1I1tT XIII-~
Vl'f f;Rf~r •
• iti. m. I'" . ~'N smm~ mr, f;rbl'l\ ~,,~, "t:~"bT ~9,81 ~S-PUDLICATION PLAN
(1981 "~mSJlI Publication "SeJlliu.11 in All '"dia Series will be published in the Jolfowlng pans)
-GOV'ERN1vt)3NT OF INDIA PUBLICATiONS
Part I-A Ad ministration Report-Enumera tion
Par; I-B Administration Report-Tabulation
Part II-A General Population Tables
Part II-B Primary Census Abstract
Part III General Economic Tables
Part IV Social and Cultural Tables
Part V Migration Tables
Part VI Fertility Tables
PartVIl Tables on Houses and Disabled Population
Part VIII Houichold Tables
Part IX Special Table'S on Scheduled Castes and ScbedJed Tribes
Part X-A Town Oirectory
Part X-B Survey Reports on selected Towns
Part X-C Survey Reports on selected VilJagcs,
Part XI Ethnographic Notes and special studies on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes· Part XII • Census Atlas
Paper 1 of 1982 Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Papor 1 of 1984 Household Population by Religion of Head of Household.
STATE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Part XIlI-MB District Census Hand book for each of tbe 45 di~tricts in the State. (Village and Town Directory and Primary Census Abitract) AtI(q' ~t CONTENTS '{~l$ Pages 1 sn~q"" Forewora. i-iv 2 smf~""t Preface v-vi 3 ~~ fif~ ~l ;mn Map of Raisen District 4 ~~~oi m~¥ Important Statistics vii 5 f.mr~~q1ti f~~ Analytical Note 1'-50 lill~trHl1 'If{:q lfTt'i 'Ii fC!'t'lorr Scope of District Census Handbook I Introductory Note 6 .~.- VTIJ f.fif~ Section I-VILLAGE DIRECTORY 51-271 o~~T~T ~ It~ Tahsil Maps ( 1) i{11T 'lIi'ila~n: vr,,) ( 1) i[1T'{ f.:rifwifiT if i3'CJ~)1T f'li~ mr I ifiT6 , it ( 1) Notes explaining the codes used «i(fi ~ fCCq1lfT in tbe TowD Directory 272-275 ( 2 ) fcrcr'(lJf -1 srfp-l f (4) Statement 1(:- Municipal Finance / 1978-79. 280-281 (5) fqq'{UT-4 ;n1Tf~ q)"{ q'rlt ~f'_'a-T<1 , (5) Statement IV-Civic and other 1978:-79 Amenities. 282-283 (') f'lq~ - 5 f' BankiDgf 1979. 286-287 Appendix-Towns Showing their 8 qf~~~~-iiq'U if ~rr6ltcrf4"c. ~i.i1' ~ ~TiJ ilf;;d~r outgrowths with population· 288 ~vr"r ilfOof (ru 'U~ ~~~ iii' tT"R it ~~f~a aT f;;rg- 'fT fifCfi~a1i VT;r it \iOfS ~fcniJT ~;u~, ~~~ fGfm' \il"fllfUl'ifr ~f{=01fiT ~~ifT lIfi'l ~lIfi lif~~f~ "~!:T t , ~,\T 'tfT :qtm:t. I m, fiJifwiti, ~ tfiT'i11f.) fI': ~~11: Cfi'{t fiif~T :jfiflfGJifT ~f~~ i!fi1' tf)iJAT f;:urmnrl, sf~mrCfi1, {f+flt ;;rTlfTUf 9'!f it' ~q{ifi9" ~Ti~ ~krf~iti ~fi!{&r~\ fcr~,, fCfiAT 1I'\"t q';"m;f lIfimm iii) ..n: .. r~ $flCf'Qzr~(fr tiTer) FOREWORD The diatrict cens-uI' handbook (DeH). compiled by tbe census organisation on behalf or tla' State governments, is one of the most valuable products of the Census. The DCH is constantly referred to by planners, administrators. academicians and researchers. It is inter alia used (or delimi tati'~n of o Dnstituencies. formu}atK>D of Iota I kvcl and regional plans and as an aid to District administrati04. Tbe district cenSU6 handbook is tbe only publication which provides Primary Census Abstract (PCA,) data upto village level for tbe rural areas and wardwise for each city or town. It also p.ovidcs data on infrastructure aoo amcnilic. in villages and townl. etc. The diatrict census band book series W"s initiated during tbe 1951 Census It contained important cenSllS tables and peA for. each village and town of the district. During 1961 Census the scope of tl\c DCH was enlarged and it c~ntained a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics. eensus tables. village and town directory, including PCA. The 1971 DCH ~erie8 was plalulcd in tluce parts. Part-A rel-ated to village and town directory. Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report. administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical table. based on peA and amenity data in respect of vlllages. However. in some states it was confined w district census tables and in a few cales altogether given up due to delay in compilation and printiDi. While dcaigmng tbe forma.t of 1981 DCR series some new features alona with tbe restructurin, of the formats of village and town directory have been attempted. At the same timt. comparability with the 1971 data has also been kept in view. AU the ameaities except powor supply in the vj1Jage have been bsouaht together in the village directory with the instruction that in case an amenity is nOl available in tne referrent village the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place where thc amenity IS available may be given. The restructuring of the format of the village directory and incorporating more exhauitive data on infrastructure aspect particularly in relation to amenities and land-use partcrn is expec~ed to Curther meet the need of micro level planning for rural areas. It is expected to help not only in local area plannmg but regulating the provision of goods and services as wdl so as to minimise the rcgion~1 imbalances i~ the process of development. A few new items of information have also been introduc:ed to meet some of the requirements of the Revised Minimwm Needs Programme. Such new items of information as adult literacy centres, primary health sub-centres, and commumty bt:aHh workers in the village have been introduced in the village directory with this objectives in mind. The new item on ,,~proach to tbe villase is to have an idea about the villagl"s in the district which arc in ccessible. A i~W column. "total population and number of households" has been introduced to examjD~ the correlation of the amenities with the population and number of households they serve. Addition of twO In')ce appendices listing the villages where no amenities art! available and according to the proportion of iCheduled castes and scheduled tribes population to the total population bas also been made with this view in mind. The formats of the town directory have also been modified to meet the requirements of the Minimulu Needs Program!Uc by providin& information on a (ew new items. A new statemeDt (In ci"ic and other amenities in slums in dass-I and Class-ll towns (Statement IV-A) has been introduc;:ed with tbis objective in mind. It is expected that this will help the planners to chalk out programmes on provision of civic amenities for the improvement of slums. Tne columns on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population in statement IV rclatini to ~ivic and other amenities and atfult literacy classes/centres under educational facilities in statement V are also added inter alia with tbis iv view. A significant addition is class of town in aJl the seven Itatements of the town directory. The infraitructure of amenities in urban areas of the country can be best analyse. by taking the cla88 of towns into consideration. The addition cf the colllnms on civic administration statuI and population in a few statements also serves this purpose. The format of the prituary Ct:ll5US abstract for the villages and towns has been formulated in the light of changes in the economic and other questions canvalled through tbe individ ual slip of 1981 c=ns us. In order to avoid delay in publication of 1931 DCH series it has bee,n SQ designed that Part-A of the volume contains 'Village and town directory and Part-B the peA of villages and towns including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PCA upto Tahsil/Town levels. At the beginning of the DCH a detailed analytical note supported by a number of inset tables based on peA and non-cenlul data in relation to the infra~tructure has been introduced to enhance its value. The district and tahsil/police stationjC D Block etc. level maps depicting the boundaries and other important features have been inserted at appropriate places, to fUfther enhance the value of the publication. This pUblication ill a joint venture of the State Government and the Census Organisation. The data have been cQllected and compiled in the State under the direction ofShri K. C. Dubey, the Director Dr Census OperatIons, Madhya Pradesh on behalf of the State Government which has borne the cost of printing. The task of planning, designing and coordination of this publication was carried out by Shri N. o. Nag, Deputy ,Regi~trar General (Social Stu~Jiei) of roy office. Dr. B. K. Roy, Deputy Registrar General (Map) provided the tect>nical guic'ance in the preparation of the maps. Data received from census Directorates have been scrutinised in the Social Studies DiVision at the headquarters under the guidance of Shri M. M. Dua, Senior Relearch Officer. J am thankful to all who have contributed in the project. P. PADMANABHA REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA New Delhi the 26th April, 1981. PREFACE One of the most important publications of the Census arc the District Census Handbooks. This publication was begun: in this captrion:since 1951 Cen~us. But prior to tbis, a' similar publication was reoleSl.sed in the C~nsus earlier thall 1951. That publication Was on the title of Village Statistics and it oontains' oply village Dallles and tot a] population thereof. The 1951 Census could, therefore, be said to represent a significant s-tep in tbe process of making detailed Census statistics available down upto the village level. In fact the District Censm Handbook is th6 most important publication at the Census and is also perhaps the most widely used. Also perhaps this is the only publication used at the miere-level down upto theltahsil and development block. The form of the Districl Census Handbook has gone considerable change since )951. This is basically due to the growing demand for morc information. For the purpose of convenience as weB as with a view of making thl! basic statistics availa ble with the data users as early as possible the District Census Handbooks have been split into 2 parts, Part-A contains the Introductory Note on the district and Village Directory. This volume will be found useful to get ahnost all the non-Census statistics available at one place. Part-B contains the Primary Census Abstract. One of the innovation of the present Census has been in terms of allotment of Location Code numbers to the villages. In the earlier Censuses the location code system We! such that the vil1ages of a Patwari Circle were found at different serial numbers. Since the Patwari CirCle still remains an imrortant administrative unit the location code numbers have been so given in the present Census that it may be possible to locate all the villages of a particular Patwari Circle at one place one below the other. When the planning for the present census was started in 1979 the tahsils were still revivable as an important unit of th~ administration, the whole planning was, therefore, done taking tahsil as the unlt. It was during the course of tbe census that some requests were informally received for ma.king blockwise data available. Since thele requests were received very late and "ere also received only in an int"otmal manner, it ha.s not been possible to disturb the original planning of villages arranged according to the location code numbers taking tahsil as one unit. However, additional ex.ercise has been done and in addition to. the tahsil figures bJockwise figures have also been indicated. It is hoped that the availability of these bJockwise data will enha_ce the util,aty of th is publication. It is hoped that this handbook will provid e the basic statistical support to exec u tive and developm~ntal administral.ion. It is needless to state that the proper implementation of policy depends on the ability of the administration authorities concerned. It may be remembered that the vil1agewise area figures given in the Primary Census Abstract and the Village Directory are those based on the village papers while the tahsil totals given in peA are obtained from the Land Records deptt. which in many cases exclude forest area. vi The statistics. that are contained in the district census band books are the result of a massive and marathon exercise in the compilation and tabulation of voluminous statistics. The compilation of the statistics contained in this volume was carried out by 9 Rqional Tabubtion Offices each under a Regional Deputy Director of Census Operations. These Regional Offices were run with tbe help of purely temporary staff-rougbly about 1,500 Tabulators. about 250 Checkers and about 80 Super~isors. I am grateful to my colleagues, the Regiol,al Deputy Dlrel.:lora and those temporary staff for the speed and accuracy in the editing a.nd basic compilation of more than nearly 522 lath slips and nearly 1 lath of household schedules. The compilation of village directory was taken up at the headquarters and I am tqually grateful to the officers and stafr who have worked whole heartedly on the job in a collec tive and co-operati\,e venture. It is not possible nor fair to name in this. The maps contained in the han:ibook have been prepared in the Cartographic Section of my office. I am thankful to all who have contributed to bring this publication possible. The census organisation is also grateful to the Government of Madhya Pradesh for having been so kind as to undertake the publication of these hand books and to the Controller, Printing and Stationery. Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal and his staff for the printing arrangements made. The inspiration behind this ambitious venture is that of Ollr indefatigable Registrar General, Shri P. Padmanabha. to whom we are all deeply grateful. Our thanks are also due to Shri N. G. Nag, Deputy Regist,rar General (Social Studies) for all the help that we received from him and bis section. K. C. DUBEY Director of Census Operations Madhya Prad esb. Bhopal. Janmashtami, 31 Aug. 1983. IMPORTANT STATISTICS n' 15' )0 45' 7S' 00' 15' 10' 45' i------~------I------+-=------r----~~r------,------+-- D MADHYA PRADESH 21' 21' 45' s DISTRICT RAISEN 45 I (' \ S'" ~ t \ 0 DISTRICT V \. , \ lO' v '{ a. 0 :t ~ I '~T~~~EN I cr I I 15' J.... ,I ,V) \ /( I~) 1 I "'" REFERENCE Q \ l 'J(It. . ~.~ \ V / _._ ..f'><';1 . I \\ /'" i BOUNDAR!. DISTRICT ..... I I -' ... ,- • TAHSIL""". ",,' .-,-,- \ g HEADQUART£RS: DISTRICT, TAHSIL @ @ )~',.. NATIONAL HIGHWAY, .. --!!!!...- ("' 1'\ / I \ I STATE HIGHWAY ... " ._1_"11_ \. { ,l M€TlLLED ROAD . "'" , \ \ \ / UNMETALLED ROAD .. 23' , \ I ""~:======23' RAILWAY LINE WITH STAtiON: 6ROAO GAUGE -db.. ~ od \ , \lI OIS,~I(,~ RIVERl'STREAM ... ,~ VILLAGE HAVING 5000 l ABOVE POPULATION o I OEDRI )1 WITH NAME I ' I URBAN AREA WITH POPULATION SIZE',' • t . " \.''":'' II' l, t CLASS IV, H VI , .. ,' .. ,' o· 1 ''', •• t ,. ../ POST OFF~E IPoSTAND TELEGWH OffiCE !O/Pro ?J~Q DEGREE COLLEGE. III ~/ , AEST HOUSE. 0 ~(l '" c ~ ~ \ c./ S t 0 R 00 22' ~ ~ 22' 45' DISi~\(,~ 46 ))'15' lO' 78' 00' 10' 45' 79' 00' 79' IS' vii IMPORTANT STATISTICS MADHYA PRADBSH Raisen District Population Total Persons 52,178,844 110,541 Males 26,886,305 37Z,459 Females 25,292,539 338.08) . Rural Persons 41,592,385 639,806 Males 21,266',321 334,547 Females 20,326,064 305,259 Urban Persons 10,586,459 70,73d Males 5,619,984 37.912 Famales 4,966,475 32,824 Decennial Population Growth rate 1971-81 25.27 28.48 Area (Sq. KITts.) 443,446.0 8,466.0 Density of population (Per Sq. Km.) 118 84 Sex-ratio (Number of females per 1000 males) 941 908 Literacy rate Persons 27.87 23.01 Males 39.49 33.45 Fell1ales 15.53 11.51 PercC'ntage of urban population to totnl population 20.29 9.96 Percentage to total population ( i ) Main Workers Persons 38.41 .33.72 Males 53.52 52.57 Females 22.35 ]2.96 ( ii ) Marginal Workers Persons 4,52 3.63 Males 0.96 ;(}.96 Females 8.30 '6.57 (iii) Non-Workers Persons 57.07 62.65 Males 45.52 46.47 Fenlales 69.35 80.47 Break-up of maiD workers (percentage among main workers) ( i ) Cultivators Persons 51.96 41.00 M,tles 53.81 47.01 Females 47.28 14~ 14 (ii ) Agricultural Labourers Persons 24.24 38.04 Males 17.81 30.87 Females 40.61 70.0& (iii) Household Industry Persons 3.52 ~.gS Males 3.36 .3.54 Females 3.93 5.25 (iv) Other workers PersOl.s 20.28 n.ll Males 25.02 18.58 Females 8.18 10.5] Percentage of scheduled castes Persons 14.10 :6.72 population to total population Males 14.1.6 16.75 Females 14.04 16.69 Percentage of schedUled tribes Persons 22.97 15.43 population to total population Males 22.33 14.94 Females 23.66 J 5.98 Number of occupied residential houses 8,929,190 115,962 Number of Villages Total 76,603 1,518 Inhabited 71,429* 1,425 Uninhabited 5,174'" 93+ Number or Towns 327 6 ... Includes 77 inhabited villages which havc been treated wholly lIB urban outgrowth of nearby CitY/Town . • Includes 58 uninhabited villages of .... hieh Abadi Area have been merged in nearby City/Town. + Includei 2 uninhabited villages of which Abadi Area have been merged in nearby City!Town. f~tlt"l(~$ fttqvrt ANALYTICAL NOTE NOTES AND BXPLANATIONS This note gives the meanings and explanation could be ensured and which would provide basi. of terms and concepts used in this handbook. This for anal~'sing of figures and urbanisation in the is necessary because, without a proper grasp of the country. But it has to be remembered that the meanings of such simple concepts as building,house. urban criterion of 1961 and )971 cenSuses is that hOllseh('ld, workers etc., it is not possible to a prr the males working in activities such al fishing, eciate the data presented in the handbook. Thus lOlling, etc. were' treated as engaged in Don-agri one who does not know that an unpretentious hut cultural activity and therefore contributed to tho in the thick of Bastar forests with unplastered bam 75% criterion in 1961 and 1971 censuses, whereas boo walls and a thatch roof and with space hard Iy in the 1981 census these activities are treated as on enough for two cots is not a bit less of a building par with cultivation and agricultural labour for the than the Indian versions or the sky scrapers in one purpose of this criterion. of the metropolitan cities, or that a central jail household as the household of the most pious and Applying the criteria described above, a list of god-fearing citizen in the State. may not be able 327 towns was finalised and it is these 327 towns to appreciate what exactly the figures represent. which are treated as urban areas for the purpose of 1981 census. The additional Secretary to the Govt. Concepts and Definitions of India in the Ministry of Home Affairs sent a letter to the Chief Secretaries of the State Govern Rural/Urban: ments as back as 10th May, 1979, requesting them It has been the tradition of the Indian Census to ensure that no changes are made in jurisdiction to present tbe census data for rural and urban areas and boundaries of municipalities and revenue separately. In fact, in all the Ce nsuses t hrougb villages, tahsils, sub-divisions and districts during out the world this classification of census data into the period from 1-1-1980 to 30-6-1981. However, rural and urban units is generally recognized. How SUbsequent to our finalization of rural and urban ever, dist inetion between rural and urban is not yet frame the State Government in the Local Covern· amenable to a single definition which would be ment Department notified many places as notified applicable to all countries. areas and municipalities. Such places have not been treated as towns for the purpose of census and The definition of an urban unit at tbe )::)71 the secretary to Government in the Local Govern Census was as follows - ment Department had agreed to this arrangements. (a) All places with a mun:cipa!ity, corporation Similarly, the State Government raised the status of cantonment board or notified town area; () municipal committees to that of municipal corpo rations. These new muniCIpal corporations are also (b) All other places Which satisfied thr; follow treated as municipal committ::-es. ing criteria. (i) A minimum population of 5,OOJ ; While dealing with the su bject of rural and urban break up mention may be made of the area under (ii) At least 75 per cent of male workin!,; the Special Area Development Authority. The population engaf,ed in non.agricultural Special Area Development Authority have been pursuits; and constituted under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatba (iii) A density of population of at least Gram Nivesh Adhiniyam, ]973 and they enjoy the 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. miles). power to function as a municipality so far as the municipal management of that area is concerned. Thesamecriteria is retained at the 1981 census The limits of these Special Areas include large por also that comparability with the previous census tions of rural areas comprising number of villages 4 situated arO\llld the core town or village of such (i) it should have a core town of a minimum Special area. For example, Orchha is a SADA population of 50,000, (ii) the contiguous areas area in Tikamgarh district but there is no town in made up of other urban as well as rural administra this area. Similarly. Malanjkhand in Balaghat tive units should have mutual socio-economic links district, Bheraghat in JabaJpur district, Mandav in with the cote tow.n and (iii) in all probability this Dbar district and similar other cases are SADA entire area should get ful1y ur~anised in a period of areas but there is no urban area within that. The two or three decades. Certain Standard Urban objective of the SADA areas perhaps is to control Areas were determined on this basis in 1971 and the future development of these areas in a planned some basic data were presented for 1951, 1961 and manner and that is all. It wss, therefore, not con 1971 for such areas and their