point on which all our sources agree.” He does admit, however, that some of these sources seem to know no more about Heracleon than his name. Pier Franco Beatrice, “Greek Philosophy and Gnostic Soteriology in Heracleon’s ‘Hypomnemata,’” EC '.! (!"#!): #$$–!#%, here #$(, remarks that “these authors supply very little information about Heracleon, his work and thought, and what they do tell us is not always consistent.” de Faye, Gnostiques et gnosticisme, &*, goes so far as to state that the information given by most sources is so meager that one learns nothing from them. 10 Bentley Layton, “The Significance of in Ancient Christian Thought,” Repre- sentations !$ (#($(): #')–)#, here #'*, characterizes the effects of this rhetoric as replacing original ideas with trivialized substitutes, concealing their potential relevance, and causing them to be forgotten. Einar Thomassen, The Spiritual Seed: The Church of the “Valentini- ans,” Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies *" (Leiden: Brill, !""*), #(–!", argues that Irenaeus’s presentation of the “Valentinians” is based on a combination of different sources including the first known heresy catalogue, the Catalogue against all the Heresies quoted in Martyr, " Apol. !*.!–). John Behr, Irenaeus of Lyons: Identifying Christian- ity, Christian Theology in Context (Oxford: Oxford University Press, !"#'), $'–$), de- scribes Irenaeus’s genealogy from to Tatian, suggests that the practice goes ( Chapter ": Introduction scholarship on Heracleon has generally taken these presentations at face value and presumed that Heracleon’s interpretations are determined by a set of controversial doctrines conforming to either “Valentinianism” or “Gnosti- cism.” Where no such doctrines are visible in the extant material, they have nonetheless been presumed to be present, as a hidden agenda behind the exegesis in Heracleon’s hypomnēmata. In opposition to this practice, Her- mann Langerbeck and Ansgar Wucherpfennig have argued that Origen in his responses to Heracleon presumes later “Valentinian” ideas that are unattested in Heracleon’s own writing.11 In addition, previous scholars have generally – typically after a brief lamentation of the fact that Heracleon’s comments are available only by the mediation of Clement and Origen – presumed that almost every statement they attribute to this allegedly “Valentinian” predecessor is a faithful render- ing of Heracleon’s views, words, and interpretive practices.12 This has been back to Polycarp, and notes that the genealogy has almost no point of contact with Valen- tinus and his disciples. Geoffrey S. Smith, Guilt by Association: Heresy Catalogues in Early Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, !"#%), %–), %(–)&, #'#–'%, traces a common format – ordering allegedly false teachers in chronological order, frequently presenting them as disciples of previous teachers, to give the impression of an unbroken chain of heretic transmission going back to Simon Magus – back to Justin’s Catalogue. A comple- mentary approach, in which “heretic” teachers were presented as having imported their ideas from Greek philosophy, is described by Winrich Alfried Löhr, “Christian Gnostics and Greek Philosophy in the Second Century,” EC '.' (!"#!): '%(–&&, here ')". 11 Hermann Langerbeck, “Die Anthropologie der alexandrinischen : Interpretati- onen zu den Fragmenten des Basilides und Valentinus und ihrer Schulen bei Clemens von Alexandrien und Origenes,” in Aufsätze zur Gnosis, ed. Hermann Dörries, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen / Philologisch-historische Klasse ':*( (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, #(*&), '$–$!, here *&–&!; Ansgar Wucherpfennig, Heracleon Philologus: Gnostische Johannesexegese im zweiten Jahrhundert, WUNT #%! (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, !""!), ''!–)&. With a more limited scope, Beatrice, “Greek Philosophy and Gnostic Soteriology,” !"*, remarks that “Origen never quotes a fragment in which Heracleon expounds the distinction of the three natures […], evidently for the simple reason that he did not find it! Origen’s criticism is inspired by his general anti- Valentinian stance which at times leads him to force the thought of his adversary.” Harold W. Attridge, “Heracleon and John: Reassessment of an Early Christian Hermeneutical Debate,” in Biblical Interpretation: History, Context, Reality, SBL Symposium Series !* (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, !"")), )&–&!, here *#, endorses Wucherpfennig’s view: “A more adequate assessment of the debate must begin with the reevaluation of He- racleon's work by Wucherpfennig, who insists that a proper assessment of Heracleon should be grounded in his fragments and not in a reconstruction of the presumed Valen- tinian background of Heracleon.” 12 Werner Foerster, Von Valentin zu Herakleon: Untersuchungen über die Quellen und die Entwicklung der valentinianischen Gnosis, BZNW & (Giessen: Alfred Töpelmann, #(!$), ', admits that Origen does not always quote Heracleon “wörtlich,” but asserts that not only his direct quotations but also his indirect representations of Heracleon’s opinions can be taken as correct representations of the views of this “Gnostic” author. Michel R Desjardins, A. Aims and Questions % done despite the widely acknowledged fact that, in ancient literature, quota- tions are often adapted to better fit the style, grammar, and argumentative needs of the quoting author – a practice giving Clement and Origen a certain freedom to adapt their material on Heracleon to fit their overall picture. Be- fore presuming that Heracleon subscribed to a certain set of doctrines, such allegations should be tested against what we can reconstruct of his actual words. Before statements and views attributed to him by ancient authors can be used to reconstruct his views and exegetical methodology, they should be critically analyzed with respect to the quotation practices of the quoting au- thor, to evaluate how much they may be adapted. Since we have no information on Heracleon other than what is transmitted by his adversaries, it is not certain that any reconstruction we can make of his views and interpretations is representative for his outlook on the Christian tradition. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to discern dependable data on sec- ond-century scriptural interpretation from dubious allegations, and thereby strengthen our understanding of the early development of Christian exegesis.

A. Aims and Questions

This study presumes neither that every statement Origen attributes to Herac- leon is a verbatim quotation, nor that Heracleon’s exegesis is determined by doctrines to which he never, in the extant material, refers explicitly. The pro- ject has three aims: First, variations in Origen’s attribution formulas will be used to evaluate whether he is presenting a verbatim quotation or a more adapted rendering. Secondly, the more trustworthy of the references will be used to reconstruct Heracleon’s interpretations within a context given by his own exegetical methodology and by the writings to which he himself refers. Finally, the views and concerns exhibited in Heracleon’s exegesis will be compared to the views used by Origen to categorize his exegetical opponents.

“The Sources for Valentinian Gnosticism: A Question of Methodology,” VC %".% (#($*): '%!–%&, here '%), argues that the “Fathers” have reproduced the words of their opponents far more literally than the author of Acts ever did to Paul, and declares: “To cast doubt on the basic reliability of Origen’s quotations from Heracleon, for example, is to be unduly skeptical.” Kyle Keefer, The Branches of the Gospel of John: The Reception of the Fourth Gospel in the Early Church, LNTS ''! (London: T&T Clark, !""*), '', declares that “the consensus is that Origen faithfully represented Heracleon’s point of view, and quite likely his exact words.” His brief lamentation is located on page '!. Pettipiece, “The Nature of ‘True Worship,’” '&&, complains that “we cannot be sure about the authenticity of Herac- leon’s voice as it is recorded by Origen,” and goes on to discuss ('$* n. '') what Heracleon “states quite specifically” and “even more explicitly” without considering Origen’s media- tion. ) Chapter ": Introduction

Our first question in the analysis of every passage in which Origen inter- acts with Heracleon’s exegesis is how each reference to Heracleon is present- ed: where it falls on a scale from a trustworthy, word-by-word transmission of a written source, to an allegation without any claimed basis. In chapter &, linguistic theory will be used to argue for a possible variance in the claims implied by different ways of constructing an attribution formula, and this variance will be confirmed by comparison to Origen’s actual quotation prac- tices. This analysis will result in criteria that can be used to discern four dif- ferent modes of attribution – four ways in which Origen attributes views and statements to Heracleon: #. Verbatim quotations are references where the statements attributed to He- racleon are presented as transmitting his actual words, as they were found in his writing. In this mode of attribution, we expect only minimal adapta- tions, which may include spelling variants and the choice of a conjunc- tion, such as δέ (“but” or “and”), γάρ (“for”), or διό (“for this reason”), to connect the quoted statement to the surrounding prose. !. Summaries or non-interpretive rephrasings are references presented as transmitting the precise point that Heracleon has made in his writing, but not necessarily the exact words and phrases he has used to express it. Here, we expect adaptations aimed at brevity and clarity, and possibly a change of key terms to conform to the terms used by the quoting author in the surrounding argument. &. Explanatory paraphrases are references presented as revealing not merely the point actually expressed in Heracleon’s writing, but the underlying ar- gument or dogmatic idea on which this point rests. In this mode, we ex- pect more radical adaptations of the quoted text, using an understanding of his views based not only on the entirety of the quoted work, but also shaped by other information available to the quoting author, such as here- siological descriptions of his exegetical opponents. (. Mere assertions are references where Heracleon’s views are presented without any stated basis in his writing. In these cases, we expect the in- formation given to originate entirely in other sources than Heracleon’s hypomnēmata, such as heresiological writings and personal interaction with exegetical opponents. These four modes of attribution will follow us throughout the analyses in the later chapters of this monograph, in which every reference to Heracleon will be categorized either as a quotation, a summary, a paraphrase,13 or an asser-

13 The term “paraphrase” will be relevant on more than one level in this study; in addi- tion to Origen paraphrasing Heracleon, we will also note that Heracleon paraphrases the A. Aims and Questions ' tion.14 As illustrated by Figure #, the four categories are not intended to de- scribe four distinct phenomena, but divisions on a continuous scale of smaller to larger adaptations of the source. No sharp delineations can be made be- tween the four modes of attribution, and certain boundary cases will remain ambiguous.

spelling changed verbatim quotation conjunction replaced } verb forms adapted summary key terms changed } central idea rephrased explanatory paraphrase inferred idea expressed } no reference to source } mere assertion

Figure ". Extent of adaptation vs. mode of attribution.

