SPRING 2008

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

The Watson Institute’s grounding as a for lives and careers in an increasingly leading policy research center is having globalized world. a marked impact on Brown students of international relations (IR) and Watson’s faculty and visiting scholars development studies (DS). split time between research and teaching; they led some three dozen Undergraduates in these academic Brown undergraduate courses in the concentrations go well beyond term 2007-08 academic year, in addition to papers and far outside the classroom. providing such graduate training as the The level of such activities as thesis Graduate Program in Development. As writing, independent study, research such, the DS and IR programs provide assistantships, overseas fellowships, a multifaceted learning experience, meetings with policymakers, work enabling students to draw on the with documentary filmmakers, and perspectives of Brown- and Watson- HONORING community service in developing based anthropologists, economists, A PUBLIC countries sets Brown students apart historians, political scientists, INTELLECTUAL from their peers and prepares them for sociologists, policymakers, and others. Former Brazilian President Fernando future endeavors. Henrique Cardoso’s seminal research on development is revisited on its 40th This mix has proved attractive. anniversary, as he also makes Foreign “Students have voted with their feet. Policy magazine’s “Top 100” list. We have a record-breaking graduating Pages 4 and 20. class this year,” said IR Program Director Peter Andreas. In fact, the IR concentration has the largest number of graduates of any academic concentration at Brown’s 2008 commencement, with an estimated 160. Another 30 will graduate in development studies. 2007 IR commencement ceremony Many of these students come from During the coming year, over a dozen abroad – for instance, 15 percent of courses will be taught in a new area, this year’s IR graduates. Going forward, global governance, by legal scholars a University-wide international strategy visiting Watson from countries aims to bring even more students, including India, Israel, and South Africa. WHAT IF JFK faculty, and ideas from around the Current IR tracks of study include HAD LIVED? world to Brown. global environment/global health, The documentary Virtual JFK is chosen global security, political economy of as finalist at the Hot Docs film festival. The Watson Institute is playing a key development, and politics, culture, and Page 3. role in realizing the University’s goals identity. of ensuring that students are prepared Continued on next page 2 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

• Development Studies is one of the • The Watson Institute is supporting See pages 10-14 for only concentrations at Brown in which 11 undergraduate summer internships ’08 student honors, every student must write a senior this year, for projects including work internships, and more. thesis – with many students conducting with Iraqi refugees in Syria, HIV/AIDS field work overseas on such subjects victims in Thailand, and medical as student activism in Africa, tsunami researchers in South Africa. Continued from preceding page and civil conflict in Sri Lanka, and HIV/ AIDS in Mexico. • IR and DS students have also Specific examples from the IR and DS tapped into resources from Brown’s graduating classes underscore the Undergraduate Teaching and Research benefits of the hands-on, in-depth, and Assistantships, Research at Brown in-the-field activities complementing grants, and other sources, for work work in the classroom. As described largely done overseas. Some 50 by Alyson Richards ’08, the IR honors undergrads have been working with research program “has opened so Watson faculty over the course of the many doors for me.” year as research assistants, translators, editors, and in other capacities. • The internationally renowned Brown Claudia Elliott introduces thesis presentations Journal of World Affairs is produced • One IR and two DS concentrators twice a year by undergraduates, • Policymakers and practitioners were singled out this year for national with this year’s issues taking on in residence lead study groups awards for their community service in such matters as the United States’ – interactive sessions providing developing countries: Johnny Lin ’08, international debt, the future of US students a behind-the-scenes look at by Newsweek, for gathering students foreign policy, and space politics. international relations in the making. from China, Taiwan, and the US each Groups this academic year have been year to discuss regional conflict; Emma • Twenty IR students have chosen to led by past presidents of Brazil and Clippinger ’09, by JPMorgan Chase, for pursue the honors program, which Chile, a former US ambassador to the work in Rwanda; and Caitlin Cohen ’08, requires a graduate-level thesis and United Nations, a UN peacekeeping by USA Today, for work in Mali. a presentation to faculty and fellow official, and Poland’s former deputy students. Topics this year include “Best prime minister. • Many IR students leave Brown having Practices for Business Involvements learned more than two languages in Peacebuilding,” “Sesame Street • Award-winning documentary – 19 percent of this year’s seniors are and Foreign Aid in Egypt,” and directors help lead the “Global Media: equipped with much-in-demand Arabic “Environment as ‘High Politics.’” History, Theory, Production” course, and Chinese language skills. engaging with students who, in turn, produce media of their own. Over time, IR Program Assistant Director Claudia Elliott PhD’99 has GROWTH IN IR GRADUATES seen considerable growth and change 180 in the program, which has more

160 158 than doubled in size since the mid- (est.)

140 138 134 1990s. “Students increasingly seek to 128 129 120 123 120 122 114 understand, engage in, and better this

100 104 97 world,” Elliott said. “The International

80 77 78 Relations Program helps them 60 develop knowledge and skills to be- 40 come innovative thinkers and leaders 20 in our global society.”

0 BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 3

Premiering Virtual JFK Johnson chose to take the nation to war. Would John F. Kennedy have Virtual JFK: Vietnam If Kennedy Had made the same decision, had he Lived was a finalist for both the Special lived and been reelected president in Jury Prize and Best International 1964? This is the question that Virtual Feature Film as it premiered in April at JFK addresses. the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto. Masutani uses historical footage to portray Kennedy’s foreign policy education as he resisted pressure for military escalation over Cuba, Laos, Berlin, and Vietnam. Footage (l-r) David Udris, Michael Udris, and James Der Derian filming Culture War of Johnson depicts his struggle as he committed the United States to a war sensitivity” training for soldiers going in Vietnam. to Afghanistan and Iraq and the role of social science in the ongoing war on Combining black-and-white archival terror. footage with insightful narration by Blight and a mood-setting soundtrack With two protracted conflicts in the by Joshua Kern ’03, the film employs Middle East, the military has engaged what Harvard historian Niall Ferguson anthropologists and other academics calls “virtual history,” testing the to create culturally sensitive soldiers plausibility of historical “what ifs” who would be as effective in making and the outcomes they might have peace as waging war. produced. “Enlisting the best and the brightest Virtual JFK was developed as part of to win over the hearts and minds of the Watson Institute’s Global Media enemies produced a new civil war, Introducing Virtual JFK at Hot Docs Project, which analyzes the importance within the military as well as the The accolades at Hot Docs, North of media in world affairs and produces universities,” says Der Derian, who is America’s largest documentary film media addressing international issues. also director of the Institute’s Global festival, spoke both to the quality and Security Project. significance of Virtual JFK, directed Culture War In Production by Visiting Fellow Koji Masutani ’05 To tell the story, the filmmakers and produced by Professor James A new documentary, now in final embedded with Marines in the Mojave Blight, Adjunct Professor janet Lang, production at the Institute, explores Desert as they engaged in cultural University of Toronto Professor David the US military’s controversial effort training exercises in mock Iraqi towns A. Welch, and Peter O. Almond, to transform the American way of and gained rare access to urban producer of the Cuban Missile Crisis war. A rough cut of Culture War warfare training at Quantico, Virginia. documentary Thirteen Days. was previewed last month at the Massachusetts Multicultural Film The resulting film, now in final Film industry insiders saw the Festival, as part of the Landscapes of production, is “a road-trip into the documentary as particularly relevant Violence Film Series in Amherst, MA. heart of the war machine, a critical during the current US presidential investigation of the architects of the campaign. It starts with the statement The documentary, made by Global ‘revolution in military affairs,’ and a that the Vietnam War was a war of Media Project Director James Der moving tribute to the foot soldiers and choice. In July 1965, President Lyndon Derian, David Udris, and Michael Udris, Marines who have been tasked to explores the US military’s “cultural clean up the mess left behind.” 4 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

Rhodes Center Ramps Up of Harvard University, and Florencio Other research focuses more on Lopez-de-Silanes, of École de Hautes finance. One such question addressed: The William R. Rhodes Center for Études Commerciales du Nord, What is the impact on a developing International Economics held a major analyzes the rules and practices of country’s capital market when its larger conference in April – one of several financial disclosure by parliamentarians companies rely on overseas stock early milestones toward its goal of in 126 countries, to determine their exchanges to raise money? Levine advancing policy-oriented research effect. himself is conducting research in this and teaching on international economic area, with Brown economics PhD issues. In May, the center also hosted a student Juan Carlos Gozzi. meeting of fellows from the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis “We are off to a good start this year,” of Development, bringing 40 of the Levine said. “In this initial phase, the world’s top junior and senior micro- center has attracted the participation development economists together to of extraordinary scholars, working to discuss their work. advance the center’s goals.”