components. Similar sidered desirable to treat such SADA areas at par data have been presented for the Standard Urban with other urban bodies like municipal corpora Areas in 1981 also. The idea is to present basic tions, munieipal committees etc. and only that part data for those areas for four to five decades so that of it is treated as urban which is really so. As such the urbanisation process in these areas can be in the Korba SADA area only Korba town has been studied. However, there have been minimum changes treated as urban and rest of the a~ea remains in tbe in the constituent units of the Standard Ur ban rural frame. Areas of 1981 Census as compared to those of 1971. but the list of SUA remained unchanged. Urban Ag&lomeratioD: Size Class of Towns: Apart from town/city the 1971 concept of The urban areas are classified into 6 classes urban agglomeration is also adopted for the 1981 referred to as towns of Class I to VI. The cla~sifi census. Very often large railway colonies, university cation is shown below- campuses. port areas, military camps, etc. come up outside the statutory limits of the city or town but Class I towns 100,000 and obove adjoining it. Such areas m.ay not by themselves Class II tONns sO,oeu to 99,999 qualify to be treated as towns but if tbey form a Class III towns 20,000 to 49,999 contiluous spread with the town. they are out Class IV towns 10,000 to 19;999 growths of the town and deserve to be treated as Class V towns 5,000 to 9,91)9 urban. Such towns together with toeir outgrowths Class VI towns less than 5,000 have been treated as one urban unit and called 'u~ban a&glomeration'. An urban aiglomeration It is customary to treat a town baving a popu may constitute :- lation of 1 lac and above as a city. (a) A city with continuous outgrowth, (the Census Honse: part of outgrowth being outsid e the &tatu tory limits but falling within the bo und A Census House is a bu ildjng or part of a build aries of the adjoining village or villages); ing having a separate main entrance flam the road or common courtyald or staircase, etc., used or (b) One town with similar outirowth or two recognised as a separate unit. It may be occupied or more adjoining towns with their out or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non growths as in (a) ; residential purpose or both. (c) A city and one or more adjoining towns If a building had a number of fiats or blocks with their outgrowths all of which form a which were indepe udan t of one another having contmuous spread. separate tntrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or a co:nmon courtyard leading Standard Urban Area: to a main gate, they have been considered as separate census houses. A new concept of Standard Urban Area intro duced in 1971 census will also be followed for the In some cases. however, it was difficult to 1981 Censua. Tbe essential requirements for the apply the definition strictly, For example, in an constituUon of a Standard Urban Area are- urban area, a fiat bas five rooms, eaeh fraving direct s entrance to the common staircase or courtyard Schtduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, which by definition had to be treated as five census houses. If ,all these five rooms were found Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are occupied by single household entire fiat Wal treated those found in the Notification of Scheduled Castes' as Ono census house. In such cases singlcneu of Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act, J976 use was taken into consideration to avoid undue (108 of 1976). By this amendment, area restrictions proliferation of the number of census houses. for most of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been removed. However, tbe area re An occupied residential census house means a strictions still remains in respect of Dhabi (in census house whiCh is actually used for retidential . Bhop!ll, Raisen and Sehore districts): Kotwal and purposes, either wholly or partly by one or more Pardhi (in Bhind, Dhar, Dewas, Guna, Gwali~r househoUs. Indore, Jhabua, Khargone, Mandsaur, Morena, Housebold: Raigarh .. Ratlam. Shajapur, Shivpuri, Ujjain and Vidisha Districts) and 'Kumhar (in Chhatarpur. The torm household in census is defined as a Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna. Shahdol, S:dhi and group of persons who commonly live together and Tikamgarh districts) Scheduled Castes. Likewise would take their meals from a common kitchen Keer and Pardhi Scheduled Tribes are stjJJ restrict unless the exigencies of work prevented anyone of ed only in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore dist~icts ~ them from doinS so. There may be a household of Mina in Sironj sub-division of Vidisha district ~ persoDs related by blood or a household of un Panika in Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, related persons or havin, a mix of both. Examples Shahdol, Sidbi. and Tikamgarh districts; Pardhi; of unrelated households are boarding houses, mcs BaheJja~ BahelIia. Chita Pardhi, Langoli Par4hi. sess, hostels, residential hotels, rescue homes, jails, Phanse, Pardhi, Shikari. Takankar. Talda in (1) "Ashrams" etc., These are called institutional Bastar, Chhindwal'a, Mandla, Raigarh, Seoni and households. There may be one member household. Surgllja districts, (2) Baihar tahsiJ of Balaghat 'two member househ('lds or multi - member di'!trict, (3) Betul and Bhainsdehi tabsits orBetul households. For census purposes, each one of these d ist rict, (4) BiJaspur and Kotahora tahsils of Bilas types is regarded as a 'household'. pur district, (5) Durg and Balod tahsils of Durg There are three types of households viz'normal. district, (6) Chowki, Manpur and Mohala Revenue institutional and houseless households. A housele::.s lnspector's Circles of Rajnandgaon district. (7) household is that which is normally found to be Murwara, Patan and Sihora tabsil of Jabalpur. residing on the road side, pavements. in hume pipes district, (8) Hosbangabad and Sohagpur tahsils of under staircases. or in open. temple, mandaps, Hoshangabad and Narsimhpur district, 19) Har (10) platforms and the like. Institutional househo~ds sud tahsil of Khandwa diltrict, Bindra-Nawa_ have been explained above. Those houscbold$ which garh, Dhamtari and Mahasamund tahsils of Raipur do not fall in the category of institutional househoid district. and houseless household have been categorised as Persons belonging to the castes/tribes men1ion normal households, The enumerator was required ed above found in the districts other than those to indicate in the Household S;;hedulG whethe~ the where Scheduled bave not been treated as schedul housebold belonged to 'Institutional household' or ed castes ..>r scheduled tribes as the case may be •. 'Houseless ho usebold' • For institutional 'I' was It m1Y be mentioned here that scheduled castes can written against the question 'Type of hUlOsehold' belong to the Hindu or the Sikh religion only, and was indicated in the case of houselesl '0' while the scheduled tribes belong to any relision. household. For normal household, no entry was The list of Scheduled Castes and Scbedulc:d Tribes required to be made. relating to Madhya Pradesh relevant to 1981 census The enumeration of institutional households has been given immediately after this note as was done in tbe manner tbe normal households were Annexure-I. enumerated during the eniJmeration period from Literates and Educated Persons: 9th February to 28th February, 1981. The house less households were enumerated on the flight of A person who can both read an t write with 28th February, 191$1. understand ina in any language is treated as literate. 6 person who can merely .read but Can not write, is suses, the economic questions were based on not literate. It is not necessary that a person different approaches, namely, usual status and who is literate should have received any formal current status, were adopted with reference period education or should have passed any minimum of 01\e year and one week for seasonal and for educational standard. regular work. respectively. Current status approach was thought to be irrelevant' in the context of our The test for literacy was necessary only when country where usual status of a worker is consiacr the enumerator bad any doubt about any person ed to be more appropriate. returning as 'literate'. The test for literacy was ability to read any portion of tbe Enumerator's The above questions are in three parts and IBstruction Booklet and to write a simple letter. bave been assiglled in such a way that first of all Ability merely to sign one's name was not consider it attempts to divide the population into two broad ed adequate to qualiry a person as being able to groups viz., write witb understanding. If a person daimed to ( I) those who have worked any time at all . be literate in some other langu.ae with which the during the last year, (2) tbose wbo have not work e~umerator was not familiar. th~ respondent's word ed at a11. was taken a5 correct. The latter group consist of the non-workers. All children of the age of 4 years or less were This information is obtained in Q. 14-A. Ha ving treated as illeterate even if they might be ~Ging to classified the population into two groups, tbe next .chool and had picked up reading and wrilinJ: a attempt has been to clalSify those who bave worked few words. any time into Main workers and Mar&inal workers, on the basis of time on work as well as CJassitic:atioa vf worlen by llldattie) Category: ~pent secondary work, ir any, of the Main workers. rf At the 1981 Census, the question which were a person had worked for silt montbs or more (180 canvassed in the Iud ividual slip to elicit informa days or more) he was treated as Main worker and tion on, economic characteristics of the population and if tbe period of work was less than six months were as follows:- he was regarded 88 a Marginal ",orker. In Q. ISB details of secondary work or marginal work are 0) Q. 14A Worked any time at all last Year? obtained. Finally an atte.;npt haa been made to Yes determine whether those who are non-workers or (HjST/D/R/B/l/O) No. marginal workers are seeking or are avaHable ror work. Q. 14B If yes in I-tA, did you work for major part of last }'ear 1 Yes(I),No (2) It will thus be seen that these qU,stiODS on economic a<;pects have been so designed as to ii Q. 15A MaiR activity last year? identify all "orkers. full time workers or season1l1 Yes in 148 (C/AL/HH1LOW) workers or marginal workers and non-workers with No in 14B (H/ST/D/R/B/f/O) reference to the activities during the last one year Period prior to the date of enumeration. ISB _Q. J5B Yes-Any other work any time last year? Q. 14B No-Work done any tIme lnst year? The various terms and d.dinitions 'used in collecting the economic data have been explained Yes (C/AL/HHIIOW)/,'Jo briefly in the following paragraphs~ C/Af;/Ht:il/UW Definithtn of work: iii Q:l6-IfNo in. 14A or 14B. seeking/available for Work has been defined as palticipatioJ1 in any work? Yes (l>/No (2). economically productive activity. Such part icipa The above questions were formulated after tion may be physical or mental in nature. Work detailed d iscl,lssion at tbe Data User's Conference involves not only actual' work but also effective 1llld t~chnical group. At the 1961 and 1971 Cen- superviSIon and dm:'ction of work. ' 7 For persons on regular employment or enga&ed dependent., retiied persons or rentiers, beggars, in regular typ~ of work, temporary absence durina inmate. of institutions, unemployed persons etc. the reference period on account of illness, holiday, They are perSODS who have not worked any time at temporary closure, strike etc., was not a. dis all in the year preceeding the enumeration. qualification for treating them as workers. Main adivity of workerl : Persons under training, such as apprentices, w itb or wi thout stipends or wages were also trea ted The majn activity of workers hal been classified as workers. In the case of a person who had been into four categories viz., cultivator, agricultural offered work but bad not actually joined, he was labourer, household industry and other work in tbe not treated as a worker. Rent receivers, pensioners PCA at the 1981 census. A si!nificant departure etc., were not treated as economically act ive unless has, therefore, been made while presenting the they also engaged themselves in some economic data on economic activity which relate to only four activity. broad catelories indicated above as against nine In all these qllestions, the refc-rence period is ind ustrial categories of the 1961 and the 1971 the one year; preceeding the date of enumeration. censuses. The nine categories of the 1971 census Certain types of work such as agriculture, house were-(i) Cultivator. (ii) Agricultural labourer, hold industry lik.e gur making etc., carried on either (iii) Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and throughout the year or only during certain seasons Plantations, Orchards and allied activities, (iv) or pa.rt of the year, depend ing on the local circum Mining, (v) Manufacturing, Processing and servic stance. In all such cases the reference period has ing with sub~categories-(a) At Household Industry been the broad time span of the agricultural sea and (b) Other than Household Industry, (vi) Con sons preceeding the enumeration. Struction, (vii) Trade and Commerce, (viii) Trans port, Storage and Communications. and (ix) Other Main Workers: services. The correspondence between the cate gories of 1981 and 1971 are as under- The main workers are those who have worked for a major part of the year prcceeding the enume 1981 Category 1971 Category ration. Main activity was reckoned in terms of time disposition. For example, if a person had I I worked as daily wage labourer for 4 months, as an II II agricultural labourer for 1 month and as cultivator HI Veal for 2 months, he was treated as a Main worker on IV IlI,IV,V(b),VLVII,VIII & IX the basis of total time spent on work and his main activity h&ve been reckoned as Daily Wage Labourer Caltivator : since he spent major part of his time on work in this activity than as cultivator or agricultural For purposes of census a person is working as labourer. cultivator if he or sbe is engaged either as employer. single worker or family worker in cultivation of Marginal Worken: land owned or held from Government or held from Marginal workers are those who have work:d private persons or institutions for payment in any time at all in thl! year preceeding the enumera~ money, kind or share. tivn but have not worked for a major part of the Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing a.nd year. For example, if a person who is mostly harvesting and production of cereals and millet doing household duties, or is mainly a student. or creps such as wheat, paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi, a rentier or a beggar and the like who is basically etc., and other crops such as sugarcane,groundnuts a non-worker had done some work at some time tapioca, etc. and pulses, raw jute and kindered during the reference period, he was heated as a fibre crop, cotton etc., and 'does not' include fruit marginal worker. growing, vegetable growing or k;!eping orchards or groves or wo; king of plantation like tea, coffee, NOD·Workers: rubber, cinchona, opiLlm and other medicinal plan Non-workers co nstitute of ho llsehoJders, st ud e nts tations. 8 AlfieuJtur.) Labourer: processing, servicing, repairiDg or making and Persons working in another person's land for selling (but not merely seJlinl) o( goods such as wages in money, kind or share have been treated 8i handloorn weaving, dyeing, carpentry. bidi rolling, agricultural labourers. An agm:ultural labourer pottery manufacture. bicycle repairinF. blachmith has no risk in the cultivation and be has no right of ing. tailoring etc. It does not include profession. leaie or contract on land on which he works. sucb as a pleader or doctor or barber or'dhobi' even if such professitns are run at home by mem Household lotio. try : bers of the household. Household Industry is defined as an industry conducted by the head of the household himselfl Other workers : herself and or by the members of the household. at home or within the village in rural areas and only All workers, i.e. those who have been engaged within the precincts of the house where the houie in some economic activity during the last one year, hold lives in urban areas. The larger propOltion who are not cultivators or agricultural labouren or workers in a household industry should consist or in household industry arc 'other workers'. The of members of the household u1ciuding tbe head. typt: of workers that come under this category The industry should not' b.! run On the scale of include factory workers, plantation workers, registered factory which would qualify and has to trade, commerce, business, transport, mining, con be reaistered under the Indian Factories Act. struction, political or social work, all governmel:t servants, municipal employees, teachers, pricita. Household Industry relates to production' entertainment artists etc. ANNEXURE I MADHYA PRADESH [ The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act. 19761 Dated tbe 18tb September, 1976 Scheduled Castes : 1 Audhelia. 35 Kumhar (in Chhatarpllr, Datia, Fanna, Rewa, 2 Bagri, Bagdi. Satna. Shabdol, Sidbi and Tikamgarh districts) 3 Babna, Bahana. 36 Mahar, Mehra. Mehar. 4 Balabi, Balai. 37 Mang, Mang Garodi, Mang Garudi. Dankhni S Bancbada. Mang, Mang l\fabasi, Madari, Garudi, Radhe 6 Barabar, Basod. Mang. 7 Bargunda. 38 Meghwal. 8 Basor. Burud. Bansor. Bansodi, Bansphor, 39 Moghia. Basar. 40 Muskban. 9 Bedia. 41 Nat, Kalbelia, Sapera. Navdigar. Kubutar. 10 Beldar, Sunkar. 42 Pardhi (in Bhind, Dhar, Dewas, Guna, Gwa 11 Bbangi, Mehtar, Balmik, Lalbe,i, Dharkar. Jior, Indore, Jhabua, Khargone, Mandsaur, 11. Bbanumati. Morena, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Shivpuri 13 Chadar. Ujjain and Vidisba Districts). 14 Chamar, Cbamari, Bairwa. Bbarnbi, Jatav, 43 Pas-i. Mochi, Regar, Nona, Rohidas. Ramnami. 44 Rujjhar. Satnami, Surjyaba~shi, Surjyaramnami, Ahir 4S Sansi, Sansia, war, Chamar Mangan. Raidas. 46 Silawat. 15 Chidar. 47 Zamral. ]6 Cbikwa. Chikvi. 17 Chitar. Scheduled Tribes : 18 Dahait, Dabayat, Dabat. I Agariya. 19 Dewar. 2 Andb. 20 Dhanuk.. 21 Dhed, Dher. 3 Baiga. 22 Dhobi (in Bhopal. Raisen and Sehorc dis- 4 Bbaina. tricts) , 5 Bharia Bhumia, Bhiunhar Bhumia, Bhumiya, 23 Dobor. Bharia, Paliha, Pando. 24 Dom, Dumar. Dome, Domar, Doris. , Bhattl'a. 25 Ganda, Gandi. 7 Bhil. Bhilaia, Barela. Patelia • 26 Ghasi. Ghasia. 8 Bhil Mina. 27 Holiya. 9 Bhunjia. 28 Kanjar. 10 Biar. Biyar. 29 Katia, Patharia. 11 Binjhwar. 30 Kbatik. 12 Birhul, Birhor. 31 KoH, Kori. 13 Damor, Damaria. 32 Kotwal (in Bbind, Dhar, Dewas, Guna, 14 Dhanwar. Gwalier, Indore, Jbabua. Kharlone,Mandsaur 15 Gadaba, Gadba. Morena, Rajgharh, Ratlam, Shajapllr, Shiv. 16 Gond: Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi puri, Ujjain. and Vidisha districts). Maria, Bada Maria. Bhatola, Bhimma. Bhuta 33 Khangar. Kanera, Mirdha. Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonborn 34 Kucbbandhia. Maria, Chota Maria. Danrlami Marla, Dhuru. 10 Dhurwa, Dhoba. Dhulia, Doria, Gaiki, Gatta 35 Oraon, Dhanka. T1hangad. Gatti, Gatia. Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kan 36 Panika (in Chhatarpur. Datia, Panna, Rewa, dra, Kalanga, Khatola, Keit,ar, Koya, Kbirwar Khirwara, Ku(.'ha Maria, Kuchaki Maria Satna, Shabdol, Sidhi and likamgarh distdcts ) Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar. Mpgbya, 37 Pao. Mogia, Mongbya. Mudia, Mllria, Nagarchi, 38 Pardh The History of the District Census Hand book Thus the present series of District Census Hand could be traced froUl the 'Village lists' brought out book consists of two volumes viz DCHB Part A fpr every district in I~01 and 'village statistics' for a~d DCHB Part B. Part A contains the village/Town every district in 1911. ~ut this was discontinued DIrectory and Part B contain~ the T ownJViJlagewise in 1921 and 19~1. In 1941, however 'village statis Primary Census Abstract of the concerned district•. tics' were brought out by then Central Provinces and Berar Government. .It was for the first time in Part A-Village Directory contains information about the name of village, total of village. 