This distinction between four modes of attribution is more specific than the commonly used one between fragmenta (attributed statements) and testimo- nia (assertions),15 in which our first three categories are all considered frag-

Gospel of John, and that modern scholars frequently paraphrase, in the course of their analyses, what Origen claims Heracleon to be saying. 14 For brevity, the terms verbatim quotation, summary, explanatory paraphrase, and mere assertion will often be shortened to quotation, summary, paraphrase, and assertion. No distinction in meaning between the full and the abbreviated terms is intended. 15 According to Hermann Diels, Poetarum philosophorum fragmenta. Vol. ':# of Poeta- rum graecorum fragmenta (Berlin: Weidmann, #("#), VI, this distinction was first intro- duced in Georg Kaibel, Comicorum graecorum fragmenta. Vol. *:# of Poetarum graecorum fragmenta (Berlin: Weidmann, #$((). Diels used this distinction quite systematically in his Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin: Weidmann, #("'). Cf. Walter Burkert, “Diels’ Vorsokratiker: Rückschau und Ausblick,” in Hermann Diels ("'$'–"(%%) et la science de l’antiquité: Ηuit exposés suivis de discussions, eds. William M. Calder and Jaap Mansfeld, Entretiens sur l’antiquité classique %) (Geneva: Fondation Hardt, #(((), #*(–!"*, here #&'; Jaap Mansfeld, “Sources,” in The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, eds. Keimpe Algra et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, !"")), #–'", here !*–!&. * Chapter ": Introduction menta.16 It differs from other reference categorization systems in that it measures how well a reference matches its source rather than how clear it is that a certain source has been used.17 The extent to which material in these four categories can be used in subse- quent analysis depends on the object of study. If we are studying Origen’s conceptions of his exegetical opponents, all four categories are valuable, and if we are concerned with third-century scriptural interpreters that are not known from other sources, Origen’s explanatory paraphrases and mere asser- tions can give us information that would otherwise be unattainable. But if we are studying how the historical Heracleon interpreted the Fourth Gospel, we should, in general, limit ourselves to the first two categories, and if the object of study is Heracleon’s theological vocabulary, it is only the first category that claims to reflect Heracleon’s ipsissima verba. In the absence of sharp delinea- tions, individual references in excluded categories may always be used with caution. Our second aim will also be addressed in the analysis of every passage in which Origen refers to Heracleon. Starting from the verbatim quotations and summaries identified in the previous step of the analysis, this study will at- tempt to reconstruct Heracleon’s reasoning without presuming him to sub- scribe to the views described in heresiological material such as Irenaeus’s Against Heresies. The reconstruction will be made within a theoretical per- spective given not by heresiological identifications of him as a “Valentinian” teacher, but by his own work: the established methodology which he seems to be using in his exegesis, and the early Christian literature to which he himself refers. Previous scholars have presumed Heracleon to be either a “Gnostic” or a “Valentinian,” and used his exegesis to gain an understanding of interpre- tive practices that are supposed to be specific to this particular group. This study makes no such assumption, and can therefore analyze Heracleon’s in- terpretations while keeping it an open question whether his exegesis confines him to a sub-group within the Christian movement or is applicable within a more general second-century Christian interpretive discourse. Although this analysis mostly will be based on summaries and verbatim quotations, a few of the explanatory paraphrases will also yield valuable material. Several of the paraphrases will be found to fit very well in the picture given by the quota- tions and summaries.

16 Diels will typically call out particularly dubious references among his fragmenta, so he is not unaware of the distinctions we are systematizing here. 17 Annewies van den Hoek, “Techniques of Quotation in Clement of Alexandria: A View of Ancient Literary Working Methods,” VC )".' (#((*): !!'–%', here !!$–!(, de- scribes how previous scholars have distinguished between “quotations,” “reminiscences,” “references,” and “paraphrases,” while herself preferring to use a scale of “certain depend- ence,” “probable dependence,” “unprovable dependence,” and “no dependence” upon a previous author. A. Aims and Questions $

The third question will mainly be addressed in the final discussion. Con- sidering all of the material analyzed in the previous chapters, Heracleon’s views and concerns will be discussed and compared to the views used by Ori- gen to define two categories of exegetical opponents: the heterodox (οἱ ἑτερό- δοξοι), who attribute the Old Testament to an ignorant and inferior creator god, and “those who bring in the natures” (οἱ τὰς φύσεις εἰσάγοντες), who claim that the eternal fate of human beings is determined by their inherent nature as being either spiritual (πνευματικός), animated (ψυχικός), or earthly (χοϊκός). These categories will be discussed more thoroughly under the head- ing “Theoretical Framework” below. Two considerable omissions are made in this study, mainly in the interest of reduced complexity. First, all references to Heracleon not made by Origen are left out of consideration. As discussed above, Heracleon is mentioned once by Irenaeus, once by Tertullian, three times by the author of the Elen- chos, twice by Clement, once by Theodoretus, and once by Photius. While the shorter references are unlikely to yield any additional data, analyzing Clem- ent’s two passages with a quotation-analytical methodology should eventually be done as a complement to this monograph. Secondly, this study neglects to make any substantial comparisons of Heracleon’s interpretations to the litera- ture usually considered “Valentinian,” such as the Gospel of Truth (NHC I &, XII !), the Tripartite Tractate (NHC I %), the Gospel of Philip (NHC II &), Interpretation of Knowledge (NHC XI #), A Valentinian Exposition (NHC XI !), or Clement’s Excerpts from Theodotus. This latter omission should not be construed as a denial of the potential value of such comparisons, but rather as a recognition that this rich and enigmatic literature deserves a more serious consideration than they could be given within this monograph. A proper comparison should not presume that any of the authors involved conform to the descriptions given in heresiological literature, and be bidirectional, so that the understanding of Heracleon that is the result of this study may be used to reevaluate the “Valentinian” literature as well as vice versa.18

18 Desjardins, “The Sources for Valentinian Gnosticism,” '%', points out that none of these writings claim to represent the views of the “Valentinans,” an observation which is reinforced by the difficulty scholars have in agreeing on which writings to include in the “Valentinian” corpus. He also finds a chicken and egg problem in that the identification of some Nag Hammadi writings as primary sources to “Valentinianism” is based on the claims made in heresiological secondary sources. Philip L. Tite, Valentinian Ethics and Paraenetic Discourse: Determining the Social Function of Moral Exhortation in Valentinian Christianity (Leiden: Brill, !""(), #)–#&, admits that the definition of a “Valentinian” cor- pus is based on a circular argument, but still presents an extensive list of sixteen primary sources divided into four classes of descending dependability. David W. Jorgensen, Treas- ure Hidden in a Field: Early Christian Reception of the Gospel of Matthew, Studies of the Bible and its Reception * (Berlin: de Gruyter, !"#*), ##–#), opts to study six particular “Valentinian” writings based on their acceptance by Desjardins, Thomassen, and Dunder- #" Chapter ": Introduction

The rest of this introduction will specify the material for this investigation, briefly describe the method used, discuss the categories which are used by heresiologists, scholars, and Origen to categorize Heracleon, and give an account of previous research on Heracleon. Chapter ! will establish the theo- retical perspective in which we will view Heracleon, given not by heresiologi- cal categorization but by Greco-Roman education and literary criticism. The third chapter will develop the method of quotation analysis that will be used to evaluate the dependability of Origen’s references. This method will then be applied, throughout chapters (–#", to all passages in which Origen refers to Heracleon. The last chapter will summarize and discuss the results of our three aims, as well as some implications for further research. In all, this study will contribute to future scholarship by developing a methodology for the underappreciated difficulty of evaluating quotations in ancient literature, by providing a more secure foundation for future studies on Heracleon, and by giving new insights into second-century Christian di- versity.

B. Material

The material for this investigation consists of the dominant part of all refer- ences to Heracleon in ancient literature – the four dozen relevant passages in Origen’s Commentary on the Gospel of John. This monumental work original- ly comprised thirty-two books covering John #:#–#&:&!, but only nine of these books are extant. The manuscript tradition, consisting of eight manuscripts,19 is dependent on a single thirteenth-century manuscript, the Codex Mona- censis.20 Critical editions by Alan E. Brooke, Erwin Preuschen, and Cécile berg. Paul Linjamaa, The Ethics of The Tripartite Tractate (NHC I, *): A Study of Determin- ism and Early Christian Philosophy of Ethics, Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies () (Leiden: Brill, !"#(), &–#!, gives a similar list, but does not attempt to put a limitation on the “Valentinian” corpus. 19 Described in Brooke, The Fragments of Heracleon, #–&; and in Erwin Preuschen, “Einleitung,” in Der Johanneskommentar. Vol. % of Origenes Werke, GCS #" (Berlin, #("'), IX–CVIII, here IX–XL, are: (#) Codex Monacensis, Gr. #(# in the Bavarian State Library (#'th century), (!) Codex Venetus, Gr. %' in the Bibliotheca Marciana in Venice (#'&%), (') Codex Barberinus I, Gr. V, )! in the Barberini Library in Rome (#)th or #*th century), (%) Codex Barberinus II, Gr. VI, #% in the Barberini Library in Rome (#)th or #*th century), ()) Codex Matritensis, Gr. O. '! in the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid (#)))), (*) Codex Regius, Gr. %)) in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris (#&th century), (&) Codex Bodleianus, Misc. )$ (#$th century), and ($) a transcription of Codex Bodleianus made by Herbert Thorndike, B. (. #! in Trinity College in Cambridge. 20 Brooke, The Fragments of Heracleon, #–$; Alan England Brooke, “Introduction,” in The Commentary of Origen on S. John’s Gospel (Cambridge, #$(*), ix–xxviii, here ix–xxi; Preuschen, “Einleitung,” IX–XL; Yvonne Janssens, “Héracléon: Commentaire sur l’Évan-

Index of Ancient Literature

Index of Ancient Literature References solely in the footnotes are given in italics.

Old Testament

Gen 0 Kgs / 9 Kgdms ":$% "%& $:"( ,) $ "%& $:' "%( Ps $:' $$" $) 02, ):% '$ +(:"" ,( ):"( "%& &%:$$ LXX 1,1 ):"& "%& &,:". 202 &:$–+ $'%–',, $%$, )$+, %%:$) LXX 202 )$' ,":"" 0;; "':( ".) ".,:+ LXX 12$ $$ $% "$(:& +2 +,:%–"$ $$+ "+%:( ""% +,:"& "+' Prov Exod ).:& ""$–"+ ':" ")) %:"&–", "&, Eccl ,:"$ )$ "$:"$ LXX +$ "$:". LXX "&, "$:+& "&, Isa "':) LXX +, ":$ $''–',, )$+, )$' )$:' "&, ":+ $',, )$+, )$' (:"–' $',, )$+, )$' Num +.:) "++ $+:)–,, "(–", $$+ ($:' ",) $%:""–"( 012 &$:% $',

Deut Jer +:", ".) ):$( LXX ,( +:$+ $$" ':"" LXX 1%+ "%:"(, "% ")" )):' $$+ Ezek "":",–$. LXX +$ 1 Kgs / 2 Kgdms "):$ "+' Dan $$:"–",a ,, ):$+–,. $, $$:",b–$$ ".. "" $, !"# Index of Ancient Literature

Zech Mal ,:, LXX "'+ ):" "++ ):$$–$) "+'

Greek Jewish Literature

Wis 1 En. "+:& 0%, &–% 0%,

Sir Jub. "&.' 0%, '.$"–$( 0%,

Bar ):$&–$% 0%, Dreams ".$, ")'–)%

New Testament

Matt "":, ")", ")), "++, "&)– ":"+ +$ &+, )$(, )$' ):+ 192 "":"" 19+, "&+, )$(, )$' ):+a "&+ "":"+ ")) ):'–"$ "(. "":$, $$( ):' 202 "$:"% 01% ):"' 01% "$:)$ """ +:"" 01$ "$:)+ 202 +:"$–"' "&& "):$+–). $++, $($ (:$% +$ "):$+–+) $++, )$' &:,–") '. "):)&–+) $($, )$' &:, '$ "):)% $++ &:"" '. "':( 01% &:"$ '$ "%:". 0;;, 0R0 ':"% $." $":") "',, )$' %:(–") $%", )$+, )$' $$:"–"+ "'", $(% %:%–, $&&–&', $'(, )$, $) 209 %:".–"$ $'( $):%–". ,& %:"$ $''–',, )$+, )$' $):")–)& )$+ %:$. +2 $):"( 202, )$+, )$' ,:)' $+(–+&, )$+, )$' $):)) 202, )$+, )$' ".:$% ,+, $&%, $'., )$(, $(:"–") 1$+, "'", $)), $(%, )$' )$(, )$' "":'–"( ")), "+), "+,, "&+, $&:+., +) $)) )$' $':)+, +% 1,1 "":% "&+ $%:"%–$. $)% New Testament !""