Additionally, the Rhodes Center is The center, based at Watson, was providing Brown faculty and PhD made possible by a $10 million gift to students with seed money for research Brown from William R. Rhodes ’57, Ross Levine projects that “have a very good chance a member of the Institute’s board of The Rhodes Center is focusing on two of speaking to policymakers and at the overseers (see related story, page 20). broad subjects: the movements of same time be published in the best capital, services, and people across journals,” said Rhodes Center Director Revisiting Cardoso’s borders, and the differences in growth, Ross Levine, an economics professor Major Work development, and income distribution at Brown. both within and across countries. The The work of former Brazilian President center works by sponsoring research The center has already identified and Fernando Henrique Cardoso was conferences, funding speakers and funded a number of projects. One the centerpiece of a recent two-day visitors, and granting seed money for studies the impact of international conference at Watson, as his seminal promising research. trade on long-run growth and on research on economic development the migration of people. “There are was revisited on the 40th anniversary Its recent conference, on “International obviously big policy concerns within of its completion and recast for today’s Global Challenges,” featured over two the US and other countries both about global economy. dozen leading scholars presenting and immigration and about whether trade analyzing new research in these areas. will promote growth,” Levine said. The conference, “International “One strategy would be to rely on Inequality, Then and Now: Revisiting The nature and spirit of the gathering international trade to reduce pressures Cardoso and Faletto’s Dependency was captured by William Easterly, of on immigration to the United States,” and Development in Latin America,” New York University, who described the he explained. “The research seeks to was organized as a capstone of first paper presented, on “Transparency identify what actually happens in such Cardoso’s five-year term as a Brown and Accountability,” as “a new data a situation. That would be a natural professor at large based at Watson. series that is going to be incredibly input into policymakers’ decisions.” For the occasion, Cardoso drafted useful.” The paper, by Andrei Shleifer, a new paper, titled “New Paths: Reflections about Some Challenges of Globalization.” Leading thinkers on globalization, development, and Visit the center’s new website at democracy came to the Institute, www.watsoninstitute.org/rhodes. representing expertise in sociology, BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 5

political science, economics, and law in Watson Institute. A separate edited various world regions. volume is also planned, according to Richard Snyder, director of the Dependency and Development, co- Institute’s Political Economy of authored with the late Chilean scholar Development Program. Enzo Faletto, challenged conventional economic development theories of The conference represented a its day, such as the limitation of Latin milestone within Watson’s Globalization American and other “peripheral” and Inequality Initiative, launched countries to agricultural production last year by Institute Director Barbara while more developed, “central” Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Peter Evans Stallings. countries grew through manufacturing Today, especially given China’s growth and other innovations. and demand for raw materials, there Summer Institutes Draw has been an enormous revenue International Scholars As Cardoso reflected in “New transfer from the center to the Paths,” such structuralist arguments periphery through trade, Cardoso said. The Office of International Affairs (OIA) were expanded with historical and Latin America’s external accounts are will begin in June to bring a steady political aspects that conditioned positive, with developed countries stream of scholars from developing the development of peripheral today borrowing from developing countries to Brown each summer to economies. He and Faletto shifted countries. “There is a reverse; is this exchange ideas and cutting edge work the emphasis to “the variability of the stable?” Cardoso asked. in diverse academic disciplines. forms of integration into the world market and the existing alternatives His answer, underscored in “New At least four international summer for countries’ economic growth, even Paths,” is that it depends on the way in institutes will be held this year when in situations of dependency. … which states react to the new situation. – with two organized by the Watson What we then called ‘the new form He urged policymakers to form a Institute, on inequality and on global of dependency’ was, actually, the consensus on national targets and governance; one co-organized by the beginning of the process that would move forward, despite the challenges Center for Latin American Studies with fully unfold later and be known as in anticipating what will occur. the Department of Portuguese and globalization.” Brazilian Studies, for teacher training “Everything will depend not only on the in the Portuguese language; and one At the time of its release, Dependency economy but also on the world political run by the Joukowsky Institute for and Development was like “a breath scene, and mainly, on the capacity Archaeology and the Ancient World, of fresh air,” said Peter B. Evans, a of local societies and their leaders to on “Archaeologies of Memory in the sociology professor at the University frame policies, as much as possible Global South.” of California, Berkeley. It provided consensual, that seize opportunities … “a way of moving beyond various and make the effects of globalization Various models of institutes will be opposed tendencies in the analysis and democracy more favorable to piloted this summer, with a view to of development,” such as what Evans the developing countries and to their scaling up in the coming years. An called “abstract” modernization peoples,” Cardoso said in “New early list of attendees this year shows theory and “flat-footed theories of Paths.” participants from Brazil, China, Ghana, imperialism.” Instead, it introduced India, Jamaica, Mexico, and South “a sense of political possibilities and Some of the papers from the Africa, among other countries. a bias toward hope,” he said, while conference will be published as opening up comparative studies in part of a special issue of Studies The OIA is also soliciting proposals for development and helping shift the in Comparative International future summer institutes. focus in economics beyond technology Development, a journal edited at the to the importance of institutions. 6 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

“Number Games: (Mis)measuring Illicit Flows and Policy A roundtable discussion Effectiveness,” by Associate Professor Peter Andreas of Associate Professor Nina Tannenwald’s recently “We live in a hyper-numeric world preoccupied with quantification. In practical published book on The political terms, if something is not measured it does not exist; if it is not counted it Nuclear Taboo: The United does not count. … States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons since Quantification is politically consequential and thus highly contentious, as evident 1945 and another session in policy debates across a wide range of domestic and international issue areas. dedicated to the memory of Proponents and opponents of a particular policy marshal reams of data (and offer a Hayward Alker, a longtime particular interpretation of the data) to bolster their position and to weaken support associate of the Watson for rival positions. Institute, were among the highlights of Watson faculty These debates using numbers are mostly about the formal, licit world, ranging members’ participation in from international issues such as trade agreements and foreign aid, to domestic this year’s International issues such as education spending and poverty alleviation. Some of the most Studies Association heated political battles, however, are about the more informal, illicit world and Convention. Excerpts from efforts to police it. This includes, for instance, sex trafficking, the trade in prohibited some of their papers follow. psychoactive substances (such as cocaine and heroin), migrant smuggling, corruption, money laundering, terrorist financing, embargo busting, and intellectual property theft.

By definition, the illicit world takes place in the shadows and is thus inherently difficult to quantify. … The actors and activities in the illicit world are not only hard to ‘see,’ but most are actively attempting to avoid being noticed, counted, and quantified. …

Yet the preoccupation with quantification is as strikingly evident in evaluating the illicit world as it is in the licit world. This is reflected in both the attempts to measure the size and magnitude of various illicit flows and the effectiveness of policy measures to combat them. …

Illicitness makes possible a politics of numbers that is particularly susceptible to speculation, manipulation, distortion, and sometimes even outright fabrication that is rarely scrutinized and challenged in policy debates and media reporting. To some extent, this reflects cynical manipulations by politicians and bureaucrats, but Peter Andreas more importantly it reflects their everyday coping strategies and conundrums in a broader policy arena that privileges and rewards quantification. This quantification imperative (or quantification fetish) prioritizes bad data over no data (or limited data) and privileges simple and visible metrics of policy ‘progress’ and ‘success’ that are not only ambiguous but can be highly misleading.

