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Contractual Arrangements in Turkey's Coal Mines : Forms, Extents, Drivers, Legal Drivers and Impact on OSH / International Labour Organization, ILO Office for Turkey

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Contractual Arrangements in Turkey's Coal Mines : Forms, Extents, Drivers, Legal Drivers and Impact on OSH / International Labour Organization, ILO Office for Turkey Copyright © International Labour Organization 2016 First published 2016 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Contractual arrangements in Turkey's coal mines : forms, extents, drivers, legal drivers and impact on OSH / International Labour Organization, ILO Office for Turkey. - Ankara: ILO, 2016 ISBN: 9789221309307; 9789221309314 (web pdf) International Labour Organization, ILO Office for Turkey coal mining / coal miner / underground work / occupational safety / occupational health / occupational accident / labour contract / legal aspect / economic implication / code of practice / national level / Turkey 08.13 Also available in (Turkish): (Türkiye Kömür Madenciliği Sektöründe Sözleşmesel Düzenlemeler - Gerçekleşme Biçimleri, Boyutları, Nedenleri, Yasal Nedenleri ve İSG Üzerindeki Etkisi) (9789228309300 (print) 9789228309317 (web pdf) Ankara, (2016) ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and digital products can be obtained through major booksellers and digital distribution platforms, or ordered directly from [email protected]. For more information, visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns or contact [email protected]. Printed in Turkey 2 Contents 1. PREAMBLE .............................................................................................................. 9 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................... 10 3. TURKEY’S OSH RECORD IN COAL MINING ................................................ 14 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.1 Accident and fatality rates ........................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 Fatality rates are high .......................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2 Turkey is a frontrunner in terms of fatalities ........................................................................ 15 3.1.3 Fatality rates are volatile ..................................................................................................... 16 3.1.4 Fatality rates are not decreasing ......................................................................................... 16 3.1.5 Major accidents occur in privately owned mines ................................................................. 16 3.1.6 Turkey’s energy problem and coal ....................................................................................... 17 3.2 How can we explain these accident and fatality rates? ............................................ 19 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................ 19 4. NATIONAL IMPORTANCE OF COAL MINING ............................................. 21 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 21 4.1 Turkish Coal Resources ............................................................................................... 21 4.1.1 Brief History ......................................................................................................................... 21 4.1.2 What types of coal are mined? How? ................................................................................... 21 4.1.3 Reserves and capacity .......................................................................................................... 22 4.2 Exploitation of national coal reserves ......................................................................... 24 4.2.1 Ownership structure ............................................................................................................. 24 4.2.2 Exploitation rights ................................................................................................................ 25 4.3 Coal production in Turkey .......................................................................................... 25 4.3.1 Hard coal production ........................................................................................................... 26 4.3.2 Lignite production ................................................................................................................ 27 4.4 Coal consumption in Turkey ....................................................................................... 29 4.4.1 Hard coal consumption ........................................................................................................ 29 4.4.2 Uses of hard coal and lignite................................................................................................ 30 4.4.3 Turkey’s current account, trade and energy deficits ............................................................ 32 4.4.4 Coal Imports and Exports .................................................................................................... 35 4.4.5 Coal’s place in Turkey’s energy sector ................................................................................ 36 4.4.6 Future outlook ...................................................................................................................... 39 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................ 42 3 5. EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE AND CONDITIONS ....................................... 43 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 43 5.1 Household labour force surveys .................................................................................. 43 5.2 Employment and labour market structure ................................................................ 43 5.3 Earnings ......................................................................................................................... 46 5.4 Hours worked ................................................................................................................ 47 5.5 Prevalence of informal employment structures ......................................................... 49 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................ 54 6. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR MINING ................................................. 56 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 56 6.1 Overview of the normative structure .......................................................................... 56 6.2 The legislative framework for mining ........................................................................ 57 6.2.1 General context and competent authority ............................................................................ 57 6.2.2 License procedures ............................................................................................................... 58 6.2.3 Transfers of licenses ............................................................................................................. 61 6.2.4 The actual use of rödövans contracts .................................................................................. 63 6.2.5. Recent amendments in the mining laws and regulations ..................................................... 65 6.3 The national OSH Framework .................................................................................... 67 6.3.1 General overview ................................................................................................................. 67 6.3.2 OSH obligations, rights and duties in mining ...................................................................... 68 6.3.3 Workers’ rights .................................................................................................................... 73 6.3.4
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