$%:$. +$, $(%–(, ":) ,(, 1;2, "",, $"', 099, )"&, )). Mark ":)a ,+, ".'–", ":) ")( ":+ &%, "$), ))) ":"" 01% ":(–' )$. ":$"–$' "&& ":%–"( "$, )$. ".:). """ ":". ""' "(:)+ 02, ":"$ 099 ":"(–)+ )&, "$& Luke ":"(–$, +" ":( 19$, 1$+, )$(–$' ":"(–"% 10% ":"' ")) ":"( "$&–$%, 01$ ":$. ")) ":"&–$, "$, )",–$. ":)", )+ 1;9 ":"&–"% "$&–). ":)( ,) ":"&–"' "$%–$,, 219 ":'& ")" ":"% "$%–$,, 12; ):' 202 ":",–$) "+. ):$"–$$ ++ ":",–$" ")$, )"% ):$$ 01% ":", "++–+,, )$' +:& 0+$ ":",a "$& +:)% "&& ":$" ")), "+.–++, )$' ':"–". $&$, 0$R ":$"b ").–)) ':'–% $&&–&', $'( ":$) "))–+., "+', "+,, ':, $'( )$' ':$+–$% 192 ":$+–$' "+,–(+ ':$& ")", "&), )$(–$' ":$( "(, ")), "+, ':$% "+'–+%, )$(–$' ":$&–$' "(+–&., )"% ':). 19$ ":$& "($ ,:", 1;9 ":$' '+, "('–(,, )"( "$:+ ,+ ":$% 1$, "&.–&" "$:% 20$ ":$, "&"–&+, )"%, )$' "$:)$ 01% ":).–$:"" "$, )$. "$:)& "'" ":)$–)+ "'' "( $$.–$" ":+'–(" ",, $):)& 1,1 $:"–$ 0R, $+:"% 1%9 $:"$–$( "$, )$. $+:). 111 $:"$–$. )$. $+:++ 02, $:"$–")a "&(–'" $:"$ 10, "&(–&, John $:") $),, ))+ ":"–"):)$ ". $:")a "&,–'" ":"–"( ")& $:")b–"' "'"–%" ":"b–' "$, )$. $:")b "'", "'+ ":" ""' $:"+–"' "'" ":"a "$, )$. $:"+ "'", "'(, )$' ":"–$ )$.–$" $:"( )"% ":)–+ )$. $:"& "',, )$' ":)b–+ "",–$( $:"' 02,, 202 $:"%–$$ "', !"$ Index of Ancient Literature

$:"%–$. "%"–%& +:)(–)% $)%–(+, 219, )"(, $:", "%$–%), 1,9 )",, )$', ))( $:$"–$( )$. +:)&–)% ))( $:$)–$( ",, +:)( 02+, )$', ))( $:$) 1%9 +:)& $(. ):"–+:"$ "$, )$. +:)'–)% $++ + +., "%', 21+ +:)' $(., $(+, )$' +:"–+$ )+ +:)% $(+ +:"–$& "%', 02; +:),–+$ $(+–&" +:+–+$ $$( +:), $$( +:+ $$' +:+.–+" $(& +:'–$& $)" +:+. $$'–$%, )", +:% $)", 022 +:+"–+$ $$( +:"$ '+ +:+$ $+), $(,, $&" +:")–(+ "$, )$. +:+)–(+ "&,, ",", )$, +:")–+$ +., )",–$. +:+)–+( )$. +:")–"% "%' +:++ '$ +:")–"( "%'–,( +:+( $),, ).(, ).'–% +:"+ """, "%,, ",) +:+&–(+ V, $&), $',, $%", +:"( ",+, 1+R )$+, )$' +:"&–"% ",&–$.", )"% +:+&–() )",–$. +:"& ",&, $.. +:+& )+, 0R,, $&+–&% +:"% $.. +:+'–(. $&%–'(, )$' +:",–$. $."–+, )", +:+' $'., )$' +:", $$( +:+%–+, $'.–'" +:$"–$+ )$, +:(. $') +:$"–$) $.' +:("–() $'(–%$ +:$" $.+–%, )$' +:(" $'(–'& +:$$ $.%–"+, $"+, $"& +:() )$+, )$' +:$) $"+–",, $",, )$', (:"–%:", )$. )), (:"–%:"% "$, 20; +:$)b $",–$" (:$$–$) ).( +:$+ $$"–$+, )$', ))) (:$$ ).&–% +:$(–$& $$+ (:$' ).&, ).% +:$( $$+–$( &:$, $)% +:$&–$' $$(–$' &:(% """ +:$& $$(, $$' ':$ $%) +:$%–). $$'–)., $(+ % R1, )$" +:$% $)., )", %:"$–$. )$" +:). 00, %:"$ +$ +:)"–)% )$" %:",–() %2 +:)"–)+ $)"–)% %:",–$( "$, )$. +:)"–)$ $)+ %:", $%) +:)" 00,, 022, )$' %:$. $%+ +:)$ $))–)+, $+,, )",– %:$.a )$.–$" $" %:$"–$$ $%)–%', )",–$. +:)+–)( $)% %:$" $&%, 0,2, $%+ +:)+ $)", 022, $)(, $)' %:$)–$+ )$. New Testament !"%

%:$( $%) Rom %:$&–)& "$, )$. ":"–( ,( %:)" ).'–% ":"" "$$ %:)+ $,) ":"%–$) 0,$ %:)'–() "$, $%), )$. ":$( 01+ %:)'–+$ )$.–$" +:"' ".) %:+)-++ )",–$" ':%, , ".., 1;1 %:+)–++a $%'–).$ ,:, %) %:+) $,. ".:&–% ,) %:++ )', $,$, ).", ).', ".:"% %) 209, )$' "":"' "$$ %:++a $%%–,., $,), ).", "$:" 002 )), "$:$ """ %:++b ).$–( "):+ 2;% %:+(–+, )$.–$" "(:$' "$$ %:(. )+, ).(–%, )",–$", ",:$%–$, 1,1 )$(, )$' %:("–() )$.–$" 1 Cor %:(+–$":$( )$. ":( 100 %:(+–"":)% "$, 20; $:&, % $&) %:(& "$% $:&–):) 0% %:(% "$%, $%) $:, %) "" )$. $:""–):) "$$, 222 "":),–(' "$, )$. $:"+–"( "",, "$) "":),–+. 10 $:"+–):) "$) "$:"–"):" "$, 20; ):" $.' "$:+( +$ ):, +$ "):$–)) "$, )$. ):", +$ "):% ".( ,:"" "$) "):)) 10, )$. ".:$& %) "+:& """, ",), ).$ "$:+–& ,( "(:( "$$ "$:$% ,& "$:$+ $(. "):" ")& "$:+' $)% "):, "%', $.$ "):)+–$":$( 20; "):"$ "%' "+:, +$ "+:" "$$–$) "(:"–". $(. "+:% ")& "':) $)% "+:)$ ,) "%:)' $)% "( 0%; ",:)& "&, "(:$& ).$ $.:"$ 01$ "(:)&–)%, +$–++ 092 $.:)" "$) "(:++–+, 20 "(:() $%. Acts "(:()–(+ $'. ":"% 1%9 "(:(+ $&%, )$(, )$' $:$(–)( 02, ':+$ $., 0 Cor %:,–$+ ), R1 ):"% "$$ "$:"( 0;;, 0R0 (:' $(, !$& Index of Ancient Literature

"$:+ "%' &:$. "%

Gal 0 Tim $:$. $(%–(, $:$& 0+$ &:" "$$, 222 Heb Eph ":$ ,(, 099 ":$" """ ":"+ 0;;, 0R0 $:$ $&$ $:". 099 $:) )..–)." $:".–") 099 $:' $(% ):'–+:"" $++, )$&, )$' (:% ,,, "", +:"" 099 (:"+ &% , 1%R ,:"–". "'(, )$' Col ":"(–"' ""% 0 Pet $:&–". 100 $:+ 0%,

1 Thess 1 John +:"+ 22$ ":( $$" (:( 202, )$+, )$' (:$"–$$ ,( Jude ":& 0%, 0 Thess $:) 202, )$+, )$' Rev $:""–"$ ,( $:"%–$, 1+ ):"$ "'+ 1 Tim ",:&–, "'" $:" '. $":$ "'+ &:"' """ $$:"$ 09,

Early Christian Literature

Acts of Thomas Augustine '+.( )$) Serm. $.$.) "'" Acts of Philip ").." 202 Basil Hom. Ps. +) 0R0

Early Christian Literature !$'