While bad data and its highly politicized nature understandably inhibit scholarship on illicit flows, it is precisely the political use (and abuse) of the bad data that should attract more scholarly scrutiny.” BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 7

“The Politics of Numbers in the Policymakers and academics alike assertiveness’ in order to be a ‘great Financial ‘War’ on Terrorism,” must demand better and more power’ rather than a superpower. The by Professor Thomas J. transparent sources of information in Middle East as a region offers the order to more thoroughly understand chance of testing these home truths Biersteker and Senior Fellow and assess the politics of numbers as the Bush administration fades into Sue Eckert in the realm of terrorist financing. history.” Notwithstanding six years of “One of the most oft-cited and highly experience since 9/11, it is humbling to “Europe’s Energy Dilemmas: touted ‘success’ stories of the United conclude how little we know about the The New Security Dimensions,” States’ ‘War on Terrorism’ concerns the financing of acts of terrorism. Terrorist by Senior Fellow Catherine M. Bush administration’s efforts to stem financing remains a little understood the flow of money to terrorists. … and inadequately researched topic.” Kelleher

The commitment of acts of terrorism “… Europe’s energy dependency was requires resources – the recruitment “The US and the Middle East first revealed in the oil shocks of the of human resources, training of those in Theory and Practice since 1970s. Today, Europe’s dependency on individuals, material for munitions, 9/11,” by Adjunct Professor energy imports is again rising. the dissemination of information (both Linda B. Miller before and after attacks), and finance. … Unless Europe can make domestic “… The Middle East reveals some of energy more competitive, in the next The most commonly cited metrics the major difficulties with US foreign 20 to 30 years about 70 percent of the characterizing terrorist financing policy overall. The gap between European Union’s energy requirements, efforts are the number of designated aspirations and attainments stands out, compared to 50 percent today, will be individuals and entities on the lists of as well as a predilection for short term met by imported products – most from terrorists, and the amount of assets fixes rather than long term planning. regions threatened by instability. frozen or blocked. … The over-dependence on particular leaders and the lack of accountability Reserves are concentrated in a few when things have gone wrong are countries. Today, roughly half of the familiar trends. The lack of any Plan EU’s gas consumption comes from B vis à vis lesser powers or the only three countries (Russia, Norway, tendency to downplay the possibilities and Algeria). The EU is especially of soft power to turn the tide in a alarmed by the several disruptions of more favorable direction for American supplies to Europe, in the pricing rows national interests, however loosely between Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, and defined, is prominent. The failure to Belarus. More upsetting have been understand, let alone manipulate successful moves by Russia’s Gazprom successfully, other cultures or local to renege on or block foreign partners imperatives is also obvious. … in new gas fields and emerging oil exploration. Indeed, what US policy in the Middle The EU so far has failed to develop Thomas Biersteker East expresses clearly is what [the late Harvard University Professor John D. countervailing policy strategy – on [However, these] metrics are Montgomery] foresaw as early as 1986, imports, pipelines, distribution, or inadequate and can be misleading. well before the end of the cold war and diversification. …” A thorough analysis of the costs and the 9/11 attacks. The US requires ‘skills benefits of the existing regime needs to of patient diplomacy and a national be undertaken. self confidence independent of military

As difficult as such an endeavor would be, it is important to attempt to assess the numbers associated with terrorist financing. The consequences of failing to do so are inappropriate and Read Watson’s ISA papers online at ultimately ineffective policies to thwart www.watsoninstitute.org/ISApapers. terrorist acts. 8 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

Brown Journal Goes Online Resurrecting Goodwill

The Brown Journal of World Affairs The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, said has launched a new website, making to be built on the spot in Jerusalem contents of past journal issues where Jesus Christ was crucified, was available free online to registered in danger of collapse following a 1927 members. earthquake. Saving the Holy Sepulchre: How Rival Christians Came Together Journal articles on the site now date to Rescue Their Holiest Shrine (Oxford back to 1997. Future plans call for University Press, 2008) tells how three additional online content, including groups – Greek Orthodox, Roman interviews with visitors to the Institute. Catholic, and Armenian Orthodox – overcame centuries of division to April’s web launch preceded the restore “the mother of all churches.” publication of the journal’s Spring/ Summer 2008 issue in May, with four Authored by Raymond Cohen, who thematic sections: “Global Sport,” worked on the book while a fellow “India’s Left Behind,” “US Debt,” and at Watson in 2004, Saving the Holy “Sex and Demographics.” Sepulchre “tells a story of intrigue and tangled diplomacy that no novelist Also in the issue is a debate between would invent,” according to one two former US ambassadors to the reviewer. “The book tells us a great United Nations – John Bolton and deal about interfaith relations, about Brown Professor at Large Richard C. the preservation of antiquity, and about Holbrooke ’62, as well as essays by the Middle East.” linguist and political commentator Noam Chomsky on “Contradictions in US Foreign Policy” and former Iraqi minister Ali Allawi on “Iraq’s Past, Present, and Future.”

The Fall/Winter issue analyzed space politics, genetically modified food, and authoritarian transitions, among other issues.

A recognized journal, run by undergraduates, the Brown Journal of World Affairs attracts contributions from leading scholars Cohen, who is professor of and policymakers in its mission to international relations at the Hebrew Become a member of the publish at the intersection of news and University of Jerusalem, recounts Brown Journal of World Affairs academic theory. how, “thanks to the dedicated efforts at www.bjwa.org. of a cast of kings, popes, patriarchs, Craig Kennedy ’08 and Shiyin Wang governors, monks, and architects, ’08 are the outgoing editors; Tushar the deadlock was eventually broken Khadloya ’10 and Solomon Eppel ’10 are on the eve of Pope Paul VI’s historic the editors for the next academic year. pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1964.” BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 9

Stallings Book Honored and supervision, and more complete the Taliban-led insurgency,” according integration with international capital to the book summary. “The book offers The American Library Association markets. Instead, it advocates a more valuable lessons to the state-builders (ALA) has honored Finance for balanced approach that emphasizes of Afghanistan as well as those of other Development: Latin America in individual country situations and countries and regions struggling to Comparative Perspective (Brookings strengthens the institutional context in emerge from periods of transition.” Institution Press, 2007) as one of which financial systems operate. 2007’s Outstanding Academic Titles. Authored by Institute Director Barbara Separately, in the concluding chapter Stallings, in collaboration with the of China’s Expansion into the Western Inter-American Development Bank’s Hemisphere, Stallings writes that Rogerio Studart, the book offers policy “China’s flirtation with Latin America is guidance for strengthening Latin likely to be tempered” by domestic and American banks and capital markets. international considerations on both sides of the Pacific. While their budding trade relations are therefore not as threatening to the United States as some perceive, Stallings nevertheless suggests they should act as a wake- up call to the United States to fix its neglectful foreign policy in the region. Photo of Kandahar combatant by Michael Bhatia

Disarming in Afghanistan Publication of Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict follows the release of another Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed book edited by Bhatia, assessing the Groups, Disarmament and Security nature, power, role, and function of in a Post-War Society (Routledge, such names as “terrorist” and “freedom April 2008) assesses small arms and fighter” in contemporary debates. security-related issues in post-9/11 Afghanistan. Names are not objective, say the writers of Terrorism and the Politics of Stallings has also provided her Co-authored by the late Michael Vinay Naming (Routledge, September 2007). analysis of China’s growing economic Bhatia ‘99, who worked on the book The book seeks the truth behind those influence in Latin America in a new last year as a visiting fellow at the assigned in such cases as the US hunt edited volume, China’s Expansion into Watson Institute, Afghanistan, Arms for al-Qaeda, Russia’s demonization the Western Hemisphere (Brookings and Conflict includes case studies of the Chechens, and the Israeli- Institution Press, 2008). from distant regions of the country (see Palestinian conflict. related story, page 24). In the runup to In honoring Finance for Development, its publication, Bhatia conducted 350 The volume also includes a chapter the ALA’s Choices Magazine noted the interviews with combatants throughout from Watson Global Security Program book’s excellence in scholarship and Afghanistan, among other research. Director James Der Derian, on presentation and its contribution to “Imaging Terror: Logos, Pathos, and the field. The book challenges recent “Exploring various facets of armed Ethos.” arguments for the elimination of public- violence and measures to tackle sector banks, substitution of private it, the volume provides significant Terrorism and the Politics of Naming monitoring for government regulation insight into broader issues such as the was previously published as a special efficacy of international assistance, the issue of the journal Third World ‘shadow’ economy, warlordism, and Quarterly. 10 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

