RaptorsConservation ISSN 1814–0076 ПЕРНАТЫЕХИЩНИКИИИХОХРАНА 2010№20

Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Ñâèäåòåëüñòâî î ðåãèñòðàöèè ÑÌÈ ÏÈ ¹ÔÑ77-38809 îò 08.02.2010 ã. Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» The Raptors Conservation Newsletter has been ó÷ðåæä¸í ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé founded by the non-governmental organisations îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêî- Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and ëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èñ- Center of Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod). ñëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í. Íîâãîðîä).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèá- Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental ýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð Center, Novosibirsk) and Igor Karyakin (Center of ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í. Íîâãîðîä) Field Studies, N. Novgorod)

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Photo on the front cover: Nestlings of the Impe- Ïòåíöû ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â ãíåçäå. rial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the nest. Altai Kray, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ, 1 èþíÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî 1 June 2009. Photo by S. Vazhov. Ñ. Âàæîâà.

 èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñ- Photo on the back cover by S. Vazhov (the ïîëüçîâàíà ôîòîãðàôèÿ Ñ. Âàæîâà (ïòåíöû nestlings of the Imperial Eagle have grown up! ìîãèëüíèêà ïîäðîñëè! Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ, Altai Kray, 24 July 2009). 24 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ).

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev ¸ðñòêà: Ä. Êàòóíîâ Page-proofs by D. Katunov Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ Proof-reader by A. Kajumov Ïåðåâîä: A. Øåñòàêîâà, Ä. Òåðïèëîâñêàÿ, Translation by A. Shestakova, D. Terpilovskaya, Þ. Êóëåøîâà, Ô. Äæîíñîí, Þ. Êèñüîðà Y. Kuleshova, P. Johnson, Ju. Kis'ora

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ: Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, ê.á.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñ.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÈÏÝÝ ÐÀÍ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÌÏÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; Editorial adress: [email protected] P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, Í.Þ. Êèñåë¸âà, äîö., ê.ïåä.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Russia, 630090 À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; [email protected] Tel./Fax: +7 (383) 363 00 59 Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ», Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] [email protected] Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] [email protected] Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Áðèí Àôèíñêèé Êîëëåäæ, Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, ÑØÀ; http://www.sibecocenter.ru/raptors.htm [email protected] Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online [email protected] http://www.sibecocenter.ru/RC.htm È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_rus.htm [email protected] Guidelines for Contributors available on website: M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; [email protected] http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_en.htm Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 3

Editorial ОТ РЕДАКЦИИ

Äîðîãèå êîëëåãè! Dear colleagues! Ïîçäðàâëÿåì Âàñ ñ Íîâûì ãîäîì! Happy New Year!

Øåñòîé ãîä èçäàíèÿ íàøåãî æóðíàëà ìû çàêàí÷è- We meet the sixth year of our journal with the 20th is- âàåì âûïóñêîì 20-ãî íîìåðà. Íà ïîðîãå âòîðîãî äå- sue. On the threshold of the second decade of the 21st ñÿòèëåòèÿ XXI âåêà ìû ïîçäðàâëÿåì âñåõ ÷èòàòåëåé ñ century we would like to wish all our readers a happy Íîâûì ãîäîì è õîòèì ïîäåëèòüñÿ òåêóùèìè óñïåõàìè new year and to inform you of our current successes è äîñòèæåíèÿìè. and achievements. Ìû áåç ïîòåðü ïåðåæèëè «ìèðîâîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé We have come out of the economic crisis unharmed, êðèçèñ» è ïðîäîëæàåì ðàçâèâàòüñÿ – æóðíàë «Ïåðíà- and the journal continues to appear regularly and even òûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» âûõîäèò ðåãóëÿðíî è, áî- to grow in scope as new contributors join us. ëåå òîãî, ñ êàæäûì íîìåðîì óâåëè÷èâàåò ñâîé îáú¸ì Our journal is successfully carrying out all the func- è àâòîðñêèé êîëëåêòèâ. tions for which it was established: namely as a reader- Ñîãëàñíî çàäà÷àì, êîòîðûå áûëè ïîñòàâëåíû ïåðåä friendly nature conservation publication, a bulletin of èçäàíèåì â ìîìåíò åãî ó÷ðåæäåíèÿ, æóðíàë èñïðàâíî the main events in the field of raptor study and pro- âûïîëíÿåò ñâîè ôóíêöèè è êàê ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêîå ïðè- tection and as a scientific journal, publishing the latest ðîäîîõðàííîå èçäàíèå, è êàê áþëëåòåíü, îñâåùàþùèé research. These are among the many ways in which the îñíîâíûå ñîáûòèÿ â ñôåðå èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåð- magazine plays a valuable role in the timely and accu- íàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, è êàê íàó÷íîå èçäàíèå, òåì ñàìûì rate coordination of nature conservation activities. Ar- ïðåäîñòàâëÿÿ íåîáõîäèìóþ èíôîðìàöèþ äëÿ ñâîåâðå- ticles in the magazine outlining threats to birds of prey ìåííîé è òî÷íîé êîîðäèíàöèè ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ äåé- have contributed to their protection in real terms. their ñòâèé. Ïðîáëåìíûå ñòàòüè, îïóáëèêîâàííûå â æóðíàëå, protection. In 2010, as a result of the article published ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ðåàëüíûì ìåõàíèçìîì îõðàíû õèùíûõ ïòèö. in the 16th issue of the journal, with the title “Raptor  2010 ã. ïðèðîäîîõðàííàÿ ïðîêóðàòóðà Àëòàéñêîãî è Electrocution in the Altai Region: Results of Surveys in Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðà¸â íà îñíîâàíèè ñòàòüè «Ãèáåëü ïåð- 2009, Russia”, the Nature Protection Department of the íàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâà- Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Altai and Krasnoyarsk íèé 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ», èíèöèèðîâàëà ïðîâåðêó õîçÿé- Krays initiated a review of power line management ñòâóþùèõ ñóáúåêòîâ ñ âûíåñåíèåì ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî äëÿ and came to a decision that was favorable to birds, and ïòèö ðåøåíèÿ, ÷òî âûëèëîñü â ðåàëèçàöèþ ïòèöåîõðàí- agreed to enforce bird protection measures positive íûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé (ñì. Ñîáûòèÿ). judgment for birds, enforcing bird protection measures Âîêðóã ýíòóçèàñòîâ, îñíîâàâøèõ æóðíàë 6 ëåò íàçàä, (see Events section). ïîñòåïåííî ñïëîòèëàñü ãðóïïà åäèíîìûøëåííèêîâ, ðå- The enthusiasts who established the journal 6 years ãóëÿðíàÿ ðàáîòà êîòîðûõ ïîçâîëÿåò îòñëåæèâàòü ñèòóà- ago have been joined by a group of supporters who öèþ ñ ïåðíàòûìè õèùíèêàìè â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè regularly conduct monitoring activity, allowing us to be è áëèæàéøåãî çàðóáåæüÿ.  óõîäÿùåì ãîäó ìû îñîçíà- in the know about the situation of birds of prey in dif- ëè, ÷òî äàâíî óæå ïðåäñòàâëÿåì ñîáîé Ñåòü îáùåìèðî- ferent regions of Russia and neighbouring countries., âîãî îáðàçöà – ñåòü íåçàâèñèìûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ è îð- In the past year we have realized that we have an es- ãàíèçàöèé, êîòîðûå ïîääåðæèâàþò ñâÿçü äðóã ñ äðóãîì tablished Network of independent experts and the äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è ðåàëèçóþò organizations which keep in contact with each other ñîâìåñòíûå ïðîåêòû; áîëåå òîãî, ñîáðàííàÿ èíôîðìà- to promote and coordinate raptor research and con- öèÿ ïîïîëíÿåò îáùóþ áàçó äàííûõ, çàïðîñèòü êîòîðóþ servation efforts. Moreover, the information obtained ìîæåò ëþáîé ÷ëåí Ñåòè. Ìû íàçâàëè å¸ «Ðîññèéñêàÿ adds to the general database, which can be requested ñåòü èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ». Íà by any member of the Network. We decided to call it ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü â íåé ïîðÿäêà 30 îðíèòîëîãîâ èç 4-õ the “The Russian Raptor Research and Conservation îáùåñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è îêîëî 10 èíäèâèäóàëü- Network” (RRRCN). Our members now include around íûõ ÷ëåíîâ èç Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí, Íîâîñèáèðñêîé è 30 ornithologists from 4 NGOs and about 10 individual Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòåé, Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è äðóãèõ ðåãèî- members from the Republic of Tatarstan, Novosibirsk íîâ. Òàê ñëîæèëîñü, ÷òî, îñòàâàÿñü îòêðûòûì äëÿ ëþáûõ and Kurgan districts, the Altai Kray and other regions. àâòîðîâ, íàø æóðíàë âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèè ïå÷àòíîãî It has worked out that, whilst the journal remains open îðãàíà «Ðîññèéñêîé ñåòè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ to all authors, our journal also functions as the official õèùíèêîâ».  òî æå âðåìÿ, êàê è íàøå èçäàíèå, Ñåòü îò- journal of the RRRCN. At the same time, in the same êðûòà äëÿ íîâûõ åäèíîìûøëåííèêîâ – ëþáîé îðíèòî- way as our journal, the Network remains open to new 4 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20

ëîã è ëþáèòåëü, íå òîëüêî èçó÷àþùèé, íî è ñòðåìÿùèéñÿ members – any ornithologist or birdwatcher, not only îõðàíÿòü ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö, íàéä¸ò â Ñåòè ïîíèìàíèå è those studying raptors, but also anyoneconcerned with ïîääåðæêó ñâîèì èíèöèàòèâàì. protecting rare bird species, is welcome and the Net-  2010 ã. ïðîâåä¸í àóäèò, êîòîðûé ïîêàçàë, ÷òî æóð- work will offer them understanding and support for his íàë «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» âîñòðåáîâàí êàê or her initiatives. â Ðîññèè, òàê è çàðóáåæîì. Êàæäûå 10 òûñ. ðóá., âëî- In 2010, an audit of our journal was carried out, which æåííûå â èçäàíèå æóðíàëà, ïðèíîñÿò îäíó ññûëêó â showed that there is a demand for the journal is both ãîä è âîçâðàùàþòñÿ â âèäå 10 òûñ. ðóá. ïîæåðòâîâà- in Russia and abroad. Every 10,000 roubles invested íèé îò ÷èòàòåëåé íà èçäàíèå ñëåäóþùåãî íîìåðà. Ò.å., in publishing the journal, brings one reference to our ñåé÷àñ çàòðàòû íà èçäàíèå ïîëíîñòüþ îêóïàþòñÿ, ïðè journal a year and will be returned in 10,000 roubles ýòîì ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñåðü¸çíûé èíôîðìàöè- worth of donations from readers for publishing the next îííûé îòâåò îò ìàòåðèàëüíûõ è ìîðàëüíûõ âëîæåíèé issue. Thus This completely covers the publication costs – ðàçëè÷íûå ñòàòüè, îïóáëèêîâàííûå â æóðíàëå, åæå- of RC, and the financial and intellectual investments in ãîäíî öèòèðóþòñÿ â ñðåäíåì â 90 ñòàòüÿõ, îïóáëèêî- the magazine make it an authoritative scientific – every âàííûõ â äðóãèõ èçäàíèÿõ, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â äîñòóïíûå year different articles published in RC are quoted in 90 ñèñòåìû öèòèðîâàíèÿ. Èìïàêò-ôàêòîð Ðîññèéñêîãî articles published in other journals , including pieces in èíäåêñà íàó÷íîãî öèòèðîâàíèÿ (ÐÈÍÖ), ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ the open citations index . The impact-factor of the Rus- íà 2009 ã., – 0,315. Æóðíàë íàõîäèòñÿ íà 19 ìåñòå ïî sian Index of Scientific Citation (RISC) of RC was 0.315 ÈÔ ÐÈÍÖ èç 3290 æóðíàëîâ áèîëîãè÷åñêîé òåìàòèêè in 2009. According to RISC, out of 3290 biological sci- è íà âòîðîì ìåñòå ñðåäè çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ æóðíàëîâ. entific journals the journal was the 19th most cited, and Ïî ïðåäëîæåíèÿì àâòîðîâ, ðóáðèêè æóðíàëà ðàñ- the second most cited in zoological journals. øèðåíû äâóìÿ íîâûìè ðàçäåëàìè – «Ïåðíàòûå õèù- On the suggestion of our authors, two new regular íèêè â õîçÿéñòâå» è «Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé», à ðàçäåë rubrics have joined the old ones “Raptors in Economy” «Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ» äîïîëíåí ïîäðàçäå- and “Techniques and Methods”, and the “Raptor Re- ëîì «Âèäîâûå î÷åðêè». search” section has been expanded to include the sub-  ýòîì íîìåðå â ðóáðèêå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè â õî- section “Species Accounts” subsection. çÿéñòâå» îïóáëèêîâàíà ñòàòüÿ îá èñïîëüçîâàíèè íà The article about use of trained Goshawks as pigeon îáúåêòàõ ïèùåâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè â êà÷åñòâå áèî- repellents on a food factory has been published in this ðåïåëåíòîâ ëîâ÷èõ ÿñòðåáîâ-òåòåðåâÿòíèêîâ.  äàí- issue within the new section “Raptors in Economy”. In íîé ðóáðèêå ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïóáëèêàöèÿ ìàòåðèàëîâ ïî the further we are going to publish manuscripts con- âñåì àñïåêòàì èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö (êàê ðó÷- cerning all aspects of use of birds of prey (both wild and íûõ, òàê è äèêèõ) â õîçÿéñòâåííûõ öåëÿõ. trained) in economy here.  ðóáðèêå «Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé» ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïó- It is expected that new techniques of finding and áëèêîâàòü íîâûå ìåòîäèêè âûÿâëåíèÿ è ó÷¸òà õèùíûõ counts of raptors, methods of use of the newest means ïòèö, ìåòîäû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íîâåéøèõ òåõíè÷åñêèõ for raptor research will be published in the section ñðåäñòâ äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ðóáðèêà áûëà “Techniques and Methods”. The section has appeared Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 5