Clement of Alexandria Epiphanius Ecl. Pan. $(." ), 1$+, 299 )..").& 19$, 20R )%." %1 )".$ 9+ Exc. )".' 9+ (&.$ 0R$ )".$'."" 0+ Paed. )".,–)$ 1, ).$."+ 0%, )).)."–)).'.". 0, Protr. &+.'$ '. "/'–". "+. "/%."–$ "+. Ephrem the Syrian "/,.) "+. Comm. Gen. "$/"",.$ "+. &.)–& 0%, Strom. "."/"" ,, Eusebius $.%/)&.$–+ 09, 9+ Hist. eccl. $.$./""+.)–& 09, 9+ $.$) $% ).&/().( "+) $.$).) $% ).'/(,.) 09, 9+ ).$. $% +., 1$+ ).),." &(–&& +.,/'. 2R +.'.& $$ +.,/'"–'$ ), 299 +.'.' && +.,/'"–') 20$ +.% $% +.")/%,.&–,..$ %, +.%." $% +.")/%,.&–,.." 0R+ +."' 0, +.")/%,."–+ %% +."%.% $% +.")/%,."–) 09, 9+ +.$$ $% +.")/%,.&–,.." 09, 9+ +.$&.$ &' +.")/,. 11,, 20,–0+ (."..+ &'–&% &.(/),."–+".+ $""–"+, 0R+, 20$ (.").% &' &.(/),.) 20$ (.$& $% &.(/+".$–) ))" &."." ,% &.&/($.)–()." 09, 9+, %,–,. &.$.'–"+ '. &."+/""..) ".) &."' &' '."'/".& $$ &.",.(–% '. '."'/".&.)–+ 9+ &.$)."–$ R$ &.$)."–$ ,% Elenchos &.$(.'–". 10 &.p.+ 2, 1;+, 299 &.)$.) +; &.$,." 2, 1;+, 299 &.)).+ +; &.))." 11% '.)$.$( +; &.)(.& 2, 1;+, 299 Prep. ev. &.)'.' 09, 9+ +.'." %" &.+$.$ 09, 9+ &.()." 1,R Heracleon "..").+ 09, 9+ hypomnēmata Passages "–$ "$, )$. Passage " ".'–", Assertion "." ".'–"$, )"+ !$( Index of Ancient Literature

Paraphrase ".$ ".'–"$ Quotation %.$ "()–((, )"%, )+, Summary ".) ".'–"+ Summary %.) "()–((, 212 Paraphrase ".+ 92, ".'–"$, )"& Summary %.+ "((–(, Quotation ".( ""$–"+, )+, Quotation %.( "((–(', )"%, ))', Quotation ".& ""$–"+, )+, )(. Paraphrase ".' ""+–",, 20, Paraphrase %.& "((–(' Summary ".% ""+–",, $.%, $"+, Summary %.' "('–(, $"%, 212, )). Assertion %.% "('–(,, )"(, )$,, Passage $ "",–$( 22+ Paraphrase $." "",–$$, ))) Paraphrase %., 1R,, "('–(, Paraphrase $.$ "",–$$ Passage , 1$, "(,–&. Quotation $.) "",–$$, )+, Quotation ,." "(,–&., )"$, )(. Passages )–". "$, )",–$. Passage ". "&.–&) Passage ) "$'–). Summary ".." "&.–&), )$(, )$' Summary )." "$'–). Paraphrase "..$ "&.–&) Summary ).$ "$'–)., 219 Quotation "..) "&.–&), )"%, )(. Passages +–( )$' Passages ""–"& "$, )$. Passage + ").–)). "($ Passage "" "&(–&, Quotation +." "', ")"–)), "($, Summary ""." "&(–&, "&), 219, )"%, )+, Summary "".$ "&(–&, Passage ( %R, "))–+, Quotation "".) "&(–&,, )(. Summary (." ")+–)%, ))' Quotation "".+ "&(–&,, )(. Summary (.$ ")%–+. Passage "$ "'.–'" Summary (.) ")%–+. Quotation "$." "'.–'", )"), )(. Summary (.+ "+.–++ Passage ") "'"–', Summary (.( "+.–++, "&$–&) Summary ")." "'"–'(, ))+ Quotation (.& "+.–+), "&$–&), Paraphrase ").$ "'"–'(, )$' )"%, )+, Paraphrase ").) "'"–'(, )"&, 202, Summary (.' "+.–++ )$' Quotation (.% "++–+&, )+, Summary ").+ "'(–'% Quotation (., "++–+&, )$(, )$', Summary ").( "'(–'% )+, Summary ").& "'(–'% Summary (.". "++–+& Paraphrase ").' "'(–'% Paraphrase (."" "+&–+,, "&), )$(, Summary ").% "'(–'% )$' Summary ")., "'%–', Paraphrase (."$ "+&–+, Quotation ").". "'%–',, )"%, )$', Assertion (.") "+&–+,, )"(, 22, )(. Summary (."+ "+&–+, Passage "+ "',–%" Passage & "&–"', "+,–($ Passage "+." "',–%" Paraphrase &." "&, "+,–($, 219 Passage "( "%"–%+, ))+ Quotation &.$ "&, "+,–($, 219, Summary "(." "%$–%+ )"%, )+, Summary "(.$ "%$–%+, 212 Paraphrase &.) "&–"', "+,–($, 219 Assertion "(.) "%$–%+, )"(, 22+ Summary &.+ "', 19$, "+,–($ Passage "& "%+–%& Passage ' "($–() Summary "&." "%+–%& Paraphrase '." "($–() Summary "&.$ "%+–%& Passage % "++, "()–(, Quotation "&.) "%+–%&, )(. Quotation %." "()–((, )"%, )+, Passages "'–+. "$ Early Christian Literature !$!

Passages "'–), )",–$. Paraphrase $$.& $"'–",, )). Passage "' "%'–,( Summary $$.' $"'–",, )$(, )$', Summary "'." "%'–%,, 29; ))., ))' Quotation "'.$ "%'–%,, )"$–"), Passage $) $",–$" )(. Summary $)." $",–$", $',, )), Paraphrase "'.) "%'–%, Passage $+ $$"–$+ Summary "'.+ "%,–," Quotation $+." $$"–$+, )($ Quotation "'.( "%,–,", 29;, )(" Quotation $+.$ 01$, $$"–$+, )$(, Summary "'.& ","–,+ )$', ))), )($ Paraphrase "'.' ","–,+, $.), )"&, Paraphrase $+.) $$"–$+, )"& ))), 22+ Paraphrase $+.+ $$"–$+ Summary "'.% ",+–,( Paraphrase $+.( $$"–$+, )"&, 222 Summary "'., ",+–,( Passage $( $$+–$( Passage "% ",&–$.", $$)–$+, Summary $(." $$+–$(, $(& 222 Passage $& $$(–$' Quotation "%." ",(–,', )(" Quotation $&." $$(–$', )() Paraphrase "%.$ ",(–,', $.. Quotation $&.$ $$(–$', )() Quotation "%.) ",(–,', )"%, )(" Passage $' $$'–)., 222 Paraphrase "%.+ ",(–,', $.. Summary $'." $$'–). Paraphrase "%.( ",'–$." Quotation $'.$ $$%–)., $(&, )",, Quotation "%.& ",'–$.", )"%, )(" )() Quotation "%.' ",'–$.", )(" Summary $'.) $$'–). Summary "%.% ",'–$.", $$) Quotation $'.+ $$%–)., )() Passage ", 92, ",), $."–+ Passage $% $).–)) Summary ",." $."–+ Summary $%." $).–)), ))' Quotation ",.$ $."–+, $$(, )",, Paraphrase $%.$ $).–)), )$(, )$' )(" Passage $, $))–)+, )", Paraphrase ",.) $."–+, ))) Passage ). $)+–)( Quotation ",.+ $."–+, $$(, )",, Paraphrase ).." $)+–)( )(" Passage )" $)(–)% Quotation ",.( $."–+, )",, )(" Summary )"." $)(–)%, ))(, ))' Summary ",.& $."–+ Paraphrase )".$ $)(–)% Passage $. $.+–% Passage )$ $)%–+(, $+, Paraphrase $.." $.+–% Summary )$." $)%–+( Summary $..$ $.+–% Summary )$.$ $)%–+(, 202, )$', Quotation $..) $.+–%, )($ ))( Paraphrase $..+ $.+–%, )$, Quotation )$.) $)%–+(, 0R0, )",, Quotation $..( $.+–%, $"", )$,– ))(, )() )., ))), )($ Passage )) $+(–+%, ))$, 22, Quotation $..& $.+–%, )($ Paraphrase ))." $+(–+%, 219, )$+, Passage $" $.%–"+ )$' Paraphrase $"." $.%–"" Assertion )).$ $+(–+%, )"(, 22+ Summary $".$ $.%–"", )$&–$' Passage )+ $+%–(. Passage $$ $"+–",, )). Paraphrase )+." $+%–(. Paraphrase $$." $"+–"' Quotation )+.$ $+%–(", )",, )() Quotation $$.$ $"+–"', $$), )($ Paraphrase )+.) $+%–(., 219 Quotation $$.) $"+–"', ))', )($ Summary )+.+ $+%–(. Paraphrase $$.+ $"+–"' Passage )( $(.–($, )") Summary $$.( $"'–",, )). Quotation )(." $(.–($, )",, )(+ !"# Index of Ancient Literature

Quotation )*., ,*-–*,, )01, ),2, Passage 3, ,?*–?2 )*3 Summary 3,.0 ,?*–?2 Passage )8 ,*,–*3 Quotation 3,., ,?*–?2, )01, )** Quotation )8.0 ,*,–*3, )01, ))*, Passages 3)–3? 0, )*3 Passages 3)–32 ),- Quotation )8., ,*,–*3, )01, ))*, Passage 3) ,?2–?? )*3 Passage 33 ,??–1,, 227 Passage )2 12, ,*3–*8 Paraphrase 33.0 ,??–1, Paraphrase )2.0 ,*3–*8 Quotation 33., ,??–1,, 477, )01, Paraphrase )2., ,*3–*8, )08, ))3 )*8 Summary )2.) ,*3–*8 Paraphrase 33.) ,??–1,, 224, ))3 Passage )? ,*8–*1 Passage 3* ,1,–13 Quotation )?.0 ,*8–*1, )01, )** Quotation 3*.0 478, ,1,–1*, )0), Summary )?., ,*8–*1 )*8 Summary )?.) ,*8–*1 Passage 38 469, ,13–)-, Passage )1 12, ,*1–80 Paraphrase 38.0 ,1*–18 Summary )1.0 ,*1–80 Summary 38., ,1*–18, 289 Quotation )1., ,*1–80, )** Paraphrase 38.) ,18–11, )),–)) Passage 3- )1–3-, ,8)–?,, Summary 38.3 ,18–11 )08, )01–,-, ),3, Paraphrase 38.* ,18–11 ),2, ),1 Quotation 38.8 ,18–11, 28:, ),)– Paraphrase 3-.0 ,83–8?, ),1 ,3, ),2, )*8 Quotation 3-., ,83–8?, )** Quotation 38.2 ,18–11, )*8 Summary 3-.) ,83–8? Summary 38.? )--–)-, Summary 3-.3 ,83–8? Passage 32 )-,–* Summary 3-.* ,8?–2- Quotation 32.0 )-,–*, )01, )*8 Summary 3-.8 ,8?–2-, ),*, ),2 Quotation 32., )-,–*, )01, )*2 Paraphrase 3-.2 ,8?–2- Summary 32.) )-,–* Summary 3-.? ,8?–2-, ),*, ),2 Paraphrase 32.3 )-,–* Summary 3-.1 ,2-–2, Passage 3? )-*–?, ),- Summary 3-.0- ,2-–2,, ),*, ),2 Quotation 3?.0 )-*–?, )01, ),*, Quotation 3-.00 ,2-–2,, ))8–)2, ),2, )*2 )** Summary 3?., )-*–? Summary 3-.0, ,2)–2* Quotation 3?.) )-*–?, )*2 Summary 3-.0) ,2)–2* Quotation 3?.3 )-*–?, ),1, )*2 Summary 3-.03 ,2)–2*, ),1 Paraphrase 3-.0* ,2*–22, ),1 Hippolytus Paraphrase 3-.08 ,2*–22 Comm. Dan. Paraphrase 3-.02 ,2*–22 0.0.0 56 Summary 3-.0? ,2*–22 Haer., see Elenchos Summary 3-.01 ,22–?- Quotation 3-.,- ,22–?-, ),3, ),2, Irenaeus )** Haer. Paraphrase 3-.,0 ,22–?0, ),3, ),2, 0.0–1 4D ),1 0.0–? 47 Passages 30–3, 0,, 456, ),- 0.0–2 41, 477 Passage 30 ,?)–?*, )01 0.,.0 226 Quotation 30.0 ,?)–?*, ))8, )** 0.*.) ::D Early Christian Literature !$)