1951 the practice of bringing out a single volume are~ known as the District Census Handbook, gi"ing total p:;pulation and number of households in the villagewise statistics and other census tables for village, amenities like education, med ical, dri';king the district at the cost of the State Government water, post and telegraphs, mar~ (t day. communi cations. approach to village, distallce from the was initiated and is continuing since then. nearest town, pOwer supply, staple food. laud use, The District Census Handbook, compiled by places of religious, histmical and archaeological interest ek. the Census Organisation On behalf of the State Government is one of the most important pUblica In addition there are four appendices to the tion of the censu& and is widely used by planners, Village Directory as under- administrators, academicians and researchers. (1) Tahsilwise abstract of educational, medical 'lhe scope of the District Census Handbook and other amenities. has gone considerable change since 1951. In 1951 (2) Land utilization data in respect of census the District Census Handbc>ok contained only the towns. Primary Census Abstract and the Census tables. (3) Tahstlwise list of villages where no anleni In view of tbe usefulness of this pubhcation, im ties are available, and provements were made in 1961 by including non (4) Tahsilwise list of villages accord ing to the census data like climate, agriculture, co-operation proportion of Scheduleu Castes/Sched uled industry, education, health etc., as also an 'Intro. Tribes population by ranges. ductory Note' for each district. Unfortunately, the desire to make the district census handbook more Tbe last two appendices have been included for (;omprebensive delayed its publication. Therefore, the first time in 1981 cell'>US. Appendix III will be in 1971, it was decided to publish the district cen helpful for planning input in areas/viHages where sus handbook in three parts in order to release the basic infrastructure is lacking and Appendix IV will maximum data as and when finalised. Part A con be helpful for planning welfare programmes for tained the Village Directory which gives villagewlSe Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes at micro level, non-census statistics of land use, area and amenities parlicularly in relation to area development available within the village. Part B contained the Or ientation programmes. villagewise Primary Census Ahstract and Part C Similarly the Town Directory contains seven contained various administrative statistics. Part A statements as below- and B were, however, pub1i~ hed in one volume since it was economical to do so as data for both the Statement I-Status and growth history. parts become available early. Parts A and B Were Statement II-Physical aspects and location pll blished separately in Hindi and English versions. of towns. Collection of data for Part C was cumbursome and it took unduly long time in its finalisation, and Statement III-Municipal Finance. ultimately this publication had to be abondoned in Statement IV-Civic and other amenities. view of the enormous delay in its printing. Statement V-Med ical, educational, recreatio In 1981 census, with a view to avoid delay in nal and cultural facilities. bringing out of DCH series, the part containing Statement VI-Trade, Commerce & Industry and the administrative statistics has been dropped. Banking. 12 An additional statement IV ... A is meant only ind ustria} categories viz.. cult iva tors. agrlcu Jtural (or Class·1 and Class·II towns giving the civic and labourers, household industry and otber workers, .other amenities in notified slums. This statement marginal workers and non-workers . bas been introduced for the first time in 1981 The inclusion of Primary Census Abstract census. relating to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Part B-Tho town/villagewise Primary Census Tribes at the tahsil/tovtn level is another impor Abstract gives the basic data like area of tbe village, tant feature of the DCHD ser:es of 1981 census. occupied residential houses, total number of house holds. popUlation by sex, as also tbe sexwise p~pu An appendix containing Development Block. lation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled TrIbes. wise-'Vikas Kbandwar' lotals of peA figures has literacy and population by StX into four broad also been included. INTRODUCTORY NOTE Raisen District is situated in the central part State, created sometime betwcm 1921-31. There of Madhya Pradesh lying between the northern has been no jurisd ictional changes in the district latitudes 2r47' and 23 8 33' and eastern longitudes during the decade 19;1-1981. The present tahsil / 77·21' and 79·49'. Tbe tropic of cancer (23"30 ) struGture came into existence during 1941-19Sl.Tbe passes through the nortl1ern part of the district. district is now d ivid¢d into 7 tahsils namel)-Gohar Sanchi, the world famous Buddhist Pilgrim centre, ganj in the south-west, Raisen in the north-Welt, is situated on the tropic of cancer. The settlement Ghairatganj in the north (Between Raisen and over 2 villages Konda and Khajuria Gusai of Begamganj), Begamganj in the north-fast, SilwBlli Begamganj tahsils are also located over the tropic in the east sandwiched by Begamganj and Udai of cancer. pura on the north and ~outh, respectively; Udai pura in the south-east and BaraiJy in the south. The district bounded the west by Bhopal is in Except Udaipura, whiCh is accessible with some and Sehore districts, in the north by Vidisha dis difficulty during monsoon, aU other headquarter. trict, in the east and north-east by Sagar district, of tahsils are approacbable from the district bead in the south-east ,by the Narsimhapur district and quarters by all weather roads. Their tahsil headqua south by Sehore and Hoshangabad districts. Nearly rters, namely Raisen, Ghairatganj and BegamaaDj half of the northern boundary of the district is lie.on the Bhopal-Sagar road. carved out by river Narmada. For Civil and Revenue Administration, the The district gets its name from the Headquar district is divided into 3 sub-divisions. One with ters town Raisen, which is situated below the headquarters at Raisen consisting of Raisen and massive fort of that name. Etymologically the Goh'arganj tahsils second with headquarters at name Raisen may probably a corruption of Raj Begamganj consisting of Begamganj, Gbairatganj vasini or Rajasayan meaning the Royal Residence. and Silwani tahslls and the third with headquarters However, most likely the ori,in of the word is from at Baraily consisting of Baraily and Ul aipura tdhsils. the name of founder of this fort _. Rai Singh'. In The district comes under tho district and Session fact in some books of history the name of the fort Judge, Bbopal. as regards Administration of crimi is &iven as Rai Singh. nal and civil justice. With an area of 8,466 sq. km. the Raisen PhysioJ:raphy : district contains 1.93% of the State's area which is much less tban the average area of the districts in R.aisen district may broadly be divided into tbe S'ate (9,854 sq. km.> In respect of area, Raisen three natural regions: district is 25th in rank. It is more than four tim;!s larger than Datia, the smallest district in the Slate (i) the plateau which is more or less a con tinuation of the Malwa plateau in the and more than 3 times the Bhopal carrying the north; State Headquarters. Again it is little less than Datia, Bhopal and Indore districts combined (ii) the hilly region, a confused mass of bills, together but itself it is not even (me-fourth the size enclOSing undulating and level plains runn of Baltar, the biggest d jstrict in the State. I n popu iDg thr..}ugh tbe heart oftbe district in a lousness Raisen district is the 5th least populous belt of varying width: district in the State. ~ehore. Narsimhapur, Panna (iii) the plains of the Narmada valley in the and Datia are the 4 di.tricts having small population south of the district. than RaiscIl. The district .. ontains 1.36% of the State population and is tbus much below the average The main line of tbe Vindhyos run through populousness per district in the State J, 158, 633. the heart of the district send jog out numeroul Raipur, the most populous district in the State has spurs. It enters the Goharganj tahsil in the south· more than 4 times as many inhabitants as Raisen. ",est, skirting the southern boundary of that tahsil with Budni tahsil of Sehore district. The main The present Raisen diltriot corresponds roughly mass oC hills is here deflected considerably south to the Nizama1-i-Masbriq of the erstwhile Bhopal wards with the Narmada almost washing its shores. 14 and it lies in the Budni tahsil. Just north of Budni The Goharganj- Barai Iy road runs for considerahle it is deflected northwards and again bending to distance more or less along the Barna river. South wards the east runs along the boundaries of the of this valley, the elevation again increases tiJI one Budni and Goharganj tahsils. The elevation of the reaches the hill just north of river lamner, running main chain varies from 533 to 610 metres with almost due east-west. This hill is more tban 533 several peaks lying above 610 metres. The main metres high. North of Barna river also the hills chain then enters the Baraily tahsil and is deflected are from 457-533 metres in height with occassional northwards till it is interrupted by the Barna basin peaks even bigher, but il,1 the east tbC!' gradient falls of about 306 metrell altitude. Thereafter, it aga-in to 381 metres and the road from Sultanpur to continues north of village Bari: here the outer Nagtara (on Raisen road) runs in the narrow basin ranaes of about 457 metres height while peaks nse of Chamrasi nadi, which is less than 380 metres in to inore than v07 metres. The Chaukigarh fort is altitude. Most of the north-western portion of on a small plateau of about 533 metres on one of Baraily tahsil is covered by this low valley. but in these hills. The main hills of Vindbyas continue the north-east ,it is strewn with several bills. eastwards (wlth a branch gOlDS northwards in ,be form of isolated hills) almost through the heart of In Raisen tahsil, one system of hills is a con Baraily tahsil, till interrupted by tbe Ghoghra basin. tinuation of the northern arm of Bbojpur hill, Thereafter, it is projl!cted northwards along tbe which reaches as far north as the Bhopal-Raisen boundary of Haraily and Silwani tahsils \ between road ne,at vIlage Mana. Thereafter being inter this and the branch referred to earlier, there is a rupted by Hie Betwa river-tbe hills continue towards valley w.itered by the Ghogra and its tributarJes) the north-west reaching the railway line west of ami a.gain bends e<1s1-wards along the border of fint Salamatpur village; some hills of this system rise Ghalratganj and Silwani tahsils and then Begam· to the north of the railway line running along it ganj and Silwanl tahsils. Just before leaving Raisen Upto villale Sanchi. Another system of SPUIl con tinues east of Mana and crosses the Bhopal-Raisen district the main rang~ lies entire)) iu the Silwani tahsil and passes on into the Sagar district. road about a couple of miles west of Raisen town. The fort of Raisen liea on this spur. Northwards these hilla extend on the west of Raiscn-Sanchi road The Vindhyas, which separate tbe northern between tbe road and the Betwa river. Another out Malwa plateau from the valley of tbe Narmada. lying hill in Raisen tahsil starts east of villase almost stanoing like a wall. send numerous spurs Narwar and runs east-west along the road for about mostly in the northern plateau. In Goharganj 6.4 luns. West of village Bankheri on this road, tahsil the entire western portion-in a belt of about tbere is again a low ridge of about 4 kms. width 8 miles width, the entire portion south of villages which goes northwards after crossing tbe road. Biaupur and Mawakhera and the Goharganj.Baraily Soulh of the Raisen-Sagar road this ridge expands road is covered by outlying ranges and Spurs of into a confused mass of hills. lying north of the tbe Vind hyas. A ridge starting from Mandideep goes Sultanpur-Raisen kaccha road. eastwards towards Bhojpur interrupted at two places by the Kaliasot and BetWa riverS-by the latter just A range of the Vindyas branches off flom the west of village Bhojpur. This ridge continues south main range in the north-east of Baraily tahsil (on of Bhojpur towards the east along Asapuri, ALwai, the border of this latter tahsil wltb Silwani) and Chaplasen etc. villages. finally mergiJlg with the conllnucs northwards in Gbairatganj tahsil between spurs of Vindhyas south of Oohalganj; while an 'Villages Garhi and Debgaon. 'the blgbest 675 metres arm goes nortbeast. bifurca'ing into a northern peak or the Vindbyas JD Raisen dIstrict is on thIS branch going into Raisen tahsil and an eastern spur, south of village Garhi and east of Debgaon. brancb, towards the Palaicmati tank in the north 1 his range continues northwards into the Vidisha district while a branch runs along the northern east. Between these, lies the small plaiD of boundary of Ghairatganj and Begamganj tahsils and Chikblod kalltn, noted for the mechanised farm of continues into tbe Khurai tahsil of Sagar district. erst-while ruler ot Bhopal. The slope is generally SoutbOrn portion of Begamganj tahsil is cut acrolS by towards the east as indicated by the course of ri'Ver numerous isolated hills of the malO Vintlhyan range. Barna, which in Jlorth~eastern portion of Gobarganj lanai! tlQWIl tln'ouah II. Ilarrow. but fertile valley. 10 Silwanl tahsil., the western, northern and 15 eastern portion' are covered by hills and tallies. Amrawad (on RaiseD-Saga·r road) road, fl1)t~d for In the south, a branch ofratber low hills starts neat irrigation from the Palakmati tank (vii) the portions Partargarh and runs east along the border of north of Sultanpur-Raisen (Kacba) road in Raisen S.lwani and Udaipura tahsils and eventually cross tahsil. The lower plateau in RaiseQ,Goharganj and over into the Narsiruhapur district. The5e bave western Ghairatganj tahsils is a part of the ,great several gaps to allow passage to rivers coming from Malwa plateau and presents the familiar aspect of the nortb. These low hills and the ranges of the that region-rolling down of yellow grassland Vind byan system referred to earlier make Silwani interspersed with rich black cotton soil. Besides. tabsil almost landlocked, with an almost semi rertile patche.s of levelland lie aloDg the valleys of circular plain between them. the Barna (in Goharganj tahsil) and Chamrasi. The Vindhyas in Raisen district consists of maS The Narmada Valley : sive sandstone and shale. of the Vjndhyan series. In This is to tbe south of the main Vindhyan appearance it forms a long, steep scarp with bold head lands and reentrant bays. The sandstone bas range, covering the Udaipura tabsil and southern -considerable value for building purposes. half of Bal'aily tahsil. The semi-circul.r. hill-locked plain of Silwani tahsil may als9 be considered 10 The Plateau : be a part of the Narmada valley but is of leiS The Plateau lies generally in the north of the fertility. The slope being southwards towards main line of the Vindhyan hills. The height of the river. the phteau varies from 426 to 457 metres in , Goharganj and Raisen tahsils. Besides there Drainage: are lower plains in the east of Gohargaoj and The district falls into two drainage system-the northwest of Baraily tahsil at an average altitude Ganga basin and the Narmada basin. The range of about 366 metres. The plateau is CUI up at 'of the Vindhyas is the principal water-divide for several places by l.)uUying ranges and spurs of the the district. rivers north of it generally 'flowing Vindhyas. Important amoog the plateau are (i) the north to join the BetW'a and rivers to Us south erstWhile Tal par gana of Goharganj tabsil. ThiS was flowing south to join th~ Narmada. Rivers north of formerly a lake of about 650 sq. kms., popularly the watershed are drained into the Bay of Bengal known as Bhojtal, west of Bhojpur villa~e, enclos through Betwa river while rivers south of it are ed by natural walls of hills on all sides with only drained into the Arabian Sea through the Narmada. two small gaps, OIle the channel of 'rivt'r .&etwa Separate parallel ranges of the system however near Bbojpur and the other of the stream Kaliasot. mak~ sepa.rate sub-water divides, rivers flowiJ:g These gap!. were closed by strong dams of earth and hetween whitch (like the Barna and its numerous blocks of stone. This plain is of great fertility. tributaries) find their way into the Narmada. The (ii) Th~ plain above river Betwa and its tributary valley portion of the district falling almost who I Iy Ajnar which is broader around village Umraoganj in Udaipura, Baraily and Silwani tahsils is wateud in Goharganj tahsil but is narrower in Raisen tahsil by the Narmada and its tributaries the Barna (and (iii) The extensive plain, north of the Raisen-Sagar its tributaries like Ghogra, Chamrasi etc.), the road between vi Uages B. .mkheri of Raisen tahsi 1. Tendoni, P.ltbari, Khand etc. rivers. The Narmada and Dehgaon of Ghairatganj tahsil. This plain is makes the southern boundary of the district, and surrounded by and receives the drainag~ of ridg;!! flow~ through a flch narrow valley. Its most im on the south, west and cast and is of great fertility. portant affluent is the Tendoni, which rises from (iv) the valley of the Bina river and its tributanes the Vindbyan hills in the north'- east of Silwani on eitber side of the Sagar-Raisen road in the tahsil. flows in the first part of its course.throu£h a Ghairatganj and Begamganj tahsils. This valley sta valley between tbe main Vindbyan ranges anl a rts between villages Dehgaou and Garhi and i~ thus spur running east· west along the boundary of higher than the other plateau, bpt is not as fertile Udaipura-Silwani tahsils. After vil1ages Dhangawan as the other plateaus, (v) the valley of .Barna and it !:tends to the south and maintains it south Chamrasi rjvers on eitber side of Sultanpur- western course. till it me.ets the Narmada b.eYVDd . 16 village C;opatpur. Its course in Udai pura tahsil is Geology: ravinuous. The Kband river flow almost paraHe, to the Tendoni river on the other side of tbe Vindbyan GeologicaUy speaking, RaiseD district raus into 'pur referred '0 above and flows wholly in Udai~ 4 disbnct .ystema which jn terms are- Alluvium, pura tahsil_. Ouranch in Baraily. and Oazinda, Laterite, Lameta and Vindhyans. Geo}ogicailystcDl Sukhchain and Begam 'in Silwani tahsil are afftuents are the lower Vindhyas wbich comprises sombte. of the Tend'oni. The tahsil headquarters Silwani tinted, micaceous and ferru~inous shales. Only . and Saipkhera a big village are on the banks of the one small out-crop is found at the base of the Begam dver. Another important tributary of the Bamnar hill east of Bhopal City, PledoIllinant Narmadlt. is the Barna river which rises from a hill Vindbyan crops are the upper Vindbyans whicb west of R.atanpani village in the extreme south of comprises lower and 'upper Rewa serlC~S and the (ioharganj tahsil. Bows nortb initially till it crosses lower and upper Bhander series. The small p,l\ch the (ioharpnj... Baraily road west of village Baneka of the infra Trappean Ionale series has been found and thea. bends towards the east. Thereafter the in the east corner of the district. course of 'he river is semi-circular. The river flow, . partly thtoush a fertile- batin north of the GObar. The laterite formations are principally confined aanj-Badi toad. Reccnlly tbe river has shpt into to the northern half oC the district where they prominence wi~h the launching of the Barna pro. occur at high Jevel. and alluvil!Dl crop. are mainly ject to dam the river between two h.lIs a couple of t.o the low~r valley. The Raisen district does not 'miles Ilorth-weit of village Bac;1i in Baraily tahsi). have any valuable mineral deposit. Tbe laterites appearing in tbe northern part of the district at North of the Vindhyan watershed. the district some places are ferrugiouj ene. Yellow OC.bre IS il watered by the Betwa and its tnbutaries, the found at Tekta - Mauwa-ka"",Bandh 5 kml. fropt Kaliasot", the Aj~r. the Richhan and the Dabar and Bhopal. SmaU deposits of Bauxite are found In tbe by the Bina, and its aftluents the Samed, the Nion, northern areas in association wjth the laterite. etc. The Bttwa. known better in ancient Sanskrit There are llumber 01 clay deposits in the Begamganj lore as Betrawati, ri&es from the Vindhyan hllls In and Ghait atganj tah~ils and some cf these d epcsils tbe ealt or Goharganj tahsil, flows in a westerly may be of USI! in the ·.Rubber Industry and in the direction for tbe tirst few mil~s of its course and manufacture of glass and sanitary items etc. How takes a turll towards the north after crossing the ever, no industrial exploitation of these bas been ha.rsi~Bhopal railway line,to the south ofManaideep. done so far. Tbereafter_ it generally ma.intains a. northerly couese. It grow.s in size after being joined by the Kaliasot Flora and Fauoa: (from west) near village Bhojpur. A few, mIles after Raiseu district is one of tbe most extfLlsive]y it is joined by the Ajnar near villa,ge Mundla Jagir. After leavina Goharganj tahsil it crosses the forest ed districts in the Stat e. Accordi rig to tbe Bhopa.l-Sagar (oad and then the Raisen-Salamatpur statistics maiptaintd by the Fore'st Department. 3410~. km. area of the district is covered by forest road in Raisen tahsil. The Richhan and Dabar are out of the total district area of 8466 sq. kms. This· important streams meeting the Bcttwa (both from the works out to 40.3 per cent. However. according to c;aat) in tbe Railen tahsil. the Land l.1£ilizatJon data collected during the census opera t ions, 270.967.41 hectares out of tbe The Bina and Nion or Nihan rivers rise on 1Ot41 art:a of 761,92U}5 hectares a.e under forest either side of the water..dividing Vindbyan spur cut· growth. This work~ out to 35.56 per cent. The ting across the western Ghairatganj tahsil in a National Forest Policy has desired that atleast 33 north-soutb direction. The former Hows towards per cent ot' the area should be under forest growth. the north-east through a rertile valJey in the Gbai On both this account. tber"forc. (as per forest ratganj al}d Belamganj tahsils, the other affluent. statistics as wen as land utilization statistiCs), , watering the valley being Sameri and Dudhi, both in Raisen distJict appears to be in a fortunate position. Begamganj tahsil. Both Ghairatganj and Begamsanj The density of the forest in the di$trict range bet· , (absil headquarters, lie on the bank of the Bina ween 0.6 to 0.8 and according to the forest classifi. dYer, Tfli Nion ftOWIi to the nQrth·w,st. cation. it is the class 3 and clasS;- 4 for. its tbat aro found bere:. 