2008 IR Grads This year’s 19 honors recipients Present Honors Theses are listed below in the order they IR GRADS presented: RECEIVE PRIZES The International Relations (IR) Program is the largest concentration Conceptualizing Security and Mark and Betty Garrison Prize at the University this year. Housed at Governance in the 21st Century Awarded for the best thesis in the Watson Institute, the IR Program international relations, foreign policy challenges students to think and • Jane Smith, “Choosing to Fail? A analysis, or diplomatic history, in perform beyond the undergraduate Comparative Study of Kazakhstan and honor of Mark and Betty Garrison, level. Uzbekistan”; who helped create the Center for Foreign Policy Development at Students must complete with • Amy Chang, “Know Thy Enemy, Brown in 1981: distinction 11 courses and three years Know Thyself: An Argument for (or equivalent) of a foreign language. the Importance of Regime Type in • Kelly Dreher and Seniors in the Honors Program are Counterterrorism”; Jonah Stuart Brundage also required to take two thesis courses, including a thesis preparation • Mark Tumiski, “Wielding the ‘Front Samuel Lamport Prize seminar. This year, 13 percent of IR Line Experience’ as Securitizing Awarded for the best thesis on concentrators completed a senior Authority: The Japanese Self Defense international understanding, with thesis. IR Assistant Director Claudia Forces in Iraq 2004-2006”; an emphasis on cooperation and Elliott PhD ’99 designed the current tolerance: program, now in its seventh year, • Daniel Altman, “The Threat of Nuclear and worked closely with IR Program Terrorism and the Modern Form of • Kayleigh Scalzo and Director Peter Andreas and other Preventive War.” Dorothy Tegeler faculty in advising the honors students. Elliott describes the program as “one Mobilization: Migrants, Anthony Riccio Prize of the most important intellectual Communication, and Protest This prize in international relations is endeavors of an undergraduate career.” given to the graduating senior who • Ann Kidder, “Mobile Mobilization: A has demonstrated unquenchable The honors thesis differs greatly from Study of Mobile Phone Activism and curiosity about another part of the a term paper, not just in length, but City Culture”; world, a commitment to the rigorous also in depth and complexity. The learning of a foreign language, an thesis is most students’ first real • Nevena Radoynovska, “Faces of intrepid pursuit of study abroad, attempt at scholarly research and Invisibility: Discursive Opportunity and a pride in the University and in writing. Each senior works with two Structures, Protest, and Media Frames the US. The prize is in memory of faculty advisors and takes the thesis in Paris and Buenos Aires”; Anthony Brian Riccio, Brown Class preparation seminar in the fall semester of 1996, who lost his life in Moscow when beginning to research and on September 20, 1994: conceptualize the project.

• Phoebe Sloane, for her Students complete their research and commitment to the study of the writing during the spring semester Middle East and the Arabic language and submit their theses in mid-April for evaluation. They then present their theses in May to the Brown community in a public forum.

Thesis cover, ‘Environment as High Politics?’ BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 11

• Shyam Sundaram, “The Weak as the Strong: Coalitions of Developing For more information Countries in Multilateral Trade about the International Negotiations.” Relations Program, visit www.watsoninstitute.org/ir. Building Peace and Community in an International Context

• Jessica Majno, “In Pursuit of a accompanied industrialization and the Durable Peace: Peacebuilding and the IR prize winners (l-r) Kayleigh Scalzo, Kelley Dreher, growth of the modern state in Africa, Dorothy Tegeler, Jonah Stuart Brundage, Development of Civil Society in Bosnia- Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Phoebe Sloane Herzegovina”; as well as in the historical experience • Kayleigh Scalzo, “Made in the of European countries. USA, Past and Present: Perceptions • Johnny Lin, “Do Good, Do Well, of Assimilation and Assimilability of and Do Good Well: Delineating Best Among other topics, the DS Immigrants in the United States”; Practices for Business Involvements in concentration focuses on Peacebuilding”; understanding how processes of • Adrienne Healey, “Migrants on change affect the distribution of wealth the Margin: Chile’s Narrow Media • Patrick Molitoris, “Approaching South and opportunity among nations. Representation of its Female Peruvian Atlantic Resolution? The Principle of Institute Visiting Fellow Miguel Glatzer Population”; Self-Determination in the Falkland assists Baiocchi as thesis advisor. Islands”; • Dorothy Tegeler, “Dismantling the Development Studies is one of the only Migrant-Refugee Dichotomy: The Case • Phoebe Sloane, “Balancing the concentrations at Brown in which every of Colombian Migration to Ecuador.” Global and the Local: Sesame Street student must write a senior thesis. This and Foreign Aid in Egypt”; year’s DS presenters and their topics Working the System: The Creation are as follows: and Maintenance of Regional and • Steven Butschi, “Rejecting Europe? Global Institutions The 2005 French Referendum on the • Sarah Adler-Milstein*, “Resisting the European Constitution.” Race to the Bottom: Gender, Power • Jonah Stuart Brundage, “A Culture and Worker Organizing in the Global of Modernity: The Everyday Practices Students Complete Apparel Industry”; of Diplomats and the Early Modern Development Studies European States-System”; • Bethany Allen, “Integrating the The Development Studies (DS) Local: A Community-based Analysis of • Alyson Richards, “‘No Cambio’: The Program, directed by Brown India’s Integrated Child Development European Union’s Weak Influence on University Associate Professor Services”; the Foreign Policies of its Member Gianpaolo Baiocchi, provides States”; Brown undergraduate students an • Emily Benjamin*, “Social and Political interdisciplinary concentration centered Reconstruction in Post-Conflict States: • Kyle Evans, “Regional Identities in in the social sciences. A Case Study of Rwanda Fourteen Norm Formation: The Case of the Years On”; Responsibility to Protect”; The program has been designed to provide a comparative perspective • Jessica Bloome*, “Young People's • Kelly Dreher, “Environment as ‘High on the long-term social, political, Relationships and Sexual Risk in Urban Politics’? Explaining Divergence in the and economic changes that have Kenya”; United States and European Union’s Hazardous Waste Export Policies”; Continued on next page 12 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

Continued from preceding page • Helen Lamphere*, “The Cultural • Robert Shady*, “Scaling-up of Context of Obesity: Adolescents’ Antiretroviral Therapy in Papua New • Caitlin Cohen*, “Top-down Meets Perspectives on Weight, Diet, and Guinea, Haiti, and Botswana”; Bottom-up? The Millennium Villages Exercise in American Samoa”; Project in Mali and the Illusive Quest • Marco Steinsieck*, “Structural for ‘Community Ownership’”; • Andrew Lim*, “Shadows across Adjustment Programs and Health Borders: Nationalism in Burma and Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa: The • Andrea Francesca Dasso, “Sharing the Migrant Health Crisis over the Thai Human Costs of Loan Conditionality”; Best Practices: An Evaluation of Burmese Border”; Government Innovation Awards”; • Nicole Summers*, “Participatory • Justine McGowan*, “Risky Business: Approaches to Malnutrition • Jennifer Garcia*, “Imagining Masculinity and Economics in Kenya Intervention: How Normative ‘Truths’ Candomble through Anthropology and and their Effect on Sexual Behavior”; Drive a Public Health Model”; Tourism”; • Julie Mandolini-Trummel, “Economic • Mikiko Thelwell*, “The Interface • Melanie Gelfand*, “The Silent Partner: Development Programs in Post- of Micro and Macro Health Worlds HIV Transmission to Married Women in Apartheid South Africa: Reasons and in South Africa: An Alternative Mexico”; Costs”; Development Discourse?;

• Nureen Ghuznavi, “Sin Ingredientes • Suchita Mathur*, “The 2004 Tsunami • Erica Trauba*, “Waste, Water, and Artificiales: Community Development and the Exacerbation of Civil Conflict in Well-Being: Promoting Development and Tourism in Costa Rica”; Sri Lanka”; through a Healthy Environment in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire”; • Tara Gonsalves*, “Discrimination • Monica Melgar*, “Battling a Youth against Female Education in Kerala, Health Epidemic in Rural Kenya: A • Kelly Trout*, “Putting Participation Karnataka, and West Bengal: A Case Study Bridging Adolescent in Perspective: Avenues and Impacts Comparative Approach”; Motherhood and the Nutritional Health of Popular Engagement in Planning Status of Children under Five”; Reforms in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.” • David Gumbiner, “Social Disorganization and Methamphetamine • Catherine Panella*, “Female Youth on In addition, three DS concentrators Use in Cape Town, South Africa”; the Streets and HIV in Zambia”; presented their theses at the end of the 2007 fall semester. They are: • Jonathan Guyer, “Inside Dar Lamane: • Jessica Robertson*, “Africa and A Case Study of Experimental Housing China: The Promise and the Peril of a • Jessica Vosburgh ’07.5*, “A in Casablanca”; New Era of Partnership”; Liberating Pedagogy of the Arts: Based on a Study of Arts Education • Julia Hazen*, “The Tradition of • Alexander Schrobenhauser-Clonan*, Organizations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil”; Student Political Activism in Africa: A “Who’s Leading the Fight? The Case Study of Protest at the University Community Response and Centralized • Cynthia Wise ’07.5*, “Transition and of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania”; Command in the Making of the Transformation in a Post-Apartheid Ugandan HIV/AIDS Success Story”; City: Johannesburg, South Africa”; • Stefan Lallinger,”Race and Identity in the Dominican Republic: • Lucy Schulson*, “Effective • Nathan Wyeth ’07.5*, “A New Antihaitianismo and La Raza Responses to HIV/AIDS in Uganda and Approach to Rural Electrification in Dominicana”; Senegal: Implications for Faith-Based India.” Organizations and Social Marketing in Prevention Paradigms”;