îòêðûòà â 19 íîìåðå ñòàòü¸é ïî ïðèìåíåíèþ ãåîèí- in the 19 issue with the article on application of GIS- ôîðìàöèîííûõ ñèñòåì äëÿ îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïðî- software for estimation of number and forecasting the ãíîçèðîâàíèÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. distribution of breeding raptors. Ðóáðèêà «Âèäîâûå î÷åðêè» áûëà âûäåëåíà ïîñëå äîë- The section “Species Accounts” has been allocated af- ãèõ äèñêóññèé ñðåäè ÷ëåíîâ ðåäêîëëåãèè äëÿ ïóáëè- ter long discussions among members of editorial board êàöèè ñòàòåé, ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè â âèäå for the publication of articles prepared by authors as an î÷åðêîâ ïî êîíêðåòíûì âèäàì, êîòîðûå ïî ñâîåé ñòðóê- account on particular species which are not satisfied òóðå è õàðàêòåðó ïîäà÷è ìàòåðèàëà íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò the requirements for traditional scientific articles in the òðåáîâàíèÿì êëàññè÷åñêèõ íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé, íî áëèçêè ê structure and character of data submission, but are simi- î÷åðêàì â Êðàñíûõ êíèãàõ èëè ìîíîãðàôèÿõ ïî ôàóíå lar to accounts in Red Data Books or monographs on êàêèõ-ëèáî ðåãèîíîâ. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â óñëîâèÿõ ñòðàí regional fauna. It is obvious, that under conditions of the ïîñò-ñîâåòñêîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà, ãäå íà îãðîìíîé òåððè- countries of the former Soviet Union, where fewest or- òîðèè ðàáîòàåò êðàéíå ìàëî îðíèòîëîãîâ, ëþáîé ìàòå- nithologists carry out surveys in huge territory, any data ðèàë î âñòðå÷àõ è íàáëþäåíèÿõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ, òàê æå, about encounters and observations of rare species as êàê è ýêñïåðòíûå îöåíêè èõ ÷èñëåííîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþò well as expert estimations of their number, undoubtedly íåñîìíåííóþ öåííîñòü. Äëÿ äàííîé ðóáðèêè ïîäîé- are of interest. This section will include the extended äóò êàê ïîëíîìàñøòàáíûå î÷åðêè, ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííûå accounts divided into parts, as reports in “Birds of the íà ðàçäåëû, ïî òèïó ñâîäêè «Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà», Soviet Union” and ”Birds of Central Asia”, and small òàê è íåáîëüøèå ðàáîòû, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ñîáîé îáçîð ones, representing the review of separate publications ðàçðîçíåííûõ ñâåäåíèé î âñòðå÷àõ èëè ãíåçäîâàíèè about records or facts of breeding of rare or insufficiently ðåäêèõ èëè ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ âèäîâ, êîòîðûå â ñèëó îòðû- known species, and also author’ data which by virtue of âî÷íîñòè èëè íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà íå ìîãóò áûòü its fragmentariness or insufficiency can not be presented ïðåäñòàâëåíû â ðàçäåëå «Èçó÷åíèå…». as a valuable article in the section “Raptor Research”.  çàêëþ÷åíèå ìû õîòèì ïîáëàãîäàðèòü âñåõ òåõ, êòî In conclusion we would like to thank all those, who îêàçûâàë ôèíàíñîâóþ ïîääåðæêó æóðíàëó â 2009– gave financial support to the journal in the period from 2010 ãã.: Àíòîíà Áàëàíäèíà, Îëåãà Áîðîäèíà, Ñåðãåÿ 2009 to 2010: Anton Balandin, Oleg Borodin, Sergei Áóéíîâà, Àëåêñåÿ Ïàæåíêîâà (Ðîññèÿ), Àëåêñàíäðà Buynov, Alexey Pazhenkov (Russia), Alexander Viduet- Âèäóýöêîãî, Äæåíèôåð Áàðòîí (ÑØÀ), Ëåîíèäà Êîíî- sky, Jennifer Barton (USA), Leonid Konovalov (Cyprus), âàëîâà (Êèïð), Þðãåíà Êóëüìàíà, Ðàëüôà Ïôåôôåðà Urgen Kuhlmann, Ralf Pfeffer (Germany), Paul Breton (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Ïîëà Áðåòîíà (Ôðàíöèÿ). Áåç âàøèõ ïî- (France.) Without Your donations the continuous publi- æåðòâîâàíèé ñòàáèëüíûé âûõîä æóðíàëà «Ïåðíàòûå cation of “Raptors Conservation” would have been sim- õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ñòàë áû ïðîñòî íåâîçìîæíûì. ply impossible. Îãðîìíîå âàì ñïàñèáî! Thank you very much!

Ñ óâàæåíèåì, Sincerely yours, Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Elvira Nikolenko and Igor Karyakin 6 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîáûòèÿ

Events СОБЫТИЯ

(1) Êîíòàêò: Íà ïðîøåäøåé â Íàéðîáè (Êåíèÿ) 16 At the 5th session of Intergovernmental Åâãåíèé Øåðãàëèí íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã. 5-é ñåññèè ìåæïðà- Committee for the Safeguarding of the In- Ðàáî÷àÿ ãðóïïà ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì âèòåëüñòâåííîãî êîìèòåòà ïî îõðà- tangible Cultural Heritage taking place in Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè íå êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ «ñîêîëèíàÿ Nairobi (Kenya) on November, 16, 2010, [email protected] îõîòà» âíåñåíà â ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíûé “Falconry” has been placed by UNESCO [email protected] ñïèñîê Âñåìèðíîãî íåìàòåðèàëüíî- on the Representative List of the Intangi- 1 (1) Contact: ãî êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Îðãàíèçà- ble Cultural Heritage of Humanity . Gary Timbrell öèè Îáúåäèíåííûõ Íàöèé ïî âîïðî- The collective application to include fal- International Asso- ñàì îáðàçîâàíèÿ, íàóêè è êóëüòóðû conry in the List was submitted by 11 coun- ciation for Falconry and (ÞÍÅÑÊÎ)1. tries: Belgium, Spain, Mongolia, Morocco, Conservation of Birds of Prey Êîëëåêòèâíóþ çàÿâêó íà âêëþ÷åíèå ñî- Qatar, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, tel.: +353 87 133 0922 êîëèíîé îõîòû â ñïèñîê ïîäàëè 11 ñòðàí France and Czechia, led by the United Arab gary.timbrell@ – Áåëüãèÿ, Èñïàíèÿ, Ìîíãîëèÿ, Ìàðîêêî, Emirates (UAE), where this hobby is very gmail.com Êàòàð, Þæíàÿ Êîðåÿ, Ñàóäîâñêàÿ Àðà- popular. As a result the Expert Committee Jevgeni Shergalin âèÿ, Ñèðèÿ, Ôðàíöèÿ è ×åõèÿ – âî ãëàâå has approved inclusion of falconry in the Working Group on ñ Îáúåäèíåííûìè Àðàáñêèìè Ýìèðàòàìè Representative List, and the UAE have been Raptors and Owls of (ÎÀÝ), ãäå ýòî óâëå÷åíèå ïîëüçóåòñÿ îñî- obliged to publish the documents, produce Northern Eurasia áîé ïîïóëÿðíîñòüþ.  ðåçóëüòàòå ýêñïåðò- films and prepare the information on this Flat 3, Soroptimist House, Greenhill Close, íûé êîìèòåò åäèíîãëàñíî îäîáðèë âêëþ÷å- theme. Carmarthen, SA31 1DR, íèå ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû â ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíûé Generally the objects of culture, requir- Wales, UK ñïèñîê, à ÎÀÝ âçÿëè íà ñåáÿ çàäà÷ó ïî ing urgent concern, and which existence [email protected] âûïóñêó ñáîðíèêà äîêóìåíòîâ, ôèëüìîâ è is under threat, are included in the list of [email protected] ïîäãîòîâêå ëèòåðàòóðû ïî ýòîé òåìå. the Intangible Cultural Heritage. For inclu-  ñïèñîê íåìàòåðèàëüíîãî íàñëåäèÿ, sion of objects in the List the states should íóæäàþùåãîñÿ â ñðî÷íîé îõðàíå, çà- carry out the particular plans providing their íîñÿòñÿ øåäåâðû êóëüòóðû, ñóùåñòâîâà- safety. They also can get the financial sup- íèå êîòîðûõ íàõîäèòñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé. Äëÿ port from the fund of UNESCO. âêëþ÷åíèÿ îáúåêòîâ â ñïèñîê ãîñóäàðñòâà äîëæíû âçÿòü íà ñåáÿ îáÿçàòåëüñòâà âû- ïîëíÿòü êîíêðåòíûå ïëàíû, îáåñïå÷èâà- þùèå èõ ñîõðàííîñòü. Îíè òàêæå ìîãóò ïîëó÷èòü ôèíàíñîâóþ ïîìîùü èç ñðåäñòâ ôîíäà, óïðàâëÿåìîãî ÞÍÅÑÊÎ. Ñîêîëèíàÿ îõîòà – ýòî òðàäèöèîííûé âèä îõîòû, îñíîâíûìè ýòàïàìè êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿþòñÿ îòëîâ, ñîäåðæàíèå è äðåññèðîâ- êà õèùíûõ ïòèö äëÿ îõîòû íà äè÷ü â åñòå- ñòâåííîé ñðåäå îáèòàíèÿ. Èçíà÷àëüíî ñëó- æèâøàÿ äëÿ ïðîïèòàíèÿ, îõîòà â íàøè äíè ïåðåðîñëà â íàñòîÿùåå èñêóññòâî, âêëþ- ÷àþùåå â ñåáÿ ó ìíîãèõ íàðîäîâ îïðåäå- ë¸ííûå êîñòþìû, ïèòàíèå, ïåíèå, ìóçûêó, ïîýçèþ è òàíöû. Ìàñòåðñòâî ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû, êàê êóëüòóðíàÿ òðàäèöèÿ, ïåðåäà- ¸òñÿ èç îäíîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ â äðóãîå. Îõîòà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö íà- ñ÷èòûâàåò îêîëî 4000 ëåò. Åù¸ äî íàøåé ýðû ñîêîëèíàÿ îõîòà áûëà ðàñïðîñòðàíå- Ëîâ÷èé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà. íà ó ìîíãîëüñêèõ êî÷åâíèêîâ, êèòàéñêèõ Trained Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). èìïåðàòîðîâ, íà Êîðåéñêîì ïîëóîñòðîâå, Photo by O. Belyalov.

1 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/nairobi_hosting_5th_session_of_intergovernmental_committee_for_ the_safeguarding_of_the_intangible_cultural_heritage_51_nominations_for_inscription_on_unesco_lists/ Events Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 7

â Èíäîêèòàå, Ïåðñèè è íà Áëèæíåì Âîñ- òîêå.  ñòðàíàõ Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû ýòî óâëå- ÷åíèå ïðèîáðåëî ïîïóëÿðíîñòü íàìíîãî ïîçäíåå. Ê 1274 ãîäó îòíîñèòñÿ òðàêòàò èìïåðàòîðà Ñâÿùåííîé Ðèìñêîé èìïå- ðèè Ôðèäðèõà II Ãîãåíøòàóôåíà «Èñêóñ- ñòâî îõîòû ñ ïòèöàìè», â êîòîðîì îïèñû- âàþòñÿ ïðàâèëà ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû. Äîëãîå âðåìÿ ñîêîëèíàÿ îõîòà, â ñèëó çàêîíîäà- òåëüíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé, îñòàâàëàñü óäåëîì ëèøü âûñøåãî ñîñëîâèÿ – â îäíîì èç àí- ãëèéñêèõ òðàêòàòîâ XV âåêà ãîâîðèòñÿ, ÷òî ñîäåðæàòü ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) ìîã Áåðêóò÷è ñ ëîâ÷èì áåðêóòîì (Aquila chrysaetos). òîëüêî ïðèíö ëèáî ãåðöîã. Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî À. Êîâàëåíêî. Ó ñëàâÿíñêèõ íàðîäîâ íà òåððèòîðèè Berkutchi with Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè îõîòà ïðèîáðåëà Photo from A. Kovalenko. ïîïóëÿðíîñòü ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî íà ðóáå- æå VIII–IX âåêîâ, âåðîÿòíî áëàãîäàðÿ The falconry is a traditional kind of hunt- êî÷åâíèêàì-õàçàðàì, íàñåëÿâøèì òåððè- ing which basic stages are catching, keep- òîðèþ ñîâðåìåííîãî Íèæíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ ing and training of birds of prey for hunting è Äàãåñòàíà. Ñâîåãî ðàñöâåòà ðóññêàÿ ñî- for game-species in natural habitats. êîëèíàÿ îõîòà äîñòèãëà ïðè öàðå Àëåêñåå Falconry is about 4000 years old. It became Ìèõàéëîâè÷å.  ïåðèîä åãî öàðñòâîâàíèÿ popular among Slavic people in the territory áîëåå 3 òûñ. ðàçíûõ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö ñîäåð- of modern Russia about at the end of VIII – æàëîñü íà ïîòåøíûõ äâîðàõ â ïîäìîñêîâ- beginning of IX century. Russian falconry was íûõ ñ¸ëàõ.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðîññèè the most popular during the ruling of tsar ñîêîëèíàÿ îõîòà ïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ ëèøü Alexey Mihajlovich. Now in Russia the fal- ðàçðîçíåííûìè ãðóïïàìè ýíòóçèàñòîâ. conry is supported by only separate groups Âîçìîæíî, âêëþ÷åíèå ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû of enthusiasts. Probably, inclusion of the â ñïèñîê Âñåìèðíîãî êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëå- falconry in the list of the Intangible Cultural äèÿ ïîäñòåãí¸ò å¸ ðàçâèòèå â ðÿäå ñòðàí, â Heritage will impact on its development in òîì ÷èñëå è â Ðîññèè, è õî÷åòñÿ íàäåÿòüñÿ, a number of the countries, including Russia. ÷òî ðàçâèòèå ýòî áóäåò íå â óùåðá õèù- And we hope that its development will be íûì ïòèöàì. not hazardous for birds of prey. Êîíòàêò (1). Contact (1).

(2) Êîíòàêò:  Íîâîñèáèðñêå (Ðîññèÿ) 26 íîÿ- The conference “Problems and prospects Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî áðÿ 2010 ã. ñîñòîÿëàñü íàó÷íî- of biodiversity conservation in the No- ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Ïðî- ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» vosibirsk district and adjacent regions” 630090, Ðîññèÿ, áëåìû è ïåðñïåêòèâû ñîõðàíåíèÿ took place in Novosibirsk (Russia) on No- Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îá- vember, 26, 20102. òåë./ôàêñ: ëàñòè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ»2. Conference was held by the Siberian En- +7 383 363 00 59 Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðîâîäèëàñü Ñèáèð- [email protected] vironmental Center, Institute of Soil Science ñêèì ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì öåíòðîì, Èíñòèòó- and Agrochemistry of the Siberian Branch òîì ïî÷âîâåäåíèÿ è àãðîõèìèè ÑÎ ÐÀÍ of the Russian Academy of Science and De- (2) Contact: è Äåïàðòàìåíòîì ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ partment of Natural Resources and Nature Elvira Nikolenko è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Íîâîñè- NGO Siberian Environ- Protection of the Novosibirsk district with mental Center áèðñêîé îáëàñòè ñ öåëüþ êîíñîëèäàöèè the purpose of consolidating the efforts of P.O. Box 547, óñèëèé îáùåñòâåííûõ è ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ NGOs and state nature protection organiza- Novosibirsk, ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé â äåëå ñî- tions in the sphere of biodiversity conserva- Russia, 630090 õðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ðåãèîíà. tel./fax: tion in the region. +7 383 363 00 59  êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå áîëåå More than 40 experts of the scientific, [email protected] 40 ñïåöèàëèñòîâ íàó÷íûõ, ãîñóäàðñòâåí- state, nongovernmental and educational íûõ, íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ è îáðàçîâà- organizations have participated in the òåëüíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé. Íà êîíôåðåíöèè conference. During the conference Kar- È.Â. Êàðÿêèíûì áûë ñäåëàí äîêëàä î ðà- yakin has reported about activities of

2 http://www.sibecocenter.ru/konfabio2010.htm 8 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîáûòèÿ

Ó÷àñòíèêè êîíôåðåíöèè ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 26.11.2010 ã. Ôîòî Í. Áàëàöêîãî. Participants of the con- ference on biodiversity cobservation. Novosibirsk, 26/11/2010. Photo by N. Balatskiy.