".'.+ $&', 20+ %'.( 1$, ".'.( $(, "'+, 0,1 ".).) 1$, ".%.( 2,, &% "$.." 1$, ".,.+ 0% ".""." "% Gos. Truth "."".( 1, +".)–") 092 "."'." 1,R ".$+.)–' R; Gregory of Nazianzus ".$'."–+ R1 On Himself and the Bishops ".$'.$ 1;9 $&'–'" (, $.+." $, 1;+, 22,, 299 ).+.) 9+, R1 Gregory Thaumaturgus )."(.$ 02 Orat. paneg. ( 22% ") '. "+.+, 00; Jerome Ep. Origen "$+ 19 Cels. Comm. Matt. p." 1;+ "% 0;; "."$." ,+ "%.$ 0R0 $., +$ Vir. ill. $.$..+, ,+ $ &' $.+,.$" ,+ , &' $.&,.&( 111 $$ $% )." 1;+ $+ &' ).++ +$ )& &'–&% +." 1;+ )' $% (.&" 20, 220 (+ &' &."$ +$ &."+ 0,$ John Chrysostom &.(" %1 Hom. Col. Comm. Matt. ) 0;;, 0R0 "$."$ 21 Comm. Jo. Justin Martyr ".$/, 1;+ 1 Apol. ".$/"" ".( $&.$–( 2 ".)/", ,& )$.& 111 ".(/). 1%2–%9 (.."$ 11; ".%/(" ",) 0 Apol. ".")/%$ ".(, )$% $."–& 0, ".),/$%% 1;2 Dial. $."/" 1;+ )..) 1$, $.)/$( ".$–) )".) 1$, $."./'.–"$/,. ".' +(.+ 1$, $."./'. ,+–,( )..) 1$, $."./'$ ,( )(.& 02 $."./'% ,( &'.' 1$, $.")/,) ".) %" $% $.")/,+ ".)–+ !$# Index of Ancient Literature

$."+/"..–"." '(, ""$–"+, )"& &.$"/""( '+, "++–+&, 1$+, $."+/".. 92, %R, ".'–"$, )"&, 201, )$( 219, )"& &.$"/""&–"% "+&–+, $."+/".$–+ 21 &.$"/""& $)( $."+/".$–) ""+–"%, 20, &.$"/""' )"(, ))% $."+/".) )"), )). &.$$/"",–$)/"$( "+,–(. $."+/".+ ""%–", &.$$/"$. "& $."(/".& "..–".", 2;% &.$)/"$) "($ $."(/""" ,) &.$)/"$& "(–"', '+, 19$, $."&/""$–$./")& "", "+,–($, 219, )"%, $."&/""+ 11+ 201 $."%/"$% "", &.)./"() "($–(+ $.$./")+ ), &.),/",+–,, )"% $.$./")(–")& ,, &.),/",+–,' "(+–(& $.$"/")'–), '(, "",–$(, ))) &.),/",'–,, 201 $.$"/")' 99, %R, )"& &.),/",' '+, )") $.$%/"'" )" &.),/",%–,, "(&–(% $.)./"%$ ,( &.),/",% '+–'(, ))' $.)"/"%%–,. "."–".$ &.),/",,–$." "(%–&. $.)+/"+(, "+% ".( &.),/",,–$.. '( $.)+/$"" 1%2–1%9 &.),/",, '+ $.)(/$") 10% &.),/$.. )"(, )$,, )), )."/% )$ &.),/$."–$ )"& (.+/" +$ &.),/$.$ 1R+ &.$/&–"$ ,% &.+./$.+ 1$, "&.–&", )"$ &.$/& 1;+ &.+$/$"' ".) &.)/")–"( "$'–). &.+'/$+( ",) &.)/") '(, "$' &.(./$&$ ,, &.)/"+ 219 &.("/$&+–(,/).( "&"–&$ &.)/"(–(/). 12; &.&./).&–' '(, "&"–&+ &.)/"( 10% &.&./).& )"&, )$( &.+/$. 0,, &.&./).' )"% &.&/)" "). ".."/)–(/$. "&( &.&/))–+$ "). "..&/$)–$' "&( &.&/))–)+ 10+ "..&/$+ ".+ &."./&$ +$ "..%/)'–)% "&& &."./&+ ".+ "..,/+$ "&& &.""/&' ,) "..""/+%–+, "&(–&, &."(/%%–," ").–)" "..""/(%–(, "&(–&, &."(/,$ 1, '(, ").–)+, 219, ".."$/&$–&& "&& )"% "..")/&'–",/""& "&, &."'/,+–$./".% "))–)+ "..",/""'–"% "'.–'" &.$./".% "))–)&, ))' "..",/""' )") &.$./".,–". ")&–)% "..",/""% '( &.$./""" ")%–+. "..$$/"). ".( &.$./""$–"+ "+.–++ "..$)/")$ "'+ &.$./""$ )"% "..$&/"&.–&) 1%2–%9 &.$./"") '(, )"& "..$,/"%$ "'+ Early Christian Literature !$"

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Cicero Art of Medicine Att. )$".) 0$, ".", $0 )((.&–' 0$, Inv. )(%.'–% 0$, $.""' R, On Diagnosis by the Pulse %.,(%.&–% R, Demosthenes Cor. Herodotos $%+ 11; Hist. Tim. ".,$.$ 0+2 +,.). $0 ".,+.+–, %(

Diodorus Siculus Hesiod The Library of History Theog. ".+.+ $0 )'"–'+ $.,

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Papyri !#%

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Papyri

P. Berol. ,'%$ %+ P. Oxy. %.".%& R,, $2 P. Köln (.$.& $2 P. Oxy. ",.$$$" $2 P. Oxy. $.$$"v $2 P. Oxy. &).+)&( (' P. Oxy ).+.( %+ P. Ryl. ".$+ $9

Index of Modern Authors

Index of Modern Authors Aland, Barbara $., $2, 100–02, 1R0 Broek, Roelof van den 01 Alexander, Loveday R% Brooke, Alan England 1, ".–"", ))– Allan, Keith +% )(, )', +., 1%R, ",(–,&, 01;, 01+, Anderson, R. Dean 1;9, 122, 02%, $(', 0%;, 0%+, 2;%, )$)–$+, 20$, 0,R, 0,%, 2;, )+) Arnold, Johannes )+$ Brown, Raymond E. 11+, 10,, 02+ Attridge, Harold W. VI, 9, +), %2, Brunt, Peter A. 12, "(, %+–,;, ,9 ""', 1+2, 0+,–++, 21%, 20% Burke, Simeon VI Ayres, Lewis 0,, R,–$1, $%–$,, 099, Burkert, Walter % ))&–)' Burns, Dylan M. 00 Busch, Austin 00 Bäbler, Balbina R$, %; Bussières, Marie-Pierre )), ++–+(, Bădiliță, Cristian &, 11;–111 Bagnall, Roger S. R$ Baltussen, Han &., $2, &(, %,, %& Carriker, Andrew James $$ Baron, Christopher A. 1;0, 1++ Carson, Donald Arthur 10,, 02+ Barrett, Charles Kingsley 11+, 10,, Castellano, Antonio +", (), $1, %2– 1R+, 02+ %9, "$'–"&) Bary, Corien +% Cirafesi, Wally V. R$ Bastit, Agnès 0, )$, +(–+%, ")., "&', Clapp, Raymond G. 1$1 1%%, 1++, 0;2, 02,, $&(, 0%,, 2;%, Clark, Elizabeth A. 19, 22$ 21%, 21+, )$", 20$ Collins, John Joseph 120 Bauckham, Richard $$ Conzelmann, Hans 1$, Bauer, Walter 2%, 10,–0+, 1R+, 299 Cornell, Tim J. %+, %.–%", ,% Baum, Armin Daniel $$ Coulmas, Florian +0–+2, +%–+, Beasley-Murray, George R. 11+, 10,, Cribiore, Rafaella R9–R$, $1 1R+, 01$, 02+, $+$, 0$2 Beatrice, Pier Franco $)&, $)%, 0%+, Daiber, Thomas +, )"'–",, 202–0R Daniélou, Jean &, Behr, John 2, 1+, 0% DeConick, April D. 01 Benjamins, Hendrik Simon 1$, Delling, G. 012 Berger, Klaus &, Denzey Lewis, Nicola 00 Berti, Monica $1 Desjardins, Michel R. 9–R, +–1;, 00, Blanc, Cécile ".–"", %2, %R, +R, ".%– 09–0R, 12R, "&), 0$R, 0,R ).& DeVore, David J. $% Blass, Friedrich +0 Diels, Hermann %–, Blumell, Lincoln H. RR, R% Dillon, John M. R+ Bracht, Katarina $R, &%–&, Dorandi, Tiziano $0 Brakke, David 00–09, 29R Douglass, David 091 Brent, Allen 2 Dübner, Jean-Frédéric 1,R Brisson, Luc R+ Dubois, Jean-Daniel 02–09, ++ !%* Index of Modern Authors