17 For forest adminMstration the district falls (Tetracerus quadrkornis), Indian gagelle or chin under the jurisdiction of 2 forests divisions. The kara (Gazella bannettie" barking deer Or kakat or forests in Raisen, Ghairatganj, Begamganj, SHwani, bhedki (Cervulus muntjack), Sambbar (Cervu5 uni Baraily and Udaipura are included in the jurisdic. eolor), sFotted deer or cheetal (Ce-rvlls axia), black tion of tbe Raisen forest division which also in. bliCk (Antelope cervicapra). Indian 'hare. porcupine eludes Vidisha district in its jurisdiction. The squirrel etc. Black buck as a species has becom' remaining tahsil-Goharganj is managed by the rare mostly due to indiscriminate poaching. Bhopal forest division with headquarters at Bhopal Climate and Rainfall : The reorganisation of the forest divisions was done in November, ] 976. There is a plantation division Till about 15th Century Raisen district had a also which bas headquarters at Raisen since April, masssive sheet of water in the form of the great 1981. There are 2 Forest Sanctuarits viz. Ratapani Bhojpur lake, The distribution of this Jake in tho. (531 sq.kms.) which was created in 1976 and Sin 15th Century perhaps had a material effect on its ghori (area 288 sq :km.) which came into existence climate. Copious forest growth with the district in January. 1980. According to the 1978 census once had is also slowly giving way and the district there were 14 tigers in Raisen district. seems to be slowly lying in lines with the normal climate pattern obtaining in the plains. Forest in the district belong to the dry deci duous type with most of the trees shedding their The cJimate is more or less temporary in the foliage in summer. They are either teak forests or plateau portion in the nerth and west, higher portion mixed forests. Important trees in the forests are of Ghairatganj and Begamganj tahsils are slightly teak (Tectona grandis), Saj (TerminaHa Tomentosa) cooler. Low lying Narmada valley and tbe higher dhanoda and moyen (Lannea grand is). other trees regions, however, suffer from exheme climate, commonly met with in the forests includes tinsa being very hot in summer and cool in winter. In (Ougei11ia delbersiodes). tendu (Diospyros melano the recent years Raisen has many times recorded :xylon},achar (Buchanania la tifolia), aonla, (Emblica minimum temperature in the winter months. oflicinalis), anjan (Hardwic! The rock pain'ings at Bhimbaithk.a have been The best work, when examined in detail, has clasified on the hasis of typological study of an awed and mysterioUS quality about it. The eye different styles survival or extinction of the pain,,: of tpe painter seems newiy deeped in air; freshly tings, their super-imposition etc. and 7 paintings washed by the world, it seems to Ice everything for have bee" di.~overed. The subject matters of the the tirst time to commemorate and rocord all this drawmgs are mostly hunting scenes. It is claimed newnesS and mystery. Since preJlistoric man was that out of 750 rock shelters about 500 contains much enmeshed in ritual, the earliest sticklike but the coloured pamtings. identifiable animals depicted in the caves were pro bably defied. Then r.ticklike men appear, hunters. Jaora which is located about 10 kms. whereas whose sex the artist defined with a penis. as he Obedllllaganj is situated on the Vindbyan scalp. defined the sex of a women by her brcasti. Later Among 200 rock shelters, 102 contains rock pltin" the stic~like men and animals disappear, and tings. The presence of these rock shelters and the clearly outlined shapes stand out on the sallow eXIstence of rock paintings therein are enough rock. The hunters are now a1$0 warriors. proof of the origin and development of the culture of tR~ pre-historic primitive men in this district. Over thousand of years, the weapons of hun \ ters and warriors developed. The very early hun While we are on the subject of rock shelters ters carried axes and spears, but there is a multipli and rock paintings, it will be useful to reprod uce city of bowmen. A kind of bolas. a throwing Weapon what Dom Mar aes says about this and about whIch consisted of two round stones, fastened to Bhimbaithaka. either end of a rope, also appears. Much later in time, men are seen mounted on horses or elephants and now many are equipped with shdlds ano For millions of years through prehistory, the ... swords, but in all the periodS covered by the pain- weather ripped at the rocks. and hollows were tings, the bowmen are present. The a-.med figures in formed in the hills. For thousands of years, down the paintings are shown killing all sorts of animals to the present day, these hollows were used as and also other men. But in the, very earliest work human inhabitations. The ceilings and walls of there seems to be no mystique about dtath ; killing these shelters were paillted by their inhabitants, seems taken 3S na tural human activity. and each group tended to paint over the work of a previous artists. Thi. has caused some confusion Themes of a less sanguinary type recur: women the earliest paintings have been tentatively dated with children) dancers and musicians, men roasting ba<:k to a time some 25,000 years back. but there their kill above a fire; honeycombs, fish, and isola. are otbers wich were obviously done much later, in ted animals, al1 sOurces of food. Of the aullJllals a historical period. Inaeed a certain number of shown. the wild boar and the gaur arc often scholars have said that none of the palntin~s are m depicted on a very large scale, possibly to define their opinioD. prehistoric. their hugeness in the eyes of the hunter. possibly because they were tribal totems. The bowmen are Be that as it may, they exist, green and yellow, everywhe-re; their weapons, which obvlate~ the red and wbite. the colours were taken from mlQt:ral nccessi ly to approacb a potentially dangtrou~ prey deposits in the raw earth and rock. and were mix~d too close Jy, look sma 11 aDd frail as their Wielders. with water and a fixative, tree resin or animal but wefe clearly effective. They were probabJy with. tallow. The brusbes used were probably made of out flights, but the bamboo shafts Were tipped with treated palmetto twigs or for delicate work, porcu delicate brutal Stone heads that pecked and bit puine quills. Some critics say tllat the sllelter their prey. people only pf.inted when they had nothing better to do, but the paintin~s cannot be described as Female archers are also portrayed, so that it is idle scribbles. Tht: use of a fixative indicates a COQceivable that the whole tribe would take part in desire. to pH_serve the work, and the preparation a hunt. Women would appear to have been in ce. of the colours and the brushes would in it~elf lative ly short supply, However, there are descrip involve a lot of time, energy. and trouble. After tions of group sex, two men to a woman, and of aU· this, it it -difficult to bel.eve that the artist bestIality praclised on wbat appears to be a bitch. would start to paint merely because be was bored. These, like the portrayals of killings, possess a certaiu rather occlu.ded innocence: they are not rous people had written their namls,driven perhaps pronography. but statements of situatioJls. There by the instinct towards posterity as the original is no aUempt anywher. in the reck paintinJi to painter. Arrowheads and beads lay amidit pebbles portary an individual. This it pellaaps not only due rouud tbe excavation sites. to a deficiencyo( technique, but because the earlie.t painters in the rock .helters did not clearly perceive I thought of the stone implements and weapons people as indi viduals, whether they were to be the curator in the museum had s-hown me. The copulated with or killed. very placing of such artefacts in a museum civiIilea them in some sense: at least when in glass crypts, Who these early painters were is an issue that between COncrete walls, under artificial illumination has been much disputed. However, before the they seem to belong to our day, or anyway to some Dravidian and Aryan cultures manifested them 'Period not too far removed. The arrowheads and a and selves in India, shy primitive people must b~ads I picked up and threw away on that first visit have haunted the landscape; in all probability to Bhimbetka seemed to belong to another place they were the ancestors of the present tribals. who and time, but they evoked no associations jn me or still form a qqarter of the population of Madhya not very many more than discarded ice croam car Pradesh. The rocky hills where the painters left tons would in a pubJ ic park. It was aU that sun their presences form a strip from east to west light. perhaps, an anodyne to the senses: or the across the entire state, and the motifs and style of visible presence of people farming on the plain SOlIle contGlIlporary tribal art are not unlike those below. found in the rQck shelten. The shelter dwellers of Madhya Pradesh have turned in the minds of later At Lascaux and Altamira, I always experienced races into the 'demons' of Indian legend, as the a aense of mystery and, in the early days. before goblins and trolls of Europe probably derin from the tourists become tidal, of stight (right. These racial memories of an earlier people. labyrinthine Caves were proper places for a mystery; animal sacrifices took place within the painted walls Goblins and trolls would not haye been un and ritual torches flamed, the pamUngs were happy at Bhimbetka. Some thirty miles southeast themselves the mystery, and nobody appears to of Bhopal city, on a hogback ridge that rises have actually lived in thC'ir vicinity. They seem above a once densely foreated plain, stand the to have been visited at intervals and for a purpose. astonishing rock formations where people lived At Bhimbetka the caves had been inhabited. (as a fossilised human skull found there proves) very possibly not only by man but by his immediate more than 25,OCO years back. Seen from a distance, ancestors, for many thousands of years. Lying 011 tho)' look lib deformed Gothic castles strunlout ridged, .loped floor of what is called the zoo cave, on the ridle; closer to, ~hey are .ven more extra painted animals above and around me, it was ordinary. ridged and serrated masses of yellow and pOSli bI e to see why. reddish rock which appear to have been splintered into pieces at some period in the past; so that great slabs and boulders seem to balance upon one This was a fairly typical shelter, shaped like a another as though ready at any moment to come V lying on its side. About it loomed a mass of rock, down. yellowod with lichen. A sentinel onthe summit could look down across the sandstone The plain below is tame now, and under culti slopes to the plain, and across the plain vation and When I first visited the place, seemed to the hills beyond. Presence on the plain friendly under a mild sun. This was in February : could thus be clearly seen by the shelter people we scrambled about on the scree around the hills ; as soon as they appeared. the presence of green trees stood arouud us, sibilant in themselves, food in the shape of browsing herbivores, and of each populated by 11 musical curia of birds. A fear in the shape of ad vancing enemies. The caves pleasent spot for a picniC, and indeed it is used as wer~ not difficult to defend, jf the people were luch oy weekend trippers from Bhopal: on the forewarned of attack, for the screes and the tangle walls where sambar and blackbuck in red and white gr thorns be low made approach difficult. A ragged ouHi nes were perpetually poised for fliiht, nume- river seems to have flown past the foot of tbe ror- mations, providing a water supply and attracting friends, and we looked at the painted walls of the animals. shelters- Even in the stygian atmosphere of that afternoon, tbe colours,. dim as they were, seemed The shelters cannot have been very comforta to leap off the walls, as much a source of comfort ble to live in. but at lea5t they kept off mucb of the as food and a fire. In the lee of a huge rock we rain, and being slightly elevated and open at one kindled cigarettes. Beyond it was a cave WHich ar.d afforded some relief from the summer htat. contained the pictute of a co 10ssal bull in pnrsuit For many people, these caves had been a home; of a hunter whose two companions stood helplessly children bad scrambled and played on the talus by. The snout ofthe bull. dwarfing the hunter, below, and tbe smudge fires, producing smoke by nearly touched him, and for him there was no day and flame by night, were shekinah to tne hun escape: he was being driven towards a monstrous ters as they came home. As tbe centuries passed, crablike creature that rose from the shadowed wall however, warriors from higher cultures appeared in a posture of menace. Perhaps in the end the on the plains, armed better than the hill dwellers, images of bull and crab, dreamlike lords of death, and armoured : mounted on elepbants, inimical. ~ost fully expressed the ethos of Bhimbetka. The records in the rocks show conficts between Early history of the district is obscure, though the them and the scantily clad and poorly armed archaeological remains like -the Sanchi Stupa. the people of the shelters: skirmishes ratber than Siva temple at Bhojpur and the fort of Raisen take battles. it almost to early historic antiquity. Construction of the great Sane hi Stupa is assigned to 250 B. C. My next visit to Bbimbetka was in June, shortly to the great Maurya emperor Asok. The Bhojpur before the onset of the monsoon. As we drove temple belongs. according to Bhopal State Gazet across the plain, a sullen lid of cloud shut down on teer (19_8), to 12th or 13th century, Which also us. The whole landscape was shrouded in dUst remarks that 'had it been completed, it would have spiralled by the wind, and there were no cu1tiva~ had few rivals'. The Gazetteer dot;s not say anY~ tors in the fields. We neared Bhimbetka, and saw thing about the king who had started construction aheaq of us, shrouded in low cloud and dust, the of this temple, though the vast lake to the west of monolithic formations on the ridge: in tha.t light, Bhojpur (which covered about 250 sqare miles of they seemed to, have receded, both in space and area) is ascribed by tradition (mentioned in the tim.e, back into their paH. The birdS, when we the Gazetteer) to Raja Bhoj 'of Dhar (1010.55). climbed to the caves, were silent. but trees hissed like kettles in the wind, and their dry leaves bru History of the part of the Raisen district north shes together with a sound like fire. While my of the southern Vindhyan scarp is the history of companions went on ahead, I seated myself on a Malwa in which the· fort of Raisen played an rock and 10.Jked over the plain. important part. RerereDces to Raisen occur ~s early as 13th century. According to Bhopal State All I could see was cloud overhead and dust Gazetteer the fort probably fell to Altamash along be,l(1w, through where then:: was occassional ghostly with Bhi)sa in A.D. 1235, and to Alauddin Khilji intimations of trees and fields. An eerie stillness in 1293. In the fifteenth century the fort was ruled by held the air. like that within the eye of a CYClone, the Sultans of Mandu, from whom it passed to the but unrelated sounds broke it now and then the Rajputs. Babar m~ntions Raisen in llis diary. rustleofdead leaves in the wind, the snap of dry Rajput possession of the fort continued more or thorns, the distant cry or an animal. Deprived 'of less uniterrupted till 1543, in which year Sher Shah daylight, Rhimbetka had become a place of fear. Suri captured it from 1 u~anmal. In Akbar's time If it was SO for me, a prod uct of my century, it Raisen was the headquarters of a Sarkar in the must have been unimaginably more so for the Subah of Malwa. Abul Fazal mentions Raisen as naked men who lived by instincts rather than ideas, one of the famous. forts of India. who were aware of the forest around tbem aI\d were apprehensive as to what might corr,e out of After 1776, an Afghan adventurer Dost Mohd. it, who were full of a prescience of th.: unknown. Khan came to Malwa and established the princi pality ot" Bhopal, which 'included most of the - it was a day of discovery: 1 went after my territory now included in the district. The fort of 21 Raisen continued to be under a Mugbal Fauzdar Mughals when Akbar conquered Malwa in 1561 and until Faiz Mohammad Khan occupied it in'1756, Raisen became headquarters of one of the 12 aDd later got himselfrecoanised as Faujdar of RaiseD Sarkars of tbe Subah of Malwa. Ain-i-Akbari by Emperor Alamgir II. About 1745 the Marathas mentioDeq that the strength of cavalry and infantry enterd Bhopal and succeeded in taking a greater in the Raisen fort was 1989 and 8990, respectively. protion of the district except RaiseD from Nawab Faiz Mohammad. The Ralsen fort was made over Nothing much is known about Raisen fort to Maratha BaJarao Inglia in 1797 by Nawab Murid from this time to about 17~6 when Faiz Mahammad Mohammad. It was, however, soon recaptured by Khan, the grandson of Dost Mohammad Kuan, the Wazlr Mohammad. From 1745 to 1817 the district founder of Bhopal State, occupied it and get him witnessed several changes of fortune, and ultimately self appointed 3S the Fauzdar of t~e forl by the remained with the Nawabs of Bhopal. On 15th Mughal emperor AJamgirs. In 1797 Balarao Ingria, August, 1947 the district became independent of the the Commander of Scindia's forces in Sironj came rule of the Nawab and became lDtegl ated with the in possession of tbis fort for a short time after rest of the country. which it was recaptured by the Nawab of Bhopal. The fort was transferred to the Government of It will be useful to give a short discription India in 1952 for preservation as a National Monu of the magnificient imposing Fort known as tbe ment. The fort is surrounded by a massive wall of Raisen Fort. The height of tbis fort)s 1 ':J80 ft. stone masonary which is surrounded by 13 Bastions above sea level and it proudly towers 500 ft. above which is large enough to accommodate 3 machine Raisen town. The fort is built on steep Vindhyan guns. The total area of the fort on the hill top is hill top and commands a view of 15 to ",,0 miles about 480 acres. There are 8 massive gateways in the in the eastern and southern directions. This fort IS fort. The fort is divided into 2 distinct parts ~ the ,aid to have been built in the 5th or 6th Century by eas tern part contains a number of palaces and Raja Raisingh or Raijin. Inspite of this sup~osed residential quarters. The prominent buildings which antiquity the mention of the fort is not found )n the may be seen inside the fort are Badal Mahal, Raja history. Until period begins wherem it bas men Rohini ·ka-Y1ahal and Hawa Mabal. The first tioned as one of the famous strongholds of the named building is p1rticularly impressive structure. Rajputs. Abut Fazal mentioned tbis as "one of Other structures worth·mentioned are Attardar-ka the famous Fortresses of Hindustan". 1 he first Mahal and a mosque.