áîòå Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñè- the Center of Field Studies and the Sibe- áýêîöåíòðà «Ðåäêèå âèäû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíè- rian Environmental Center. The presenta- êîâ â Þæíîé Ñèáèðè – îñíîâíûå óãðîçû tion of the report “Rare raptor species in è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû». Ïðåçåíòàöèÿ äî- Southern Siberia – the main threats and êëàäà äîñòóïíà íà ñàéòå Ñèáýêîöåíòðà3. prospects of conservation” is available Ðåçîëþöèÿ, ïðèíÿòàÿ êîíôåðåíöèåé, on website of the Siberian Environmental êàñàëàñü êàê îñíîâíûõ, îáùåðîññèé- Center3. ñêèõ, ïðèíöèïîâ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàç- The resolution, adopted by confer- íîîáðàçèÿ, òàê è êîíêðåòíûõ âîïðîñîâ ence, concerned the general all-Russian îõðàíû ýêîñèñòåì è ëàíäøàôòîâ, ëåñîâ, principles of biodiversity conservation ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé, ðåäêèõ and particular questions of protection âèäîâ, ñîõðàíåíèÿ ðåñóðñíîãî ïîòåí- of ecosystems and landscapes, woods, öèàëà áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, à òàêæå ñôåðû agricultural land, rare species, conserva- ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ, ïîâûøåíèÿ tion of potential resource of biodiversity, ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðàáîòû ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ and also the problems of environmen- îðãàíîâ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ è tal education, increasing the efficiency êîíñîëèäàöèè óñèëèé îðãàíèçàöèé ãîñó- of activity of the state bodies in wildlife äàðñòâåííîãî, íàó÷íîãî è îáùåñòâåííîãî management of subjects of the Russian ñåêòîðîâ4. Federation and consolidation of efforts of  ñôåðå ñîõðàíåíèÿ âèäîâ, âíåñ¸ííûõ â the governmental and nongovernmental Êðàñíûå êíèãè ÐÔ è ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ, ó÷àñò- organizations4. íèêàìè êîíôåðåíöèè ðåêîìåíäîâàíî The conference resolution has included ñëåäóþùåå: following recommendations in the sphere 1) ïðîâîäèòü ðåãóëÿðíûé ìîíèòîðèíã of conservation of the species listed in the ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è Red Data Books of the Russian Federation ðàñòåíèé, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â Êðàñíûå êíè- and subjects of RF: ãè ÐÔ è ñóáúåêòà ÐÔ, äëÿ îòñëåæèâàíèÿ 1) to carry out the regular monitoring èõ áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ, ÷òîáû îáåñïå÷èòü âîç- of populations of wildlife species listed in ìîæíîñòü îïåðàòèâíîãî ðåàãèðîâàíèÿ íà the Red Data Books of RF and the subject âíîâü âîçíèêàþùèå óãðîçû è ïðèíÿòèÿ of RF, for controlling and managing their ìåð ïî îõðàíå; populations to provide their effective pro- 2) äîïîëíèòü çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî î Êðàñíûõ tection; êíèãàõ ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ íîðìîé îá îáÿçàòåëü- 2) to supplement legislation on the Red íîñòè ðàçðàáîòêè è ðåàëèçàöèè êîíêðåòíûõ Data Books of subjects of the Russian Fed- ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî îõðàíå âèäîâ, âíåñ¸ííûõ eration with articles requiring the develop- â Êðàñíûå êíèãè ÐÔ è ñóáúåêòà ÐÔ; ment and implementation of specific ac-

3 http://sibecocenter.ru/var/fck/File/programs/konfabio2010/karykin2.pdf 4 http://www.sibecocenter.ru/var/fck/File/programs/konfabio2010/konf2010_reshenie.doc Events Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 9

3) äëÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ãèáåëè íà ëèíèÿõ tions to protect the species listed in Red ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ïòèö, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â Data Books of RF and the subject of RF; Êðàñíûå êíèãè, ñòèìóëèðîâàòü âëàäåëüöåâ 3) for reducing the electrocution of bird, ËÝÏ 6–10 ê îáîðóäîâàòü îïîðû ËÝÏ ýô- listed in the Red Data Books, on power ôåêòèâíûìè ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâà- lines, to encourage owners of power lines of ìè (çàùèòíûìè êîæóõàìè èç ÏÂÕ ðîññèé- 6–10 kV to retrofit electric poles with effec- ñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà); tive bird protective devices (made of PVC 4) ïîâûñèòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåñå÷åíèÿ by Russian companies); íåçàêîííîé äîáû÷è æèâîòíûõ, îòíîñÿùèõ- 4) to increase the efficiency of actions ñÿ ê âèäàì, âêëþ÷¸ííûì â ñïèñêè Êðàñíûõ against illegal trapping of animal spe- êíèã ÐÔ è ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ, â òîì ÷èñëå ïóò¸ì cies, listed in the Red Data Books of RF îðãàíèçàöèè ìåæâåäîìñòâåííîãî ñîòðóä- and subjects of RF, including the interde- íè÷åñòâà, ñ ïðèâëå÷åíèåì îðãàíîâ ÌÂÄ è partmental cooperation with involving èíûõ, îïèðàÿñü íà îïûò, íàðàáîòàííûé â the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è Ðåñïóáëèêå Õàêàñèÿ; state bodies, basing on the experience 5) âåñòè ìîíèòîðèíã ðûíêà äîáûòûõ â obtained in the Altai Kray and the Repub- ïðèðîäå îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî è ðàñòè- lic of Khakassia; òåëüíîãî ìèðà ñ öåëüþ ñâîåâðåìåííîãî 5) to monitor the trade in wildlife with the âûÿâëåíèÿ è ïðåñå÷åíèÿ ôàêòîâ íåçàêîí- purpose of revealing and stopping the ille- íîãî îáîðîòà âèäîâ, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â ñïèñêè gal trade of the species listed in Red Data Êðàñíûõ êíèã ÐÔ è ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ; Books of RF and subjects of RF; 6) òèðàæèðîâàòü ñïîñîá ïðàâîâîé çàùè- 6) to spread the method of a legal pro- òû âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â ñïèñêè tection of animal species listed in Red Data Êðàñíûõ êíèã ÐÔ è ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ, íà õîçÿé- Books of RF and subjects of RF in economic ñòâåííî èñïîëüçóåìûõ ëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ used woods through establishing the Spe- ïóòåì ñîçäàíèÿ îñîáî çàùèòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ cial Protected Areas for forests, basing on ëåñîâ, îïèðàÿñü íà ïîëîæèòåëüíûé îïûò, the positive experience obtained in the íàðàáîòàííûé â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè. Tomsk district. Êîíòàêò (2). Contact (2).

(3) Êîíòàêò:  íîÿáðå 2010 ã. â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå The first 10 km of power lines 6–10 kV Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ðîññèÿ) îáîðóäîâàíû ïòèöåçàùèòíû- in Siberia have been retrofitted with bird ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ) ïåðâûå çà Óðà- protective devices (BPD) in the Altai Kray ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090, Ðîññèÿ, ëîì 10 êì ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ. (Russia) in November, 2010 of 10 km. Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Ïåðâóþ ïàðòèþ ÏÇÓ ýíåðãåòèêè óñòàíî- The first party of BPD has been installed on òåë./ôàêñ: âèëè íà ó÷àñòêå âîçäóøíîé ëèíèè îò ïîä- the fragment of overhead power line going +7 383 363 00 59 ñòàíöèè «Îãí¸âñêàÿ» Óñòü-Êàëìàíñêîãî from the “Ognevskaya” substation of Ust-Ka- [email protected] ðàéîíà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Íà 190 æåëå- lmanskiy region of the Altai Kray. 570 BPDs çîáåòîííûõ îïîðàõ óñòàíîâëåíî 570 were installed on 190 concrete poles. (3) Contact: ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ. Ïî ïðîñüáå It was symbolic that the Snowy Owl (Nyc- Elvira Nikolenko Ñèáýêîöåíòðà 23 íîÿáðÿ ðàéîí óñòàíîâ- tea scandiaca) had been observing the ac- NGO Siberian Environ- mental Center êè ÏÇÓ ïîñåòèë Ïðåäñåäàòåëü Àëòàéñêîé P.O. Box 547, êðàåâîé îðãàíèçàöèè «Ãåáëåðîâñêîå ýêî- Novosibirsk, ëîãè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî» Àëåêñåé Ãðèáêîâ. Russia, 630090 Ïî åãî ñëîâàì, «íà÷àòàÿ â Àëòàéýíåðãî tel./fax: +7 383 363 00 59 ðàáîòà – çàìå÷àòåëüíûé ïðèìåð ýêîëî- [email protected] ãè÷åñêè îòâåòñòâåííîãî õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ, êîòîðîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåñüìà ðåäêèì ÿâëåíèåì äëÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Íî, êðîìå ïðÿìîãî ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî ýôôåêòà, óñòàíîâêà ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ áóäåò èìåòü åù¸ è îùóòèìûé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ýôôåêò: ñó- ùåñòâåííî ñîêðàòèòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâî àâàðèé- íûõ îòêëþ÷åíèé ëèíèé â ðåçóëüòàòå çàìû- êàíèÿ ïðîâîäîâ ïòèöàìè, à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óìåíüøàòñÿ è çàòðàòû íà âîññòàíîâëåíèå Ìîíòàæ ÏÇÓ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Ôîòî À. Ãðèáêîâà. íàðóøåííîãî ýíåðãîñíàáæåíèÿ». Ñèìâî- Retrofitting of electric poles with bird protective de- ëè÷íî è òî, ÷òî çà ìåðîïðèÿòèåì íàáëþäà- vices in the Altai Kray. Photo by A. Gribkov. 10 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîáûòèÿ

ëà áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandiaca). Ýòè ñîâû ïðèëåòàþò â Àëòàéñêèé êðàé íà çèìîâêó è ÷àñòî ãèáíóò íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ. Ñîâà ñèäåëà íà áåçîïàñíîé äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ëèíèè, ïðîõîäèâøåé ðÿäîì ñ áåòîííîé, îïàñíîé äëÿ ïòèö. Äàííîå ìåðîïðèÿòèå ñòàëî ðåçóëüòàòîì ðàçâèòèÿ ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèð- ñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» ñ Ìåæðåãèî- íàëüíîé ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíîé ñåòåâîé êîì- ïàíèåé Ñèáèðè («ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè») â ðàìêàõ ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ. Íà÷àëî ðàáîòû â 2009 ã. áûëî ïîääåðæàíî Ïðîåêòîì ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèî- ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå- Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà». Ïî ðåçóëüòàòó èññëåäîâàíèé â Àëòàéñêîì Áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandiaca). Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, êðàå è Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé Ñèáýêîöåíòð ðå- îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Îãíè. Íîÿáðü 2010 ã. êîìåíäîâàë «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè» íà÷àòü îáî- Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî Í. Áîíäàðåíêî. ðóäîâàíèå ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè Snow Owl (Nyctea scandiaca). Altai Kray, vicinities of ËÝÏ 6–10 ê íà æåëåçîáåòîííûõ îïîðàõ, the Ogni settlement. November, 2010. êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îïàñíûìè äëÿ ïòèö, â Photo from N. Bondarenko. íàèáîëåå àêòóàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ – â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé è â ñòåïíûõ tion. These owls arrive to the Altai Kray for ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. wintering and often perish on power lines Âåñíîé 2010 ã. Ñèáýêîöåíòð è Ìåæ- hazardous for birds. The owl sat on a safe ðåãèîíàëüíàÿ ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíàÿ ñåòåâàÿ wooden electric pole of the line which was êîìïàíèÿ Ñèáèðè çàêëþ÷èëè äîãîâîð î located close to concrete one, dangerous ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå â îáëàñòè îõðàíû îêðó- for birds. æàþùåé ñðåäû â çîíå ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ëèíèé This action is the result of development of ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ÌÐÑÊ, çàùèòû ïòèö îò cooperation between the Siberian Environ- ïîâðåæäåíèé è ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ, ïðåäîõðà- mental Center and the Interregional Distri- íåíèÿ ËÝÏ îò àâàðèéíûõ ñèòóàöèé, ñâÿ- bution Grid Company of Siberia (“IDGC of çàííûõ ñ ïîïàäàíèåì ïòèö íà òîêîâåäóùèå Siberia”) within the decision of the prob- êîíñòðóêöèè ËÝÏ.  ðàìêàõ ýòîãî äîãîâî- lem of bird electrocution. The beginning of ðà ïëàíèðóåòñÿ: work in 2009 has been supported by the 1. ðàçðàáîòêà è ðåàëèçàöèÿ ìåðîïðèÿ- Project UNDP/GEF “Biodiversity conserva- òèé ïî îáîðóäîâàíèþ ËÝÏ ýôôåêòèâíû- tion in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan ìè ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè; Ecoregion”. 2. èçó÷åíèå è îöåíêà îïàñíîñòè ËÝÏ According to the results of surveys car- äëÿ ïòèö è ñâÿçàííîé ñ ïòèöàìè óãðîçû íå- ried out in the Altai Kray and the Republic øòàòíûõ ñèòóàöèé â ðàáîòå ËÝÏ; of Altai the Siberian Environmental Center 3. ðàçðàáîòêà è ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðèðîäî- has recommended to the «IDGC of Sibe- îõðàííûõ áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíûõ ïðîãðàìì è ria» to begin the retrofitting of concrete ïðîåêòîâ, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà çàùèòó ïòèö è poles of power lines 6–10 kV, being haz- èíûõ æèâîòíûõ â çîíàõ ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ëè- ardous for birds, with BPD, in the most ac- íèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ÌÐÑÊ; tual areas – in steppe depressions of the 4. îðãàíèçàöèîííîå, èíôîðìàöèîííîå, Republic of Altai and in steppe foothills of êîíñóëüòàöèîííîå è õîçÿéñòâåííîå îáå- the Altai Kray. ñïå÷åíèå ñîâìåñòíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. According to recommendations of the Si- Ñîãëàñíî âûäàííûì Ñèáýêîöåíòðîì ðå- berian Environmental Center, departments êîìåíäàöèÿì, ôèëèàëû «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè» of the “IDGC of Siberia” have developed ðàçðàáîòàëè íà 2010–2013 ãã. ïëàí óñòà- the plan of retrofitting of power lines with íîâêè ÏÇÓ â ñàìûõ àêòóàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ íà BPDs for 2010–2013 in the most actual ar- âñåé òåððèòîðèè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî Ýêîðå- eas throughout the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion. ãèîíà, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîìó çà 3 ñëåäóþùèõ According to this plan not less 400 km of ãîäà íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèê Àëòàé, Õà- power lines will have been retrofitted in êàñèÿ è Òûâà, à òàêæå â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ the Republics of Altai, Khakassia and Tyva Àëòàéñêîãî è Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðà¸â, ÏÇÓ and in southern regions of the Altai and Events Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 11

áóäåò îáîðóäîâàíî íå ìåíåå 400 êì ëè- Krasnoyarsk Krays for 3 next years. Also íèé. Òàêæå ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ðåàëèçîâàòü òàêèå the same programs are planned to realize æå ïðîãðàììû íà òåððèòîðèè âñåõ ôèëè- in the territory of all departments of the àëîâ «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè». “IRDC of Siberia”. Ñèáýêîöåíòð, ñî ñâîåé ñòîðîíû, áåð¸ò- At the same time the Siberian Environ- ñÿ îêàçûâàòü âñåñòîðîííþþ êîíñóëüòàöè- mental Center should provide the consult- îííóþ ïîääåðæêó, ïðîâîäèòü èññëåäîâà- ing support, carry out surveys for reveal- íèÿ äëÿ óòî÷íåíèÿ íàèáîëåå àêòóàëüíûõ ing the most actual sites of power lines ó÷àñòêîâ ËÝÏ, êîòîðûå â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü which all should be retrofitted at the first äîëæíû áûòü îñíàùåíû ÏÇÓ. time. Êîíòàêò (3). Contact (3).