Dunderberg, Ismo VI, +–1;, 00–0R, Hurtado, Larry W )+& $&, 0,, 9;, 90, %9, 11,, ",$, 0;%, 21%–1, Inowlocki, Sabrina "(, %,–%+, ,1, ,9, ,%, ,.–," Eden, Kathy R+ Iordanoglou, Dimitrios $; Edwards, Mark 00 Irvine, Martin R%, %;, %2 Edwards, Robert G. T. R% Ehrman, Bart D. 11+ Janssens, Yvonne )& Ekenberg, Anders, V Jenotte, Lance 00 Engdahl, Hans VI Johnson, Aaron P ,1 Eriksson, LarsOlov 10,, $+) Johnson, William A. R9–RR Jonas, Hans ",–$., (. Faye, Eugène de 1, 2, )(, ""', 1R+, Jonge, M. De 120 002, 02;, 21,, 22; Jorgensen, David W. +–1;, 02, $(– Fazzo, Silivia $2, $R $&, $$., 20$, 22$ Fee, Gordon D. R$ Fewster, Gregory Peter R$ Kaibel, Georg % Finnegan, Ruth H. %+ Kaler, Michael )), ++–+(, 11;–111 Foerster, Werner 9, )(–)&, ".%–).&, Kalvesmaki, Joel 02 )+) Kaster, Robert A. R9 Fuhrmann, Manfred 1% Keefer, Kyle R, +"–+$, 110, 11%, 0$% Kelhoffer, James A. V, R;, $$–$%, Gamble, Harry Y. RR 192–99 Geerlings, Wilhelm &2, $R, $+ Kennedy, George Alexander 1% Georges, Tobias R% King, Karen L. 1+, $", $( Gordon, Richard L. 0;+ Kloppenborg, John S. R$ Goulet, Richard ,% Koester, Helmut )+( Grabe, John Ernest 22 Kocar, Alexander 02, 0R Grant, Robert M. 0R9 Konstan, David VI Gribomont, Aurélie $0 Körtner, Ulrich H. J. $$ Gustafsson, Daniel VI Koschorke, Klaus 0;R, 02;, 0$1

Hadot, Ilsetraut $1–$9 Langerbeck, Hermann +, )', ""., Haenchen, Ernst 0$2 0,+, 0+1, 0+2, 0+$, 0+,, $,, Hall, Stuart George $% Lanham, Richard A. 02% Harnack, Adolph ", Larsen, Matthew D. C. $0, $$ Hartog, Pieter B. R,, $1–$R Layton, Bentley 2, 19, 00, $$–$% Heine, Ronald E. V–VI, 1;–11, &)– Le Boulluec, Alain 11, 21, %2–%9, &+, %;, ,%, ".%–).& 1$,, 09%, 0$9, 0%;, 22$ Helmbold, William C. ,; Lenfant, Dominique 12, ,;, %+–%&, Hiesinger, Ulrich W. 0;+ 1;;, 1$1, 1++, 0;$ Hill, Charles E. 2,, $$, )$) Li, Charles N. +% Hoek, Annewies van den "(, ++, $0, Lieu, Judith 02, )), +%–+,, ("–($, %'–,., "$., $"$, 1;9, )+& Holmes, Michael W. R$ Lincoln, Andrew T. 10,, 02+, $+$–+) Holmstrand, Jonas %+ Linjamaa, Paul 1;, 0R, 0,, 20, 0;% Holzhausen, Jens 101, 102 Loewenich, Walther von 0,, )&, 119, Horst, Pieter W. van der 1;1–0 11%, 12;, 1,+, 1+R, 0;1, )$"–$) Index of Modern Authors !%)

Logan, Alastair H. B. 0, 01 O’Cleirigh, Padraig 19 Löhr, Winrich Alfried 9, 21, )), +%– Öhler, Markus 120 (., ($, $$, )+& O’Leary, Joseph Stephen 09%, 0,, Lüdemann, Gerd 1,, 0$ O’Neil, Edward N. ,; Luijendijk, AnneMarie R% O’Reilly, Bim VI Lundhaug, Hugo 00 Pagels, Elaine H. 0, )), )'–+$, +(, MacDonald, Dennis R. $$ ".%–).% Maier, Emar +0, +%, ,% Parker, Robert C. T. 0;+ Maisonneuve, Christine ,$ Pearson, Birger A. 0, $., 01, 90 Mansfeld, Jaap %, 12, $&, R,, $2–$9, Pelling, Christopher %,, ,;, ,R, ,9, ,% Perkins, Pheme 02–09, 2,, ++, R,, Marcovich, Miroslav 2 202 Marjanen, Antti 1,–0; Persson, Mats $; Markschies, Christoph $., 09, 0%, Perumalil, A. C. $$ $%–)., )), +%–(., ($, $%, 11%–1,, Pettipiece, Timothy James 0, R, ".%– 1%2, )+& ).&, 21, Marrou, Henri-Irénée R9, $;, %0 Pfeiffer, Rudolf 1%, R2, R, Martens, Peter W. V, "', 21, R2, $;, Poffet, Jean-Michel +.–+", %2, %R, %;–%0, %9 1%R, "%%–$&., 21, Massaux, Édouard 192, 1$2, 1%R, Preuschen, Erwin "., 11, ".%–).& 1%+, 0;%, 01+, 002, 099, 09$, $($, 0%;, 0%0, 0%+, 2;%, 209, 20$–0% Rasimus, Tuomas 00, 0+, $, McGurk, Patrick %+ Richard, Marcel $R McHugh, John F. 1$; Richards, Ivor Armstrong 091 McNamee, Kathleen %+ Richter, Gerhard 1$, Meyer, Marvin W. 01 Robinson, James McConkey )+(–+& Mikoda, Toshio 09% Roth, Dieter T. 1;9 Mitscherling, Jeff ,0 Rousseau, Philip )+( Montanari, Franco %+–,; Rudolph, Kurt 1,, $., 09, 0,, +. More, Henry 1+ Runia, David T. ,%, 1;2 Mouson, Jean )&, ")), 12R, 192 Mühlenberg, Ekkehard 2;9 Sabir, Adam VI Mulac, Anthony +% Sagnard, François )&, ),, $'', 292 Sanders, Joseph Neubould 2, Neander, August 29, 1,+, 0%9 Sandnes, Karl Olav VI, R9–RR Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther 1% Schepens, Guido 12, %+ Neuschäfer, Bernhard "', 2R, 9;, +"– Schironi, Francesca R2, R,–$;, $2 +$, (), $;, $9, %;–%0, 119, 12;, 1,1, Schmid, Herbert 1, Newman, Judith H. 1;1–0 Schmid, Ulrich %+ Nicklas, Tobias VI Schnackenburg, Rudolf 0$2 Niehoff, Maren R. ,1 Schnelle, Udo R$–R% Norelli, Enrico 0–2 Schoeps, Hans-Joachim )& Nünlist, René R,–R+, 19$, 19,, 1R1, Scholten, Clemens $$ 1,1 Scott, J. Martin C. 02+ Shanks, Monte A. $$ Öberg, Michael VI Sigismund, Marcus %+ !%# Index of Modern Authors

Simonetti, Manlio 2, )&–)', 90, %9– Turner, Eric G. R,–$;, $0 %R, 1;+, 111, 119, 11$, 101–09, Turner, Nigel +, 090, 0+1 Tyson, Joseph B. 1;9 Sluiter, Ineke $9–$R Smith, Carl B. 01 Urbano, Arthur P. R%, Smith, Geoffrey S. 9, $& Smith, J. Z. 1;1–0 Vegge, Tor R9, $; Spjut, Petter VI Verheyden, Joseph VI Stanley, Christopher D. "(, $0, ,;– Völker, Walther ".%–).&, )+) ,1, %$–%) Starr, Raymond J. RR Walls, A. F. $$ Stefaniw, Blossom 02+ Watson, Francis %2, 21, Stevens, Luke J. +1 Weiß, Alexander R$ Stowers, Stanley K. R% Wessbrandt, Martin VI Strutwolf, Holger 101–00, 0R+, 0%0, Whittaker, John ,;–,1 0%$, 0+,, $,,, 2;1 Wifstrand Schiebe, Marianne VI Studer, Basil $; Williams, David Salter 1;9 Williams, Michael A. 1,–1+, $.–$", Thomassen, Einar 0–2, +–1;, 1,, $)– 00–02, 11%, 0R9 )., )), 9;, 90, +(–+%, 11;, 0$,, 0%;, Winter, Paul +, 0%0, 0%%, 0++, 2;1–0, 21,–1+, )$), Wucherpfennig, Ansgar +, "', )), 20$–0, 2+, +$–+%, (), R,, $1, $2, '&, ".%– Thompson, Sandra A. +% ).&, 21%–1+, 20R–0$, 299 Tite, Philip L. +, 09 Torjesen, Karen Jo 2R, 9;, +", %1 Young, Frances M. "', R+–$;, %;, '$– Townsend, Philippa 2% ') Trumbower, Jeffrey A. %2 Tuckett, Christopher M. 01, +%, 1$1 Zepernick, Kurt 1;;, 1++

