DOCSLIB.ORG

Studentthesisjane Mccarthy 20

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studentthesisjane Mccarthy 20 This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Speech and silence freedom of speech and processes of censorship in early imperial Rome McCarthy, Jane Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: Speech and silence freedom of speech and processes of censorship in early imperial Rome Author: Jane McCarthy The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Speech and silence: freedom of speech and processes of censorship in early imperial Rome Jane Isobel McCarthy Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Classics, King’s College, London. 31 January 2013 1 Abstract This thesis is concerned with freedom of speech in early imperial Rome. The creation of the principate meant that the emperor held absolute power based on military force, but there is no comprehensive survey of how this affected freedom of speech. This study therefore examines relevant primary sources, approaching the question through three areas – controls imposed by the emperor through law and force majeure, self-censorship and peer pressure among the elite, and popular political protest. Most of the evidence presented is literary, reflecting the interests and concerns of the elite authors and their intended audience, though where relevant reference is made to inscriptions, graffiti and dipinti. The thesis considers the hierarchical, status-conscious nature of Roman society, arguing that concern for social standing affects all communication. Although there are incidents of control imposed by the emperor or his representatives, peer-to-peer pressure has a greater impact upon freedom of speech. Communication is affected by the status of the speaker, the audience and the occasion. The distinctions between “public” and “private” speech differed significantly from modern conceptions. This means that protocols arose for dealing with potentially offensive subjects – insult, criticism and obscenity – so that offence was minimised and social relations could continue harmoniously. This argument is developed by an exploration of political communication between senate and emperor, especially the importance of the differing relationships between the emperor and individual senators. The study concludes by exploring informal and popular protest at Rome, through gossip, demonstrations at ludi and munera, and through graffiti and pamphleteering. Even here, concerns for status and personal relationships with the emperor explain the forms protests take. This study aims to extend existing work and re-examine assumptions commonly made about freedom of speech, or its lack, in early imperial Rome. 2 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………5 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 1: The legal basis for action against slander and libel .................................... 20 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 20 1.2 Gaius’ Institutes ..................................................................................... 22 1.3 Ulpian ..................................................................................................... 24 1.4 Lex Cornelia de iniuriis ......................................................................... 29 1.5 The Twelve Tables ................................................................................. 35 1.6 Maiestas and perduellio ......................................................................... 43 1.7 The imperial sources .............................................................................. 54 1.8 Penalties ................................................................................................. 57 1.9 Burning and banning books ................................................................... 63 1.10 Conclusion............................................................................................ 70 2: Social conventions and status anxiety among the Roman elite: obscenity, humour and licensed insult ............................................................................... 73 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 73 2.2 Libertas and licentia ............................................................................... 77 2.3 Overview: the Roman elite and systems of patronage ........................... 82 3 2.4 Obscenity................................................................................................ 90 2.4.1 Conflicting evidence and attitudes ...................................................... 90 2.4.2 Festival and permitted licence ............................................................. 93 2.5 Humour and ridicule ............................................................................ 104 2.5.1 Ridicule, invective and appropriate speech in oratory ...................... 108 2.5.2 Ridicule, invective and appropriate speech in satire ......................... 113 2.5.3 Named targets in Roman satire ......................................................... 123 2.6 Conclusion............................................................................................ 