- known attack on this fort appears to have been made by Altamash in 1235. Alauddin Khtljl Local traditions mentioned that there were as captured this in 1293 (Bhopal State Gdzctteer) many as 84 tanks in the fort. Nawab Shah Jehan Mobd. Tuqlaq perhaps temporarily came in po;ses Begums, tour notes of 1870 give the number of sion of this fort during his march over Raisen and tanks, wens and reservoirs inside the fort as 48. Vidisha. The Muslim Historical Ferishta gives the or this about 15 are still to be seen. 3 of these account on how Raisen fort. then under the .:ontrol tanks retain some water throughout the year. A of Purbia Rajput, became involved in a strug81e with micro-wave tower has nOW been constructed on the Bahadur Shah and Sher Shah. Fedshta mentioned top of the hill and presents a little jarring note that the Chief of Raisen at that time was Salhadi disturbing otherwise beautiful skyline. who was a Rajput. Raisen fort fell into the hand s of Bahad ur Snah in May, 1532 but as soon as Bahad ur Distribution of Area and Population : Shah deported his lieutenent Alam Khan was over. thrown and Salhadis family restablished themselves Raisen district has a population of 710,542 on in the fort. In 153) when Humayun passed through a land area of 8,466 sq uare kilometer~s or 2,002 Malwa, the Raisen fort was held by Raja Pratap Shabo thousand acres. This means, on the assumption of In 1542-43 Sher Shah laid siege of this fOIt . for equal distribution. a per capita land area of 2'94 about 6 months and ultimately captured by killing acres, which is higher than the per capita land area Puran Mal who was bolding the fort at that time. of 2.10 acres in the State as a whole. This feature Sher Shah made Raisen one of his principal forts is quite significant for in 1961, the district had a and stationed a large garrison including 1000 art i per capita area of 5.1 acres as against the State lary. The Raisen fort passed hands from .o\fghans to figure of 3.4 acres. The reduction of difference 22 between the two figures in 20 years i. e., 1961-81 Looked at from the point Qf view of twenty means that the population of Raisen district bas years (i. e., 1961-1981) the growth-rate has been grown much faster tban the State population as a 61.1 g for the St-ate and 72.70 for Raisen district. whole. Thi. i, borne out by the fact of decadal This aspect will. however; be dealt with later. population growth in the State and the district; We may consider the distribution of total land rea and the population of the district among the 1961-71 1971-81 tabsils. This will indicate in a general and uude State 28.67 25.27 way, the distribution of population pressure among Raisen District 34.42 23.48 the various tahsils. Distribution of Area 2nd Population Among Tahsils Unit ------::------Area Rank in Porulation Rank in Area Population ------Raisen District 100 100 Raisen Tahsil 16.0 3 15.6 2 Ohairatganj Tahsil 10.8 5 9.5 7 Be,amganj Tahsil 10.7 6 12.1 5 Goharganj Tahsil 20.8 1 15.0 3 Baraily Tahsil I 16.8 2 22.1 1 Silwani Tahsil 15.2 4 U.S 6 Udaipura Tahsil 9.7 7 14.3 4 ------,------The table at once brings out the uneven distri and population. Occupying 4th Tank in area, Silwa. bution of both alea and population among the ni tahsil ranks 6th in terms of po.,ulation. Ghairat tahsiIs. More than one-fifth of the district's area ganj tahsil JS the 5th in rank in area but is 7th in is concentrated in the south - western, trans terms of population while the neighbouring tahsil Vind byan tahsil Goharganj. Baraily, Raisen and Bcgamganj occupies 6th rank in areA. but 5th in Silwani tahsils which have comparable areas arc terms of population. Udaipura, the smallest tahsil also bigger than average size in the district. The as far as area is concerned, is largest in population tbree together contain almost half of the district's than Begamganj and occwpies 4th rank. area. Gbairatganj and Begamganj in the north east of the district have closely comparing'areas, This itself gives sufficiently clear picture about and lhe southern Udaipura is not much different. the density of population. However. for the sake The last mentioned is the smallest tahsil In the of clarity the density of population may be indica district. and is less than half in size as compared to ted separately. The density of population which is to the biggest Gobarganj tahsil. shown in column 4 of table A-I is as followi- No tahsil in the district occupies identical rank and size of populousness. Baraily, the 2nd Tahsil Density of Population biggest tahsil in the south of the district is the per sq. knt. most populous containing mor~ than l/S of the to 1.1 ------population of the district. Goharganj, which is the Raisen }46 largest in area, is occupying the 3rd position. Udaipura 146 No tahsil in the district occupies identical Gobar',anj 138 ranks in area and population Goharganj, the tahsil Baraily 118 largest in area occupies 3rd rank in terms of popu B:gamganj 96 lation. Barail)', the 2nd largest tahsil in terms of Ghairatganj 82 Silwani 77 area occupies the first rank. Rai~en tahsil occupies the 3rd and 2nd rank-respectively in terms of area ----.------..------~----- 23 Thi~, however, does not give the correct Udafpur •• the Smallest Tahsil : picture for obviously the forest areas has not been taken into consid&ratioll in this calculation. On the Udaipura, the small tahsil in the extreme face of it Gobar.anj tahsil i. tbe mOlt sparsely louth-east of the district, mostly in the rich populated tahsil in the district. But, if density i. Narmada Valley, is the most densely populated calcul.ated only on the basis of area figures based tahsi 1 in the district. It is the only tahsil in the on land records papers, the picture of Goharganj district wbich has more persons per square kilo .. appears to be entirely d ifferen t. The density of popu meter than the state as a whole. Boundary includi· lation of the district has been calculated on the ng portion of the: fertile Narmada valley as well as a basis of total area and applying the same prinoiple small portion in the ncrth of the Vindhyan ranges, is the 2nd most densely populated tahsil, followed to the tahsils, the density of poplllation per square by the north-eastern Begamganj. These two may kilometer would work out as shown below- be called medium-density tahsils in the district: ------Tre remaining four. namely Raisen, Ghairatganj Units Persons per sq.km. Gohalga'lj and ~iJwani (ft)fmin!; a compact block) ------are the most sparsely populated tabsils. As already Raisen District 118 indicated these tabsils are covered considerably by Udaipura Tahsil 124 Vindbyan ranges and forests and have relatively smaller cropped areas. That density variation Baraily Tahsil 111 among tahsils is a function of forest and gross Begamganj Tahsil 94 cropped area-negatively correlated with the former Raisen Tahsil 82 and positively with the latter-is strikinaly brought Ghairatganj Tahsil 73 out from the following inset. Silwani Tahsil 63 Percentages of area under forests and crops Goharganj Tahsil 60 and density of population for each tahsil, 1961. ------~---- ------~-...,.__.------%of of area under Density of Ranks accotding to Tahsil r----J.-- --.~ popu lation ,..------"""- Forest Crops Forest area Density Cropped area ----..------..-.------~ 2 3 4 s 6 7 ..... _------_.. -_.-----_. ___...... _.... ------Rai sen Tahsil 4S.6 31.S 103 3 4 S Ghai ratg.anj Tahsil 41.8 34.6 ]07 4 5 4 Begamganj Tahsil 27.6 44.4 148 5 3 3 Goharganj Tahsi I 61.0 20.7 84 1 7 7 Barai Iy Tahsil 21.3 S:LO 169 6 2 2 Silwani Tahsil 50.8 24.5 95 2 6 6 Udaipura Tahsi I ]6.0 S2.5 204 7 1 1 ~------_,_------Growtb of Population: may be noted that in the decade ]961-1971, the popu lationofRaisendistrict had grown by 34.42 per cent Raisen district has returned a population of as against the State growth rate of 28.67 duriJ.l.g 710,S42 persons in 1981. In 1971. its population the same period. Going back to 1951-61 decade, WaS 553,026. The decadal growth rate has thus been we find Raisen district registering a growth ratc of 28.48 as against the state growth rate of 25.27. It . 30.45 per cent as against the State growth rate of 24 24.17. Whereas tbis has been tbe picture during the Among the tahsiJs, Ooharganj has registered last 30 years, earlier periods present an entirely the bight'st growth-rate in the decade under review. different view. The growth-rate of Raisen district In fact 4 of the 7 tahsils have growth-rate higher prior to 19)1 was always less tba n the State growt.4- than the State average. The growth-rates of tbe rate. Tl!e fonowi~1 table will help to bring out tbis tahsils is given below- feature. --_------..____ Tahsil Growth rato ------_.. _------Period Madhya Pradesh Raisen District ------_--_------_.... _ , Goharganj Tahsil 33.05 ------...... __. ------Baraily Tahsil 29.92 14)()1-1911 +15.30 +8.61 Silwani Tahsil 29.27 1911-1921 - 1.38 -5,95 Rai .. en Tahsil 28,78 1921-19'31 +11.39 _1.73 Begamganj Tahsi I 24,03 Ghairatganj Tahsil 21.94 1931-1941 +13.34 +4.73 Udaipura Tahsil 19.51 1941-19S1 + 8.67 +1.61 ------1951-1961 +24.17 +30 .46 1961-1971 +28.67 +34 .42 The apparently curious demo.'lfaphic pheno menon may be noted from this ;' the most sparsely 1911--1981 +25.27 +28.48 populated Goharganj tahsil registels the highest ------growth-rate and the most densely populated Udai· pura tahsil registers the 10'Nest growth-rate in the It will be seen from the above that the decade 19S1-1961 is the water-shed in the growth-rate district. pattern of Raisen district through the century. Rural Urban Break-up: Since the beginning of the present century, Raisen district was registering slower growth·rate as com 9.97% of the district population is urban as pared to the State: This forest-clad sleepy district against 5.56 per cent in ]97], the rate of increase of seems to jump into activity since 1951-1961 and the proportiOn has been 79 per cent or so. This started regillteJ"ing a popUlation growth·rats which increase is actually d1le to increase in the number is higher than the State rate of popUlation growth. of towns-there were 3 towns in 1971 and there arc 6 now. Obedullaganj. Badi and Udaipura. Raisen lies stretched, so to say, under the arms which were villages in 1971 have qualified to be of Bhopal and development of Bhopal in t956 as towns now. In terms of size of urban popUlation the Capital of the State has definitely given impetus Raisen district was occupying 42nd rank in 197', to the growtb of Raisen district. The growth of it bas jumped to rank 40 now. But it has a,long traffio on Bhopal~Sagar and Bhopal-Hoshangabad . way to gO as far as urbanisation is concerned. As road s 'gave 'fillip to development and growth if at present, there are five districts below it-Jhabua 110 t only Raisen town but even such small sleepy Seoni, Datia. Panna and Sid hi. But, one thing places like Ohairatganj, Begamganj, ObeduJIaganj seem to be certain-in years to come the rate of' and Mandideep registered phenomenal growth and urbanisation in Raisen would be quite fast and development. Moreover, the industrial cornplex there should be nO surpri lation registered as urban. But. what is s;anlficant ...... _--.. ..".... ------....._.------is that the growth of urbanisat ion in Raisen district No. of Villages has been much faster than the State. The propor r------Jt-.-----~ tion of urban population in the State has ,one up Tahsils Total inlul.bi ted uninhabitccf from 16.29 in 1911 to 20.31 in 1981. As against -- - --."..---- __.-_------R~isen 233 22l 12 tbis the proportion in Raisen district has gone up Ghairatganj from 5.56 to 9.97. In other words rate of increase 173 165 8 in the State bas been 24.7 per cent rate has been Hegamganj 226 194 32 79.3. Again. wbereas the growth of total population Goharganj 239 222 17 during 1971-1981 hatbecD ::8.48 pet cent. the urban Barai)y 2;:\5 221 14 population bas grown by 129.91 peT cent. All the Silwani 255 246 9 6 towns of Raisen district are what are known as Udaipura 156 154 Class IV and CJass V towns-Begamga!~j, Raisen and 2 Baraily are all Class IV towns whereas Badi, Udai· ------..... - ...... pura and ObeduUaganj arc Class V,towns. Begam Total J ,517 1,423 94 ganj is the largest town in the district ~n terms of ----~ ------__:.------...... population. In 1961, the district had 1,540 villages. It is curious to see that in 1971 this number b'e~ame Rural Population: 1,541. As in 1981, the number of villages is i.517. The difference in tbe number of villages in J971, The proportion of rural population to total and 19M is due to some villages having come under popul·ation bas been steadily going down in the the category of towns, otbers having merged in thet district but the decrease has been fa~ter in the towns and still other baving come under submer decade 1971-81 than in the former de\:ade 1961-71. gence. The number or de~erted villages ha~ also Th.is is the direct result of faster rate of urbanisa gone down frofn 139 in 1961 to 94 at present. The tion in this decade 1971-81. proportion of uninhabited villages to tota' number was 9.0 per cent the proportion is 6.2 per gent In 1961. the district population has rural com now. ponent of 94.7%. This c~me down to 94.4% in 197) and is 90.0% now. Even now the popUlation of the The distribution of inhabited villages &nd rural district is overwhelmingly rural. The population of population in each tahsH is shown in the inlet the district is more ruru] as compared to the State: below- The relevant figures aTe 79.1% State and 90.0% Raisen district. Ghairatganj and SIlwani tahsils ------are wholly rural, while the other five tahsih have District/Tahsil Rilra] Population inhabited villages rural components as below------RAISEN DISTRICT '00 100 Raisen Tahsil Goharganj 92.97% 14.8 15.5 Ghairatg,mj T'lhsil 10.5 11.6 92.49% Udaipura Begamganj Tahsil 10.5 13.'5 Bar'lily 86.33% Go'larganj Tahsil 15.5 15.6 Baraily Tahsil 21.2 15.6 Raisen 85.60% Si lwani Tahsil 12.8 17.3 Began:ganj 85.60% Vdaipura Tahsil 14.7 10.8 ------_._--_....,., -- - ~ ..... - .-. RaiseD district hal ),517 villages of which 94 This table also brings out the picturo of un are uninhabited. The largest number of these un evenness in the distribution of population amon, inhabited villages arc in Begamganj tahsil. The the tahsils. the uneVenness being very pronounced ~umber of total, inhabited lind nn-. in BaraiJy tah,iI. In this unevenpess is observ~d in 10 different tahsils are shown be).61tl,. , P?'. ..::..'~ '."!-~'" ~amgani, Silwani and Udaipura tahsils also. '~'aily tahsil consists of more than one-fifth of the 26 dIstrict population IS.S per cent of the village Tbe distribution of 1,000 inhabited villages in whereas Silwani tahsil has 17.3 per cent of the the district and in each tahsil according to specified villages of the district but has only 12.8 per cent of popUlation range the popUlation share in the district. ------_.. _- __ --_------1,000 Villages classifi~d by population sizes -~-- -_ ------~. ------District I Tahsil Below 200- 500~ 2000- 5000- 10,000+ 200 499 1999 4999 9999 ------_._------.... _------RAISEN DISTRICT 303 415 265 15 2 Raisen Tahsil 244 457 294 5 Ghairatganj Tahsil 321 479 176 24 BeBilmpnj Ta11.Sil 3 14 469 217 Goharganj Tahsil 327 422 229 18 4 BaraiI y Tahsil 185 376 497 32- Si lwani Tahsil 463 390 130 5 Udaipura Tahsil 232 303 445 13 7 ----_-_------..._------_------ Thia table at once brings out the fact that table is that in SiJwani tahsil the _largest pro even now Railen is predominently a district of portion 'of villages have population of less than small to medium size of vj]Jages. Nearly 72 per cent 200. Whereas in Raisen, GQairatganj, Bcgamganj of the villages of the district have less than 500 and Gohar~anj Tahsil, the largest proportion of populaTion. The largest proportion of very small villages is in 200-499 population size. As against villages is in Silwani Tahsil and least proportion is this Bara ily a?d Vda.ipura tahsils 1;l.a~c lar?est pro in Udaipura Tahsil. Ooharganj and Udaipura Tahsil portion of villages 1ll the population sIze 500- are the only units ... here villages of 5,000 and above 1999. population ate found. There is no villaf,e in tbe District of IO.uOO and above popUlation. The manner in which villages are growing in size during the last 30 years may be clear from the Another (act which may be 0 bserved in this inset given in the following :------Distribution of 1,000 villages in di fferent population size ------Year Below 200 200-499 500~'999 2000~4999 5000-9999 ....._.---- ~ ------19.51 915 62 19 4 1961 872 95 27 6 1911 803 139 - 46 10 2 1981 503 415'~ 265 15 2 ------It is not necessary to make any detailed analysis been the size in the two higher sizes. If the growth of the figures given in this table. The fact in the of villages in the district maintains its pace, there proportion in the villages below 200 population is may not be: any small village len by the next cen IPeclac~lar in the deca.de 1971·81 and liimilar has cus in 1991. 27 Sex-Ratio: totallv blind. In terms of number, Raisen district is preceeded by 10 other districts while onc Shiv Raisen district has a sex-ratio of 908. Even puri-has the same number of totally blind al though the sex'ra tio is improved lince 1971-when it Raisen. For totally crippled, Raisen district has was 90C-it is still far below the State average oC retuencd 1,049 persons and there are onty 9 districts 941. Raisen district lies in the southern extremity in the State which have larger number of totally of a region of low sex-ratio or high masculinity aad crippled persons. In respect of totally dumb per the surrounding districts have sex-ratio as indicat sons. Raisen district has returned '273 such per ed-Bhopal 871, Vidisha 812, Sehore 908, Narsimha sonS which is the 22 nd largest figure in the State. pur 931 and Hoshangabad 908. A dIScussion on While these figures give the magnitude of the the causes of low sex-ratio is outside the scope of size of disabled tlersons, they do not indicate the this note. incidence of such infirmities. This can be obtained by calculating the number of disabled of each kind Within the district sex-ratio shows wide varia per 1,000 population. When that is done a more tion. The north ha If of the district comprising revealing picture comes out. In terms of incidence Raisen, Ghairatga,nj and ~gamganj tahsils, is the area of low sex-ratio while the southern half shows of totally blind persons (i.e., totally blind per comparatively higher ratio. Broad ly speaking the 1.000 population) Raisen district is at the top in the State. Same is the picture in respect of totally sex~ratio shows improvement as one passes from western parts of the district towards eastern parts. crippled whereas in respect of totally dumb, Raisen is one of tbe 8 districts in the State which Sex-ratio is higher (937) in the south-eastern have 0.04 totally dumb persons per 1.000 popu tahsil Udaipura with its northern neighbour Silwani lation. showing a little Jess (927), Tahsilwist" sex-ratios are..... Raisen (885), Ghalratganj (883), Begamganj Scheduled Castes and Scbedu'led Tribe.: (887), Goharganj (90S), Baraily (919). Silwani (927) Enumeration of Scheduled Castel and Schedul and Udaipura (937). ed Tribes was done strictly according to the Scheduled Castes 'and Scheduled Tribes Orders It is a matt,er of common observation that (Amendment) Act, 1916. The total population of urban areas register lower sex-ratio. lhis trait is Scheduled Castes in the district is 118,805 which not difficult to understand' because the sex-imbal constitutes 16.72 per cent of the district population anCe in urban areas arises mainly from the Similarly, the total scheduled tnbe population in migration factor which ia the beginning is confined the district is 109,665 which comes to 15.43 of the mostly to males. Be that as it may, the sex-ratio district population. Thus, 32.15 per cent of the in the urban areas of the district comes to 867 snd p (pulation of the district consists of these econo that for the rural areas is 912. mically and educationally backward p~ople. In respect of the proportion of Scheduled Castes and Disabled Population : Scheduled Tribes population, Raisen district is the 201 th in the State. But if the proportion are seen Information was also collected at the present separately, the pict me is sligh tly different. In census regarding totally crippled and totally respect of propOJ tion of scheduled castes to total dumb persons. This information was collected in population, Raisen district stands 19 th in the State the house lists which preceded enumeration of whereas it is 21st in respect of scheduled tribes. 1981. No attempt was made to get a sex-wise It has a hisber scheduled cashs proportion in its break up of tne above mentioned infirmiti~s. A population than the State average of 14.10 but brief analysis of these figures has been made in the has less proposition than the state average of 22.97 Housing Report of 1981 Census: this is no place in respect of scheduled tribes. Out of every 1,0CO to go into details. However, the figures that per scheduled castes in the State, 16.2 live in Raisen tain to Raisen district are quite revealing in their dIstrict whereas of every 1,OuO scheduled tribes of own way. the State 9.1 persors are lound in Raisen diitrict. R.aisen district has returned 1,379 perS,ons as Tahsilwise the lariest :pruportion of scheduled castes ill the population is in Railen tahsil whereas tion of scheduled caste and are mOllotJy found in the largest proportion of the scheduled tribes in Ghairatganj and Raisen tahsils. the popul:ttion is in Silwani TahsIl. The general picture is that the three northern tahsils-Raisen. Scheduled Tribes comprises Gonds, Karku, Ghairatganj and Begamlanj have more scheduled Keer and Sah&ria tribes. The Gonds are Jr.ost castes component in their population than the 4 nll~erous but ue mostly central ised in Silwani southern tahsils, whereas the four l)ourhern tahsils and Goharganj tahsils though they are found in have lalger component of scheduled tribes in their smaller number and evenly distfJ buted in other population than th.: 3 northern tahslh: one tXce}:, tabsiJs also, Saharia who are also some time refer tIOn may be noted here that Bar.dly. a southern red to as Sosia and Sor are found but very much tahsil has a lIttle less proportion of ~cheduJed tTlbes than GJlaiJatganj. extinct in ·Raisen tahsil and to a smaHer t'xtent in the northeln Ghairatganj, Begamganj and western Gohargc:1Dj h .• hsils. 