Index of Subjects

Index of Subjects ἀπρόσπλοκος, see unmixable allegories )&, +., +'–+%, (,, '$, ,0, βασιλικός, see royal official ")., $$+, $),–+", $(%, $&( γενεαλογικόν, see analysis of see also chariot allegory, meta- people involved phorical interpretation, symbols γλωσσηµατικόν, see word studies analysis of people involved (γενεα- γνώριµος, see acquaintance λογικόν) 1%% δηµιουργός, see Maker analysis of what is reported in the διορθωτικόν, see textual criticism text (ἱστορικόν) +$, (,–&., &%, '$, ἐµφύσηµα, see inbreathing "'', $+"–$+$ ἱστορικόν, see analysis of what is re- ancient literary criticism "., "', +$, ported in the text ++, +', ()–'&, 119, ""%, ")., "+&– κλῆσις "'( "($, "'', "%", 1++, $,,, )". λογικὴν λατρείαν $$$–$), )$(, )))– angels, see also messengers )+, )($ – and spiritual people $(, "."–$, µετρικόν, see critique of style and ".(, "$+ meter – as assistant creators ""'–"%, $(+ πάντα, see everything see also creator – as an inferior πηγή, see well god, Maker πλήρωµα, see Fullness – as harvesters $("–($ πνευµατικοί, see spiritual people – as objects of worship $.,, $"", ))" πρόσωπα τὰ λέγοντα, see speaking – as spiritual worshipers $.(, $.,, characters $"&, $$", $$) σπέρµα, see seed – as supernatural beings "&,, $..– τεχνικόν, see grammatical–rhetori- $.+, $)+, 0R0, $'(–%$, )$+, )(( cal analysis animated people (ψυχικoί) τόποι ")"–)), "&', "'", "')–'+, $(", – and children $,%–,, $%", )(+ – and Galileean geography $&' ὑλικοί, see material people – and heresiologists ,, $+–$( φύσις, see nature – and Paul "",, "$$–$+ χοϊκοί, see eartly people – and previous scholars 0,, ))–+$, ψυχικός, see animated people +(, +', 12R, $)., 022, 0R+, $&", 0$R, 0+,, 2;1, ).,, Abraham ".", ".)–+, "$%, "(', "',, – and the devil $%,, $,& $"., $+(, $+', $&), $%%–,+, )(& – and the many $((–(& accusativus limitationis +; – and the outer darkness $%" acquaintance (γνώριµος) ), ++, ((, – and the second day "%$–%), )"( ".'–"", )"+ – and the temple court "'$, "'+, )"& Alexandria 0, 19, )', +,–(., (), &+, – and “those who bring in the na- $%, %'–%%, "$', )+) tures” )$–)), ))$–)( !%$ Index of Subjects anthypophora ".+, ).% – references to Heracleon "–(, ,, )), ants (( ++–+(, 9$, 1$+, )"", 202, 299 apodioxis $)' – references to Marcion (" Aristarchus’s principle (%–(,, ""%, – references to “Valentinians” ,, 1+, ")) 09, $&, 0,, +,–(., $$, %%–,., 11,, assertions &–%, )".–"" 100, "+), 0R$, 0R+, )"$, )+) – Origen’s use of ,$, ".., ".+–&, ".,, clothes (,, "+"–++, "&), $&%, $%., )$( ""), "$", "+%, "(%, "%), $+&–+', commentaries ", ".–"+, (), ((, &"– $'+, )"$, )"+–"', )$$, ))$, ))%, '., 0+1 )+) – by Heracleon ))–),, +&–($, '), ""+, – Pagels’s use of ),, +(, $",, $&" "$+, 0$9, $%+–%(, )"., )"%–$$, )+$ asyndeton 10+ complementizer (such as ὅτι) ,', attribution formulas (–&, "(–"&, +,, ,,–".., ".&, )"", )") '', %$–%), %&–%', ,.–,$, ,(, ,%, – use of ",(, $+$, $%&, $,'–,%, ).& "."–(, ).,–"" corporeal "&,, "'", ",,–$.. attribution, modes of (–', "(–"&, see also bodies ''–'%, %., %(–%&, ,"–,$, ,(–,%, creator ).,–"" – as a superior god 09, )", R1, '$, Augustine $2, "'" ""'–""%, "+), "'%, $.+, $.', $.,, $%., $,+, )$(, )$%, ))., ))%, )+" banquet ,$, "'.–'", )"), )(. see also everything – creating baptism ), "(–"', )", )+, ,,, 19$, – as an inferior god ,, ",–$., ($, %%, "+,–($, "(,, "&(, "%$, )+, 111, ""%, $"%–",, $$., 009, ).,, Basilides )", )), +,–(., ($, &&–&', %% ))"–)$ bodies ",–$", 20, ,+, "",, "+), 1R%, see also angels – as assistant crea- "&"–&$, "%"–%$, "%+–%&, $$", $&%, tors, Maker $'., $'+, 0,,, )(. – Christ as the true creator $"'–",, booksellers (( )).–)", ))' bread '.–'", 111, "&,, $"", ))" critique of style and meter (µετρι- businesspeople, see merchants κόν) (,, '$, %"

Caesarea R$ darkness ,,, "",, $'', $%", $,&, ).., Cana "&(–&&, "'+, "%&, 0R,, 0$%, $'+, )$)–$+, )(& $%", ))+ death )(, %%, "&%, $"&, $+$, $(., $&%, Capernaum "&(–&,, "%&, $&+, $&' $'., $'$, $%., $%$–%), ).$, )$(, cento $& )((, 22$ chariot allegory $,(, ).( , see Maker children (+, $'., $'( demonic nature ).) – metaphorical 9%, %%, 1;9–R, 1$+, deterministic soteriology $", $', )$, $.(, $++, $%'–).), )$)–$+, ))$–)), )%–),, "%', 02;, $)%, ))(–)& )(& devil )+, )&, 9%, 1;9, "&(, $.+, $.', Clement of Alexandria 29, (', &', $',, $%), $%'–).(, )"), )),, )($, %1, %', ".), $'%, )$), 20,–0+ )(& – and the clothing of John the Bap- diple '%–', tist "+) direct speech %(, ,&–".., 1;0, ".&, – and the Old Testament "+. "".–).&, )"., )") – quotation practices '&–'', %'–,), see also indirect speech ".$ ,".(–&, $""–"+, )"., )$&, ))" – Origen’s use of "$"–).& Index of Subjects !%% ears $,$ grammatical–rhetorical analysis earthly people (χοϊκοί) ,, $(, )$, )+, (τεχνικόν) +$, +&, (,–&., &%, '", )%, "",, "%$–%), ",,–$.., $,+, $,&, %., ")), $.+, $)', $+,, $(,, $'+, $,%, ).,, )"(, ))$–)+ $%(, $,$, ).% see also material people Greco-Roman literary criticism, see education 29, ()–(%, &"–&(, '., '$, ancient literary criticism ,0, $.+ harvest $)%–(+, )"(, )",, ))(, ))% see also students see also reaping, sowing – as a context of Heracleon’s writing health 9%, $&)–&(, $&%, $'(–'& ('–(%, &$, &(, '(–'&, )$"–$$ Hegesippus &' – as a context of Origen’s writing '. heresiology ), &, %–"., "', ",, $)–)., elements (fire, water, earth, air) "%+– )$–)(, +)–($, $$, '., ".,–"$, ""&, %&, $$", )(. "'(, ).,, )"", )"+, )"&–"', )$%, "(–"&, ,), ")"–)), "+.–(", "(,, ))&, )+$–+( )"(, )+, Herod Antipas 0$2, 0$% Elisha ,) Herod the Great "%", "%+ erotema $%( heterodox ,, 1+, ).–)), ")., "+&, "+,, Eusebius of Caesarea 10, 1R, 0,, R$, "&), $.", $.(, $.%–"., $$+, $)", &(–&%, '., '$, '&–'', %", ,%, ,.–,), $&", $'&, $%., ).,, )$'–$,, ))$, 1;1, ".(, )". ))& everything (πάντα) – and John the Baptist ".( – creating ".'–%, """–"(, ""%, $.,, – and paraphrases "$", )"+ $""–") – and presuppositions +., +), ')–'(, – knowing "",, "$$, $.$–+, $"", $$+– ,$, ""., "$+–$(, "&), "'", 1,R, "%', $&, $&', )",, )$&, ))., )(" $%$, )""–"$, )"+–"', )$), ))%–+) ewe "&$ – and the Maker ""' see also lamb, ram, sheep Hippolytus $–), $R–$$, &%–&, explanatory paraphrase, see para- historical meaning )%, +., +', (,, %.– phrase %", %), ,,–".., ")., "&(, "&%–'", eyes $),–+., $+(, $'&, $%., $,$ "%&, $",, $%$, )"" Ezra "%+ hypophora $%( feet ",) illness, see health fields "&&, $"", $)%–),, $+$–+(, $+%, image %,, "$$, "'", "'&, "%+–%(, $"+, ))(, ))% $+", 0R+, $&), $%%, 20+, ))+, )+( flesh ,+, ")&, "((–(', $"'–"%, $$$, inbreathing (ἐµφύσηµα) "%+–%& 02R, $'., )).–)+, ))', )(., )($ incarnation "((, "(', $($, $(,, ))' followers, see students indirect speech "&, (., ,", ,(–".., forests $",–$$., )), 1;0, ".(–&, "".–).&, )"" fragments '–%, "$, )+) see also direct speech Fullness (πλήρωµα) $, $+–$(, $', )&, – Origen’s use of "".–$,% "$'–$%, ")., "'$–'(, ",&, $.., $"+, inner self "&$ $"', ).,, )"& Irenaeus of Lyons see also spiritual realm – as heresiologist %, "%–",, $)–+), +'–(", $0, &%, %9, 1;9, ".,–"", Gnostics +, %, "'–$$, )(–+$, +%–($, ""&–"', "$$, "$(, "+), "&), "'+–'(, '), $($, ).,, )$), )+", )+( 1,R, 0;%, $&', 0,1, $,,, ).,, )"$, see also heterodox )"', )$,, ))'–)%, )++ *&& Index of Subjects

– as literary critic &", &' see also angels – as assistant crea- – reference to Heracleon $–), ,, ++– tors, creator – as an inferior god +(, )"", ))% )", )), +,, ("–($, Isaac ".", "(', "',, $". %%, ".+, ))' Mary ".+ Jacob "."–$, "+', "(', "',, $"., $$+ Mary of Magdala "%$ – well of "%', "%,, ",+, )"&, )+. material people (ὑλικοί) $+–$(, )%, Jerusalem "&&, $)., $&', $,, – in Heaven "'", "'), ))+ see also earthly people – on Earth V, 111, "+(–+&, "')–'+, material world ",–$., $+, )+, )&, "&%, "'", $'., ))+ "",, "&%, "'"–'), "%(–%&, $.", $.%, see also temple – in Jerusalem $",–$., $&(–&&, $'., ).,, )"&, John the Baptist "(–"&, )", )+, )&, +', ))+–)(, ))'–)%, )++ ,), ".", ".(, "$(–)&, "+)–+,, "((– Matthean traditions )), +&–+%, ")), &), 1$+, $$', )"(, )$(, )$, "+$–+), "+,, "(,, "&), "&%–&,, judgment )+, "+', ).(–%, )$(, )$,, $+)–++, $("–($, $(%, $&", $&(–&%, ))%, )(' $',–%$, )""–"$, )$$–$', )+" Melito of Sardis &', 1%1 kingdom )&, (+, """, "&&, "'", $)", Mēn (lunar divinity) $""–"), ))" $++, $(%, $&+, $&&, $'', $%", )$+, merchants (+, "&(, "'", "'(–%", )(. )(( mere assertions, see assertions messengers $(., $($, $(+, $'&, ))(, lamb "&.–"&$, "&,–"'", )"), )(. )(+ see also ewe, ram, sheep see also angels lawlessness '", $,&, ).., )$)–$+, )(& metaphorical interpretation )+–)(, lemmata &$–&), &% )%, (,, '$, "(%, "&%, "'', $$(, $'&, – Heracleon’s use of $)+, $%+, $," )"", )$" see also paraphrases – Heracleon’s see also allegories, children – met- use of aphorical, symbols – Origen’s use of ""–"+, ,$, "&(, 00,, modes of attribution, see attribution, 029, $&) modes of letters ((, (', %%, )$$–$', )+" Moses )+, ,%, "$%, ")., ")), ")&, "+., Levites "++–+&, 1$+, )$(–$&, )+, "&,, $$+–(, $+', ).(–%, )$,, ))%, libraries 1;, "", ((, ,. )(' literary communities ()–(' mountains $."–+, $.', $"", )$,, )($ literary criticism, see ancient literary criticism narrator "$'–$,, $'. Logos, see Word nature (φύσις) 9, $+–$(, 0,, )+–+%, Lukan traditions )), +'–+%, (", "+&– '+, %%, ".+, "",, "$$, "$(, 12R, "+&, +', "&$, "&%–'", $$", $&(–&%, $'(, 1R0, "'', "%), "%&, ","–,(, $.$–), $',, )$$–$' $.'–%, $",, $$"–$+, $)., $)%, 090, $+(–+', $((–(&, $&", $'.–%$, $%%, Maker (δηµιουργός) $+–$', )", )+, $,"–).(, ).,, )"(–"&, )))–),, )($, )&, 2,, +(, %,, ""+–"%, ")., "('–(,, )(&–(' "'%, 1,+, $.+, $.%–,, $"+, $"', $",, see also “Those who bring in the $&+–&', $')–%", ).&–,, )"(–"', natures” )$%–)), ))&, ))%, )+", )($ noise ")&–+. Index of Subjects *&' non-interpretive rephrasings, see psychic people, see animated people summaries Ptolemy $, $&–$,, 2,, +., (., &", $,