128 3: Social conventions and status anxiety among the Roman elite: communication and strategies for avoiding offence ...................................... 131 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 131 3.2 Insults ................................................................................................... 133 3.3 Insults and social status ........................................................................ 138 3.4 Status, criticism and reproof ................................................................ 142 3.5 Imperial status and insult ..................................................................... 150 3.6 Private and public communication ....................................................... 159 3.7 Conclusion............................................................................................ 172 4. Politics and freedom of speech: emperor and senate ................................ 175 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 175 4.2 Debates in the senate ............................................................................ 178 4 4.3 Praise, imperial honours and freedom of speech ................................. 186 4.4 Protest, criticism and imperial response............................................... 198 4.5 Maiestas trials in the senate ................................................................. 215 4.6 Conclusion............................................................................................ 222 5: Popular protest and freedom of speech ....................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Page 1 393 a U T O R E F E R a T Y
    MONIKA ANNA KUBIACZYK, THE IDEA OF THE GOLDEN AGE AND LUDI SAECULARES IN ANCIENT ROME A U T O R E F E R A T Y R O Z P R A W D O K T O R S K I C H STUDIA EUROPAEA GNESNENSIA 13/2016 ISSN 2082-5951 DOI 10.14746/seg.2016.13.24 Monika Anna Kubiaczyk (Gniezno) THE IDEA OF THE GOLDEN AGE AND LUDI SAECULARES IN ANCIENT ROME1 My dissertation encompasses selected aspects in the history of Roman re- ligion. The subject is divided into two parts, each of which could constitute an autonomous study of a particular issue. I deliberately employ the notion of “idea of the golden age” as opposed to myth, literary motif or allegory, because it is the former that interacts with the subject’s second component. The concept in question is not a Platonic insubstantial being; I perceive the idea of the golden age as a view or thought which became incarnated into the 1 Authorial appraisal of the doctoral dissertation written under supervision of Professor Leszek Mrozewicz, defended at the Faculty of History, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, on December 17th, 2015. 393 STUDIA EUROPAEA GNESNENSIA 13/2016 · AUTOREFERATY ROZPRAW DOKTORSKICH universally understood, albeit variant shape of the myth2. In itself, the idea was subject to numerous fluctuations, which in turn depended on the context of the reign of the ruler who organized ludi saeculares. It was used in such sense as well in the political and religious context. As regards the approach to the second part of the subject formulated as above, I considered Polish translations of the term ludi saeculares, such as święta stulecia (centennial holiday), igrzyska sekularne (secular games), igrzyska wiekowe (century games), święta wiekowe (century holiday), though none of those fully convey the richness of the Latin original.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014) ADVANCED)DIVISION) ) Page)1) ROUND)I
    MASSACHUSETTS)CERTAMEN),)2014) ADVANCED)DIVISION) ) Page)1) ROUND)I 1:! TU:!!! What!pair!of!Babylonian!lovers!planned!to!meet!at!the!tomb!of!Ninus,!but!were!thwarted!by!a!lioness?) PYRAMUS)AND)THISBE! B1:!!! What!did!Pyramus!do!when!he!found!Thisbe’s!bloody!veil!and!thought!she!was!dead?! ! ! ! ! KILLED)HIMSELF! B2:!!! What!plant!forever!changed!color!when!it!was!splattered!with!Pyramus’!and!Thisbe’s!blood?! ! ! ! ! MULBERRY) ) ) 2:! TU:! For!the!verb!fallō,)give!the!3rd!person!singular,!perfect,!active!subjunctive.! ) FEFELLERIT! B1:! Give!the!corresponding!form!of!disco.! ) DIDICERIT! B2:! Give!the!corresponding!form!of!fio.! ) FACTUS)(A,UM))SIT) ) ) 3:! TU:! Who!was!the!victorious!general!at!the!battle!of!Pydna!in!168!BC?! ) AEMELIUS)PAULUS! B1:! Who!was!the!son!of!Aemelius!Paulus!that!sacked!Corinth!in!146!BC?! ! ! ! ! SCIPIO)AEMELIANUS) ! B2:! Scipio!Aemelianus!was!adopted!by!which!flamen-dialis,-thus!making!him!part!of!a!more!aristocratic!family?! ) (PUBLIUS)CORNELIUS))SCIPIO)AFRICANUS) ) ) 4:! TU:!! According!to!its!derivation,!an!irascible!person!is!easy!to!put!into!what!kind!of!mood?! ) ANGER/ANGRY! B1:!! Give!the!Latin!verb!and!its!meaning!from!which!the!English!word!“sample”!is!derived.) EMŌ)–)TO)BUY! B2:!! Give!the!Latin!noun!and!its!meaning!from!which!the!English!word!“rush”!is!derived.! ) CAUSA)–)REASON,)CAUSE) ) [SCORE)CHECK]) ) 5:! TU:!!! What!Paduan!prose!author!of!the!Augustan!age!wrote!a!history!of!Rome!in!142!books?) TITUS)LIVIUS/LIVY! B1:!!! What!was!the!Latin!title!of!Livy’s!history?! ) AB)URBE)CONDITA! B2:!!! Which!of!the!following!topics!is!not!covered!in!one!of!the!35!extant!books!of!Ab-Urbe-Condita:!!!