(4) Êîíòàêò Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ýêîëîãèè è ïðèðîäíûõ The Ministry of Environment and Natural Àëåêñàíäð Ìàöûíà ðåñóðñîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ñî- Resources of the Nizhniy Novgorod dis- Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ âìåñòíî ñ Ýêîöåíòðîì «Äðîíò», 8 äå- trict together with the Ecocenter “Dront” ëàáîðàòîðèÿ Ýêîöåíòðà «Äðîíò» êàáðÿ 2010 ã. áûë ïðîâåä¸í ñåìèíàð has been held the seminar “Discussion of 603000, Ðîññèÿ, «Îáñóæäåíèå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ è îðãà- technological and organizational efforts Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, íèçàöèîííûõ ìåð ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ to prevent wildlife objects from electro- à/ÿ 631, ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè cution during exploitation of communi- Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» òåë.: +7 831 430 28 81 ýêñïëóàòàöèè ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðî- cation and power lines on the territory [email protected] ïåðåäà÷è íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîä- of the Nizhniy Novgorod district” on De- ñêîé îáëàñòè»5. cember, 8, 20105. Ïî ïðîãíîçàì ó÷¸íûõ åæåãîäíî â Íè- According to forecasts of scientists (4) Contact Alexander Matsyna æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíè- 240,000 birds perishes through electrocu- Laboratory of ÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÂË) ãèáíåò ïîðÿäêà tion in the Nizhniy Novgorod district eve- Ornithology of Ecological 240 òûñ. ïòèö. Îæèäàåìûé óùåðá îáúåê- ry year. The expected damage to wildlife, Center “Dront” òàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ðàññ÷èòàííûé â ñî- calculated according to the Technique6 ap- P.O. Box 631, 6 Nizhniy Novgorod, îòâåòñòâèè ñ óòâåðæäåííîé Ìåòîäèêîé , proved, is more than 270 million roubles. Russia, 603000, ñîñòàâëÿåò áîëåå 270 ìèëëèîíîâ ðóáëåé. For The seminar has been organized to tel.: +7 831 430 28 81 Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ äàííîé ïðîáëåìû è áûë îð- solve this problem. Representatives of the [email protected] ãàíèçîâàí ñåìèíàð, íà êîòîðîì ïðèñóò- governmental nature protection organiza- ñòâîâàëè ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ tions, NGOs, the design organizations and ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ñòðóêòóð, îáùåñòâåí- owners managing the power lines partici- íîñòè, ïðîåêòíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è õîçÿé- pated in the seminar. ñòâóþùèõ ñóáúåêòîâ, â âåäåíèè êîòîðûõ Ways of the problem decision were dis- íàõîäÿòñÿ ÂË. cussed at the seminar. As examples of the Íà ñåìèíàðå îáñóæäàëèñü ïóòè ðåøåíèÿ positive decision, long-term programs of ïðîáëåìû.  êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðîâ ïîçèòèâ- the “Gazprom Transgaz Nizhni Novgorod” íîãî ðåøåíèÿ áûëè îòìå÷åíû äîëãîñðî÷- Jointed Stock Company and “IRUC of Sibe- íûå ïðîãðàììû ÎÎÎ «Ãàçïðîì Òðàíñãàç ria” on retrofitting the power lines hazard- Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä» è «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè» ïî ous for birds with bird protective devices îñíàùåíèþ îïàñíûõ äëÿ ïòèö ÂË ïòèöåçà- have been noted. ùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. Decisions of participants of the seminar Ðåøåíèÿ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ñåìèíàðà îïóáëè- are published on p. 18. êîâàíû íà ñòð. 18. Contact (4). Êîíòàêò (4).

Ñîâåùàíèå ïî ïðîáëåìå ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Íèæíåì Íîâãîðîäå. Ôîòî Å. Ìàöûíà. Seminar on the problem of bird deaths through electrocution in N. Novgorod. Photo by E. Matsyna.

5 http://www.sibecocenter.ru/var/fck/File/Protocol_20101208.pdf 6 http://www.mnogozakonov.ru/catalog/date/2008/4/28/44279/ 12 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîáûòèÿ

(5) Contact  äåêàáðå 2010 ã. ñòàðòîâàë ïðîåêò A perspective project realizing by Avian Pamela Rasmussen Öåíòðà èçó÷åíèÿ âîêàëèçàöèè ïòèö ïðè Vocalizations Center (AvoCet) Departa- Avian Vocalizations Center óíèâåðñèòåòå øòàòà Ìè÷èãàí (ÑØÀ), ment of Zoology, Michigan State Universi- [email protected] ñîêðàùåíî – AvoCet7. ty (USA) has started in December, 20107.  ðåçóëüòàòå ðåàëèçàöèè äàííîãî ïðî- As a result of realization of the project a åêòà â Èíòåðíåòå ïîÿâèëàñü áàçà äàííûõ database of bird calls, collected by the Amer- ãîëîñîâ ïòèö, ñîáðàííàÿ àìåðèêàíñêèìè ican scientists has appeared in the Internet. ó÷¸íûìè. Today every interested person can not Íà ñåãîäíÿ êàæäûé æåëàþùèé ìîæåò íå only listen, but also download 10,200 òîëüêî ïîñëóøàòü, íî è ñêà÷àòü 10200 çà- records of calls of 3,190 bird species from ïèñåé ïåíèÿ ïòèö 3190 âèäîâ èç 45 ñòðàí 45 countries of the world. Soundtracks ìèðà. Ôîíîãðàììû ñîïðîâîæäàþòñÿ ñî- are added with sonograms, descriptions, íîãðàììàìè, îïèñàíèåì, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé geographical coordinates and map loca- ïðèâÿçêîé è òî÷êîé íà êàðòå, ãäå îíè çàïè- tion where they were made that makes ñàíû, ÷òî äåëàåò èõ åù¸ áîëåå èíòåðåñíû- their even more interesting. Curators of the ìè. Êóðàòîðû ïðîåêòà îáåùàþò, ÷òî áàçà project promise, that the database will be äàííûõ áóäåò áûñòðî ïîïîëíÿòüñÿ íîâûìè quickly replenished with new records. One çàïèñÿìè. Îäíà èç âåäóùèõ ïðîåêòà, Ïà- of leaders of the project, Pamela Rasmussen ìåëà Ðàñìóññåí, ñàìà ñîáðàëà çíà÷èòåëü- has collected a significant part of the data – íóþ ÷àñòü ýòèõ äàííûõ – îíà ñäåëàëà 597 she has made 597 records of 120 species. çàïèñåé 120 âèäîâ.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çà- Now the database does not contain a lot of ïèñåé ãîëîñîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â áàçå íå ìíî- records of calls of birds of prey, however, ãî, îäíàêî ïåðñïåêòèâû ó ðåñóðñà, â ïëàíå the prospects of this database concerning ïîïîëíåíèÿ äàííîé áàçû, îãðîìíû. its update are huge. Êîíòàêò (5). Contact (5).

Ôîíîãðàììà è ñîíîãðàììà ïòåíöîâ óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus), õðàíÿùèåñÿ â ÁÄ AvoCet. Soundtrack and sono- gram of chicks of the Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) from the database of AvoCet.

(6) Contact  ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå äåêàáðÿ 2010 ã. BirdLife International has announced the Ian Burfield. BirdLife International îáúÿâèë íà÷àëî discussion about changing the status of [email protected] äèñêóññèè ïî èçìåíåíèþ ñòàòóñà ñòåï- Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni)8, which íîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco naumanni)8, à òàê- has started at the beginning of December æå çàïðîñèë èíôîðìàöèþ î ñòåïíîì 2010, and asked the information about îðëå (Aquila nipalensis)9 è áîëüøîì ïî- the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)9 äîðëèêå (Aquila clanga)10. and the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila Íà îáñóæäåíèå ïðåäëàãàþòñÿ îáçîðû clanga)10. Ýíäè Ñèìåñà î òåêóùåé ñèòóàöèè ñ óêàçàí- The reviews of Andy Symes about the re- íûìè âèäàìè. cent situation with species under considera- Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà â Êðàñíîì ñïèñêå tion are presented. ÌÑÎÏ çàíåñåíà â ñïèñîê óÿçâèìûõ (VU), Lesser Kestrel is currently listed as Vul- êðèòåðèé À. Îäíàêî, ñ 1990-õ ãã. ÷èñëåí- nerable under criterion A on the IUCN Red íîñòü ýòîãî âèäà ñòàáèëüíà è íå ñíèçèëàñü List. áîëåå ÷åì íà 30% â ïîñëåäíèå òðè ïîêî- Since the 1990s, however, the species’s

7 http://avocet.zoology.msu.edu/ 8 http://www.birdlife.org/globally-threatened-bird-forums/2010/12/lesser-kestrel-falco-naumanni-downlist-to-near-threatened-or-least-concern/ 9 http://www.birdlife.org/globally-threatened-bird-forums/2010/12/steppe-eagle-aquila-nipalensis-information-requested/ 10 http://www.birdlife.org/globally-threatened-bird-forums/2010/12/greater-spotted-eagle-aquila-clanga-information-requested/ Events Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 13

ëåíèÿ (17 ëåò). Ýòî ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî å¸ breeding population has been stable and ãëîáàëüíûé ñòàòóñ äîëæåí áûòü èçìåí¸í has not declined by more than 30% in the íà áîëåå íèçêèé «òàêñîí, áëèçêèé ê ïåðå- past three generations (17 years). This sug- õîäó â ãðóïïó óãðîæàåìûõ» (NT) èëè «òàê- gests that its global status ought to be re- ñîí ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðèñêà» (LC). vised to either Near Threatened or Least Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê çàíåñ¸í â ñïèñîê Concern. óÿçâèìûõ (VU) âèäîâ ñîãëàñíî êðèòåðèþ Greater Spotted Eagle is currently listed C2a(ii). Ýòîò âèä îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîëãîæèâó- as Vulnerable under criterion C2a(ii) on the ùèì, ñ äëèíîé ïîêîëåíèÿ 16,6 ëåò, è, åñëè IUCN Red List. The species is long-lived åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêðàòèëàñü íà áîëåå ÷åì with an estimated generation length of 30% çà ïîñëåäíèå òðè ïîêîëåíèÿ (50 ëåò), 16.6 years; if its population has declined by îí äîëæåí êâàëèôèöèðîâàòüñÿ êàê óÿçâè- >30% over the past three generations (50 ìûé ñîãëàñíî êðèòåðèþ A2. years) it would qualify as Vulnerable under Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñ÷èòà- criterion A2. åòñÿ âèäîì «ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðèñêà» (LC) èç-çà Steppe Eagle is currently considered Least áîëüøîãî àðåàëà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ïðåä- Concern on the IUCN Red List because of ïîëàãàåìîé áîëüøîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿ- its large range and population; population öèé, äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèå òåíäåíöèè íå î÷åíü trends are not well understood but it is not õîðîøî ïîíÿòíû, è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî ñî- thought to be declining by >30% over three êðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè íå ìîæåò áûòü áîëü- generations (50 years based on a genera- øå 30% â òå÷åíèå òð¸õ ïîêîëåíèé (50 ëåò). tion time of 16.6 years) Íà ñàéòå BirdLife ðàçâ¸ðíóòû äèñêóññèè, The problems are being discussed on the è ëþáîé ñïåöèàëèñò ìèðà ìîæåò îçâó÷èòü site of BirdLife, where any specialist can ñâîè ðåçóëüòàòû. present his data. Êîíòàêò (6). Contact (6).