1hls tnbe is not found in BarailY The scheduled castes found in the district may aDd Udaipura tahsils and only smaller number of be briefly described. Chamars (Jatav or Mochi) them'inbabit in 8iIwa [Ii tabsil. Keers are found constitutes more than half of the ,entire scheduled mainly in the southern OohargAnj, Baraily and castes population of ,the district. The Chamars Udaipura tahsils decreasing in proportion from are distributed more or Jess evenly in 'all the tahsils. welt to east. They are the cultivating ca!lt and Educationally this caste is backward even as com some of tbem came bere from Rajputana. They pared to other scbeduled castes. Dhobi is the next specialize in the cultivation or water melons and numerous scheduled castes, for being a little other allied crops on the sand beds of livers and lCl~ than 1/10th of the total scheduled castes in ,treams. Korkus arc found mainly in Goharganj the di.trict. It may be remembered tbat Dhobi tahSIl and in small number iJ.l Raisen and Gbairat are scbeduled castes for Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore ganj tahsils. They appear to be an extention of districts. The Dhobis arc more or less represented the Korleu tr,ibe found in the entire Hoshangabad in .all the tahsils. The Dhanuk is the 3rd most and Natsimhapur district. In the Census of 1961 numerous soheduled c&ste in the district. This this tribe was returned in the name of Karku in caste - is very numerous in Baraily tabsil and is accordance with the Scheduled Castes and Schedul. very poorly represented in Silwani, Ghairatganj ed Tribes (Modification) Order, 1956. and De,amganj tabsds. Land Use: Mahar includiag Mebra and Mebar are very numerous in Baraily. Silwani and Udaipura tahsil. Land use statistics whkh have been compiled but· are poorly represented in Raisen, Ghairatganj from the village papers forest and cultivation are and Goharganj tahsils and are perhaps abstnt almost 40 : 60 shares t'f the land of the district from Be!am!anj tahsil. It appears that this caste is leaving very Jitlle as culturable waste and as areas not indigenous to the district. This caste seems to not available for cultivation. It.will be useful to be comparatively enbanced, mainly in tbe fieJd of look at tbe proportions of the total area under education. different categorics. Two points have to be kept in view: SHawat, another scheduled castes are f(lUnd mOltly in Baraily, Udaipura, Raisen, Silwani and ( i) the proportions given below do not Ooharganj tabsils. This caste hbs not been men inclUde the area of uninhabited viIlages tioned 1:-y the Gazetteer of erstwhile Bhopal State ~nd ; Dor any other reference is available about them. The Silawat would easily form one of tbe most fruitful subject for sociological research. Bansphor ( ii) the statistics on which these proportions or Basor are more or less evenly distribut~d in the are balled have been compiled from tahsils. This casts mainly depende on household village papers. industry of basket making and sketting bumboo. Koli or Kod constitute nearly S per cent popu!a- 29 PreportloD of Land Under Vario~s Categories of Land Use ------~.-- Unit Unger Forest Dnder Cultivation Culturable waste Not available for ------.------cultivation----_ Raisen District 34.14 48.67 6.65 6.58 Raisen Tahsil 42.36 40.72 5.40 9.70 Ghajratganj Tahsi I 32.78 52.20 5.56 6.81 Begamganj Tahsil 23.15 52.69 9.52 5.48 Goharganj Tahsil 54.4?- 28.46 6.45 4.95 Baraily lahsiI 17.90 66.32 5.17 6.78 Silwani Tahsil 40.72 42.98 9.68 3.58 edaipura Tahsil 84.18 4.6". 10.80 ------_. ------ The proportions shown here prove whatever tion. The cultivation that is in practice in the sketch discussion -has been made earlier relating to district is some\\hat primitive from the modern the abundance of forests or closeness of cultiva point of view in the sense tbat bulk of it is un tion and as such these statistics need not be elabo irrigated: only 3.82 per cent of the total cultivable rated here. area is under irrigation. What has been stated in relation to density of , The total area according to villaae papers, population, mutatis mutandis applJes'to the land ~ultivable area and its proportion to total area use as far as cultivation is concerned. For the and area under irrigation with tbe proportion of district as a whole, a little mor~ than half of the irrigated area to total cultivable area are shown area according to village papers, is under cultiva- in the following inset for re.ady reference :_ ------_------Total area as per Cultivable % of cultivable Irrigated % of irrigated area District/Tahsil village papers aiea area to total cultivable to ;otal cultivable area area area ------.------~----.. Raisen District 762,197 .07~ 386,252.15 50.68 14,755 09 3.82 Raisen Tahsil 129,092.78 33,53.9.91 41.47 2,839.59 5.30 Ghairatganj Tahsil 84,275.07 45.193.82 53.63 228.39 0.51 Begarnganj Tahsil 79,983.15 46,392.86 58.00 265.18 0.57 Goharganj Tahsil 166,178.52 50,161.62 30_19 5,522.77 11.01 BaraHy Ta~siI 120.023.85 82,776.63 68.97 5,267.68 6.36 Silwani Tahsil 114,89u.80 50.933.36 55. 33 309.57 0'61 Udaipura Tahsil 67,746.90 57,253.95 M.5t 321.91 0.56 ------It will be evident from tbis that Udaipura tahsil irrigation project. Begamganj tabsil comes next is the most closely cultivated area. It is fo]Jewed by with 58.00 per cent of the area being under Baraily tahsil where 68.97 per cent of the total area culti vation but all but 0.57 per cent of tbis is \'/ith is under cultivation. Of theie two tahsils, Baraily out any irrigation. SiJwani tahsil follows the is the more fortunate one for 6.36 per cent of its footsteps of Begamganj tahsil keeping itself a little cultivable area is under irriaation,thanks to Barna behind. Then cernes Ghairatganj tah~i1 with 53.63 per 39 cent of the lvtal village area being cultivable of KaJmat: which only 0.51 per cent receive irngation. Raisen tahsil with its 41.47 per cent of the laud bein._g This is the term for the first-elass loamy soil under cultivation. has 530 per cent of it under of black colour. It is known by other terms like muran, morand. mar and malait. It is two sub. irrigation. In sheer size, Raisen tahsil is the third or in the district with 2,839.59 hectares of cultivable types known as Kalmat owwal and Kalmat dovem. This soil is good for wheat, Masur and gram cropS. area being under irrigation. Soyar : It will be app~rent that Raisen district is far behi nd the state average in irrigation. The first It is the term for yellow or brown soil which is irri,ation tank in the district was constructed in found on stopes. It is pebbly in composition and 1936. This was the Palakmati tank. Later, irriga is useful for kharif crops. Pitua is a class of this tion tankl were constructed at Jamania and Dahod soil type. tank was completed in 1957. Yet another tank has been constructed at Ratapani in Goharganj tahsil. Bbanwar: Raisen tahlil has Banchhor tank which was taken u'P in 1958. Bhanwar is a grey coloured soil and is actually a mixture of Kalmat and Soyar soils. It bas loose Raisen district can take a Ii ttle pride in the texture, is easily soluble in water and its clods are Barna Irrigation project which had begun sometime soft. It retains moisture and is capable of yield in 1969 and was completed in 1979. Executives in ing a fair crop even if winter rains do not come. tbe district should be aware of the position class This soil is suited to wheat, cotton, linseed and of land and soil types with loea. names therefor. jawar but can also yield sugarcane under irriga In the loea 1 terminology there are four classes- tion. Mixed with Kalmat soil, it produced yet another soil kind which is called domat or domatia. (1) Chauras is the even lying land which re ceives drainage from higher ground. Sirai : (2) Dhalu as the name itself indicates is the This is a poor soil of yellowish or reddish sloping land. The other synOll)mOUS terms black colour. It is loose and sandy in character. for this type of land is takra. If irrigated, it is capable of producing, rice. This soil is good for crops like til, rameli and jower. (3) Tager, dho/gfl, magrot, bhar, kilo, bedra, In lowlands, it also produces wheat. jhora or behar is soil contained in hollows in which pools formerly existed •. pilota : Position is indicated by another set of terms This is yellow or brown coloured soil full of also. Gayunre or teretha is the clear. open land small pebbles and is found on hill slopes and is close to the village and jungli is the land away from suited to kharif crops. the village and which is covered with shrubs, bushes Bharwa : and trees. This is a light sandy soil of reddish-brown The crop bearing capacity of the land ts ex colour and it is full of stol:es which makes it un pressed as Gohari or wheat-~~aring land. salgatta suitable for any crop except Kodon. Kutki and or rice-bearing land and kachhwara as the land fit maize. for vegetable. Irrigated land is known as pivot or adar and dry land is known as maletru. Kacbbar The local names for the soil types are Kolmer An excellent loamy soil found on the banks (also known as muran, morand, mar and malasit) and beds of streams. It is also classed as Kachhar Bhanwar,Siari, Soyar, Pitua, Bhatwa and Kachhar awwal and kachhar doyam depending on the sand (also known as Chhap). These may be, briefly constituent. Ideally suited for vegetables though described. . it also yields good wheat and jowar. '- 31 Crops: Characteristics Madhya Prldesh Raisen District It will be uleful to know tbe local terms whiob Total Population are used for denoting kharif and rabi cropS. The kbarif crops are kt10wn by lbe term Shia/tJ (tbese 1961 32, 372.,408 411,426 cover the months of May t:> O:tob!r) an;! tbe rabi crops, which are grown from October to 1971 41,654,119 553,026 March, are known as unha/u. 1981 52.178,844 710,542 Nearly 50 per cent of the cropped area if. under Houseless Persons wh eat,. Raisen district produces good whea t, and even though the quality is not as good as the one from Vidisha, it is still quite good as most of it is 1961 ]25,094 3,985 unirrigated. It forms the main staple Cood in the district. 1971 ;\90,842 22,557 1981 332,437 The next most important crop of the district is gram and this covers more than 15 per cent of Proportion of houseless population to total popuI~tion the cropped area. Next in order comes the masur pulse and tbis covers nearly 10 per cent of the cropped area. The oil seeds til and linseed are 1961 0.39 0.97 also quite important crops from tbe point of view 197' 0.94 4.98 of coverage and so is the cultivation of peas, tur pulse and paddy. 1981 0.64 3.12 Jowar covers a little large area tban either til or linseed and with wheat constitues an important It will be observed from the above inset that staple food of the people. the proportion of bouseless persons in Raisen district was about thrice the same proportion in the State and in 1971 and 1981, it has assumed tbe One notable feature connej::ted with agricul size of nearly five times the proportion obtaining in ture which is also quite important from the point the State. of view of census is the fact of large-scale in migration of a very temporary nature of agricul tural labourers for harvesting wheat crop in the The Chaituas also visit the neighbouring wheat wheat-harvesting season. One can lee them boused .rowin. districts of Sehore, Vidisha. Sagar and in temporary hutments or directly under the sky HoshaDgabad but the proportion of bouseless per~ in the fields. These wheat harvesters are known as sons to tbe total population in these districts is far Chaitua and tbey usually come from Chhatarpur and less than what it is in Raisen : Schore 1.07 per cent Tikamgar h districts moving from village to village Vidisha 1.28 per cent, Sagar 0.85 per cent and in Raisen dis trict. The u sua} time of their arrival Hoshangabad 1.29 per cent. It is agreed that it is is Febmary and they stan returning by the end not only the Chailuas who ecnttibule to the house of Mareh, less persons in the district, workers engaged in quarrying, sandstone-quattzite slabs are als~ usually houseless. Since tbe stay of these Chaituas in the district coincides with enumeration in the Census years, they contribute to the houseless persons in the Within the district, it is the closely cult}"fated district. The population of house less persons in tracts of Baraily and Silwani tahsils which attract Raisen district has always been much more than a large numbC!r of these '"' heat harvesters. The tbe proportion of them in the State as a whole. proportion of houseless persons in these tabiils This may be observed in the following inset. reflects the situation: 32 _",~-""",,_,,-..--.....------Big Industries : Taru.iI 1981 No. of %of houseless Raisen distrjct is classified as an industrially population houseless persons to total backward district and has been pJaced by the persons population Ind ustries Departlllent in w}fat is known as Cate ------_._------gory 'C'. Lastly, howev~r, industrial development in the district, has caught mOJllentum even Raisen 110,636 1,129 1. 02 though this development is· at present concentrated in Manideep on the Bhopal-Hoshangabad road Ghairatganj 67,482 757 1 _12 whic~ has not Only the Hindustan Electro-Gra Beg'lmganj 85,786 271 0.32 phites located there but tv.o Soyabeen oil extra ction plants are also coming up. In addition Goharganj 106,338 2,925 2.75 industries ba~ed on timber, plastics and other Items .oaraily 157,100 10,622 6.76 are also coming up fast. In fact. Mandi ___"",..a...... - ______with industrial activity. Brick-making on large-scale is seen in Raisen The proportion of whea t harvestors. who wor k tahsil on Bhopal-Raisen road and the district bas growing demand in bricks of the fast-gro\\'ing and for agricultural labour in the district, may be kept in view while looking at the proportion of agricul expanding city of Bhopal-the State Capital. tural wor.kers in the different tahsils. Fisberies: Household Industry ! The district is well-supplied with water re sources in the shape of rivers. In addition there The mention of Raisen district hardly occurs arc some tanks and reservoirs. More than 40 in the Bhopal State Gazetteer in connection with metric tons offish are caught-annually. manufacture and industries. However, it is learnt from the Gazetteer that a placenamed Deod in this Mining and Quarrying : district was famous for its betel-nut clippers (Sarota). Which Deod the Gazetteer makes m~ntion of, it Raisen district is situated on Vindhyan QUJrt is not possible to say for villages with this name zi tes and Deccan tr ap, the former arc commer are foun Persons Males Females It is a matter of common observation that rates are higher in rice and cotton producing areas because these crops are most labour·intenstive ones Raisen District 33.72 52.57 12· 96 According to expelt eslimates. rice requires 110 man days ref hectare,jowar 100, cotton 130, ground Raisen Tahsil 32.14 51.74 9.9U nut 170, wheat 45 and gram 35. Ghairatg:mj Tahsil 33.12 53.02 10.57 It is possible therefore to suggest that the Begamganj Tahsil 33.13 53.37 10.32 lower participation rate of Raisen district is relat ed·to its being predominently a wheat and gram Goh~rganj Tahsil 33.10 52.00 12.22 growing district with comparatively much less area under rice and jowar. This observation seems to Baraily Tahsil 34.52 52.73 14.72 draw further from the fact that the difference in Silwani Tahsil 36.11 53.85 16.93 the male participation rate between the State and Raisen district is small·State 53.43 : Raisen district Udaipura Ta~sil 33.84 51.82 14.65 52.54, The dit:rerence arises in the female partici pation rate (S~ate 23.13: Raisen district 12.99) , 34 EcoD.omic C'a~.i(icatioo of Workers: lndu.trial classitication of workers also brings is considered useful to compare this with the State out noteworthy features about Raisen district. It average. This is shown in the following inset. Percentage of main workers as Cultivators, Agricultural labourers, in Household industrya_ other workers to total workers ------_------.,_,.-- ...... Madhya Pr~desh Raisen District ------_- ~ Industri:il Category Total Males Females Total Males Females ------..------ Cultivators 52. 10 54.00 47. ~1 41.22 47.25 14.39 Azticultural LabQurers 24 . 17 17.72 40.35 37.72 30.(;1 69.41 Workers in Household Industry ~ . 80 2.68 4.13 3.98 3.64 5.45 Other Workers 19 . 93 24.60 8.21 17.08 18.50 le.75 ------~---___.------ Prima facie Raisen appears to be a poor from similar proportion in the State popUlation as district. Whereas the proportions of workers a whole. The reason for this is too obvious to need eniaged in household industry and other work in any detailed comments. There are less cultivatoI S Raisen district are not very markedly different and more agricultural labourers ID Raisen district fr~m those for the State as a whole, the proportions than the State avefage. The pictures has always of cultivators and agricultural labeurers to total teen like this as will be clear from the inset given wOl'ken in the district are very markedly different below showing the 1971 situation. Proportion of Workers engaged in Cultivation, as Agricultural Labour, Household Industry aDd Other workers in Raison District in 197. and 19&1 ------Industry PropOttion of Workers ------.. _- _.,..._------1971 1981 ...------.. _--...------_._-_..-_._- Cultivati on 40.53 41.00 Agricultural Labourers 39.27 38.04 Household Industry 4.33 3.85 Other workers 15 87 17.11 ------ It ma.y be observed that agriculture (cultivators hou!iehold industry sector also. The ,ainer has plus a~ricl.lltural labourers) still remains the pre been the ,ector of other work. The se~uor of agri ponderant economic acti vity of the district popula cultural la.bourers· in Raisen district deserves tion: 78.94 per cent of the workers are engaged special mention because in proportion to in agricult1l1re alone as against 79.80 peT cent in total workers. Raist'n district stands third in the 1911. There has thus been a shift of little less ,State: Narsimhapur and Rewa districts having the than one per cent froBl a,riculture. But. what is proportion of agricultural labourers respc:ctively unhappy about the livelihood pattern, is that the 39.2.5 and 38.59 are the oIlly district which have proportion has come down by 0.48 per cent in larger proportion of agricultural labourers than 35 Raisen district. While appreciating these figures, Absolute figures as given in the primary cen it would be u.eful to keep the chaitua or the ... heat sus abstract and the proportions given in tbe harvestots in view. above in respect of agricultural labourers and househeld industry may be better seen if seen in The classification oC workers may be studied the light of the discussIon about wheat-harvestorl tahsil wise : and household industlies earlier in this note. DisabJed PepulatioD : ------Proportion of workers engaged as ------Data was collected at tbe stage of house Units Cultivators Agricultural Household Other listing in respect of three disabilities-total blind industry work labourers ness, totally crippled persons, and totally dumb ------persons. The Dumber of disabled persons in Raisen Raisen District 41.00 38.04 3.85 17.11 district is found to be quite high and this pheno menon definitely calls for field investigation and Raisen Tahsil 43.36 29.93 1. 77 25.64 enquiry. Ghairatganj Tahsil 48,96 29.98 3.58 17.48 In respect of the size of total population, Begamganj Tahsil 45.93 27.58 11.90 14.59 Raisen district ranks at serial 41 in the State, but Goharganj Tahsil 36.63 37.53 2.47 23.37 it jumps to rank 13 in respect of the number of totally blind, to rank 11 in respect of totally crip Baraily TahsiJ 37.79 44.92 2.77 14.52 pled and to rank 22 in respect of totally dumb Silwani Tahsil 41.10 43.80 3.18 11.86 persons. Tbe actual figures respectively for totally blind, totally cirppled and totally dllmb in. Raisen 45.12 3.23 12.29 lfdaipura Tahsi 1 38.76 district are 1,379, 1,049 and 272. These respec ------tively constitute 1.58 per cent, 3.06 per Cent and 1.92 per cent of the total blind crippled and dumb At first sight, the small proportion of cultiva popUlation of tbe State. It may be remembered tors in the working population appear to be some that R Raisen Raisen Urs October 7 5.000 SanCl'j Raisen Budha Jayanti November 1 1.000 Raisen Raisen Ramlila Dec.,January 15 7,000 Pagneshar Raisen Sankrant January 2 1,500 Mawalkhot Ghaira.tganj Urs November 3 3,000 Ma.v'alkhot GrJliratganj Mawalkhot December 15 4,000 Bina R.iver Ghairatganj Ganeshwar December 3 10,000 Mehalpur Ghairatganj Sankrant January 1 2,500 Pat an Gllai rat ganj Nilkant Patan Mela February 3 3,500 Swner Begamganj Triveni Mela January 15 6,500 Obedullaganj Goharganj Bhojpur February / March 1 12.500 Begalwera Baraily Begalwara January , February 7 25,000 Bari Baraily Kewala Jllar Mela 1 1,200 Chune4ia Silwani Kartik Poornima October jNoverr.ber 7 3,500 Siharmao Silwani Kartik Poornima October/November. g 1,000 Silwani Silwani Kartik Poornima October/November. 1 3,000 laithari Silwani' Teen Dha:a Mela January 1 1,500 Udaipura Udaipura Baras Mela January 7 25,000 -----.------~------In the foregoing. a brief description of Raisen exhaustive note but is just good enougb to put district has been given from two points of view. the proper focus. First, to introduce the district to the general Certain important aspects such as literacy reader as well as experts and to provide a back and schools, public bealth, drinking water supply drop of geology, geomorphology, history etc. so and so on, have not been discussed here: men that the district and its people could be better tion of them will be found in the explanatory understood, and second, to provide a back ground notes given in the volumes on VjlJagc Directory so that the 'Yarioul popula\\on cbaracter}stics ai and Primary Census Abstract which respectively revealed in tbe District Census Handbook could form Part A and Part B of the District Census be properly appreciated. It is as liuch Dot an Handbook. Table-} appearing on the next page gives the distribution of villages according to the availabiltty of different amenities. . Before tbis table is taken up for analysis it water to 100 per cent of its population. leaving may be observed that it is in respect of drinking none to depend for this amenity on vtber water that the largest coverage has been made villages. After drinking water. .the largest in the d iatrict and its constituent tahsils. It is coverage is mad e by schools. Other amenities have hoped that these statistics reflect the true rather limited coverage and' of these it is the position in the field aod in that case Raisen dist approach that shows highest proportion of 15.23. rict certB:in)y take pride in providing drinking If the amenities are- 37 TABLE 1 Distribution of Villages According to the Availability of Different Amenities ...... ------._- No: (with percentage) of villages having one or more of the following a nenities ----~------Seria1 Name of Tahsil No of Educa.