    [Show full text]
  • Nov 0 1 2005
    L E C T U R E S O N T H E HIS T O R Y O F R O MA N R ELIG ION FR OM NUMA T O A UGUSTUS WILLIAM REGINALD HALLIDAY i B A . B .L tt . , Ra tbbone Profemof of A ncient Hiftory i n tbe Universi ty of Li verpo ol LI VERPOOL UN ER Y RE S ER IV SIT P S OF LIV POOL LTD . LONDON H ER AND ODD STOUGHTON LTD . MCMXXII Made and Printed m Grea t B n tam rm treet i er l a nd a t nd n and Pres t m uuc Co LTD . Victo , p , C . T , 5 3 , S L v oo Lo o co WILLIAM FOWLER Q I 3 I Q Q I a t 86 wo va w a 7 80 ve a w 0 n a r ro { 7 9 , y w ’ ‘ ’ ’ ' A 1 e a k do rm /cw)? l8 ; 9 0 6 x vri xeip Ba ei . PREFACE . T m s little book does not aim at maki ng any original contribution to knowledge . It has been no tes o f t ures written out from the a course l , ‘ - which were actually delivered as pub .ic lectures o ur o f in Institute Archaeology, but were primarily designed for students in the first o r second year of study in the Honours School o f Classics in Liverpool University . Their aim was to sum marise very briefly the character and the historical development of Roman reli gion up to the death of Augustus .
    [Show full text]
  • THE SECULAR GAMES of 17 BC 1. Celebrations Thus Far, I Have
    146 chapter two Among the many attempts by the authorities to restrict speci c divine concepts, none was more notorious and ultimately unsuccessful than the attacks launched against the Christians. Here the authorities ran CHAPTER THREE into two dif culties. On the one hand, it was not at all easy for them to establish with certainty the adherence of a suspect to the Christian A TEST CASE: THE SECULAR GAMES OF 17 B.C. faith, because the only bond that tied one Christian to another was joint prayer in conjunction with the temporal focus of Easter, and neither 1. Celebrations of these two elements was easy to prove. In fact, unless a Christian confessed to his faith, his or her adherence to the Christian god could Thus far, I have tried to trace the constituent concepts of the concepts be demonstrated only ex negativo: ideally, a Christian was someone who of Roman ‘gods’, exploiting Roman history as a quarry (so to speak) in would not sacri ce to the emperor and the traditional gods even under 186 order to corroborate my argument. No doubt, many historians will feel the threat of death. But this criterion was weak and insuf cient, that this use of history is arbitrary and that the constituent concepts as soon as a defendant actually ignored the Christian dogma of the I have argued for were applicable only because I had chosen such an incompatibility of the simultaneous worship of God and pagan gods. ahistorical and apparently selective approach. In order to counter this The second problem Roman authorities encountered was the fact objection, I now intend to reverse my procedure.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Bibliography
    Selected Bibliography General Works The Cambridge Ancient History, Vols. X-XII and Vol. V of Plates. Cambridge, I934-39 The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, Cambridge, I924 JONES, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire, 284-602, 3 vols. Norman, I964 JONES, H. s. The Roman Empire, 29 B.C.-A.D. 476, 3d impres­ sion. London, I 9 I 6 LOT, F. The End of the Ancient World and the Beginnings of the Middle Ages. New York, I93 I NILSSON, M.P. Imperial Rome. London, I926 PARKER, H. M.D. A History of the Roman World from A.D. 138 to 337, 2d ed. London, I958 ROSTOVTZEFF, M., and BICKERMAN, E. A History of the Ancient World. New York, I96I ROSTOVTZEFF, M. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2d ed. by P.M. Fraser, 2 vols. Oxford, I956 SALMON, E. T. A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138, 3d ed. London, I957 Special Periods and Reigns JONES, A. H. M. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, rev. ed. New York, I962 HAMMOND, M. The Antonine Monarchy. Rome, I959 HENDERSON, B. w. Civil War and Rebellion in the Roman Empire, A.D. 69-70. London, I9o8 ---Five Roman Emperors; V espasian, Titus, Domitian, N erva, Trajan, A.D. 69-117. Cambridge, I927 -- The Life and Principate of the Emperor Hadrian, A.D. 76-138.London, I923 HOLMES, T. R. The Architect of the Roman Empire, 2 vols. Ox­ ford, I928-3I SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 347 MARSH, F. B. The Founding of the Roman Empire, 2d ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Roman Munificence: the Development of the Practice and Law of Charity