ContrabandofFalcons КОНТРАБАНДА СОКОЛОВ

(7) Êîíòàêò Ñîòðóäíèêè ÊÍÁ ÐÊ çàäåðæàëè 21 àâãóñòà 21 August, 2010. The shipment of 24 Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí 2010 ã. â àýðîïîðòó ã. Àëìàòû (Êàçàõñòàí) Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) has been Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè, Ìèíèñòåðñòâî ïàðòèþ èç 24 áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug). arrested at the airport of Almaty (Kaza- îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè Ïòèöû áûëè çàãðóæåíû áåç ðåãèñòðàöèè â khstan) by the NSC officers of the Repub- Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí áàãàæíûé îòäåë ñàìîë¸òà, ñëåäóþùåãî ðåé- lic of Kazakhstan. òåë.: +7 3272 69 48 76 ñîì èç Àëìàòû â Øàðäæó (Îáúåäèí¸ííûå The birds were loaded unregistered in [email protected] Àðàáñêèå Ýìèðàòû).  ìîìåíò çàäåðæàíèÿ the baggage space of the airplane (flight âñå ïòèöû íàõîäèëèñü ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïðåïà- Almaty – Sharjah, the United Arab Emir- (7) Contact ðàòîâ íåèçâåñòíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, áûëè ates). At the moment of arrest all birds Anatoliy Levin èììîáèëèçîâàíû ïåë¸íêàìè è óëîæåíû â were under the impact of unknown medi- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Education ôàíåðíûå ÿùèêè.  ðåçóëüòàòå ïåðåäîçè- cines, immobilized by shrouds and pack- and Sciences ðîâêè îäíà ïòèöà ïîãèáëà. Íà ãîëîâå âñåõ aged in plywood boxes. One of the birds Almaty, Kazakhstan ïòèö íàõîäèëèñü êëîáó÷êè, à íà íîãàõ – was dead because of overdose. All the tel.: +7 3272 69 48 76 ïóòöû àðàáñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ýêñïåðòèçà birds were constrained with rufter-hoods [email protected] ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî âñå 24 ïòèöû ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìîëî- and jesses. All birds were found to be äûìè ñàìêàìè áàëîáàíà. Ïòèöû íå áîÿëèñü young female Saker Falcons. The birds ÷åëîâåêà, áðàëè êîðì ïðàêòè÷åñêè èç ðóê, were not afraid of people, were fed from ÷òî äà¸ò îñíîâàíèå ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî èõ hands, what gives the grounds to as- äîëãîå âðåìÿ äåðæàëè â êëåòêå.  äàííîé sume that they were hold in cages. Three ïàðòèè íàõîäèëîñü òðè îñîáè ïîäâèäà F. c. birds turned out to be F. c. altaicus, which altaicus, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ëèøü íà âîñòîêå Êà- breeds only in West Kazakstan. While the çàõñòàíà. Ïî ãîðÿ÷èì ñëåäàì ñîòðóäíèêàìè trails were hot, NSC officers succeed to ar- ÊÍÁ áûë çàäåðæàí ñëóæàùèé àýðîïîðòà, rest airport’s employee who was paid for êîòîðûé çà âçÿòêó çàí¸ñ â ñàìîë¸ò òðè áîëü- transferring three big bags with birds to øèõ ñóìêè ñ ñîêîëàìè. Îòïðàâèòåëè è ïî- the plane. Addresser and recipient of the ëó÷àòåëè ãðóçà íå áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû. shipment were not traced. Êîíòàêò (7). Contact (7). 14 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîáûòèÿ

 Àëàêîëüñêîì ðàéîíå Àëìàòèíñêîé îá- 16 September, 2010. 9 Saker Falcons ëàñòè (Êàçàõñòàí) 16 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. áûëè (Falco cherrug)11 have been confiscated in èçúÿòû 9 áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug)11. the Alakol region of the Almaty district. Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ ïîëèöèÿ ÌÂÄ Êàçàõ- Falcons were located and confiscated by ñòàíà ñîîáùàåò, ÷òî ñîêîëû áûëè îáíàðó- the officers of nature protection and road æåíû è èçúÿòû ñîòðóäíèêàìè ïðèðîäîîõ- police of the Department of Internal Affairs ðàííîé è äîðîæíîé ïîëèöèè äåïàðòàìåíòà in the “Folkswagen Passat” headed by the âíóòðåííèõ äåë â õîäå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðåé- inhabitant of Almaty, native of Egypt. Ad- äîâûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî áîðüáå ñ áðà- ministrative police of the Ministry of Internal êîíüåðñòâîì ïðè äîñìîòðå àâòîìàøèíû Affairs reports that this confiscation act was «Ôîëüêñâàãåí-ïàññàò» ïîä óïðàâëåíèåì a part of raid against poaching. æèòåëÿ Àëìàòû, óðîæåíöà Åãèïòà. On the following fact expert examination Ïî äàííîìó ôàêòó íàçíà÷åíà ýêñïåðòèçà is appointed and inspection is being carry- è ïðîâîäèòñÿ ïðîâåðêà. Ðåøàåòñÿ âîïðîñ ing out. Furthermore the question related to î âîçáóæäåíèè óãîëîâíîãî äåëà ïî ñò. 290 excitation of the criminal case under article ÓÊ ÐÊ «Íåçàêîííîå îáðàùåíèå ñ ðåäêèìè 290 of the Criminal Code of Kazakhstan (“Il- è íàõîäÿùèìèñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâå- legal treatment with rare and threatened an- íèÿ âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé». imal and plant species”) is being debated.

 Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè (Êà- 26 September, 2010. Group of Syrian fal- çàõñòàí) 26 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. áûëà çà- con hunters has been arrested in West äåðæàíà ãðóïïà ñèðèéñêèõ îõîòíèêîâ Kazakhstan12. íà ñîêîëîâ12. Two Syrian citizens and one inhabitant of Ñîòðóäíèêè Óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ðå- the Karaganda district were arrested in hunt- ñóðñîâ è ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäîïîëüçî- ing grounds of the Jorginsk rural district of âàíèÿ ïî Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè Ajagozsk area by officers of the Department çàäåðæàëè äâóõ ãðàæäàí Ñèðèè è æèòåëÿ Êà- of Natural Resources and Natural Manage- ðàãàíäèíñêîé îáëàñòè íà îõîòíè÷üèõ óãîäüÿõ ment of West Kazakhstan. Æîðãèíñêîãî ñåëüñêîãî îêðóãà Àÿãîçñêîãî During checking of the car officers have ðàéîíà. Ïðè ïðîâåðêå â ñàëîíå àâòîìîáèëÿ found out and confiscated unregistered áûëè îáíàðóæåíû è èçúÿòû íåçàðåãèñòðèðî- smooth-bore hunting gun of 16 calibers, 40 âàííîå ãëàäêîñòâîëüíîå îõîòíè÷üå ðóæü¸ 16 pieces of plastic cartridges of 16 calibers, êàëèáðà, 40 øòóê ïëàñòèêîâûõ ïàòðîíîâ 16 14 pieces of metal cartridges of 16 calibers, êàëèáðà, 14 øòóê ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ ïàòðîíîâ two “shrouds” for transportation of falcons, 16 êàëèáðà, äâå «ïåë¸íêè» äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè two rufter-hoods, 8 homemade loops for ñîêîëîâ, äâà êëîáó÷êà, 8 ïåòåëü êóñòàðíîãî catching of falcons. èçãîòîâëåíèÿ äëÿ ëîâëè ñîêîëîâ. Ïî äàííîìó A criminal case on the given fact won’t ôàêòó óãîëîâíîå äåëî âîçáóæäåíî íå áóäåò. be raised. But the administrative proceed- Íî ãðàæäàíèí Êàçàõñòàíà áóäåò ïðèâëå÷¸í ê ings for illegal storage and weapon carry- àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîé îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà íåçà- ing will be instituted against the citizen of êîííîå õðàíåíèå è íîøåíèå îðóæèÿ. Kazakhstan.

 ã. Àëìàòû (Êàçàõñòàí) 20 îêòÿáðÿ 20 October, 2010. Two foreign citizens have 2010 ã. çàäåðæàíû äâà èíîñòðàííûõ been detained in Almaty (Kazakhstan). In ãðàæäàíèíà, â ñú¸ìíîé êâàðòèðå êî- the apartments they rent 8 Saker Falcons òîðûõ íàéäåíî 8 áàëîáàíîâ (Falco (Falco cherrug)13 have been found. cherrug)13. Lawbreakers have been detained by offic- Íàðóøèòåëè áûëè çàäåðæàíû ñîòðóäíèêà- ers of the Southern Regional Department on ìè Þæíîãî ðåãèîíàëüíîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ ïî struggle against the organized crime of the áîðüáå ñ îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòüþ Ministry of Internal Affairs together with the ÌÂÄ, ñîâìåñòíî ñ ÓÁÎÏ ÄÂÄ Àëìàòèíñêîé Directorate for Combating Organized Crime îáëàñòè, â õîäå îïåðàòèâíî-ðîçûñêíûõ ìå- of the Department of Internal Affairs of the ðîïðèÿòèé. Êâàðòèðó, ãäå áûëè íàéäåíû áà- Almaty district during operative crime detec- ëîáàíû, ñíèìàëè äâà ãðàæäàíèíà Êóâåéòà, tion activities. In the apartments that rented two citizens of Kuwait arrived to Kazakhstan 11 http://www.kt.kz/?lang=rus&uin=1133168020&chapter=1153524789 12 http://www.yk.kz/news/show/8286 13 http://news.nur.kz/166091.html Events Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 15

ïðèáûâøèå â Êàçàõñòàí ïî òóðèñòè÷åñêîé on a tourist visa were found and confiscated âèçå. Êðîìå òîãî, òàì æå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 8 Saker Falcons, as well as several bird-catch- è èçúÿòû ñàìîäåëüíûå êàïêàíû äëÿ ïòèö. ing homemade traps. Examination of the 29 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. ñîòðóäíèêàìè Èí- birds by scientists of the Institute of Zoology ñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè ÌÎÍ ÐÊ ïî çàïðîñó ÓÂÄ on demand of the Department of Internal Af- Ìåäåóñêîãî ðàéîíà Àëìàòû áûëà ïðîâåäå- fairs of the Medeusky district of Almaty took íà ýêñïåðòèçà ýòèõ ïòèö. Ñîêîëà ïåðåäàíû place on October, 29. Falcons have been â Àëìàòèíñêèé çîîïàðê äëÿ ïåðåäåðæêè íà transferred to the Almaty zoo for a period of ïåðèîä ïðîâåäåíèÿ ñëåäñòâèÿ è â áëèæàé- time while investigation is in process. In the øåå âðåìÿ áóäóò âîçâðàùåíû â ïðèðîäó. near future they will be released in the wild.

Ñîòðóäíèêàìè îòäåëà ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé 10 October, 2010. Syrian citizen (born 1956) è âåòåðèíàðíîé ïîëèöèè Êóð÷óìñêîãî and citizen of Kazakhstan (born 1982) have ÐÎÂÄ (Êàçàõñòàí) 10 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã., ïðè been detained by officers of nature protec- ïðîâåäåíèè ñîâìåñòíî ñ èíñïåêòîðàìè tion and veterinarian police of the Kurchum Îõîòçîìïðîìà îïåðàòèâíî-ðåéäîâûõ Regional Department of Internal Affairs ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà ó÷àñòêå Áóéðåê, â 150 and hunting inspectors (“Okhotzooprom”) êì îò ñåëà Êóð÷óì, çà íåçàêîííóþ ëîâ- for illegal catching of rare bird species. The ëþ ðåäêèõ ïòèö áûëè çàäåðæàíû ãðàæ- arrest took place during the anti-poaching äàíèí Ñèðèè, 1956 ã. ðîæäåíèÿ è ãðàæ- raid of the mentioned organizations. äàíèí Êàçàõñòàíà, 1982 ã. ðîæäåíèÿ. During checking of the car officers have  õîäå îñìîòðà àâòîìàøèíû áûëè îáíà- found out and confiscated one Saker Falcon ðóæåíû è èçúÿòû: òóøêà áàëîáàíà (Falco (Falco cherrug) carcass, 104 pigeon carcass- cherrug), 104 òóøêè ãîëóáåé, 13 íàãî- es, and 13 rufter-hoods. ëîâíèêîâ äëÿ ëîâëè ñîêîëîâ. Ïî äàííîìó On this fact the ornithological examina- ôàêòó íàçíà÷åíà îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ýêñ- tion has been appointed. The investigation ïåðòèçà. Âåä¸òñÿ ñëåäñòâèå14. is carried on14.

 àýðîïîðòó Äîìîäåäîâî (Ìîñêâà, Ðîñ- 6 October, 2010. Smuggler has been de- ñèÿ) 6 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. êîíòðàáàíäèñòêà tained attempting to get 6 Gyrfalcons (Fal- ïûòàëàñü ïðîíåñòè â ñàìîë¸ò 6 êðå÷å- co rusticolus) on board of the plane at the òîâ (Falco rusticolus)15. Domodedovo airport (Moscow, Russia)15. Æåíùèíó ñíÿëè áóêâàëüíî ñ òðàïà ñàìî- The woman near managed to get on board ëåòà, âûëåòàâøåãî èç Ìîñêâû â Äóáàé. Âî and was arrested on the gateway of the plane âðåìÿ ïðîñìîòðà áàãàæà ïåðåä ïîãðóçêîé which was taking off from Moscow to Dubai. òàìîæåííèêè óâèäåëè, ÷òî â ñïîðòèâíîé ñóì- During the customs examination customs êå ìåæäó áóòûëêàìè ñî ëüäîì ëåæàò øåñòü officers revealed 6 birds lying between bottles ïòèö. ×òîáû õèùíèêè íå øóìåëè, íà ãîëîâû filled with ice in a sportive bag. For birds to èì áûëè íàäåòû ñïåöèàëüíûå êëîáóêè, à íîãè be silent they were dressed with rufter-hoods è êðûëüÿ êðåïêî ñâÿçàíû. Ïî äàííîìó ôàêòó and their legs and wings were tied together. ðåøàåòñÿ âîïðîñ î âîçáóæäåíèè óãîëîâíîãî The question related to excitation of the äåëà ïî ñòàòüå 188 ÓÊ ÐÔ «Êîíòðàáàíäà». criminal case under article 188 of the Crimi- Êðå÷åòû âðåìåííî ïîìåùåíû âî Âñåðîñ- nal Code of RF (“Poaching”) is being de- ñèéñêèé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòè- bated. For an isolation period (30 days) gyr- òóò îõðàíû ïðèðîäû, â êîòîðîì îíè ïðîâå- falcons are temporary placed in All-Russian äóò íà êàðàíòèíå 30 äíåé. Ïîñëå ýòîãî ïòèö Institute for Nature Protection. After this pe- âåðíóò â åñòåñòâåííóþ ñðåäó îáèòàíèÿ. riod the birds will be released in nature.