- Medical DrinklDg Post and Market Communi- Approach Power No. inhabited tion water Telegraph Hat cations by pucca supply villages road ------_._------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1:1 -----_ ------"'----.------ 1. Raisen 221 131 9 221 26 5 26 52 ·45 59.28 4.07 100.00 11.76 2.26 11 .7tJ 23.53 20.36 ... "'. Gh~iratganj 165 92 11 165 16 6 4 23 16 55.76 6.67 100.00 9.70 4.24 2.42 13.94 9.70 3. Begamganj 194 143 7 194 19 4 4 16 g 73.71 3.61 100.00 9.79 2.06 2.06 3.09 4.12 4. Goharganj 222 121 12 222 17 6 36 91 48 54.50 5.41 100.00 7.66 2.10 16.22 40.99 2).62 5. Baraily 221 171 15 221 29 18 16 28 SO 77.38 6.79 100.00 13. J 2 6.33 7.24 lO.8t) 22.62 6. SilVl'ani 246 124 9 246 14 8 1 8 8 50.41 3.66 100.00 5.69 3.25 0.41 3.25 3.25 7. Udaipura J54 128 11 t S4 23 8 11 21 16 83.12 7.14 100.00 14.94 5. ! 9 7.14 J3.64 10.39 ------Total District ].423 910 74 1,423 144 5 .... 98 225 191 63.95 5.20 100.00 10.12 3.65 6.89 15.81 13.42 -_.. _...... -.------._------arranged in order of coverage that they make, then according to availability of different amenities. the district picture is as foJlow ;- These may be takcn one by one as the followini. 1. Drinking water. Education: 2. Education, 63.95 per cent of the villages have one or 3. Approach by pucca road, more schools. The largest coven.ge is in Udaipura 4. Power supply, tahsil where 128 out of 1 S4 villages (83.12%> have schools. Baraily tahsil CODles next witb 77.38 per S. Post and Telegraph. cent of the villages having schools, and Begam 6. Communications, ganj follows with 73.61 per cent villa&es having is 7. Medical, been covered by schools. After this there a big gap when Raisen tahsil appears with 59.23 per cent 8. Market/Hat. of the total villages having schoo Is. Ghairatganj, The above table shows distribution of villages Goharganj and Silwani tahsils follow Raisen in 38 that order. The case of Goharganj. Begamganj and Communications: Baraily tahsils is a little intriguing in as much as Baraily tahsil where 77.38 per cent have been co 6.89 per cent of the villages or the district vered by s~ho.ls has a literacy rate of 19.17 per cent have communication fadlity. In this case Gohar whereas Goharganj with 54.50 per cent ofvilJages ganj shows the largest proportion of villages having schools has a literacy rate of 24.51 per cent. followed by Raisen, Bareli and Udaipura. These The case of Begamgauj is similar to Baraily the four tahsils are higher than the district average. only plausible conclusion is that in Begamganj Communication seems t,o be poor in Ghairatganj and Baraily tabsils as well as in Udaipura tahsil the and Begamganj tahsils whereas the tribal propond level of awareness for cd ucation is much lower anant Silwani tahsil has the least proportion of than what it is in Goharganj tahsil. 0.41 Le. only one village. Medical: Approach by Pucea Road ~ 5.20 per cent of villages of the district are covered by medical facility As in respect of edu 15.81 per cent of the villages of the district cation so in c~se of medical "facilities. Udaipura tahsil have this amenity. The largest proportion is shown shows the highest proponion of villages tho ugh in by Goharganj, Raisen tabsil comes next. After a respect of absolute number Baraily and Goharganj tahsHs occupy the first and second rank. It is curi big gap comes Ghairatganj tahsil followed closely by ous to find Raisen and Begamganj tahsils showing Udajpura. Baraily tahsil has only 10.86 per cent of tbe least number of medical institutions. The former the villages connected by pucca road. It is curious is the district headquarters tahsil and the latter is to find Begarnganj tahsil shows only 3.09 per cent agriculturally and otherwise more advanced than of the villages connected by pllcca road. The at least Ghairatganj, its im;nediate neigbbour. position of Silwani which shows the lowest pro portion is quite understand able. Dri nking Water: Raisen district does not appear to have any Power Supply : problem at all with a tahsils having 100 per cent villages having amenity for drinking water and BaraiJy. Goharganj and Raisen tahsils show there is only one village in Goharganj tahsil which the highest proportion and are placed in that does not have a drinking water amemty in the order. After a big gap appear Udaipura and village. Ghait'atganj tah,ils. After these there is again a large gap and it is again curious to find Begamganj Post and Telegraph tahsil, which is otherwise quite advance. to see 10.12 per cent vi,Jages of the district have this towards the tail end, the tail however. is quite amenity. The tahsils which are higher than the understandably formed by Silwani tahsil tbough in district average are Udaipura, Baraily and Raisen in respect of actual number of villages it equals tbat order. The lowest proportion is fOrmed by BegaUlganj tahsil. Silwani tahsil and Goharganj is only little better. TabJe 2 is a companion table to inset table 1 Market and Hat: Whereas the proportion in table 1 is in respect of The closely cultivated tahsils of Barai!y and number of villages. However, certain cbanges may Udaipura have larger proportion of their villages occur in ranks in respect of proportion and this having m'lfket. The lowest proportion is shown by obviously is due to the population size of vi1lage, B:.>gamganj and the next lowest percentage is in to illustrate this the ranking of tahsils On the basis Raisen tahsil. Reason for this is not clear but it of percentages of village covered and percentages appears that Raisen and Begamganj towns have of population covered in respect of various ameni over &hadowed the rural and traditional hats. ties is given on next page. 39 TABLE 2 Proportion of Rural Population S"tved by Differ ,489 89.91 8.73 100.00 22.01 4.95 2.62 3.33 5.17 4 Goharganj 98,884 80,691 26,039 98,884 33,468 17,300 34,685 59,018 44,161 81.60 26.33 100.00 33.85 17.50 35.90 59.69 45,17 5 Baraily 135,664 128,045 25,261 135,664 41,587 24,836 16,326 22,239 '56,231 94.38 18.62 100.00 30.66 18.31 12.03 16.39 4 f .45 6 SiIwani 81,627 63,825 18,110 81,627 21,282 17,065 7,535 11,228 15,026 78.19 22.19 100.00 26.07 20.91 9.23 13.76 lS.41 7 Udaipura 93,955 90,389 17,284 93,955 34,069 16,094 13,~77 18,92221,345 96.20 18.40 100.00 36.26 17.13 14.45 20.14 22.72 ------~------, ------Total District 639,806 553,700 119,933 639,80 191,327 100,336 103,153 163,169 186.423 86.41 18.75 100.00 29.90 15.68 16.12 25.50 29.14 ---_------_-_ ------Statement Showing Ranking of Tahsils ------.------.. ----~--- RANK ON THE BASIS OF AMENITIES ------_._------Name of Education Medical Post and Market Commu Approach by Power SUPf Iy Tahsil Telegrap1:l and Hat nication pucea road ------.------_ V.C. V.p. V.C, V.p. V.C. V.P. V.C. V.P. V.C. V.P. V.C. V.P. V.C. V.P. ------~------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ------,.------_...--_ -- Raisen 4 6 6 7 3 6 7 7 2 2 2 3 3 4 Ghairatganj 5 5 3 2 5 2 3 5 3 3 2 5 3 Begamganj 3 3 7 6 4 7 6 6 6 7 6 7 6 7 Go1--..arganj 6 4 4 ~ 6 3 5 4 1 1 2 1 Baraily 2 2 2 2 4 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 2 Silwani 7 7 5 "3 7 5 4 2 7 6 7 6 7 6 Udaipura 1 1 S 1 1 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 S ------V. C. = Villages covered. V. p. == Population covered. 40 TABLB 3 Distribution of Tillages not flaYing certain amenities, arranged by di.tance ranges from tbe places wbere these are aTaUable. ----_.------..-...... ___.__.._ ------...... _- Number of villages where the amenity is not available and available at the Villaic not hving the amenity of ------distance of ------5Kms. 5-10 Kms. 10+Kms Total (CoIs. 2 + 4) ------.------_ 1 2 3 4 5 ------ 1. Education 469 46 8 513 2. Medical 550 557 243 1.350 3. Post and Teleiraph 759 408 112 1,279 4. Mark()t/Hat 472 609 287 ] ,368 5. Communkation 439 469 H9 1,327 ------_._------_.... ---__ ...------ Inset table 3 shows the distribution of villages 5 Kms., 31.90 per cent have to go for it for 5-10 not having certain amenities alranged by du,tance Kms. and 8.76 per cent have it beyond 10 Kms. ranges from the places where these are available. 96. ~5 % of villages do not have market/hat. Perhaps one of the gravest ills of the rural economy 36.05 per cent of the villages do not have the is the absence of suitabJe marketing facility for the educational amenity. Out of the 513 aillages, 89.47 produce. 34.50 per cent of the villages have to ga per cent have such an amenity within 5 Kms .• to the market situated within 5 Kms. of them. 8.97 per cent have school at 5 to 10 Kms. distance. 44.52 per Cent have to cover a distance of 5-10 and ).56 have the amenity of school beond 10 Km. Kms. to reach the market and 20.98 per cent of In the rural situation. it can be hoped that 89.47 the villages have to traverse more than 10 Kms. per cent of these 513 non-school villages can still take advantage of the amenity located within 5 93.1 t per cent of the villages do not have Kms. of them. communicati ..m amenity. This alUenity togetber with the amenity regarding m:uket can be taken to be an index of the rural economy $ituation. 94.80 per cent of the villages do not have Of the 1,327 villages devoid of this amellilY. 33.08 medical amenity and 40.74 per cent have it with per cent, or roughly one-third, have got it within in 5 Kms. distance, 41.26 per cent have the ameulty 5 Kms. a Htth: more than one·third or 35.34 per from 5-10 Kms. away and the rest (18%) have this cent have got it from 5-10 Kms. distance and 3J .58 beyond 10 Kms. M~dical amenity being what it is. per cent of the villages have it beyond 10 Kms. the situation is not one that could be called bad. Ifwe take bt;Yl>nd 10 Kms. distance as an 89.88 per cent of tbe vilJages of the district do inhibiting factor, the proportion of villages suffer not have the amenity of post and telegraph. or ing from this in respect of different amenities is as these 1,279 villages or 59.34 per cent have it witbin shown below :- 41 --_,------.------Percentage of villages 1laving amenity beyond 10 Kms. ------Amenity Raisen Ghairatganj . Begamganj Ghoharganj BaraiIy SiIwani Udaipura ------Education 0.99 4.00 4.10 Medical 15.02 14.28 30.48 21.90 22.33 14.77 3.49 Post and Telegraph 0.51 16. 10 7.43 15.12 6.77 12.93 Markct/h".t ]9.35 17.09 36.31 24.53 25.61 13.44 8.22 Communication 22.45 14.91 54.74 8.56 33.17 62.04 1.69 ------_._------ It is abun:iantly clear from thi: that it is the Raisen tah.siJ is most well- off and its immediate the south-eastern, closely - cultivated and big neighbour-Ghairalganj the worst. Goharganj tahsil villages tahsil of Udai pura which is the most is also not much better. fortunate in all respects. In respects of ed uca tion, Silwani and Baraily tahsils have still some way BeFamganj tahsil has the largest proportion to Cover. Begamganj tahSil, which is a plain area of villages which cover more than 10 Kms. to reach and otherwise quite prosperou~, seems to be worst a market and Silwani tahsil is poore~t in respect in respect of medical amenity in the sense that of communication amenity. A more detailed 30.48 per cent of it~ amenity]ess viI1ages to go analysis than this is not really necessary in view of beyond 10 Kms. for this amenity. The amenity of the self-speaking figures and the additional table Post and Telegraph being what it is for rural areas given in the foregoing. TABLE 4 Distribution of villagt;S according to tbe distance from tbe nearest town and availability of different amenities ------~------_.--- Distance range No. of inhabited No. (with percentage) of villages having the amenity of frolll the near- villages in -----.------>------est tuwn (in each range Education Medical Drinking Post and Market! Communi~ Approach P()v,er ki lometers) water Telegraph Hat cation by pucca supply road ------0-5 ]06 17 I 106 10 11 11 34 2i (17.64) (0.94) (100.00) (9.13) (10.38) (10.38) (32.08,1 (26.42) 6-15 485 344 30 485 62 15 31 89 82 (79.93) (6.19) (100.00) (12.78) (3.09) (6.3') (18.35) (16.91} 16-50 818 483 43 S]8 70 24 56 102 8J (59.05) (5.26) (100.00) (8.56) (2.93) (6.85) (l2.47) 51+ 14 6 14 2 2 (42.86) (100.00) (14.29) (14.29) Unspecified ------__ . --.------_._------_-_ -_ Total 1,423 910 74 1,423 144 52 98 225 191 63.95 5.13 100.00 10.12 3.87 6.89 15.81 13.42 --.------.------This table is almost the same as table No.1 ciation of this table, two points need to be kept and hence nO discussion appears to be necessary in view; as far as the amenities is concerned. However, one (i) the number of towns in th~ different tah may have a look at the location of villages at sils, and different dis_ances from town for a proper appre- (ii) the area size of the different tahsils • 42 Ghairatganj and Silwani are purely rural tahsils Obed ullaganj and Raisen itself. No village in the and have no town of their own, therefore, tacy tahsils is situated 50 Km from the town. have no villages which are situated in 5 Kms, of any town. The nearest town for the villages of Majority of villages of the district are situated these tahsils are the towns of the neighbouring in the distance of 16-50 Kms. frolll the town. tahsils. Udaipura j's a small compact tahsil and However, in compact UJaipura tahsil, the two all the villages of tbis tahsil are situated within 50 towns of Baraily tahsil and Raisen tahsil, it is the Kms. of dist,lllce from town. Baraily tahsil has two villages situated on 6-:15 Kms.that form the largest towns and these two have villages within 50 Kms. proportion. Instead of stretching tbe discussion of radius. The villages of Raisen tahsil fall within any further it may be appropriate to give the the shadow of Bhopal State Capital, Vidisha, Badi following table .- ------~------Distance range District Raisen Ghairatganj Begamganj Goharganj 13araily Silwani Udaipura from the nea- Tahsil Tahsil Tahsil Tahsil Tahsil Tahsil Tahsil rest town ----... - ---_ ... -- -.~------,------_------0- 5 7.45 6.78 13.40 8.56 1,0.40 14.98 6-15 34.08 47.06 3.63 31.44 32.88 58.82 15.04 48.05 16-50 56.48 46.15 96.36 53.61 57.66 30.77 81.30 37.01 51+ 0.98 1. 55 0,90 3.66 ...------__ ..------"..... ------.....------TABLE 5 Distribution of villages according to population range and amenity available - ~------Population Number of Number (with percentage) of villages having th~ amenity of Range inhabited ------_._------"iIlages in Education Medical Drinking Post and Market! Communi- Approach by Power water TeJegraph ------each rauge ------"...__---l-I'lt cation pucca road supply' ~499 1,021 519 9 1,021 14 " 42 127 74 (50.83) (0.88) (100.00) {1.37) " (4.11) (12.44) (7.25) 500~1,999 378 367 48 378 108 34 40 84 96 (97.09) (12.70) (WO.DO) (28.57) (8.99) (12.17) (22.22) (25.40) 2.000-4,999 21 21 14 21 19 15 7 11 18 (l00 .00) (66.67) (100.00) (91).48) (7{.43) (33.33) (52.38) (85.71) 5.000+ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 (100.00) (lCO.OO) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (1.00.00) (l00 .00) (100.00) --~------Total 1.423 910 74 1,423 144 52 98 225 191 (63.95) (5.20) (100.00 ) (10.12) (3.65) (6.89) (15.81) (13.42) ------ It may be observed that the avaiability of little more than.50 per cent of the villages in the amenity increases in relation to the population size size-group of less than 500 population have already of the villages. Nearly 72 per cent of the villages been covered. of this district are in the population range less than 500. However, since the policy of State. Govt. in respect of the opening of primary school is to Small villages of less than 500 population are go down to the villages of 300 population size, a also situated on all weather roads and approach 43 by pucca road. Since Bhopal-Rewa State highway CommunicatioDS ; as well as National Highway No. 12 pass though Raisen district, it is not surprising to See 15.81% It hns already been stated earlier than the Natio villages covered by the pucca road amenity· nal Highway No. 12 passes through Goharganj, Baraily and Udaipura tahsiIs, and the Bhopal-Rewa State Highway passes through Raisen, Ghair2.tganj Th~ table also shows that thickly populated Begamganj Tn addition there are other roads like tahsils have better chances of coverage of their Bhopal-Vidisha, Bhopal-Hoshangabad and so on. villages by d liferent amenities-Udaipura tahsil is Delhi-Madras railway line also pasus through a glaring example. With these general observations Guharganj tahsil. In such a situation it is not it wi;) now be appropriate to look at the various surprising to find 10.80 per cent villages in this size amenities according to size class of villages. group returning the availability of this amenity of villages in Goharganj tahsil. Less than 500 Raisen tahsil follows with 7.74 per cent cove Education: rage. Udaipura and Baraily tahsils are also above In this size class U daipura tahsil show the the district at avera~e. Begamganj t?hsil shows largest coverage of 68.29 per cent followed by small coverage of 1.97, whereas Gbairatganj and Begamganj 66.45 and Baraily 59.68 per cent. In other Sllwani do not have any coverage. tahsils the coverage is less than 50 per cent with Raisen 45.16. Ghairatganj 44.70, Goharganj 43.03 500-1999 and the least being in Silwani (41.90). These four tahsils of the district show lower coverge than the Education district. Only two tabsiIs are left for 100 per cent cove rage, these are Raisen and Goharganj. Medical: . Udaipura tahsil with 2.44 per cent villages in Medical: this SIze group have medical amenity follow,d by The highest coverage of villages of this size Ghairatganj (1.52). In otber tahsi Is the coverage by class is in Ghairatganj tahsil followed by Silwani, this amenity is less than 1.00 per cent. As com Goharganj and Begamganj. Raisen, Baraily and pared to the district coverage five tab3ils show Udaipura tahsils are below district average and lower proportion. only a little more than 10 per cent of the villages Drinking water : in this size class are covered by this amenity. Raisen district is quite a remarkable district Drink iog water : in the sense that 100 per cent villages of all the 100 per cent coverage appears in this size tahsils, are covered by tbis amenity. class. Post and Telegraph: Post and Telegraph: Thickly populated Udaipura and Baraily A clear cut division appears in respect of this tahsils have the largest coverage followed by facility. The three northern tahsils of the district Raisen and Ghairatganj. All these four tahsils Raisell, G}lairatganj and Begamganj show a cover have the higher proportion than the district age higher than the district average with Begarn average of 1.37. Of the other three tahsils ganj showing the highest proportion. The four Goharganj has no coverage at all in this amenity tahsils of the southern half of tbe district are and Silwani and Begamganj are below the district below tbe district average wlth Baraily sho\\ing the average. least number of villages in this amenity. Markee: Market: Only 2.42 per cent villages m Baraily tahsil The situation markedly improves as compared have market. to the lower size class. Curiously enough the . ·44 proportion coverage of villages of this size class ID Begamganj tahsil is trailing behind for reasons respect of the amenity of having a market is highest already given in respect of communication. in Silwani. The proportion is lowest in Goharganj. Power Supply : CommunicAtions: Except Begamganj and Silwani tahsils inciden· For reasons that has already been given in tly the m~st and least prosperous agriculturally, respect of earlier size class Goharganj tahsil shows the remaining tahsils have fairly good coverage, the highest proportion of coverage, it has not highest proportion being shown by B:uaily and olily bus stop but also railway station. Raisen Goharganj tahsils. and B:lfaily follow Goharganj after quite some gap. Silwani draws a complete blank. Udaipura is a 2000~4,999 little lower than Barailyand Begamganj tahsil show ridiculously low proportion 0 biviously because very There are only 21 villages in this size class few of its big villages are situated away from the and all of them get coveted in respect of ed ucation bus.route. and drinking water. More than 90 per cent get covered in Post and Telegraph and power supply. More than 71 per Cent have market, 2/3 of them Approach by PUcca Road : have medical facility but only about 1/2 have F or reasons which have already been given in approach by pucca road. It ·is surprising to see only foregoing discussion Goharganj tahsil shows the 1/3 of the villages have communication. highest coverage of 57.69 per cent leaving Raisen tahsil, the second highest, far behin\1 i.e. 31.82 5000+ : per cent. These two tahsils are above the district average of 21.43. Ghalratganj tahsil is a little lower There are only three villages in this size class than the district average. Baraily and lJdaipura and they have aU the amenities in them. are about 2/3 of the district average wh~reas TABLE 6 Main stapJe Food in the Majority of "mages in each Tahsil ------.------81. No. Name of Tahsil Main staple food ----_._-----_ ------..-.------ 1- Raisen Wheat, Rice 2. Ghairatganj '" heat. Rice 3 . Beg~!1lganj '" heat, Rice 4. Goharganj Wheat, Rice 6. :Baraily Wlteat, Rice 6. Silwani Wheat, Gram 7. Udaipura V.Jheat. Rice --._------_... _------ Wheat and rice form the staple food of the and in these tahsils gram replaces rice. 'Berra' or popUlation of the district. However, Ghuiratganj and wheat and gram mixed together are floured and Silw~ni tahsils have only nominal rice consumption eaten as bread. 4S TABLE 7 Distribution of Villages According to Land use --_ --...... ___------_.... _------SI. Name of Tah»il No. of inhabited Total area Percentage oC cultivable Percent3ge of irrigated No. villages area to total area area to total area ----_------_.