* Graduating with honors BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 13

2008 Summer Luce Environmental Internships Awarded Fellows Named

Watson has awarded summer The Luce Environmental Fellows internships to six Brown students for Program, administered by Watson’s 2008. The Institute administers the Global Environment Program, summer fellowship competitions as supports graduate and undergraduate part of its mission to undergraduates fellowships for environmental research who are pursuing degrees, research Photo of Burmese refugees by in developing countries. Each student projects, and careers in international intern Bremen Donovan ’08 works with an alum of the Watson relations. Jack Ringer ’52 Summer Fellowship Institute Scholars of the Environment in Southeast Asia is made possible program, which trains mid-career The Richard Smoke Fellowships, by this Brown alumnus, who served professionals from around the world. named in memory of a prominent in Burma after graduating. The award The 2008 awardees, projects, hosts, Watson Institute scholar who died in provides Brown students and faculty and Watson Scholar sponsors are: 1995, are grants available to current with unique opportunities for research Brown undergraduates who are or internships in Southeast Asia. The Graduate Students pursuing internships abroad involving recipients are: research, advocacy, or service on • Laura Mattison ’09, an environmental contemporary global problems. This • Belinda Navi ’09, economics, with studies concentrator, “Gender Equity year’s recipients are: Kamay at Puso in Luzon, Philippines; and Coastal Resource Management,” MS Swaminathan Research • Eunice Chyung ’10, a neuroscience • Sarah Schoenbrun ’09, human Foundation, Kerala, India, sponsored concentrator, with Missionaries of biology and religious studies, with the by 2007 Watson Scholar Anil Kumar; Charity in Kolkata, India; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS in Thailand. • Dane Wetschler ’10, environmental • Reshma Ramachandran ’09, physics, studies, “Protecting India’s Sacred with the South African Medical The Marla Ruzicka International Rivers: Working Towards Effective Research Council, Health Systems Unit Public Service Fellowship, named Public Awareness Campaigns,” in Cape Town, South Africa. after a dedicated human rights activist Mitarth Environmental Institute, India, who died in April 2005, supports a sponsored by 2008 Watson Scholar The McKinney Family Fellowship is Brown undergraduate who displays Abha Shenda; awarded to a student in the Smoke the characteristics of compassion, Fellowship applicant pool who determination, and selflessness in • Kemen Austin ’08, environmental exemplifies excellence in international the pursuit of international human studies, “Reducing Emissions from studies, as strongly encouraged rights, post-conflict rehabilitation, or Deforestation: Credits for Forest and supported by Watson Institute international public service in its most Conservation in Papua New Guinea,” Board of Overseers Vice-Chair and noble spirit, and whose summer plans Bishop Museum of Hawaii, Papua New Brown Corporation Member David E. reflect those traits. This fellowship is Guinea, sponsored by 2008 Watson McKinney and his family. The 2008 supported by Lucinda B. Watson, a Scholar Michael Forova Avosa. awardee is: member of the Watson Institute board of overseers. This year’s awardee is: Continued on next page • Chantal Berman ’10, international relations and Middle East studies. • Jebediah Koogler ’10, international relations, research project on Iraqi refugees and post-conflict rehabilitation in Damascus, Syria. 14 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

Continued from preceding page Evaluation of Biogas Energy in Rural Interdisciplinary Views Tanzania,” sponsored by 2007 Watson of Middle East Undergraduate Students Scholar Godfrey Kimaro. Students in Brown’s Middle East • Grant Lee ’08, history, “Environmental Studies Program examine the diverse, History in Riverine Resource often contradictory facets that define Management: A Case Study of the region. The program offers students Hambukushu Resource Utilization Skill- an interdisciplinary undergraduate Sets,” Harry Oppenheimer Okavango concentration that draws upon Research Center, Maun, Botswana, courses offered in the Departments of sponsored by 2008 Watson Scholar Anthropology, Classics, Comparative Lizzie Mujuru; Literature, Egyptology, History, History of Art and Architecture, Judaic • QingHui Lin ’09, environmental From research on air quality in Nigeria, Studies, Old World Archaeology, studies, “Alternative Livelihood by Luce Intern Erica Moen ’08 Religious Studies, and Political Projects for Sustainable Development Science. Following are the capstone in Amazonian Communities: Effects on CLAS Honors 2008 Grads presentations by graduating seniors: Standard of Living and Forest Resource Use in the Short Term,” Instituto de This year’s Center for Latin American • Atena Asiaii, “HIV/AIDS in Iran: A Investigaciones de la Amazonia, Peru, Studies (CLAS) undergraduate honors Look at the Perceptions of Women sponsored by Dennis del Castillo Torres and awards recipients are: at Khaneyeh Khorsheed in Tehran on (2003 Watson Scholar Luis Campos Drug Abuse and HIV Status”; Baca); • Aubrey Bracco, CLAS concentrator, received honors for his thesis, “A Sea • Thaila Beaty, “Learning Arabic: The • Will Lippitt ’09, international relations, Cow's Tale”; National Security Contradiction”; “Ecotourism in Himachal Pradesh: An Inquiry in Camp Potters Hill,” India • Marco Martinez, CLAS concentrator, • Emily Cushman, “Water Scarcity in Institute of Advanced Study, India, received honors for his thesis, Jordan: A Sustainable Development sponsored by 2008 Watson Scholar “Trapped: The Socioeconomic and Trajectory?”; Jasjit Singh Walia. Cultural Confinement of the Rio Grande Valley”; • Elizabeth Gilbert, “Education and • Melea Atkins ’10, public policy, and Construction of the Self: A Perspective Natalie Wilhelm ’10, engineering, • Ashley Morse, a double concentrator on the Islamic Revival in Egypt”; “Project Assida: Appropriate in CLAS and Portuguese and Brazilian Technology for Kilimanjaro: An studies, received the William Gaston • Roxanne Horesh, “The Arab Premium Scholarship for excellence in Jewish Horseman: Transcending and Latin American Studies and honors for Supervising the Border”; STUDENTS NAMED her thesis, “Drugs and Democracy: The FULBRIGHTS Continuity of State Violence against the • Jill Luxenberg, “Istanbul in Literature: Margins of Carioca Society”; Intersections of Place and Plot”; Amy Chang ’08, an international relations concentrator, has received • Samuel Novacich, CLAS • Rebecca Russo, “Cousins vs. a Fulbright Scholarship to conduct concentrator, is the recipient of the Cousins? Narratives of Jewish-Muslim research in China. Christina William Gaston Premium Scholarship Relations in North Africa.” Koningisor ’07, an IR concentrator, for excellence in Latin American has also been awarded a Fulbright, to Studies for his thesis, “Violence and conduct research in Kuwait next year. Public Opinion in Rio de Janeiro.” BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 15

Seeing Cuba Anew social, and political changes. Lesson Scholars Go Online plans help guide students’ investigation With Fidel Castro’s retirement in of Cuba, and suggested student Scholars Online videos have been February after nearly 50 years as activities range from debating political proliferating on the Choices Program’s president, Cubans are weighing the options to examining Cuban art, website (www.choices.edu), giving options ahead: Should Cuba recommit literature, and hip hop. Additional secondary school students and to socialist principles? Build a new online materials will include Scholars teachers uncommon access to leading economy? A new Cuba based on Online interviews, interactive learning university scholars, many of whom political freedom? activities, and links to a range of other have contributed to the development resources. of Choices curriculum units and These three options form the participated in its professional centerpiece of the Choices Program’s The new unit is Choices’ second development programs. new secondary school curriculum unit, Cuba offering this year, following the Contesting Cuba’s Past and Future. posting in early March of an online Interviews with more than two dozen The printed unit and its supplementary lesson, Castro’s Legacy and the Future scholars are currently available, materials on the web help students of Cuba, as part of its Teaching with including: step into the shoes of ordinary Cubans the News series. Both launches were on the island and consider Cuba’s funded in part by the United States • Susan Allee, senior political affairs future in the post-Castro era. Institute of Peace. officer at the United Nations and Watson visiting fellow, on the UN; “Long a source of international