 àýðîïîðòó Øåðåìåòüåâî (Ìîñêâà, 22 November, 2010. Luggage with 8 Gyr- Ðîññèÿ) 22 íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã. çàäåðæàí áà- falcons (Falco rusticolus) has been de- ãàæ ñ 8 êðå÷åòàìè (Falco rusticolus)16. tained at the Sheremetyevo airport (Mos- Ïòèöû áûëè çàäåðæàíû ñîòðóäíèêàìè cow, Russia)16. ïðàâîîõðàíèòåëüíûõ ïîäðàçäåëåíèé Øåðå- The birds were detained by officers the

14 http://www.ainfo.kz/2010/10/íåóãîìîííûå-ñèðèéöû/ 15 http://www.lifenews.ru/news/39270 16 http://www.tks.ru/crime/2010/11/23/03 16 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîáûòèÿ

ìåòüåâñêîé òàìîæíè, ñîâìåñòíî ñ îòäåëîì Sheremetyevo Customs and the Depart- ïîãðàíè÷íîãî êîíòðîëÿ ÔÑÁ ÐÔ, ïðè ïî- ment of Border Control of the Federal Se- ïûòêå íåçàêîííîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ÷åðåç òà- curity Service of RF at the attempt of illegal ìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. transporting through the customs border of  õîäå òàìîæåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ ïàññà- the Russian Federation. æèðñêîãî ðåéñà Ìîñêâà – Äàìàñê, ïî During the customs control of a passen- èìåþùåéñÿ îïåðàòèâíîé èíôîðìàöèè, ger flight Moscow – Damascus, accord- áûëà çàäåðæàíà ãðàæäàíêà Ðîññèè.  ïðè- ing to the obtained operative information íàäëåæàâøèõ åé äâóõ äîðîæíûõ ñóìêàõ a woman (Russia citizen) was detained. In áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 8 ñîêîëîâ. Ïòèöû íà- her two bags 8 falcons were found. Birds õîäèëèñü â ñàìîäåëüíûõ äåðåâÿííûõ ÿùè- were in the hand-made wooden boxes with êàõ ñ îòâåðñòèÿìè, çàâåðíóòûå â òêàíü è holes, being wrapped in cloth and lying be- ïåðåëîæåííûå ïëàñòèêîâûìè áóòûëêàìè tween plastic bottles filled with ice. It should ñî ëüäîì. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ñóìêè be noted, that bags have been modified by áûëè ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî ïåðåøèòû äëÿ öåëåé hand for hiding the boxes with the alive ñîêðûòèÿ ÿùèêîâ ñ æèâûì òîâàðîì. Íèêà- goods. No permits for export from Russia êèõ ðàçðåøèòåëüíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ íà âûâîç of wildlife objects to the customs office was èç Ðîññèè îáúåêòîâ ôàóíû â òàìîæåííûé not represented. îðãàí ïðåäñòàâëåíî íå áûëî. Now the confiscated birds are transferred Ñåé÷àñ çàäåðæàííûå ïåðíàòûå ïåðå- to the Wildlife Rescue Center and in quar- äàíû â Öåíòð ñïàñåíèÿ äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ è antine íàõîäÿòñÿ íà êàðàíòèíå. On the fact of illegal export of wildlife spe- Ïî ôàêòó íåçàêîííîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ cies listed in the Appendices of CITES the îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ ðåøàåòñÿ âîïðîñ î âîç- question related to excitation of the criminal áóæäåíèè óãîëîâíîãî äåëà ïî ÷. 2 ñò. 188 case under article 188 part 2 of the Criminal ÓÊ ÐÔ (êîíòðàáàíäà). Code of RF (“Poaching”) is being debated.

 àýðîïîðòó Åëèçîâî 24 íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã. 24 November, 2010. Officers of the Fed- ñîòðóäíèêàìè ÐÓ ÔÑÁ ïî Êàì÷àòñêî- eral Security Service on the Kamchatka ìó êðàþ ïðåñå÷åíà ïîïûòêà âûâîçà 8 Kray have intercepted an attempt to take êðå÷åòîâ (Falco rusticolus)17. out 8 Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) at the Ñîòðóäíèêàìè ÔÑÁ áûëè ñíÿòû ñ áîð- Elizovo airport17. òà êîìïàíèè Òðàíñàýðî, âûëåòàâøåãî â From the board of the Transaero airline fly- Ìîñêâó, äâà áðàòà Õà÷àòðÿí – Àðàì è ing to Moscow the officers of FSS have taken Ìóðàä, êîòîðûå ìèìî äîñìîòðîâîé off two brothers Khachatryan – Aram and ñëóæáû àýðîïîðòà ïðîíåñëè äâå ñóìêè Mourad, who had carried the two bags with ñ ñîêîëàìè. falcons by the customs control of the airport.

Îñåíüþ 2010 ã. â íåñêîëüêèõ ðàéîíàõ In the autumn 2010, the joint raids of of- Êàì÷àòêè ïðîøëè ñîâìåñòíûå ðåéäû ficers of the Agency on Wildlife Protec- Àãåíòñòâà ïî îõðàíå è èñïîëüçîâàíèþ tion and Management of the Kamchatka æèâîòíîãî ìèðà â Êàì÷àòñêîì êðàå è Kray and FSS were in several regions of ÐÓ ÔÑÁ ÐÔ. Âî âðåìÿ ðåéäà â Îëþòîð- Kamchatka. Two caught Gyrfalcons (Falco ñêîì ðàéîíå ó áðàêîíüåðîâ áûëî èçúÿ- rusticolus) were confiscated during the òî äâà êðå÷åòà (Falco rusticolus)17. raid in the Olyutorsky region17. Îïåðãðóïïà îáíàðóæèëà íåñêîëüêî The operative group has found out sev- áðàêîíüåðñêèõ ñòàíîâ, èçúÿëà íåñêîëüêî åäèíèö îðóæèÿ, ëîäî÷íûå ìîòîðû, ìíî- ãî÷èñëåííûå êëîáó÷êè, ïóòöû, ôëåø- êàðòû áðàêîíüåðîâ, ãäå çàïå÷àòëåíû íå- çàêîííûå äåÿíèÿ. Ñîòðóäíèêè Àãåíòñòâà

Çàäåðæàííûå êðå÷åòû (Falco rusticolus). Ôîòî ñ ñàéòà IFAW. Confiscated Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus). Photo from IFAW.

17 http://kamtime.ru/taxonomy/term/673 Events Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 17

ïîñåòèëè â íîÿáðå Óñòü-Áîëüøåðåöêèé eral bivouacs of poachers and has confiscat- ðàéîí, ãäå òàêæå íàøëè áðàêîíüåðñêèé ed some units of the weapon, boat motors, ñòàí ñîêîëèíûõ îõîòíèêîâ íåäàëåêî îò numerous rufter-hoods, jesses, flash-cards ðàéöåíòðà. of poachers with images of illegal trapping. Ïî îïåðàòèâíîé èíôîðìàöèè îñåíüþ Officers of the Agency have visited the Ust- 2010 ã. òîëüêî â Îëþòîðñêîì è Êàðàãèí- Bolsheretskiy region where also have found ñêîì ðàéîíàõ ðàáîòàëî íå ìåíåå 10 ãðóïï a poachers’ bivouac near to the administra- áðàêîíüåðîâ. Èìè áûëî îòëîâëåíî áîëåå tive center in November. 100 êðå÷åòîâ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòèö áûëà According to the operative information âûâåçåíà ñ Êàì÷àòêè ìèíóÿ ñëóæáû àâèà- not less than 10 groups of poachers worked áåçîïàñíîñòè àýðîïîðòîâ. only in Olyutorsky and Karaginsky regions in the autumn 2010. They have caught more than 100 Gyrs. The most part of birds  ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (Ðîññèÿ) 29 íîÿáðÿ has been taken out from Kamchatka bypass- 2010 ã. ñîòðóäíèêè ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî ing the security services of airports. âåäîìñòâà «îòáèëè» ó áðàêîíüåðîâ è âûïóñòèëè íà âîëþ ïîéìàííîãî áàëî- áàíà (Falco cherrug)18. 29 November, 2010. The employees of the  õîäå ðåéäà áûë âûÿâëåí è ïðåñå÷¸í Nature Protection Department have tak- íåçàêîííûé îòëîâ áàëîáàíîâ. Ïîõèòèòå- en the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) from ëåé, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, çàäåðæàòü íå óäàëîñü, poachers and released the birds in the à âîò ïòèöó, êîòîðóþ îíè â ñïåøêå âû- wild in the Republic of Altai (Russia)18. áðîñèëè, ñîòðóäíèêè êîìèòåòà âûïóñòè- During a raid the illegal trapping of Sakers ëè íà âîëþ. has been intercepted. Unfortunately poach- Çà òåêóùèé ãîä ýòî óæå òðåòèé ñëó÷àé ers have not been detained, but the bird, îõîòû íà ñîêîëîâ â Óñòü-Êàíñêîì ðàéîíå. which they threw in a hurry, the employ- ees of the Department have released in the wild.  Ðåñïóáëèêå Áóðÿòèÿ (Ðîññèÿ) 12 It is the third case of falcon trapping in the äåêàáðÿ 2010 ã. çàäåðæàíû ëîâöû- Ust-Kansky district this year. êîíòðàáàíäèñòû èç Ñèðèè19. Ãðàæäàíå Ñèðèè, êîòîðûå ïëàíèðîâàëè îòëîâèòü è âûâåçòè èç Áóðÿòèè ñîêîëîâ, çà- 12 December, 2010. Syrian trappers- äåðæàíû íà îäíîì èç ïîñòîâ ÃÈÁÄÄ. smugglers have been detained in the Re- Ïðåññ-ñåêðåòàðü óïðàâëåíèÿ ÔÑÁ Ðîñ- public of Buryatia (Russia)19. ñèè ïî Áóðÿòèè ñîîáùèëà: «Â ðåçóëüòàòå Syrians, who were going to catch and ïðîâåäåíèÿ îïåðàòèâíî-ðîçûñêíûõ ìå- take falcons from Buryatia, have been de- ðîïðèÿòèé áûëè çàäåðæàíû ãðàæäàíå Ñè- tained at a post of the State Inspection for ðèéñêîé Àðàáñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. Îíè ïåðå- Road Traffic Safety. âîçèëè íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ «Íèâà» ïðåäìåòû è The press-secretary of FSS of RF in Buryati- ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóåìûå ïðè îõîòå ya has informed: “As a result of operatively- íà ñîêîëîâ-áàëîáàíîâ». search actions carried out, citizens of the Ïî ñîîáùåíèþ îòäåëà Óïðàâëåíèÿ ÔÌÑ Syrian Arab Republic have been detained. Ðîññèè ïî Áóðÿòèè, ïðè ïðîâåðêå äîêó- They transported the equipment for the ìåíòîâ âûÿñíèëîñü, ÷òî çàäåðæàííûå ïðè- Saker Falcon catching by vehicles Niva”. áûëè ïî ïðèãëàøåíèþ íåêîåãî ÎÎÎ «Ôîð- According to the report of the Depart- òåê» ñ äåëîâîé öåëüþ, îäíàêî íå ñìîãëè ment of Federal Migration Service of RF in ïîÿñíèòü, ÷òî ýòî çà ñòðóêòóðà è ãäå îíà Buryatiya, at the checking of the documents íàõîäèòñÿ. Çà íåñîîòâåòñòâèå çàÿâëåííîé it turned out that detainees had arrived at è ðåàëüíîé öåëåé ïðåáûâàíèÿ â Ðîññèè the invitation of a “Fotek” company with a îíè áûëè ïðèâëå÷åíû ê àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîé business purpose. However they could not îòâåòñòâåííîñòè. explain, what and where the company is. Òàêæå áóðÿòñêèì ÓÔÌÑ áûëî íàïðàâëå- For the discrepancy claimed and the real íî ïðåäïèñàíèå â ÓÔÌÑ Ðîññèè î çàêðû- purpose of stay in Russia, the administrative òèè ñèðèéöàì âúåçäà â Ðîññèþ íà ñðîê äî proceedings were instituted against them. òð¸õ ëåò. Also the Department of FMS of Buryatia has sent the order to the Department of FMS of Russia about the prohibit visits to Russia 18 http://eco.rian.ru/nature/20101130/302742491.html for the Syrians to for up to three years. 19 http://www.baikal24.ru/page.php?action=showItem&type=news&id=42856 18 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîáûòèÿ

Seminar “Discussion of Technological and Organizational Efforts to Prevent Wildlife Objects from Electrocution During Exploitation ofCommunicationandPowerLinesontheTerritoryoftheNizhniy NovgorodDistrict”. December8,2010,NizhniyNovgorod,Russia.Resolution СЕМИНАР «ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫХ МЕР ПО ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИЮ ГИБЕЛИ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЖИВОТНОГО МИРА ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ЛИНИЙ СВЯЗИ И ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ». 8 ДЕКАБРЯ 2010 ГОДА, НИЖНИЙ НОВГОРОД, РОССИЯ. РЕЗОЛЮЦИЯ

Íà ñåìèíàðå ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè 24 ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ 24 representatives of the government pro- ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ñòðóêòóð, îáùåñòâåííûõ è ïðîåêòíûõ îðãàíè- tection organizations, NGOs and design çàöèé, õîçÿéñòâóþùèõ ñóáúåêòîâ, â âåäåíèè êîòîðûõ íàõîäÿòñÿ organizations, and owners managing over- âîçäóøíûå ëèíèè (ÂË) ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è: À.À. Êîâàëü÷óê head communication and power lines (PL) (íà÷àëüíèê óïðàâëåíèÿ îõðàíû è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ æè- were present at the seminar: A.A. Koval- âîòíîãî ìèðà è âîäíûõ áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ Ìèíïðèðîäû chuk, A.I. Bakka, A.N. Veselov, F.S. Pestova, Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè), À.È. Áàêêà (íà÷àëüíèê îòäåëà ýêîëî- A.E. Zamazkin, D.V. Kamenev (Ministry of ãèè Ìèíïðèðîäû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè), À.Í. Âåñåëîâ (íà- Natural Resources of the N. Novgorod Dis- ÷àëüíèê îòäåëà îõðàíû è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíî- trict), V.A. Guselnikov (Federal Agency for ãî ìèðà Ìèíïðèðîäû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè), Ô.Ñ. Ïåñòîâà Control in the Sphere of Natural Resources (êîíñóëüòàíò îòäåëà îõðàíû è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà îáúåêòîâ æèâîò- in the Volga Federal District), N.M. Vasiliev íîãî ìèðà Ìèíïðèðîäû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè), À.Å. Çàìàçêèí (N. Novgorod Interdistrict Environmental (ãëàâíûé ñïåöèàëèñò îòäåëà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî Prosecutor’s Office), A.N. Karabanov (Ros- ìèðà Ìèíïðèðîäû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè), Ä.Â. Êàìåíåâ (íà- tekhnadzor), A.I. Matsyna, E.L. Matsyna (Eco- ÷àëüíèê óïðàâëåíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ è íàäçîðà Ìèí- logical Center “Dront”), I.V. Karyakin (Center ïðèðîäû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè), Â.À. Ãóñåëüíèêîâ (ãëàâíûé of Field Studies), P.V. Astafiev, I.N. Dokucha- ñïåöèàëèñò-ýêñïåðò îòäåëà ÎÎÏÒ è ðàçðåøèòåëüíîé äåÿòåëü- eva (Interregional Distributive Grid Company íîñòè Äåïàðòàìåíòà ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå of the Center and Volga Region), O.V. Petrov ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïî Ïðèâîëæñêîìó ôåäåðàëüíîìó îêðóãó), (“Nizhnovenergo”), V.A. Krainov (Federal Í.Ì. Âàñèëüåâ (ïîìîùíèê ïðîêóðîðà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ìåæðàé- Grid Company of Unified Energy System), îííîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé ïðîêóðàòóðû), À.Í. Êàðàáàíîâ (èñ- G.M. Pestov (“Gazprom transgaz Nizhny ïîëíÿþùèé îáÿçàííîñòè çàìåñòèòåëÿ ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ Âîëæñêî- Novgorod”), E.N. Korshunova (State Nature Îêñêîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ Ðîñòåõíàäçîðà), À.È. Ìàöûíà (çàâåäóþùèé Biosphere Reserve “Kerzhenskiy”), N.N. De- îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèåé ÍÐÎÎ «Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð mina (“Verkhnevolzhsknefteprovod” Joint «Äðîíò»), Å.Ë. Ìàöûíà (ñòàðøèé íàó÷íûé ñîòðóäíèê îðíèòîëî- Stock Company), N.A. Kalugina, E.V. Lineva, ãè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè ÍÐÎÎ «Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð «Äðîíò»), I.V. Musonova (“Giprogaztsentr”), E.A. Zo- È.Â. Êàðÿêèí (äèðåêòîð Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé), Ï.Â. Àñòà- reeva, M.B. Kobyakova (Institute “Nizhe- ôüåâ (íà÷àëüíèê ñëóæáû ïðîèçâîäñòâà ÎÀÎ ÌÐÑÊ «Öåíòðà è gorodskenergosetproekt”). Ïðèâîëæüÿ»), È.Í. Äîêó÷àåâà (âåäóùèé ñïåöèàëèñò ÑÏÊ è ÎÒ The representatives of organizations that ÎÀÎ ÌÐÑÊ «Öåíòðà è Ïðèâîëæüÿ»), Î.Â. Ïåòðîâ (çàìåñòèòåëü control compliance to the environmental ãëàâíîãî èíæåíåðà ïî ýêñïëóàòàöèè è ðåìîíòó Ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ legislation on the territory of N. Novgorod ÌÐÑÊ «Öåíòðà è Ïðèâîëæüÿ» – «Íèæíîâýíåðãî»), Â.À. Êðàéíîâ District and enterprises performing ex- (íà÷àëüíèê îòäåëà ÂË ôèëèàëà Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñåòåâîé êîìïàíèè ploitation of overhead communication Åäèíîé ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû – «Íèæåãîðîäñêîå ÏÌÝÑ»), and power lines (PL) in the region have Ã.Ì. Ïåñòîâ (ñïåöèàëèñò îòäåëà ýêîëîãèè ÎÎÎ «Ãàçïðîì òðàíñ- been informed about the large-scale death ãàç Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä»), Å.Í. Êîðøóíîâà (äèðåêòîð ÔÃÓ ÃÏÁÇ rates of birds through electrocution on PLs «Êåðæåíñêèé»), Í.Í. Äåìèíà (èíæåíåð 2-é êàòåãîðèè îòäåëà 6–10 kV. Thus, according to the expert es- ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè è ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçî- timation, more than 250,000 birds of 42 âàíèÿ ÎÀÎ «Âåðõíåâîëæñêíåôòåïðîâîä»), Í.À. Êàëóãèíà (èí- species are annually electrocuted at the æåíåð 1-é êàòåãîðèè èíñòèòóòà «Ãèïðîãàçöåíòð»), Å.Â. Ëèí¸âà, territory of N. Novgorod District. The ex- Events Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 19