-,---...... ---,------5 ------1 2 3 4 6 1. Raisen 22J 129,092.78 60,645.98 2,839.59 (46.98) (4.68) 2. Ghairatganj 165 84,275.07 50.004.56 228.39 (59.33) (0.46) 3. Begamganj 194 79.983.15 54,775.37 21:>5.18 (68.48) (0.48) 4. Goharganj 222 166,178.52 61,536.82 5,522.77 (37.03) (8.97) 5. BaraiIy 221 120,023.85 89,231.75 5,267.68 (74.35) (5.90) 6. Silwani 246 114,896.80 64,&04.97 309.57 (54.31) (0.50) 6. Udaipura 154 61,746.90 60,398.65 321.91 (89.15) (0.53) -----. ------_...._.._------.-----.-- Total District 1,423 762,197.07 438,998.10 14,755.09 (57.60) (3.36) ------_------_------ Above table shows distribution of villages accord iog to land usc. The average area-size of villages in the Tahsils of the District is found to be as follows: _____ ....-..ot_... ____ - ______- ______ Average area size of vi llagcs Average cultivated Difference betWeen Ta~si1 (total area/No. of inhabited areas per village Col. 2 and 3 village!> ) ------_ ... _----. 2 3 ------4 Raisen 584.13 242.26 341.87 Ghairatganj 510.76 273.90 236.86 Begamganj 412.28 239.14 173.14 Goharganj 745.19 224.94 520.25 BaraiIy 543.09 374.55 168.54 Silwani 167.06 207.05 260.01 Udaipura 431.08 369.3& 67.70 ------_------District 534.87 271.05 263.82 ------46 A perusal of the introd uctory note on the J nset table 7 shows the same features. In respect district given earIie r would be enough for a pro of the proportion of cultivated area to total area per appreciation of this table. It is not considered the tahsils can be arranged in the following ordcr- neces&ary to repeat the geomorphological and geological features of the dhtrict here. Goharganj (1) Udaipura (2) Baraily (3) Begamganj and Silwani are comparatively less closely cultiva (4) Ghairatganj (5) Silwani (6) Raisen and ted and more sparsely populated tahsils. Most of (7) Gollarganj. the land is unprod uctive bein~ rocky or forest clad, Goharganj tahsil shows the largest size of In spite of Barna Irrigation Dam having been its average village but the second smallest cultiva commissioned, the district bas far less percentage ted area per village. It is Silwani tahsil which of irrigation than the state averaae. Oilly 3.36 per shows the "best cultivated area per village. cent of the cultivated area receives irrigated water. The proportion of irrigated area to the total cultI The above table very clearly brings out the vated area is in this order :- picture. The difference between the total area and cultivated area is smallest in Udaipura. BaraiIy and (I) Goharganj (2) Baraily (3) Raisen-The Begamganj follow Udaipura' in that order. The other four tahsils have negligible proportion and difference is largest in Goharganj tahsil which their order is as f'oUows- is followed by Raisen tahsil. Both of these tahsils (1) Udaipura (0.53), (2) Silwani \0.10), have plenty of rock features. (3) Begamganj (0.48), (4) Ghairatganj (0.48). TABLE 8 Growth, Density and Sex-ratio of Urban Population in tbe District in relation to the State ------District State ------Cen- Total Urban %Urban DecadaJ Density S::x· Total Urban %Urban Decadal Density Sex- IUS Popu- Popu- Popula- Percentage (Popu- ratio(No. Popu- Popu- Popula- percentage (popula- ratio (No. year lation lation tion variation lation of females lation lation tion variation tion per of females In urban per sq. per 1,000 in urban sq. km.) per 1,000 popu!ation km.) males) population mal~) ------1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------__ 1951 315,358 6,617 2.10 -70.50 1,203 927 26,071,636 3,132,957 12.02 +33.16 2.034 907 1961 411.426 21,338 5.31 +230.03 1,706 854 32,372,408 4.627,234 14.29 +47.70 2.482 856 1971 553,(126 30,757 5.56 + 40.89 2,281 865 41,654,119 6,784,767 16.29 +46.64 2,37& 868 1981 710,542 10,736 9.96 +129.91 764 866 52,178,844 105,865,45920.29 +56.03 2,132 884 ------I ------It may be seen from the above table that in the district has been much faster than what it Raisen district is far below the State average in has been in the State. This will be clear if the rate urban component in its poplliation. HO\'I'ever, dur of increase of the proportion of urban population ing the last 30 years, the pace of urbanization to total population is seen. 47 ------_._- _.------.--_ ---- Raisen District Madpya Pradesh ,..--______..A. ______...... r------~------"'"l Census No of Proportion of urban %variation of No. of towns Proportion of urban %variatlon of Year towns population to total the proportion population to total the proportion population popUlation ------1951 1 2.10 202 12.02 1961 3 S.31 +152.86 219 15.29 +27.2g 1971 :3 5.56 + 4.71 250 16.29 +13.99 1981 6 9.96 + 79.t4 327 20.29 +24.55 --_...-.------,,------ The decadaI variation of urban population in that of the state. This is also proved by the fact the district and the state will be clear jf the num that the rate of increase of the proportion of urban ber of towns or urban centre& are kept in view. population in Raisen district has been 79.14 as In the State as a whole, the number of urban against 24.55. centres kept on increasing whereas in Raisen dis trict the numher of urban centres in 1971 was the Density; same as in 1961. in 1961 census the Tbe density of population per Sq. Km. in decadal percentage variation in the urban popula Raisen district has always been lower than that tion in Ralsen district was on the minus side, The of the State urban. But from 19$1 to 1971 Raisen relevant figures being-70.S0. The state urban district appears to be continuously reducing the gap. population registered a decadal percentage increase In 1951 the gap between the density of the State of 33.16. There is nothing unusual in this because and Raisen district was 831 which came down to in 1951 the number of urban centres in Madhya 776 in 1961 and very sharply came down to 74 in Pradesh as a whole rose to 21)2 from 174 10 194L. 1971. As against this there was only one town in Raisen [n 1981 the gap between the demitks of the State and Raisen district has WIdened as it was district as against 3 of 1941. In 1941 Raisen dis never before and had shot up to 1418. This is trict had three towns viz., B:gamganj, Raisen due to the fact that large rural centres with their and Baraily. Of these two declassified in 1951 anj large cultivated area etc., have entered the urban it was only Begamgaoj which continued in 1951. area for the first time in 1981~Bad i, Obedullaganj and Udaipura. These new entrants have brought Between P)51-61 the State urban population went up by 47.70 whereas Raisen district registered much larger proportion of area than population a decadal . pec:-;entage variation 230.03. This can pulling down the overh:wl urban density of the also be seen from the table given in the foregoing district. where the rate of increase of the propol tion of Sex-ratio: urban popUlation in Raisen distflct during 1951- 1961 has been + 152.86 as against -1-27.28. In 1971 In 1951 the Raisen district had a better sex the number of towns in Raisen district remained ratio tban the State urban. In 1961 the sex-ratio the same as in 1961. aud the decadal percentage in both these units went down. The fall being variation in the urban population was 40.89. In steeper than the State. In 1971 the sex-ratio in the state as a whole the number of towns has gOlle both the units registered improvement, the degree up from 219 to 250. Seen in this light Raisen dis of improvement being slower in the district. In trict does not seem to have fared bad in respect of 1 %1 the sex-ratio in the State urban has improved. growth of urban population. In the decade 1971- However. in spite of Ba j i, Obed ullaganj alld 8} the percentage variation in the urban popUla Udaipura, the sex-ratio of Raisen district urban tion in Rais en district has been more than twice has improved only by 1-865 to 866, 48 TABLE 9 as in teuns of age, has the largest receipt as well as expenditure. It also shows highest receipt thro As has already been indicated in regard to in ug,b taxes as well as receipt from other sources, set table 8, Badi, Obedullaganj and Udaipura and in the expenditure in general administration, have been added to the urban areas of Raisen public works and other aspects. Three towns of district in 1981. There has been no declassification. the district namely. Baraily, Badi and Udaipura have more expenditure than receipt. Begamganj the New Towns/Towos declassified in 1981 Census Jargest town spends highest on public health and - - convenience but very little on public works and _..------general admini~tration. Baraily town which is much Name of Towns Population 1981 smaller in size than Begamganj has about 1/2 times Census more receipt anll almost double than B~ga:ngal1j in receIpt through taxes, spends more than d(,uble (a) Added that 01 Hegamganj III general adminIstration and 8,423 (1) Badi about 19 times more 011 public works and mor~ (2) ObedulJaganj 1.454 than 21 times on other aspects. Udaipura has the (3) Udaipura 7.618 largest receipt from all other sources. With the (b) De classifi ed result that it is third in the district in respect of Nil total receipts. Even though a fresh entrant as an ------urban centre its expenditure is much more than Beiamganj and is third in the district. Again it Inset table 10 shows tbe per capita receipt and is third in the district in respect of expenditure expend iture in the towns of Raisen district. The on public works and (irst in respect of expenditure very first point which comes to notice in this table on public institution. Obec! uUaian) and Badi are is that neither the receipt nor the expenditure has far too low as compared to other towns of the any relation \Vith population of the town. The district both in receipt 211d expenditure and nearly district headquaters town.Raisen-though second half of their expenditure is only on general in the district in terms of population size, as well administration. TABLE to For capita receipt and expenditure in towns ------Class, Name and ci vic Per capita status of the town ------Receipt Expendi 1 ure ------_._------Total Receipt Rece!pt Total General Expendi ture Public Expen- Other thro.lgh from all expen- adminis- on public works diture aspects taxes other diture trati on health and on public sources convenience institu- tion ------_------.------4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------_._------2 3 1 . V Badi (M) 2.19 0.25 l. 94 2.59 1.31 0.54 0.74 2. IV BaraiIy (M) 19.65 15.92 3.13 20.24 6.79 6.51 0.58 7.36 3. IV Begamganj (M) 13.13 7.86 5.27 12.06 2.92 6.S1 0.03 0.02 2.58 0.30 0.26 0.85 4. V Obedullaganj(GP) 4.01 2.29 3.71 3.15 1.14 5. IV Raisen (M) 29.67 20.70 8.91 26.49 9.56 4.78 4.65 7.50 6. V Udaipura (NAC) 14.39 5.21 9.18 15.27 3,95 4.88 2.36 2.03 2.05 ----~.------Total 15.92 10.24 5.68 15.09 4.92 4.40 1. 41 0.25 4.11 __- ______--- ..... ---- _'--'------1------.-~-- 49 TABLE 11 Schools per ten Thodsand population in towns ------_._-_------Class, Name and civic No. per ten thousand population Status of town ----.------~------Higher Secondary/ Junior Primary Secondary/ Mat-riculation Secondary/ 'Inter jPUC! Middle Junior College ------.---'----- 1 2 3 4 5 ------~------.. ------V Badi (M) 1.19 ,5.94 5.94 IV Barally (M) 1.54 2.31 6.15 IV Begamganj (M) 1.09 3.28 6.55 V ObedulJaganj (GP) 1.34 4.02 5.36 IV Raisen (M) 1.26 3.14 6.28 V Udaipura (NAC) 2.63 2,63 5.25 ------....------Total 1,41 3.29 6,OS ------.._- Inset table 11 shows the educational instituti TABLE 11 ons per 10,000 population. Whereas the hiaher No. of Beds in Medical Institutions in Towns secondary school and middJe school do not seem to - - ---_ ... _--__.------_ bear any correlation with population, the number Class, Name and No. of beds in of primary schools leems to have some relation civic status of medical institutions with the population size except that Udaipura and the town per 1,000 population ObeduUaganj town have changed places. The ------following is being given to elaborate tb.is V Badi (M) 1. 19 statement: IV Baraily (M) 2.31 IV Begamganj (M) 0.65 ------V ObeJullaganj (GP) 1.61 Name of town Rank in Primary school IV Raisen (M) 2.64 population per 10,000 V Udai pura (NAC) 1.31 size population ----.---_------Total 1. 31 ---_.. _------.--- _._------Begamganj 6.55 Inset table 12 shows the number of beds in Ra.isen 2 6.28 medical institutions per 1.000 population. The Baraily 3 6.15 situtation revealed by this table can not by any Badi 4 5.94 stretch of imagination. Raisen the district head Udaipura 5 5.25 quarters town has just 2.64 beds per 1,000 of its Obedullaganj 6 5.36 population. The position of Begarnganj, the largest ...... _ ------town of ~he district is the worst in this respect. 50 TABLE 13 Proportion 6f Slum Population in Towns ------_._------Class, Name a.nd Propotion of the Density in civic status of slum population to slum (per the town. total populati on sq. Km.) of the town. NIL ------Inset table 14 shows the three important commodities manufactured, imported and exported in the district. TABLE 14 Most important commodity manufactored, imported and exported in tbe district ------,-- SI.No. Class. Name and Most important commodity civic status of ------_ the town Manufactured Exported Imported ------_._------_. .,. 1 2 3 4 6 ------_..,._._------~ 1. V Badi (M) Lemon Cloth 2. IV Baraily (M) Pulse Pulse Wheat 3. IV Begamganj (M) Bidi Bidi Tendu leaves 4. V Obedullag'mj (OP) Pulse Furni ture Cloth 5. IV Raisen (M) Bricks Stone Edible oil 6. V Udaipura (NAC) Bidi Gram Wheat ------8idi making industry is located in Begaroganj and Udaipura towns which is the most important household industry in the district. D I 5 T R '/ c MADHYA PRAD~SH TAHSIL RAISEN DISTRICT RAISEN 23' 2l' 30' lO' I DI S o I REFERENCE BOUNDARY, OISTRICT...... _._._ '( " TAHSL ...... _._,_ J " VILLAGE WITH LOCATION CODE NUMBER.... [I~ ~] HEADQUARTERS: DISTRICT, TAHSIL ...... ".. , 0 20' I VILLAGES WITH POPULATION SIZE; BELOW 200 I '200'499) 500·999 i 1000.4999 ...... 0 , • • UNINHABITED VILLA'ES...... X '( URBAN AREA WITH LOCATION CODE...... m STATE HIGHWAY...... _..:I~MII:...... METALLED ROAD ...... ___ I , UNMETALLED ROAD ...... " ...... ~ == =:: =: ~ RAILWAY LINE WITH STATION, BROAD GAUGE ..... '" .... D·,",,~I*: .. RIVER AND STREAM ...... =:::::. FOREST AREA ...... POsr OFFICE I POST AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE ...... PO~TO HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOl ...... ,.. ,.. .. POLICE STATlON ...... " .. """,,... 'I HOSPITAL,PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE IDISPENSARV ...... ~, i , + MAR~ET/HAT, MANDIES, .. ,.. "., ...... ,...... £,1::. I NOI[ - ( I IILLIG!llitlllil tiC! NUNI!R 1111 ~ IN[LU~I IN "1111 10111· G o I. 'ORUlI!!11 !NeWIlI NOI UlSlfllO o , 30' 7840' ------7iB-OO------r--______d r -lIO~'------_r------~20~'------r------~~======:======~~======~~ r s~ ~ A ~ MADHYA PRADESH 0 \ s \ ( ~ TAHSIL GHAIRATGANJ DISTRICT RAISEN 30' ~ $ (; l I a I~IW • 30 ~ ~ .. I G' I I 0 I~ 4 I IKILOMEms '1 ~ 0" Gl "- )' CJ z (., REFERENCE BOUNrrARY DISTRICT """'"-'_''' TAHSIL ... ,.. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.''''''''''''''',_,_,_ r---- -1 Z " ' 123 I VILLAGE WITH LOCATION CODE NUMBER" \,. .... _... "' .... iii " 20' VI HEADQUARTERS: TAHSIL" .. ,.,,,,, ' .. '''''' .. "." .. " © -;,( IX VILLAGES WITH POPULATION SIZE. BELOW 200 ~ 200.499,500·999 j 1000 - 4999 .. , .. , " . , ... "." .. 0 I •• ~ .J ~ UNINHABITED VILLAGES .. " , ... " ..... " , -III 'v t METALLED ROAD. " """'. "." ... , .. , 4. S \" UNMETALLED ROAD .. " ."., .... , "" " .. , .... ,,= === ::== RIVER & STREAM .. '. \, POSITION OF TAHSIL GHAIRATGANJ , ...... ".".~ \ IN DISTRICT RAIS~N FORm AREA S '''''''''"""", ~ ~ ~ POST OFFICE I POST AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE PO/PTO ~ I ~ ~," HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL .. ~ liS (j \ i t I L POLICE STATION ...... , 8ARA\\.~ "!IISEN \ Ill~1M1 " ...... ",," PS ~\ \ '\ "'"\./ f ~"'1 yJ UDAIPU!I . . ,) PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE,DISPENSARV. ~+ ,.'/ GOHARGANJ \ IiUll!1 • ".i \. I' 1/_ MARKET/HAT, MANDIES, &',6. \ ,.. l"'t / ~-IOR!STIWIIHOWiUfiOI(lIIIIFIED ,"" / 1 ..l ~". \.. / L.U·'~u ~ 41 Z. 0 41 KILO.jTAES 10' 20' 30' 78 40' ©GOV! or INDI. eOl'YIIGMT,19", MADHYA PRADESH TAHSIL BEGAMGANJ DISTRICT RAISEN I I 0 I • 6 ~LIS il ~1 10 1.:u. , 6 111\QIIE111E' <1 \ Q I C T lS' 3S' REFERENC~ BOUNDARY, OISTRICT ' " TAHSIL" r _. --, " VILLAGE WITH LOCATION CODE NO~BER ,,, I.. _ ~~ .J HEADOUARTERS: T~HSIL" ...... VILLAGES WITH PQ!lULATION SIZE: BELcti 200; o ••• .200-499 ; 500-999 j I00Q-49~9...... ~NINHAeITED ViLLAGES." ...... , ...... ,,'...... X URBAN AREA WITH LOCATION COOE ... , ...... ~ POSITION Of TAHSIL 8EGAMGANJ METALLED ROAD ' IN DISTRICT RAISEN "', .. , .... , ...... , .. " .. ,.,.,,-~- UNMETALlED ROAD. " ' ...... " " ...... :: ="'::::::= RIVER AND STREAM ...... ,"" .. " '" .. , .~ al' ?OST OFF~EIPCST AND TELEGRAPH OfFICE ,.... ' ...... 10/110 HIG~,R SECONDARY SCHOOL". ' POLICE SrmON" .. PI PRIMARY HEALTH CENTR£,DISPEN5ARY...... ,. i + MATERNITY AND CHILD WELFARE CENTRE .. '.. , A MARkET/HAL,.. ,...... ~~~------______~ ______.=-w~~ _____ 20 lO' 10' 711 ' '--T MADHYA PRADESH i A Ii II TAHSIL GOHARGANJ II' v DISTRICT RAISEN ( . M q~ ~ .. ,. 1." ~ 1 E 2 I 0 2 4 6 tKIL0t4nu 0 N -<- ~ 10' 10 ( .... \1'1" I' ,\ , ," " 0 ,1\. \ I \.. ''\ ' , III \' , I '\ ...... ,) ,. . \ .. I ( \.~ I I I I '0 I \ C. f \" ...... '" : ,/ M " I \ 0 / I REFERENCE : \ I I I \ BOUNDAkY, DISTRICT ...... II \ ..... / _._ I I , I'I I I, TAHSIL •.... ,.", .... ,.-._,_._ I l/~1 ,1"'''''1. " r--i1"""i \ ( VILLACE WITH LOCATION CODE, NUMIEA. • _. - •• ~ • I HEADQUARTERS TAHSIL ...... \ j.-' I t ~\ ViLAGES WITH POPULATION S~E: BElOW 200; • "'l 0' •• O~ I~ 200"499, 500"999; 1000.4999; 5000 l ABOVE •. UNINHABITED VILLAGES ...... X o URIAN AREA WITH LOCATION CODE...... m. NATIONAL HIGHWAY ...... _...:'11.1111- 10 STm HIGHWAY...... _....u.!N.ull_ METALLED ROAD ...... --- POSITION OF TAHSIL GOHARMNJ IN DISTR~T RAIS£N UNMETlLLED ROAD...... c RAILWAY LINE WITH STATIOM, !ROAD &lUGE...... M r RIVER AND sm.AM ...... ~ POST (JIIC(/POST AND TElEGliAPH OFF~E. ,.O/ITO HGIIER SECCNiOIRY SCH,* ..... FOlICE STATION.. . PI PRIMARV HfALTH CENTRE,DISPfNW'I... 1,+ MARKET /HAT, MANDIES &',6 '" GOYT. rJI/IjOOl ~i""IGH'. "I. ,...... _.. ..,_,. 1;'\10 "'fol :: 10' or, I~': = I I ! ~ 1 S t q. ~ TAHSil GHAIRATGA ~,,,,_,:)r , NJ \2J.j II ' ' I .J ~'\.'1 I )_:~ ,f'I1,..' \ ( _I' • \ , ,. // \ ( I/) ~i\ -I, t ~ ( I}\ I- "( 10' 10' .!" I y REFERENCE SOUNDARY I DISTRICT, , DJID Vll~AG~$ ~\l'NtIIG[n UNOU " TAHSIL, BARNA OAU n VILLAGE WITH LOCATION CODE NUMBEI " 3 HEAOQUARTERS: TAHSIL"" r:tY @ VILLAGES WITH POPULATION SIZE: mOW 2001 200-499; 500-999; 1000;4999 "" 0 I •• UNINHABrrED VILLAGES, X URBAN AREA WIT~ LOCATION CODE" '" ", ".' ", ", ~ NATIONAl HIGH'!jAY" MHll STATE HIGHWAY" I'll M£1ALLE,O ROAD", , 'I'" '" UNMETALLEO ROAD, , " ... " .. ,. , . ' .. • =;; ••••-== ~IVER AND STI[AM, lion ·ALL FO~FST ~~£A~ cut" ClASSlrl[O \) "'~ NoT SKOWN ON THIS MAP. fOREST AREA", ' """-'''''''''''''''''''''''~ ' ~ , \(, ,", V' Si~ aI 0' 2,4WILrs 1)\ ~ 4rTntlllOU[TRES I I 0 30' l 77'150' 18 100' 10' ~ @IOvT, Of IN~A ~OfVPllMt, ~ .. , 7e'llo' 2S' , i------r I MADHYA PRADESH I TAHSIL SILWANI 2'1' L{i )0' DISTRICT RAISEN 6NIL[S T I 1 0 I AI• ~ • eKllO,.n~f5 110 F9 \ \ I,. '(.? / D '\~ IS t~ I C' 1 G f ~ ~ ~ \ ,1 II I (J ~;d 20' , Y REFERENCE MUNDARYi DISTRICT. TAHSIL _,_,_ "" VILLAGE WITH LOCATION CODE NUMBER. !:~}~;~~; HEADQUA~TERS: TAHSIL .. @ VILLAGES WITH POPULATION SIZE: eELOW 200; 01 ••• 200·499) 500-999; 1000.4999) 5000 l ABOVE .... UNINHABITED VILLAGES METALLED ROAD. ...----. UN METALLED ROAD RIVER' STREAM ...... '. POST OffiCE I POST AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE ... PO/PTO HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL. POLICE STATION PS I) T A H u PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE, DISPENSARY ~,+ L MARKET/ HAT...... ,...... It. POSITION Of TAHSIL SILWANI I IN DISTRICT RAIStN I' I _____j______II ~ ~------J------~I~----~------~I,-----~------~------~L--j11 3S' 45' ll' 7~OO" Ii) 'O'I!, or INDIAcom"flT, " .. , . 7,'1 ' 10' r ,.. 00 I I MADHYA ~RADE5H o TAHSIL UDAIPURA 23 \ DISTRICT RAIS~N Is' I 4 , UILES I I O =iii "1ft ~ ~ IILouETW L s 10 ~ REFERENCE 0. BOUNDARY; OISTRICT ...... _._._ II TAHSIL ...... _._._ lJ VILLAGE WITH LOCATION CODE NUMBER ~ H€AOnUmERS: TAHSIL ...... , '5"~ VILLA~ES WITH POPULATION SIZE: BELOW 200 ; 200-499 i .500-999; 1000-4999,5000 &ABOVE 0 •• " \ UNINHAelTEO VILLAGES ...... URBAN AREA WITH LOCATION CODE...... _ NAT.IONAL HIGHWAY ...... •..•..•...... _N.o.,;;HII--., METAlL~O ROAD ...... ,, ___ UNMdALLED ~OAD ...... 0; ",,: :::::: o 13 RIVER & STREAM ...... ~ )(j FOREST AREA ...... " ..... ".g:.Q \ C POST OFFICE / POST AND TELEGRAPH OFFiCE.... PO/PTO D I ~IGHER SECONDARY SCHOOl ...... " . , POLICE STATION ...... ,... ,... : ... " ... ,...... ",.+PS / DISTRICT 'RIMARY HEAL1H CENTRE, DiSPENSARy··...... ~ HOSHANGABAD MARKET/HAT,MANOIES, .. ' ...... &,1::. 22 55' NOT!:' All FOIEST IRIAS DULY ClAISIT~D NOT SHOWN o~ THIS MAP ~ 20' 40' ©GOIT. OF INDIA COPYRIGHT, lIlt ~5 I - !:lTq f;r~f~q;r SECTION I - VILLAGE DIRECTORY S3 .vi' ~'n~"~ '.11'11 'til \(iff ~li(' 'llilf VII( fl;mt ~nr!liN~ 'Iii{ ~t1I" if;T ifTf't m;;H["{ r---J.-~ ~ r---_A..--~ "" 1971 1981 1971 1981 4 2 3 4 2 3 '30/1 ~Tq~·t;n'~ 38 ~1(1i~ 21 21 120 39 ;i'f Q' 25 27 21 ~'il(";;Tf1::ln 60 'Ef~ fq<:vfulTT (me fi:rttf"lfI) 114 188 69 72 22 ilf>cBT{f 61 EflZ"r 105 110 23 'licrf~tfT 116 119 'ii( 24 !f.~t!f 7 7 62 "l"i~<: 167 163 25 lfi~m 147 151 63 'itT<::rr i1~ 225 232 26 tfOl 35 ~T~l'I'!.<: 5 5 36 ,,!,gl{ 211 216 70 'Ofl!fiilff 9 10 37 lI!~lf"(