���������������������������������� fascination, Cuba has been thrust back • James Campbell, professor of � into the limelight in recent months, Africana studies at Brown University, which makes this a crucial moment on the Atlantic slave trade; to make this information accessible to secondary schools,” says Sarah • Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former Massey, the researcher leading the president of Brazil, on the environment; Cuba curriculum development. • Joseph Cirincione, director for “Often overlooked is the perspective nuclear policy at the Center for of Cubans about their country and its American Progress, on nuclear history, a history that’s always been weapons; highly contested,” she says. “With The unit was developed in this curriculum, we really wanted to • Jo-Anne Hart, associate professor collaboration with such scholars give students a sense of the differing at Lesley University and adjunct at the as Philip Brenner, professor of viewpoints of Cuban people and their Watson Institute, on Iran; and international relations at American ideas about the future.” University; Julia Sweig, director for • Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, professor of Latin American studies at the Council Contesting Cuba’s Past and Future political science at the Center for the on Foreign Relations; and Adrián López brings to 34 the number of curriculum Study of Violence at the Universidade Denis, a Cuban postdoctoral fellow units now published by the Choices de São Paulo and Cogut Visiting in international humanities at Brown Program, which is bringing university- Professor at Brown, on human rights. University. level research and innovative learning tools into secondary school classrooms It includes readings that trace Cuba’s across the country. history from the country’s pre-colonial past to its most recent economic, 16 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

Bolivian President Cites Strides awarded to families so that children can be enrolled in the first through the Evo Morales, Bolivia’s first indigenous fifth grades. president, listed his administration’s accomplishments in a recent lecture at “It is not confiscation but Brown. redistribution,” Morales said of his measures. While Bolivia secured approximately $300 million per year in oil revenues “One thing that encourages me is that Christopher Hill prior to his presidency, for instance, the although Bolivians were poor, Bolivia is North Korea has agreed that the country is reaping some $2 billion per not poor,” he said. “Mother Earth has Korean peninsula needs to be year following nationalization, he said. given us an abundance of resources. denuclearized, and now talks are But we need partners, not owners.” centered on making that happen. Last Moreover, Morales said, Bolivia’s July, North Korea shut down its nuclear balance of payments has been For instance, Morales is supporting a reactor and was in turn given 50,000 strengthened since his inauguration. joint effort between Bolivia and Japan tons of fuel oil. Another shipment of As of March 2008, the country has on the study of geothermal energy. 950,000 tons of fuel oil was promised accumulated $6.2 billion in international Similarly, Morales said, France is in exchange for permanently disabling reserves, a jump from $1.7 billion in working with Bolivia to harness its it. These are positive steps, Hill said, January 2006, he said. lithium reserves, which are the largest although North Korea must still give a in the world. full disclosure of its nuclear program With the earnings from increased oil and relinquish existing stores of revenues, Morales’ administration has Morales delivered the 78th Stephen plutonium. been able to implement crucial welfare A. Ogden Jr. ’60 Memorial Lecture programs. at Brown following an invitation from “If they’re going to want more fuel oil, Watson Institute Distinguished Visiting and I suspect they will, then they’ll One has been to lower the retirement Fellow Lincoln Chafee ‘75. have to take additional steps toward age from 65 to 60, with accompanying denuclearization,” he said. moves to close the wide pension gap US Diplomat Maps Progress in so that the cross-section of Bolivia’s Asian Relations There is an additional pair of North elderly may have a livable income upon Korean issues that concerns Hill: retirement. Ambassador Christopher R. Hill, the possible existence of a uranium US assistant secretary of state enrichment program and the country’s Morales also inaugurated the “Bono for East Asian and Pacific affairs, past assistance in a Syrian nuclear Juancito Pinto” social program in reported progress in nuclear weapons program. Hill believes that today, North October 2006, as an annual subsidy negotiations with North Korea during Korea is engaged in neither activity, but a recent talk on “US Foreign Policy in said there must be ways to verify this. Korea and the Asia-Pacific.” “There’s no trust in this business,” Hill “It’s been real tough; it’s slow going,” said, emphasizing the importance of conceded Hill, who has been the lead verification. US negotiator in the ongoing “six- party talks” on North Korea’s nuclear His talk was the annual Chong program among China, Japan, North Wook Lee and Vartan Gregorian Korea, South Korea, Russia, and the Distinguished Lecture – a program United States. But there have been aimed at increasing understanding measurable successes, he said. about global issues and problems, with Evo Morales a focus on Asia and the US. BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 17

Saudi Women’s Lot Improves House is now on an extended trip out or creating too much pollution to Slowly but Noticeably to Saudi Arabia to gather more be sustainable, no one knows what information on a book she is writing. will fill this growing demand. Though In her three decades of traveling in, and She said much of her reporting will be alternative energy sources, such as reporting from, Saudi Arabia, Karen done by speaking with women and the hydrogen, water, and wind, have been Elliott House has seen the kingdom kingdom’s bulging youth population, developed, none are yet ready to use take tentative steps toward reform, she whose perspective she feels will on a large enough scale to meet world said in a recent lecture at the Institute. give insight into the country’s future energy needs. prospects for reform. Klare believes that finding alternative Of Energy and War energy sources is not the only issue at stake in this debate, because resource Discussing the future of world energy scarcity has become a key security supplies at the Watson Institute, author concern in international politics. Michael Klare painted an apocalyptic picture of global energy supplies, Much of the world’s remaining oil is resource shortage, and conflict, in relatively unstable countries, such based upon his book, Rising Powers, as Nigeria, Angola, and Colombia. Shrinking Planet: The New Geopolitics Securing oil pipelines in these countries

Karen House of Energy (Macmillan, April 2008). is a risky business.

There has been slow but noticeable In Klare’s view, there are three driving progress in the treatment of women, forces in this new energy crisis: a said House, a Watson Institute huge increase in energy consumption overseer and former publisher of the caused by the rise of developing Wall Street Journal. Yet women’s rights economies; a drop in supplies of remain at the epicenter of an internal traditional energy sources, such as oil; struggle among the country’s political and the tendency of states to securitize and social leaders. and militarize their interests in scarce natural resources. Women in Saudi Arabia are being educated – a law school for women The growing energy needs of opened in 2006, despite a ban on developing countries, such as their practice of law – and they are China and India, are piling on to beginning to push for opportunities the existing energy consumption of to use their education, House said. developed economies in the US and Citing China’s involvement in Sudan, This is putting a severe strain on the Europe, according to Klare, who is and US partnership with countries such country’s ruling dynamic where the the Five College Professor of Peace as Saudi Arabia, Klare also said he Al-Saud family controls politics and and World Security Studies. Under believes resource scarcity is driving the conservative Wahabi Muslims control these conditions, the Organisation formation of partnerships with volatile the social aspects of life, including the for Economic Co-operation and regimes. He sees these shaky alliances courts. Development (OECD) and other groups as a possible cause of global conflict, predict a 60 percent rise in global on a greater scale than the two World “All the trappings of modernity are energy demands by 2030. Wars. there,” House said, “[but with] efforts to keep the hearts and minds of people in With traditional sources of energy, His talk was part of the Innovating the 7th century.” such as coal, oil, and gas, running Global Security Lecture Series. 18 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