È.Â. Ìóñîíîâà (èíæåíåðû 2-é êàòåãîðèè èíñòèòóòà «Ãèïðî- tent of damage as a result of illegal exter- ãàçöåíòð»), Å.À. Çîðååâà, Ì.Á. Êîáÿêîâà (èíæåíåðû èíñòèòóòà mination of wildlife objects is about 270 «Íèæåãîðîäñêýíåðãîñåòüïðîåêò»). mln rubles per year. Äî ñâåäåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, All participants of the seminar agreed on êîíòðîëèðóþùèõ ñîáëþäåíèå ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêîíîäà- the necessity for implementation of special òåëüñòâà íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, à òàêæå measures directed at providing safety for ïðåäïðèÿòèé, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèõ ýêñïëóàòàöèþ âîçäóøíûõ ëè- wildlife objects during the exploitation of PL íèé (ÂË) ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â ðåãèîíå, äîâåäåíà èí- 6–10 kV – self-supporting insulated wires ôîðìàöèÿ î çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ìàñøòàáàõ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè êîí- and special bird protective devices (BPDs) òàêòå ñ ÂË 6–10 êÂ. Òàê, ïî îöåíêå ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, åæåãîäíî made of dielectric materials. íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåê- The representatives of the organizations òðè÷åñêèì òîêîì ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ÂË 6–10 ê ïîãèáàåò áîëåå participating in the seminar noted the ne- ÷åòâåðòè ìèëëèîíà ïòèö, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê 42 âèäàì. Ïðè ýòîì cessity for integrating efforts of state or- ðàçìåð âðåäà, ïðè÷èíÿåìîãî íåçàêîííûì óíè÷òîæåíèåì ganizations, energy enterprises, research îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 270 ìëí. ðóáëåé organizations and NGOs in order to ensure åæåãîäíî. environmental safety of PL 6–10 kV. Âñå ó÷àñòíèêè ñåìèíàðà âûðàçèëè ñîãëàñèå ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ Considering the result of the seminar, the âûïîëíåíèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà îáå- following was proposed: ñïå÷åíèå áåçîïàñíîñòè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè ýêñïëóà- 1. The report on the results of the seminar òàöèè âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. should be sent to the heads of the Ministry  õîäå ñåìèíàðà ïðîøëî îáñóæäåíèå îñíîâíûõ ðåêîìåíäóå- of Housing and Communal Services and Fuel ìûõ ñðåäñòâ çàùèòû îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè and Energy Complex of the N. Novgorod ÂË 6–10 ê – èçîëèðîâàííîãî ñàìîíåñóùåãî ïðîâîäà (ÑÈÏ-3, 4) District, and State Institution “State Exper- è ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ (ÏÇÓ), âûïîëíåííûõ èç tise of Design Documentation and Engi- äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. neering Survey Results in the N. Novgorod Ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè îðãàíèçàöèé-ó÷àñòíèêîâ ñåìèíàðà îòìå÷åíà District” with the request for drawing atten- íåîáõîäèìîñòü îáúåäèíåíèÿ óñèëèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçà- tion to the necessity of controlling compli- öèé, ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ýíåðãåòèêè, íàó÷íûõ è îáùå- ance to the environmental legislation when ñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñ- carrying out technological processes con- íîñòè ÂË 6–10 êÂ. nected with the transfer of electrical energy Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ñåìèíàðà áûëî ïðåäëîæåíî ñëåäóþùåå: on the territory of N. Novgorod District in 1. Íàïðàâèòü îò÷¸ò î ðåçóëüòàòàõ ïðîâåä¸ííîãî ñåìèíàðà ðó- project design documents at the stage of its êîâîäèòåëÿì Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ÆÊÕ è ÒÝÊ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, verification and approval. ÃÓ «Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ýêñïåðòèçà ïðîåêòíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ è ðå- 2. Large enterprises of the power com- çóëüòàòîâ èíæåíåðíûõ èçûñêàíèé ïî Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè», plex should develop advanced programs ñ ïðîñüáîé îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà íåîáõîäèìîñòü êîíòðîëÿ çà on providing environmental safety of PL ñîáëþäåíèåì ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà ïðè îñóùåñò- 6–10 kV being exploited. âëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ òðàíñïîð- 3. A joint meeting with the participation òîì ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, â of the heads of the Ministry of Natural Re- ïðîåêòíî-òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèè íà ýòàïå å¸ ïðîâåðêè è ñî- sources, Ministry of Housing and Commu- ãëàñîâàíèÿ. nal Services and Fuel and Energy Complex 2. Êðóïíûì ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî êîìïëåêñà ðàçðà- of the N. Novgorod District and enterprises áîòàòü ïåðñïåêòèâíûå ïðîãðàììû ïî îáåñïå÷åíèþ ýêîëîãè÷å- of Fuel and Energy Complex should be held ñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûõ ÂË 6–10 êÂ. devoted to the issues of environmental 3.  1 êâàðòàëå 2011 ã. ïðîâåñòè ñîâìåñòíîå ñîâåùàíèå ñ ó÷à- safety of overhead power lines being ex- ñòèåì ðóêîâîäèòåëåé Ìèíïðèðîäû, Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ÆÊÕ è ÒÝÊ Íè- ploited on the territory of the N. Novgorod æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ïðåäïðèÿòèé ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî è òîïëèâíîãî District. êîìïëåêñà ïî âîïðîñàì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûõ âîç- äóøíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íà òåð- ðèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè.

Ñåìèíàð ïî ïðîáëåìå ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Íèæíåì Íîâãîðîäå. Âûñòóïàåò À. Ìàöûíà ñ äîêëàäîì. Ôîòî Å. Ìàöûíà. Seminar on the problem of bird deaths through electrocution in N. Novgorod. A. Matsyna is presenting his report. Photo by E. Matsyna. 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

ReviewsandComments ОБЗОРЫ И КОММЕНТАРИИ

JamesFerguson-LeesandDavidChristie–Coauthorsofthe SecondWorldReviewonRaptors ДЖЕЙМС ФЕРГУСОН-ЛИЙЗ И ДЭВИД ХРИСТИ – СОАВТОРЫ ВТОРОЙ МИРОВОЙ СВОДКИ ПО ХИЩНЫМ ПТИЦАМ ShergalinJ.E.(WorkingGrouponRaptorsandOwlsofNorthernEurasia,Russia) Шергалин Е.Э. (Рабочая группа по хищным птицам Северной Евразии, Россия)

Contact: Åñëè òàêîå áûëî áû âîçìîæíî, òî â ïðî- In the year 2001, the publishers A&C Black Jevgeni Shergalin øëîì ãîäó õèùíûå ïòèöû ìèðà îòìåòèëè in London, and Houghton Mifflin Company Flat 3, Soroptimist House, Greenhill Close, áû 90-ëåòèå ñî äíÿ ðîæäåíèÿ Äæåéìñà in the USA, have released the real “brick” – Carmarthen, SA31 1DR, Ôåðãóñîíà-Ëèéçà, îòäàâøåãî ÷åòâåðòü ñâî- “Raptors of the World”, which is almost to Wales, UK åé æèçíè ñîñòàâëåíèþ âòîðîé ìèðîâîé 1000 pages and weighted more than 3 kg. [email protected] ñâîäêè ïî ïòèöàì ýòîãî îòðÿäà. On the cover there are two names: James [email protected]  2001 ãîäó èçäàòåëüñòâà A&C Black â Ferguson-Lees and David Christie. Who are Ëîíäîíå è Houghton Mifflin Company â they? ÑØÀ âûïóñòèëè íàñòîÿùèé «êèðïè÷» îáú- ¸ìîì ïî÷òè â 1000 ñòðàíèö è âåñîì áîëåå James Ferguson-Lees 3 êã – «Õèùíûå ïòèöû ìèðà» (Raptors of James was born in January 1929 in Italy, the World). Íà îáëîæêå ñòîÿò äâà èìåíè: but grown up in Bedford, England. He has Äæåéìñ Ôåðãóñîí-Ëèéç è Äýâèä Õðèñòè. begun to study raptors since 1946 when he Êòî æå îíè? organized the first census of the Peregrine Falcons in Britain and Ireland in 1948–1950. Äæåéìñ Ôåðãóñîí-Ëèéç For his work on compilation of the first At- Äæåéìñ ðîäèëñÿ â ÿíâàðå 1929 ã. â Èòà- las of breeding birds of Britain and Ireland in ëèè, íî âûðîñ â ãðàôñòâå Áåäôîðä â Àíãëèè. 1967–1976, James was awarded by Tucker Õèùíèêàìè ñòàë çàíèìàòüñÿ ñ 1946 ã. è îð- Medal. ãàíèçîâàë ïåðâûé ó÷¸ò ñàïñàíîâ Áðèòàíèè è Èðëàíäèè â 1948–1950 ãã. Ðåãóëÿðíî âû- ñòóïàë ïî ðàäèî è òåëåâèäåíèþ â 1950-å è 1960-å ãîäû, áëàãîäàðÿ ÷åìó ïîçæå â æóð- íàëå «British Birds» îáðàçîâàëàñü êîëîíêà «Íåäàâíèå ðåãèñòðàöèè». Çà ðàáîòó ïî ñîñòàâëåíèþ ïåðâîãî Àòëàñà ãíåçäÿùèõ- ñÿ ïòèö Áðèòàíèè è Èðëàíäèè â 1967– 1976 ãã. Äæåéìñ áûë óäîñòîåí ìåäàëè Òà- êåðà (Tucker Medal). Äæåéìñ íàïèñàë îäèí è â ñîàâòîðñòâå íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ êíèã è, êîíå÷íî æå, ñîòíè ñòàòåé. Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü îí óäåëÿë èäåíòèôèêàöèè, ïîïóëÿöèÿì, áèîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è ìèãðàöèÿì. Ïåðå÷åíü åãî îáÿçàííîñòåé è äîëæíî- ñòåé ìîã áû ðàñòÿíóòüñÿ íà ìíîãèå ñòðà- íèöû. Êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî îí çàíèìàë ïðàêòè- ÷åñêè âñå âîçìîæíûå è íåâîçìîæíûå ïîñòû â áðèòàíñêîé îðíèòîëîãèè òðåòüåé ÷åòâåðòè XX âåêà: èñïîëíèòåëüíûé ðå- Äæåéìñ Ôåðãóñîí-Ëèéç. Ôîòî Ý. Õîñêèíãà. äàêòîð æóðíàëà «British Birds» â 1954– James Ferguson-Lees. Photo by E. Hosking. Reviews and Comments Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 21