    Texas A&M University School of Law Texas A&M Law Scholarship Faculty Scholarship 3-2004 Ancient Roman Munificence: The Development of the Practice and Law of Charity William H. Byrnes IV Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation William H. Byrnes IV, Ancient Roman Munificence: The Development of the Practice and Law of Charity, 57 Rutgers L. Rev. 1043 (2004). Available at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/421 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Texas A&M Law Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Texas A&M Law Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANCIENT ROMAN MUNIFICENCE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRACTICE AND LAW OF CHARITY William H. Byrnes, IV* INTRODUCTION This article traces Roman charity from its incipient meager beginnings during Rome's infancy to the mature legal formula it assumed after intersecting with the Roman emperors and Christianity. During this evolution, charity went from being a haphazard and often accidental private event to a broad undertaking of public, religious, and legal commitment. To mention the obvious, Rome was the greatest and most influential empire in the ancient world. It lasted more than a thousand years, traditionally beginning in 753 B.C. as a kingdom under Romulus.' In 509 B.C. it became a republic with permanent tyranny beginning in 31 B.C. under direction of the immortal Julius Caesar.2 The exact date of the end of * Professor and Director, Walter H.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire
    Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire by Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto © Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning 2016 Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This dissertation provides the first comprehensive analysis of the Roman Ludi Saeculares, or “Saecular Games”, from their mythic founding in the sixth century bce until their final celebration in 248 ce. The Ludi Saeculares were a series of religious celebrations held at Rome every saeculum (“age”, “generation”), an interval of 100 or 110 years. The argument contains two major threads: an analysis of the origins and development of the Ludi Saeculares themselves, and the use of the term saeculum in imperial rhetoric in literary, epigraphic, and numismatic sources from early Republic to the fifth century ce. First, an investigation into Republican sacrifices that constitute part of the lineage of the Ludi Saeculares reveals that these rites were in origin called “Ludi Tarentini”, and were a Valerian gentilician cult that came under civic supervision in 249 bce. Next, it is shown that in his Saecular Games of 17 bce, Augustus appropriated the central rites of the Valerian cult, transforming them into “Ludi Saeculares” through a new association with the concept of the saeculum, and thereby asserting his role as restorer of the Republic and founder of a new age. The argument then turns to the development of saeculum rhetoric throughout the imperial period, intertwined with the history of the Ludi Saeculares.
    [Show full text]
  • Romans in Rome: a Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith
    Durham E-Theses Reading Romans in Rome: A Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith HOLDSWORTH, BENJAMIN,EVANS How to cite: HOLDSWORTH, BENJAMIN,EVANS (2009) Reading Romans in Rome: A Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/214/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Reading Romans in Rome: A Reception of Romans in the Roman Context of Ethnicity and Faith Thesis Submission for a Doctor of Philosophy To the University of Durham Durham, United Kingdom By Benjamin Evans Holdsworth, Jr. July 2009 Declaration I hereby declare that the work included in this thesis is original. No part of this thesis has been submitted for a degree elsewhere in the United Kingdom, or in any other country or university.