Bankers Go Green Handling Post-Communism Orenstein attributed this to three factors: weak interest groups, the JPMorgan Chase took the position The post-communist refashioning of social legacies of communism, and three years ago that human beings Eastern Europe was a focus of the transnational actors – particularly the are contributing to climate change European Politics Seminar Series this International Monetary Fund, World through the burning of fossil fuels and semester. Bank, and others who attempted to deforestation, putting the investment liberalize the social welfare states but banker ahead of the curve among its In Kosovo, identity plays a large role met with the countervailing influence of peers, according to Amy Davidsen in the dispute between Serbs and West European welfare policy models. ’84, director of the bank’s Office of ethnic Albanians over the state’s Environmental Affairs. recent declaration of independence, In Kaliningrad, transformed from the according to Daniel Serwer, vice German city of Koenigsberg after Today, JPMorgan Chase supports a president for Post-Conflict Peace and World War II, Russian citizens today cap and trade policy, which sets limits Stability Operations at the US Institute are engaging in an unexpected on carbon emissions and then allows of Peace. effort to resurface the city’s German companies who have used up their roots, according to Olga Sezneva, an emission credits to buy them from assistant professor at the University of others with unused credits. From a Chicago. capital markets perspective, cap and trade is more effective than a carbon The Soviet government had evicted the tax policy, Davidsen said. German population, forced Russians to repopulate the city, and rebuilt it The company has begun to factor in in the Soviet modernist style. Now, environmental impact when making however, there is an urge among the investment decisions, she said. In fact Russian population to piece together there are certain “no go” situations a collective genealogy that places as laid out in a policy known as the Kaliningrad on the wider social map Daniel Serwer “Carbon Principles.” of historically European cities and to For reasons of religious history, Serbs maintain a “collective memory” of the The Carbon Principles, endorsed view Kosovo as “vital to our identity German city, Sezneva said during her by a group of big banks to reduce whether there is a single Serb living talk, cosponsored by the Department the regulatory and financial risks there or not,” Serwer said. He warned of Slavic Languages. associated with greenhouse gas that a surge in pan-Albanianism in the emissions, emphasize energy region would cause extreme instability. Russians secretly reprint banned efficiency, renewable and low carbon While this is not currently an issue, “if German maps, embark on risky distributed energy technologies, and Kosovo is mistreated, all bets are off.” expeditions of old buildings, and enhanced diligence regarding certain unearth bottles, house keys, and conventional and advanced generation In the developed post-communist other objects. They argue over these technologies. countries of the Czech Republic, reconstructed linkages, contest Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, there anxieties about their national identity, Davidsen said the banking industry are few institutional remnants of and weigh a new kind of European realizes there will be carbon regulations communism, according to Mitchell identity. coming and said it is her company’s Orenstein, associate professor of goal to get its clients prepared and out European Studies at Johns Hopkins in front of the future requirements. University. But they have not yet been able to develop clear, new social policy Her talk was part of the Next models. Generation of Corporate Responsibility Lecture Series. BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 19

Iraqi Professor A recent podcast of another While at Brown, scholars worked Gives Inside Story conversation between al-Soof with program leader Steven and Lydon is available at www. Hamburg, director of Watson’s “He becomes the Iraqi uncle you radioopensource.org. Global Environment Program, and didn’t know you had.” So began the other faculty members from several introduction of Behnam Abu al-Soof Environmental Scholars departments at Brown. to the Brown community recently, as Make New Connections the visiting professor of archaeology In addition to on-campus learning, and international studies gave his first The 2008 Watson International scholars this year held a series public talk here. Scholars of the Environment have just of meetings in Washington with completed a semester of mid-career senior science and policy officials Watson Institute Visiting Fellow training in land use science and policy. at organizations such as the Christopher Lydon was the moderator, Environmental Defense Fund; US as al-Soof shared his views based on Since 2001, the Watson Scholars Environmental Protection Agency; life in a war zone and on his decades program has hosted environmental Woodrow Wilson International Center of experience in the teaching, research, leaders from universities, governments, for Scholars; and World Resources and government administration of and nongovernmental organizations Institute, among others. The meetings antiquities. throughout the developing world. were designed to exchange information About 60 scholars from 40 countries and ideas, as well as reinforce The wide-ranging conversation have now participated. connections between Washington touched on al-Soof’s advice to US and the scholars’ local issues and military leaders in 2003 (“I told them This year’s scholars were: organizations. we were not ready for democracy.”); on the return of important artifacts to • Michael Forova Avosa, Bishop In New England, scholars spent time Iraq’s National Museum (“And in Iraq, Museum of Hawaii, Papua New Guinea off campus at the Conservation Law it is possible to do digs that would Foundation, Woods Hole Research bring a lot more.”); and on the future • Edenise Garcia (of Brazil), Jacques Center, and Harvard Forest, an (“People like me are waiting for security Whitford Axys Ltd., Canada experimental forest. and peace to prevail, and we’ll all go back.”). • Rahanna Juman, Institute of Marine Watson Scholars form an enduring Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago network with each other and with Al-Soof’s year-long visit at Brown Brown. As evidence, many host Brown has been made possible through the • Bala Ram Kandel, Department of undergraduates as summer interns (see support of the University’s Joukowsky Forests, Nepal related story, page 13). Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World, the Watson Institute, • Lizzie Mujuru, Department of The program will host its next class of and the Office of the Dean of the Environmental Science, Bindura scholars in fall 2009. Faculty, together with the Institute University, Zimbabwe of International Education’s Scholar Rescue Fund, which has been finding • Abha Shende, Environment safe havens for senior scholars whose and Energy Department, Mitarth lives and work are threatened in Iraq. Environmental Institute, India

He is spending the year teaching, • Jasjit Singh Walia, Himachal Pradesh conducting research, writing a book Forest Department, India on his life’s work, and continuing as scientific advisor to Iraq’s Antiquities

Department and the Iraq Museum. Steven Hamburg (l) with Watson Scholars 20 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

The Indian research expands on her Hamburg has been advising Wal- work on businesses’ role in climate Mart on improving its environmental change and on such multinational performance – an effort embodied in policy tools as the Clean Development the giant retailer’s campaign to market Mechanism. lightbulbs that use 75 percent less electricity. As the guest editor of a recent special issue of Studies in Comparative “Hamburg’s vision accelerated the sale International Development (SCID) on of CFL bulbs, and led to a reduction “Greening Development,” Pulver wrote of greenhouse gas emissions by 20 that: “Tracing the pathways by which million tons in 2007. At the same time, [firms in developing countries] come customers who bought these bulbs to adopt innovative environmental saved a total of $2 billion a year,” the technologies and practices illuminates EPA said in presenting the award. the institutional dynamics that enable and foster developing-country firm Rhodes Honored FP Lauds Cardoso: Foreign Policy greening and will be central to any For Life’s Work magazine has named former search for global sustainability.” Brazilian President Fernando William R. Rhodes ‘57, a member Henrique Cardoso one of this year’s Hamburg Receives of Watson’s board of overseers, this top 100 public intellectuals. The Earth Day Honors month received a lifetime achievement list represents “the thinkers who award from Latin Finance magazine. are shaping the tenor of our time,” On the occasion of Earth Day, the US “Bill’s renown as an international editors said. Cardoso is a Brown Environmental Protection Agency last financial diplomat and the critical professor at large based at Watson month presented Global Environment role he has played in sovereign risk and an incoming member of the Program Director Steven P. Hamburg restructuring throughout his career Institute’s board of overseers. with a 2008 Environmental Merit has left an indelible mark on the global Award. financial community,” the magazine said in presenting the award. Pulver Awarded Hamburg was honored for his Fulbright Grant “significant contributions to The Banker magazine also presented environmental awareness and problem him with a lifetime achievement Watson Assistant Professor Simone solving.” Specifically, the award award late last year, saying that “In Pulver has been selected as a Fulbright acknowledged his work advancing international banking, Bill Rhodes, Scholar grantee to India. With support the use of energy-efficient light bulbs the chairman, president and from the six-month grant, she will study known as CFLs. chief executive of Citibank NA, is the environmental practices of Indian synonymous with trust, integrity, and enterprises, while based in New Delhi an incredible ability to relate to people at Jawaharlal Nehru University. across the planet. His negotiating skills are legend.” Specifically, her research will investigate decisions by Indian sugar Rhodes gained a reputation for companies to implement greenhouse international financial diplomacy in gas-reducing technologies. Pulver the 1980s for his leadership in helping will compare her findings in India with manage external debt crises that parallel results from the sugar sector in involved developing nations and their Brazil, for a cross-national comparative creditors worldwide. project. Steven Hamburg BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 21