Old Testament quotations +–"', )), &$–&), &%, ''– – rejection of ,, ",, )", )(, (., '+, %', )+$–+) "$', ")&–+., "+'–+%, "%'–,", ).,, – assumptions regarding )&, ),–+&, )"(–"', ))%–+. (.–(", ).,–"$ – use of "'.–'", $',–%., )$$–$', )+. – Clement’s use of %'–,. oratio obliqua, see indirect speech – Eusebius’s use of ,.–,$ oratio recta, see direct speech – Heracleon’s use of )$$–$' orthodoxy 109, ))&–)%, )++–+( – Origen’s use of ,$–).%, )"$–"(, ))$, ))+, )+)–++, )+,–(' Pantaneus &'–&%, %% – Tertullian’s use of R0 Papias of Hierapolis &(–&& paraphrases &–%, (", &., $1–$9, '%– ram "&"–&$, )(. %., %+, %&, %,, ,", ,', )".–"$, )+) see also ewe, lamb, sheep – Heracleon’s use of ""+, "(&–(', reaping $)%, $++, $+%–(+, 219, ))(, ",,, $.', $"", $$+, $$', $'&, $%(, )()–(+ $%,–,", )+" see also harvest, sowing – Origen’s use of "&–"', 2+, ++, '", reincarnation 21 "..–".+, ".&, ".,–).+, )"+, )"&, retrospectively orthodox 22$ ))$–)+ Rhodon &' – Pagels’s use of "'$, "%$, $%, Rome $, 1;, +,, ((, $0 Passover "&(, "&,–'", "%&, $), royal official (βασιλικός) V, )+, +., Pauline traditions $', 20, "",, "$$– +$, +(, 9%, "&,, $&)–%", 2;0, )"&, $(, "+., $.+, $.', $$), $+), $'., )$+, )$,, )(( $'$, $%., ).'–%, )""–"$, )$$–$', ))., )))–)+, )+.–+" sacrifices 1+, "&.–&", "&,–'., "'(–'', Philo +,, %$, %%, ".), ")'–+. 1%+, $.,, $"", $$), )"), )).–)", philology, see ancient literary criti- )(. cism see also worship Photius 2, ,, )), 9$, )"", 299 salvation ""$, "+., "&%, $.+, $+(, pneumatics, see spiritual people $+%–+,, $&%, $'$, $'(, $%$, ))$, Prayer of Joseph "." ))(–)', )+. Preaching of Peter $""–"+ – being from the Jews $.%–"&, )($ priests 120, "++–+&, "+,, "&., "'$, – exclusion from )$, )+ "'(, 1%%, 202, )$( – of angels $''–',, $%$ prokatalēpsis ".+–(, $%' – outside of the Fullness "'$–'+ prophecy – predestination to )%, "$+ – and John the Baptist "(–"', ").– Samaritan woman )+, )&, ),–+., +(, ($, "(%–&), )"(, )$(, )+,, )(" 9%, '+, "%'–$.,, $$$–$', $)., $))– – and the Maker %,, 20+ )%, $+), )"&, )"%–",, ))), )),, )(" – from Jesus ".+, $."–+, $.%, )",, Samaritans )+, $.'–%, $"", $"&–"', )(" $$+–)+, 02+, $+$–+), $(., $(+–&", – Jewish )", ,)–,+, ,,, ""$–"+, ""%, )"& 10%, ").–($, "%., $$+–$(, 092, see also worship – Samaritan $+(–+%, $(+, $'', $',, )"(, )$%, sandal '+, "($, "((–(%, )(. ))$, ))(, schools, see education, students *&( Index of Subjects

Sebaste $., summaries &–%, $&, (", $1, '%, %., Second Temple Judaism see worship %+–%&, %,–,", )".–"" – Jewish – Origen’s use of "&–"', ,(–".., seed (σπέρµα) $+, 100–02, "%+, "%&, ".+–&, ".,–).', )"$–"', ))$, ))+, $+., $++, $'', $',, )$+ )+) Selēnē (lunar divinity) $""–"), ))" Sychar $$&–$%, $)", 02+, $(+–(& servants ""%, ")%–),, "(), $.%, $&), symbols )+, )%, +., +$, '+, ")(–)&, $&'–&%, $'(–'&, $'%, $%$, ).(–%, "++, "(&–(', "&., "&), "&%–'%, "%$, )(' "%&–%,, $.", $.(, $$+, $$%, $)., see also slaves $+(, $+%–+,, 0R0, $&)–'(, $',, Sethians $$, )+( $%"–%$, $,&, )"), )"&, )$%–$,, )+., sheep "&.–"&", "'", "'(, "%', "%,, )(. $",–$", )), see also allegories, metaphorical see also ewe, lamb, ram interpretation slaves ((, ,(, $&%, $,), ).", )$" Symmachus &' see also servants Synoptic centurion $&), $&(–&', $'(, Solomon $%, "%+ $%" soteriological determinism, see de- Synoptic traditions ), 9;, +", "+&, terministic soteriology "&(, 1$+, "'", "%", $'., $',, )"%, souls $., 09, $(, 21, ),, +(, '", %R, 209, )$(, )$', )+. ".", "",, "+", "+), "'"–'+, "%&, 002, $$%, $)., 02,, $+.–+(, 09%, temple $(., $($, $&%, $'., $%.–%", 0,,, – in Jerusalem "&(, "'"–',, "%"–%$, $,(–,&, )$(, ))+–)(, 29;, )()–(+ "%+, "%&, $.", $.+–', $"", $%), )"&, sounds ")(–+. )"%, )$,, ))+ sowing $(, "",, "$$–$), $),–++, $+,– – in Sebaste $., (+, ))(, )+,, )()–(+ tenor (of a metaphor) $+"–+(, $(" see also harvest, reaping Tertullian $, ,, 1+, +,, ("–($, 1;9, speaking characters (πρόσωπα τὰ 1;+, )"", ))', 299 λέγοντα) ")., "%" textual criticism (διορθωτικόν) +$, Sperrung, see wide letter spacing (,, &% spiritual assembly $((–(& Theodoretus 2, ,, )"", 299 spiritual people (πνευµατικοί) ,, “Those who bring in the natures” ,, $., $+–$%, )$, )+–+$, +(, +', "",– ).–)$, +), ""., "$+–$(, "+), "&), "$(, 12R, "+), "&(, "'$–'(, "%$, "'+, "%), "%', $.", $"', $$", 022, "%(, ",$, 1+R, ",'–,%, $.", $.+, $&", $%$, $%', ).,, )"$, )"', ))$– $.', 01$, $",, $$"–$$+, $$%, $)., ),, )++ 022, 02R, 090, 0R$, $&", $&', 0%0, $%., $%,, 0+1, $,+, $,,, ).,, )"&, unmixable (ἀπρόσπλοκος) "%+–%(, )).–)(, )),, )($ )(. spiritual realm $+, $', )&, "&%, $'., ))+ Valentinians $$–)., $&', )$,, )++–+( see also Fullness – Heracleon’s relation to $–+, %–,, students )+–)', +.–(., '), ".&, "".–""$, – of Heracleon $,, )$, +$, ('–(%, $"+, ""&, "$(, "+), $&', $,,, ).,–"$, $"', $%'–%,, $,", $,+, )"+, )$"–$$, )$$, )$,, )+", )++ ))$ Valentinus $–), "%–",, $$–)), +%–($, – of Valentinus $$–$), $'–$,, )$, ))$ R+, 20,–0+ Index of Subjects *&!

– Heracleon’s relation to $–), )(, wide letter spacing ".%, ""), "(, ++–+(, &", ".'–""", ")', )"+, )"&, wine "'+ ))$, ))%, )+"–++ Word (λόγος) ), )&, +), ".'–%, """– – works of $+, %'–,., 11,, 0R+ $(, ")), 12R, "((, "(', "&%–&,, "%&, vehicle (of a metaphor) $+"–+(, $(", $.%, $")–"(, $+'–+%, 0+2, )"&, ))., )+' ))$, ))', )+", )($, verb of speaking, see verbum didendi word studies (γλωσσηµατικόν) +$, verbatim quotation, see quotation (%, &%, '., 112, ""', "'', 0$$, ))$– verbum dicendi ',, %(–%', ,+–,&, "..– )) ".", ".), ".&, ".,–).&, )".–"" worship '. voices $R, 10+, "))–+", "+,, $++ see also sacrifices – Gentile ".$–), $.+–"+, )$&, )$,–)", water )($ – natural ,%, ")(, "($, "'+, "&%, "%,, – in Spirit and truth $"+–",, $$"–$+, ",", $$", $$'–$%, $($, )(+ )$(, )).–)+, )($ – symbolic "%', "%,, ",", ",)–,&, ",,, – Jewish "'&, "',, "%&, $.+–"+, $",– $$%–)., )(", )() $", )$&, )$,–)" wedding "&(, "'., $(&, $(%, )"), ))+, – Samaritan ",(, $."–"+, 02+, )(" )(., )(( see also Samaritans well (πηγή) "%'–,(, $.$, $$%, $)", $)+, )"&, )),–+., )(" zeal "%.–%" whip "&(, "'&–',, )"% Zechariah ")", ")), "+&