    [Show full text]
  • Anna Trostnikova. the Experience of Spectators at the Festivals In
    The experience of spectators at the festivals in early imperial Ancient Rome. A case study of multisensory approach to spectatorship at the festival of the Saecular Games in 17 BC Anna Trostnikova Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Drama and Theatre Royal Holloway University of London Declaration of Authorship 3 I, Anna Trostnikova, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: 13 November 2018 Acknowledgements 5 I would like to thank the department of Drama, Theatre and Dance at the Royal Holloway, University of London and Crossland Research scholar- ship for providing space, funds and administrative support for this research. I am grateful to my attentive and supportive supervisors Professor Richard Alston and Professor David Wiles for their thorough guidance that greatly im- proved this thesis and helped forge a robust theoretical framework for it. I thank my examiners Professor Richard Beacham and Dr Benet Salway for their corrections and suggestions. I thank Sensory Studies in Antiquity net- work, especially Dr Eleanor Betts, Dr Emma-Jayne Graham, Dr Helen Slaney, and Dr Jeff Veitch for providing a common ground for testing ideas, which shaped this thesis, at the conferences and workshops, and for fruitful dis- cussions during these conferences. I thank Dr Christine Plastow for proof- reading this work. I thank Professor Dmitry Trubotchkin, Professor Nina Bra- ginskaya and Professor Alexander Kuznetsov for instilling interest in Roman spectacles into me during my undergraduate and postgraduate taught stud- ies in Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cumaean Sibyl: Controlling Her Voice at Rome from Tarquin to Constantine
    Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2019 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2019 The Cumaean Sibyl: Controlling Her Voice at Rome from Tarquin to Constantine Suzanne Motte Peronneau Jackson Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2019 Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Jackson, Suzanne Motte Peronneau, "The Cumaean Sibyl: Controlling Her Voice at Rome from Tarquin to Constantine" (2019). Senior Projects Spring 2019. 192. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2019/192 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Cumaean Sibyl: Controlling Her Voice at Rome from Tarquin to Constantine Senior Project submitted to The Division of Languages and Literature of Bard College by Suzanne Jackson Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2019 I will go as far as having to suffer transformation, and I will be viewed as non-existent, but still known as a voice: the fates will bequeath me a voice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Old Age of the World
    4 The Old Age of the World A Millennium of Empire On the 21st of April in AD 248, the city of Rome celebrated its 1000th birth- day. For three days and three nights, the haze of burnt oferings and the sound of sacred hymns filled the streets. A veritable zoo, of the most extrava- gant creatures from around the world, was ofered to the people, and massa- cred: thirty- two elephants, ten elk, ten tigers, sixty lions, thirty leopards, six hippopotami, ten girafes, one rhinoceros (hard to come by, but incompara- bly fascinating), and countless other wild beasts, not to mention a thousand pairs of gladiators. These ludi saeculares, the traditional “century games” that Rome held to mark centennial anniversaries, summoned forth a host of archaic memories, “skilfully adapted to inspire the superstitious mind with deep and solemn reverence,” in the words of Gibbon. The celebration still carried shadowy associations with the underworld and the diversion of pes- tilence. Despite the deliberate primitivism of the rites, the ludi saeculares could be credited, like so much else, as a creative rediscovery of the imperial founder, Augustus. The ludi saeculares were in every sense an imperial afair, a stage- crafed display of the awesome power that Rome enjoyed, uninter- rupted for centuries on end. Little did contemporaries know they were wit- nessing a sort of valediction, the last secular games Rome would ever see.1 It is easy, at our distance, to imagine that there was some measure of denial in such an exuberant celebration of the Roman millennium— that the inhabitants of Rome were enjoying the ancient equivalent of cocktails on the deck of the Titanic.
    [Show full text]
  • Gallienus and the Crisis of the Third Century Senior Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the School of Arts A
    An Empire Divided: Gallienus and the Crisis of the Third Century Senior Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Undergraduate Program in Classical Studies Professor Cheryl Walker, Advisor In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts By William Lu Spring 2019 Copyright by William Lu Figure 1 - Bust of Gallienus "Bust of Roman Emperor Gallienus." Cinquantenaire Museum. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Bruxelles. Acknowledgements I would like to extend my thanks to the Brandeis Classical Studies Department for having provided me with excellent support through the duration of my undergraduate career and aiding me in my intellectual development. In particular, I would like to thank Professor Cheryl Walker for not only providing outstanding aid as my advisor for this thesis, but also for the many exceptional classes I took with her and our great many hours of enlightening conversation. I would also like to thank Professor William Kapelle from the History Department for agreeing to be my second reader as well as Professor Caitlin Gillespie for taking the time to come on board as an additional reader. Lastly, I would like to extend my thanks to my parents for their continual support of my education and passion. Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Problems of Scholarship ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]