Why No Nukes Now? She added: “We’re really back to a point where we need what we can use Senior Fellow Catherine Kelleher as points of convergence and points analyzed the new momentum behind of cooperation to control the common global nuclear disarmament in a recent danger.” interview on the syndicated radio program, A World of Possibilities. Kelleher also analyzed recent pro- disarmament opinion pieces by “a “It’s an interesting restart of the remarkable lineup of people,” including debate,” she said – even at a time conservatives who have held top when presidential candidates are government positions. ignoring the issue and US-Russian relations are souring. “For someone like Henry Kissinger, who has been at this for more than 50 years, to say that he can see foresee a world in which there is an elimination Chenjerai Hove of all nuclear weapons is really quite remarkable. He has never subscribed He listed national institutions currently to this.” run by the military – the nation’s parks, transportation systems, oil companies, Watching Zimbabwe Fall Apart and more. “Everywhere is military. You are looking at the whole structure of International Writers Project Fellow these institutions which have to be Chenjerai Hove has been reflecting depersonalized to make them state Catherine Kelleher on events in his home country of institutions again. In the next year or Kelleher explained the development Zimbabwe, where violence has been two I think we are going to go through by looking back to early arms control escalating since the opposition a period of real chaos – political, accords, during the tensions of the presidential candidate is said to have economical, social disintegration 1950s and ‘60s, including the Cuban won national elections in March. – before we start rebuilding.” Missile Crisis. “Arms control was devised originally as a strategy to “He is a hostage, really,” Hove says Hove, a novelist, poet, essayist, and overcome bad relations and to stress of President Robert Mugabe. The 84- political commentator in residence at common and convergent interests even year-old president is ready to leave, Watson and Brown’s Creative Writing in times of hostilities,” she said. but “his own military people are saying, Program, left Zimbabwe in 2002. At ‘No, we won’t allow you to leave,’” the time, he was urged to save himself Today’s resurgent interest in the issue Hove recently told allAfrica.com. “The after having published views including reflects “the realization that eight years army generals don’t trust that [anyone] the statement that “the president has of the Bush administration will in fact can guarantee their safety.” ruled the country through the use of have led to the dismantlement of many fear and force – he has frightened of the things that made it possible With the initial vote suppressed others so much that now he fears to maintain common interest even in and manipulated, a run-off election himself.” the face of hostility. The resurgence is planned. Even if it reaffirms the of Russian nationalism makes that opposition’s victory, “these guys are hostility palpable on the front pages.” not going to allow themselves to be pushed out easily. They’re going to fight. And that will make a lot of chaos,” Hove says. 22 WWW.WATSONINSTITUTE.ORG

Gaming War worst aspect of war and why people Chafee Gets Booked don’t like to join the military,” said Der The line between war and war game Derian, who also leads the Institute’s C-SPAN’s Book TV channel this month has started to blur and become more Global Media Project. featured former US Sen. Lincoln porous, Global Security Program Chafee ’75 and his recent book Director James Der Derian said Der Derian described other risks of launch event at Brown for Against recently on “Het oorlogsspel” (“The the increasing automation of war – the Tide: How a Compliant Congress War Game”), on Dutch public TV discussing possible points of failure in Empowered a Reckless President (St. station VPRO. “It’s important to network-centric warfare, a new virtual Martin’s Press, April 2008). understand the extent to which games alliance between the military-industrial now shape not only the preparation and media-entertainment complexes, The candid political memoir, which for war but also the execution and the and the concept of “virtuous war.” He Chafee wrote as a distinguished visiting representation of the war during and coined this term to “highlight the fact fellow at Watson, “offers a behind-the- afterward,” he said. that you have this new confluence in scenes look at the first six years of the the United States – this remarkable Bush administration from the vantage capability to project force from a point of one of the few Republican distance to use your technological moderates in the Senate,” according to superiority to stand off and yet have the publisher. military impact – simultaneous with the view that we must use our moral In the Providence Journal, reviewer superiority to convince the world Darrell West, a political science that democracy and free markets professor at Brown, called the book “a are the best possible systems for the Shakespearean tale filled with drama, international order.” tragedy and betrayal.”

On the other hand, Der Derian noted Military videogame that these videogames can have a Modeled after the popular “first-person deterrent effect on US adversaries. shooter” genre of videogames, the “They present a [US] military superiority US Army’s videogames for training that no longer exists on the ground. and recruiting “are one step further So I can see why they would want into the illusion of control, the illusion to carry on with this image through of total superiority, and the idea that videogames.” you get killed but then you push the reset button and you get to fight again. Lincoln Chafee That sort of takes the edge off the The book has been reviewed widely, and he has been interviewed recently by National Public Radio’s Fresh Air, Rolling Stone, Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI), and the Huffington Post blog, Links to interviews and among other media. full articles are available at www.watsoninstitute.org/inthenews. BRIEFINGS SPRING 2008 23

The Semantics Who Triggered Riots in Tibet? Khrushchev Views of Military Basing Stalin’s Rehabilitation Who was really behind the riots in Tibet When the Bush administration recently in March? The rehabilitation of Joseph Stalin’s said it would “expressly foreswear” reputation, encouraged by Russian permanent military bases in Iraq, The question is still being debated Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, has been Professor Catherine Lutz was called weeks after the clash between Tibetan at the expense of the reputation of upon by the Institute for Public protesters and Chinese government his critic, former Soviet leader Nikita Accuracy for a reality check. forces. In a recent opinion piece in the Khrushchev, according to Senior Fellow Providence Journal, Watson Institute Sergei Khrushchev, his son. Editor of the forthcoming book The Senior Fellow Xu Wenli said he sees Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle preemptive tactics on the part of the In Russia, “you cannot mention against US Military Posts (Pluto Chinese government – timed to avoid Khrushchev, good or bad,” Khrushchev Press), Lutz called the claim “entirely later disruption of the Olympic Games says in a video interview with theday. misleading.” this summer in Beijing. com, a New England newspaper. “Stalin is now a great hero for the “Provoking the Tibetans with Soviet Union. … and you cannot say violence gives the government ample anything good about Khrushchev justification to aggressively clamp because he exposed Stalin’s crimes.” down early on any activity that could derail the perfect execution of the The wide-ranging interview also Olympics in the name of security,” touches on US relations with Cuba wrote Xu, a prominent dissident who and Iran, among other subjects. In spent 16 years in Chinese prisons. these two countries, Khrushchev says, US policy missteps have actually “It also gives the government the reinforced unfriendly governments’ excuse to restrict foreign media positions. By using such terms as Catherine Lutz access to politically sensitive regions “axis of evil,” for instance, the Bush “The U.S. government has taken to in western China – reducing, if not administration has actually empowered calling bases it intends to build and eliminating, the possible annoyance some extremist governments in the hold for the indefinite future ‘enduring and embarrassment that the Tibetans eyes of their citizens, he says. bases’ or ‘cooperative security and the Uighurs might cause before locations’ or other such euphemisms. China becomes the center of the The Bush administration is attempting world’s attention in August,” he said. to circumvent congressional Defense bills’ provisions by characterizing any Iraq bases as ‘temporary’ or ‘enduring’ rather than ‘permanent,’” she said.

“Maintaining bases in Iraq is also a veiled way to prevent the withdrawal of US forces against the wishes of large and growing majorities in both the United States and Iraq,” she added.

Last month, Lutz was interviewed on the subject by 10 radio stations – from Washington, DC, to Wyoming. Michael Vinay Bhatia ’99 Institute, he was involved in a research In November 2007, Michael wrote of project on Cultural Awareness in the his work in Afghanistan: “The program Military, writing his PhD dissertation, has a real chance of reducing both the and teaching a senior seminar on Afghan and American lives lost, as well “The US Military: Global Supremacy, as ensuring that the US/NATO/ISAF Democracy and Citizenship.” strategy becomes better attuned to the population’s concerns, views, criticisms Over several years, Michael’s research and interests and better supports the and humanitarian work took him to Government of Afghanistan.” such conflict zones as Sahrawi refugee camps, East Timor, and Kosovo, in Michael was a doctoral candidate addition to Afghanistan. in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University Michael Vinay Bhatia ’99 died May 7 in In 2004, Michael and co-authors of Oxford, working on a dissertation Afghanistan, where he was working as wrote: “Prime Minister Tony Blair’s titled “The Mujahideen: A Study of a social scientist in consultation with 2001 declaration that the international Combatant Motives in Afghanistan, the US military. community ‘will not walk away from’ 1978-2005.” Afghanistan missed the real question: In addition to graduating magna cum When will the international community He had recently published some of his laude in international relations from really walk into Afghanistan, and make research on Afghanistan (see related Brown University, Michael was a the necessary commitments and story, page 9). visiting fellow at the Watson Institute investments that will give the Afghan from July 2006 to June 2007. At the people a reasonable chance at building a peaceful and stable country?”

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