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Burglary Trends and Protection Paul J Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 50 Article 15 Issue 5 January-February Winter 1960 Burglary Trends and Protection Paul J. Girard Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Paul J. Girard, Burglary Trends and Protection, 50 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 511 (1959-1960) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. BURGLARY TRENDS AND PROTECTION PAUL J. GURRD The author is Superintendent of the Burglary Department, Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company, Chicago, in which capacity he has served since 1933. He is a past president of the Special Agents Association of Chicago and of the Chicago Burglary Underwriters Association, and is an associate member of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Much of Mr. Girard's work involves the selection of good burglary, robbery, and theft risks and his present paper reflects some of these experiences.-EDrro. It is most important that we have a working Merchandise is more important than any mer- knowledge and a complete understanding of the chandising aid. It is more important than artificial terms burglary, robbery, theft, and larceny, and light because when necessary merchandise can be that each be used accurately and with such fre- sold in daylight hours. Business does not halt quency as to become a habit. Too frequently we during a temporary power failure which results in hear said that somebody's apartment was "robbed" discontinuation of electric lights. Business con- while they were away. Of course it is meant that tinues, perhaps not as usual, but it does continue the apartment was burglarized. Even news items *ith some degree of success. The merchant does not describe burglaries as robberies. For the purpose close his doors during a temporary heat failure. of this paper the definitions used are generally He will continue his business operation as long as not used in the legal sense. the more rugged customer will suffer some dis- Burglary is the felonious (any act punishable comfort to take advantage of price reductions that by a term in the penitentiary) forceful breaking may be offered in an effort to relieve some of the and entering of an enclosure such as a building discomfort. or a receptacle such as a chest, safe, or vault for In comparison, let us see what happens when the purpose of committing a felony such as stealing the burglar strikes. Take for example a clothing valuable property. Breaking and entering prompts store that is well stocked for the coming Easter the thought of something that is unattended. trade which is probably at its peak at that season. A merchandising establishment, manufacturing Burglars clean it out usually when the inventory premises, or warehouse which is not open for is highest-just before the public gets the urge business and without a person in attendance. to buy. What happens when the merchandise is Robbery is the feonious forceful taking of gone? If the burglary happens when immediate property from a person who is or has been intimi- replacement of the merchandise is not possible dated or rendered unconscious or killed by a the merchant suffers the loss of not only the value malicious act. Robbery suggests the presence of a of the merchandise but also the anticipated profit person to be intimidated. which he would have had if he had the merchandise Theft is defined in some dictionaries as a sur- to sell. These two items may total a sizable sum, reptitious taking of property. It is the felonious and in addition he may face the possible loss of taking of property without the owner's knowledge some customers who investigate other shops in the or consent. Larceny is synonymous. It means the almost uncontrollable urge to buy a suit or top- same thing. Theft is the legal term in some states. coat for "Easter". Merchandise is business. With- Larceny in others. out it there can be no business. Protection of Law enforcement is business. Big business. The property is of vital importance. business of protecting merchants is a part of law Protection of property is primarily the job of enforcement. Apprehending criminals is another the owner of the property. It is folly to rely upon division of our work. Some of our special agents a person to protect property in which he has no are in mail order or retail protection, some in law interest, or let us say no reason to go out of his enforcement and related lines. All are interested way to safe-guard the property of another or to in preventing crime, apprehending criminals, and jeopardize his safety in securing property that administering justice. does not belong to him. Certainly it is disastrous PAUL J. GIRARD (Vol. 50 TABLE I Year jUnits Reptg. Population I urglay Robbery Larceny URBAN RURAL to entrust property to those who may have a per 10,000 people, an increase of 93%. The 29 different kind of interest-a covetous interest. burglaries per 10,000 people was 58% of the 50 Acts of burglary, robbery, and theft which per 10,000 people reported by cities. This is most result in loss of valuable property are as old as man. interesting when we consider that the urban or As long as man has been, the urge to acquire the city ten year increase was only 43%. The rural property of another has existed. The hazards to increase is 50 points higher than urban. If the which valuable property is subject today are no increase continues, the rural offenses will soon be different than in the days of early history except equal to and can exceed the urban. that the frequency of occurrence is greater today. What is bringing about this very rapid rural At the beginning of World War H-leading crimi- crime increase? Probably many factors contribute. nologists predicted that during the war years and We find today business ventures operating without for some years thereafter the United States would an attendant. They are completely self-service, find itself in the greatest crime wave of its history. open 24 hours a day without any one in charge who Statistics found in Uniform Crime Reports issued can offer even by his mere presence some resistance by the F.B.I. reflect the accuracy of that predic- to those who are waiting for just such an oppor- tion. Most of that which appears in table 1 is tunity. Leaving a flourishing business to take cae found in the annual Uniform Crime Reports cover- of itself or relying on passersby or neighbors to ing the years 1947 and 1957. These years were protect the property is to use a slang expression selected for research because they cover a ten year "Asking for it". It is an open house invitation to span and as respects the rural statistics, the 1947 come and get it. We also find increasingly large report reflects the population of the area covered concentrations of highly attractive merchandise by the 1392 reporting units. in fairly isolated places outside of municipal police In 1947 police officials of approximately 2100 protection, completely lacking adequate protection cities with an aggregate population of approxi- -in fact, having no protection at all. We also find mately 651/ million people reported 226,000 so many places cashing paychecks for and to burglaries or about 35 burglaries for each 10,000 attract customers. This practice creates the ab- people. In 1957, ten years later, the rate jumped normal exposure of an accumulation or the periodic to 50 per 10,000 people, an increase of 43%. Ap- obtaining of amounts of cash money far in excess proximately 1400 sheriffs and rural officers servic- of the normal business requirements. A banking ing approximately 31,000,000 people in rural areas operation is attempted without adequate protec- in 1947 reported over 46,000 burglary offenses or tion. Is it not reasonable to assume that such about 15 per 10,000 people. This represented and any other practices may contribute to the 42.8% of the average offenses reported by cities. rapid increase in the rate of burglaries, robberies, However, in 1957 the rural rate moved up to 29 and larcenies. The very numerous losses of property 19601 BURGLARY TRENDS AND PROTECTION cost owners a huge annual sum. It seems reasonable bor to look out for his property because the neigh- that adequate protection will save much property bor has his own property to look after and his own which is needlessly lost. The value of property interests and his own desires. The neighbor can saved by adequate protective measures will far not have the same degree of interest in another's exceed the cost of good protection. "An ounce of property. Therefore, the job of protecting property prevention is worth a pound of cure". Again, it is the job of the owner, and if the property is of must be said that protection of property is basically sufficient importance to the owner, it is of sufficient the responsibility of the owner. importance to protect not only to the extent of the Police and many law enforcement officers are ability of the owner but even beyond because the charged with the protection of life and property; owner's ability may not be sufficient. the enforcement of all laws and ordinances and the Protection of property costs money.
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