1973 ãã.; çàìåñòèòåëü äèðåêòîðà RSBP (Êîðîëåâñêîãî îáùåñòâà îõðàíû ïòèö), îòâå÷àþùèé çà îõðàíó â 1973–1975 ãã.; äèðåêòîð êîìïàíèè, âûïóñêàâøåé ìíîãî- òîìíóþ ñâîäêó ïî ïòèöàì Çàïàäíîé Ïàëå- àðêòèêè ïîä îáùåé ðåäàêöèåé Ñ. Êðåìïà è Ê.Ý.Ë. Ñèììîíñà â 1970–1975 ãã.; ïðåçè- äåíò è ïðåäñåäàòåëü Áðèòàíñêîãî òðåñòà îðíèòîëîãèè (ÁÒÎ) â 1969–1973 ãã.; ÷ëåí Ñîâåòà Áðèòàíñêîãî îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîþçà â 1973–1977 ãã.; ÷ëåí Êîìèòåòà ïî ðåãèñòðàöèÿì ïòèö â 1960–1986 ãã.; ÷ëåí ñîâåòà ÊÎÎÏ â 1963–1973 ãã. Ïðèäóìàë è âìåñòå ñ Ï.À.Ä. Õîëëîìîì ñîçäàë â 1958 ã. Êîìèòåò ïî ðåãèñòðàöèè ðåäêèõ çàë¸òîâ ïòèö (Rarities Committee); à â 1973 ã., âìåñòå ñ Äýâèäîì Ëè, ïðèäóìàë è îñíîâàë Áþðî ïî ðåãèñòðàöèè ðåäêèõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ ïòèö (Rare Breeding Birds Panel). Áîëüøóþ ðàáîòó ïðîäåëàë â îðãàíèçàöèè è ïðîâåäåíèè 14-ãî Ìåæäó- íàðîäíîãî îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî êîíãðåññà â Îêñôîðäå â èþëå 1966 ã. Ñïëàíèðî- Äæåéìñ Ôåðãóñîí-Ëèéç. Ôîòî Ý. Õîñêèíãà. âàë è âîçãëàâèë ìåæäóíàðîäíóþ êîíôå- James Ferguson-Lees. Photo by E. Hosking. ðåíöèþ ïî ðàçâèòèþ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â Åâðîïå è ñòàíäàðòèçà- James has written alone as well as in co- öèè çàïèñåé è ó÷¸òà ãíåçäîâûõ êàðòî÷åê, authorship several books and hundreds of êîäèðîâîê äëÿ áèîòîïîâ, áèîìåòðè÷å- articles. He has paid special attention to ñêèõ äàííûõ è äàííûõ ïî ëèíüêå, êîòî- identification, breeding biology, and bird mi- ðàÿ ïðîøëà â äåêàáðå 1971 ã. ïîä ýãèäîé grations. The list of his duties requires a lot of ÁÒÎ è íåìåöêîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòàí- space: executive editor of the journal “Brit- öèè «Ðàäîëüôöåëü» â Ãðèí Ïàðêå, ðÿäîì ish Birds” in 1954–1973; director deputy of ñ Òðèíãîì, â Àíãëèè. RSBP, responsible for protection in 1973– Èìåííî â ãîäû àêòèâíîé ðàáîòû Äæåéì- 1975; director of the company, producing ñà â Áðèòàíèè ñôîðìèðîâàëîñü øèðîêîå a many-volumed review on the birds of óáåæäåíèå, ÷òî íå çíàòü ñàìûå ìàññîâûå Western Palearctic, edited by S. Cramp and âèäû ïòèö ñòðàíû – ïðîñòî ñòûäíî, è ýòî K.E.L. Simmons in 1970–1975; president ãîâîðèò î ïëîõîì âîñïèòàíèè è íèêóäûø- and chairman of BTO in 1969–1973; mem- íîì îáðàçîâàíèè. ber of the Council of BOU in 1973–1977; Äæåéìñ øèðîêî ïóòåøåñòâîâàë. Îí member of the Committee on bird registra- ó÷àñòâîâàë ïî÷òè âî âñåõ ñàìûõ çíàìå- tion in 1960–1986; member of the Council of íèòûõ ýêñïåäèöèÿõ, êîòîðûå äàëè çíà÷è- RSBP in 1963–1973. James devised and with òåëüíûé òîë÷îê ïðèðîäîîõðàííîìó äâè- P.A.D. Hollom founded the Rarities Commit- æåíèþ â Åâðîïå è ìèðå. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, tee, remained member until 1963; in 1973 îí áûë â ýêñïåäèöèè îò Ýäèíáóðãñêîãî with David Lea devised Rare Breeding Birds óíèâåðñèòåòà íà îñòðîâ Ñâÿòîé Êèëüäû Panel, remained member until 1979. James (çíàìåíèòûé óæàñàþùåé áåäíîñòüþ ìåñò- was well-travelled. He participated mostly íîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, âñåãî âåê íàçàä âûæè- in all famous expeditions, which pushed the âàâøåãî çà ñ÷¸ò ñáîðà ÿèö ìîðñêèõ ïòèö) wildlife conservation and nature-protection â 1949 ã., â àíãëî-èñïàíñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè movement in the world. So, for example, he íà Êàçîðëó â 1959 ã., âìåñòå ñ Ã. Ìàóí- was in the expedition of Edinburgh University ôîðòîì ïóòåøåñòâîâàë â ïàðê Êîòî Äî- to St. Kilda Island in 1949, and also together íüÿíà â 1956/57 ãã., â Áîëãàðèþ â 1960 ã. with G. Mountfort – in the Coto Donana Park è Èîðäàíèþ â 1963–65 ãã., áûë â ìåæäó- in 1956/57, in Bulgaria in 1960 and Jordan íàðîäíîé ïîåçäêå â Èîðäàíèþ â 1966 ã., in 1963/65, Anglo-Spanish expedition to â ïîåçäêå, îðãàíèçîâàííîé Áðèòàíñêèì Cazorla in 1959, international trip to Jordan îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèì ñîþçîì, íà îçåðî ×àä in 1966, in the trip organized by BTU to the â 1967–68 ãã. Êðîìå òîãî, îí ìíîãî ïó- Chad Lake in 1967/68. Besides that, he trav- òåøåñòâîâàë ïî Åâðîïå, Àôðèêå, Þæíîé elled a lot across Europe, Africa, South Asia, 22 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

South America, eastern part of the USA; he personally was a leader of 50 tours in Russia, Ukraine, Morocco, Namibia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Seychelles, Jordan, Sri-Lanka, Thailand, USA in 1970–87; organized private expeditions in South America (mainly in Argentina) in 1982–95. His free time is devoted to crosswords, occasional bridge or chess, gardening, very amateur photography, bird stamps, watch- ing rubbish on TV (Pemberton, 1997).

David Christie David was born in August 1945 in Bristol and has begun to observe birds since the age of 5. He has got BA at University of Hull (1967), where he studied French and Swed- ish languages. Since 1980 he has became freelance editor Äæåéìñ Ôåðãóñîí- Àçèè, Þæíîé Àìåðèêå, âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè and translator of articles and books on orni- Ëèéç. ÑØÀ; ñàì ëè÷íî âîçãëàâèë îêîëî 50 òóðîâ thology. Ôîòî Ý. Õîñêèíãà. â Ðîññèþ, Óêðàèíó, Ìàðîêêî, Íàìèáèþ, Since 1973 till 2002 he has been working James Ferguson-Lees. Ýôèîïèþ, Êåíèþ, Ñåéøåëëû, Èîðäàíèþ, as assistant of editor “British Birds” journal, Photo by E. Hosking. Øðè-Ëàíêó, Òàèëàíä, ÑØÀ â 1970–87 ãã.; spending 29 years and 2 months of service îðãàíèçîâàë ÷àñòíûå ýêñïåäèöèè â Þæ- for it, and for a more convenient cooperation íóþ Àìåðèêó (ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì – â Àð- with the journal he moved 3 times. His lan- ãåíòèíó) â 1982–95 ãã. guage skills helped sufficiently to transform Äæåéìñ – õîäÿ÷àÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ è æèâàÿ the national “British Birds” into the real inter- ëåãåíäà – ñòàë ïåðâûì ëèöîì, íà÷àâøèì national edition. ïåðåíîñèòü ïîäçîðíóþ òðóáó (òåëåñêîï) David was editor of about 200 articles. «Ìèðàäîð», óñòàíîâëåííûé íà òðèïîäå When he left the Editorial Board, two Edi- (øòàòèâå). tor Assistant vacancies were announced for Êîãäà Äæåéìñà ðàäè ïðèëè÷èÿ ñïðîñè- replacement of him. He paid the special in- ëè, ÷åì îí çàíèìàåòñÿ â ñâîáîäíîå âðå- terest to the populations, distribution, migra- ìÿ, òî íèêòî íå ðàññ÷èòûâàë íà êàêîé- tions, taxonomy, raptors, woodpeckers and ëèáî îòâåò, òàê êàê åãî ïðîñòî íå ìîãëî waterfowl. He was co-author of the book áûòü ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ. Îäíàêî, îí âñ¸ æå on woodpeckers. David edited the series ïåðå÷èñëèë: îòãàäûâàíèåì êðîññâîðäîâ, of books in “Hamlyn Publisher”. He was co- èíîãäà èãðîé â áðèäæ èëè øàõìàòû, ñà- editor of very voluminous book of his close äîâîäñòâîì, ëþáèòåëüñêîé ôîòîãðàôèåé, friend Hadoram Shirihai “Birds of Israel” ïî÷òîâûìè ìàðêàìè è, èçðåäêà, ïðîñìî- (1996). David translated from Swedish into òðîì îòâðàòèòåëüíîé áóçû ïî òåëåâèçîðó English “Bird Migration” by Thomas Aler- (ýòî åãî ñëîâà â íåñêîëüêî ñìÿã÷åííîé stam (1990) and “Birds of Europe” by Larss ôîðìå). Jonsson (1992). Ïîðòðåò Äæåéìñà íå áóäåò ïîëíûì, Being at home, David even now works åñëè íå óïîìÿíóòü åãî î÷åíü ñòðàííóþ as an editor of the series of ornithological äëÿ íàó÷íîãî ìèðà ñêðîìíîñòü.  æóðíàëå handbooks, published by “Helm”, and also «British Birds» íà ïðàâàõ ãëàâíîãî ðåäàêòî- many volumes of the famous series of the ðà îí ïðîÿâëÿë íåçàêîííûé âîëþíòàðèçì, Spanish Publisher “Lynx Edicions” “Hand- âûðåçàÿ ñåáÿ èç ãðóïïîâûõ ñíèìêîâ è ñòà- book of the Birds of the World”. He actively ðàòåëüíî âû÷åðêèâàÿ ñâî¸ èìÿ èç áëàãî- continues to conduct different birds counts. äàðíîñòåé àâòîðîâ ðóêîïèñåé. In free time, David is interested in languag- es, cricket, soccer and enjoys communica- Äýâèä Õðèñòè tion with friends. Áèîãðàôèÿ Äýâèäà Õðèñòè ïîñêðîìíåå, ÷åì ó Äæåéìñà, è ïîñëóæíîé ñïèñîê äî- “Raptors of the World” ñòèæåíèé ïîêîðî÷å, äà è Äýâèä ìëàäøå Work on the world review on birds of Äæåéìñà ïî÷òè íà öåëîå ïîêîëåíèå. prey was began in 1983 and took exactly 18 Äýâèä ðîäèëñÿ â àâãóñòå 1945 ã. â Áðè- years, i.e., a quarter of life, spent by James. Reviews and Comments Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 23

Äýâèä Õðèñòè ñ æåíîé. Íîÿáðü 2010 ã. Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî Ä. Õðèñòè. David Christie with his wife. November, 2010. Photo from D. Christie.

ñòîëå è c ïÿòè ëåò «çàáîëåë» ïòèöàìè. Îáðàçîâàíèå ïî- ëó÷èë â óíèâåðñèòåòå Õàëë (Hull), èçó÷àÿ ôðàíöóçñêèé è øâåäñêèé ÿçûêè. Ñ 1980 ã. îí ñòàë ñâîáîä- íûì ðåäàêòîðîì è ïåðåâîä- ÷èêîì ñòàòåé è êíèã ïî îð- íèòîëîãèè. Ñ 1973 ã. ïî 2002 ã. ðàáî- òàë ïîìîùíèêîì ðåäàêòîðà æóðíàëà «British Birds», îò- äàâ ýòîìó æóðíàëó 29 ëåò è 2 ìåñÿöà è ïîñòàâèâ òåì ñàìûì ñâîåîáðàçíûé ðåêîðä ïî ïðîäîëæèòåëü- Many species accounts were overwritten 4 íîñòè ñëóæáû, óñòóïèâ ïàëüìó ïåðâåíñòâà or more times and majority of them – 2 or 3 çà 95-ëåòíþþ èñòîðèþ æóðíàëà, íà òîò times. Volume of each species account rap- ìîìåíò, òîëüêî îñíîâàòåëþ æóðíàëà Õàð- idly grew from 550 words, and at the end, ðè Âèçåðáè. ×òîáû áûëî óäîáíåå ñîòðóä- each species had description in 1800 words, íè÷àòü ñ æóðíàëîì, åìó çà ýòè ãîäû ïðè- while certain species with the global range øëîñü òðèæäû ïîìåíÿòü ìåñòî æèòåëüñòâà, – 6000 words or even more. David joined òàê êàê ñìåíÿëèñü ãëàâíûå ðåäàêòîðû, à the project in 1994, by this time James had Äýâèä áåññìåííî îñòàâàëñÿ íà ñâî¸ì ïî- already prepared the first drafts for 180 spe- ñòó. Çà òðè äåñÿòèëåòèÿ, èñïîëüçóÿ ñâî¸ cies (totally, their number is 313 in the book). çíàíèå ÿçûêîâ (ÿâëåíèå äîâîëüíî ðåäêîå However, soon it became very difficult to say äëÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ áðèòàíöåâ), îí ïðèâëå- who was the initial author of each species êàë â æóðíàë ìàòåðèàëû, îïóáëèêîâàííûå, – the work on this book became their joint â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, âî Ôðàíöèè, Ãåðìà- long-lasting project. íèè è Ñêàíäèíàâèè, çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîâûñèâ In museums authors has spent totally ïðåñòèæ ýòîãî, èçíà÷àëüíî íàöèîíàëüíî- about 500 hours. James undertook only ãî, æóðíàëà è ñäåëàâ åãî ïî-íàñòîÿùåìó 10 trips in South America. The same situ- ìåæäóíàðîäíûì. ation was with illustrations for this book. Initially, it was planned that all drawings would be made by Philip Burton, but at the earliest stages of work he has understood that he needed other colleagues – they were going to depict 2100 birds on 112 tables and together with Kim Franklin and David Mead; they all together have pre- pared 2115 original coloured illustrations (among them there are 1135 drawings of raptors in the flight). Many pictures were born in the constant comparison with the museum skins. There is a great respect to James and David for their bravery to undertake such an am- bitious and huge project, finished by them with success and honour! It’s interesting to suggest who will do updated and revised edition in the future? Äýâèä Õðèñòè, íîñÿ íåäàâíî êóïëåííóþ øëÿïó, íàáëþäàë ïòèö â Ñòàäëàíäå. Äîð- ñåò, àïðåëü 2002 ã. Ôîòîãðàôèÿ ïðåäîñòàâëåíà Ð. Ðèääèíãòîíîì (British Birds, Author is grateful to David Hosking for 2002). help with the photographs of James Fer- David Christie, wearing newly purchased ‘Tilley Hat’, birdwatching at Studland, guson-Lees and Rodger Riddington for the Dorset, April 2002. Photo from R. Riddington (British Birds, 2002). photograph of David Christie. 24 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

Äýâèä íåôîðìàëüíî îòðå- âèäîâ è íåñêîëüêèõ øêóðîê â ìóçåÿõ, ïî äàêòèðîâàë îêîëî 200 ñòàòåé. íèì íå áûëî àáñîëþòíî íèêàêîé èíôîð- Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî êîãäà Äýâèä ìàöèè – õîòü ïëà÷ü. Íî ñóäüáà óëûáíó- îñòàâèë æóðíàë, òî íà åãî çà- ëàñü ñìåëûì è ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûì.  êîí- ìåíó ðåäêîëëåãèÿ îáúÿâèëà öå 1970-õ ãîäîâ íà÷àëñÿ ðîñò èíòåðåñà äâå âàêàíñèè ïîìîùíèêîâ ê õèùíûì ïòèöàì âî âñåì ìèðå, à â 80-å ðåäàêòîðà, òàê ÷òî íå áóäåò è 90-å îí ïðåâðàòèëñÿ â íàñòîÿùèé áóì. áîëüøèì ïðåóâåëè÷åíèÿì Îáú¸ì îïóáëèêîâàííîé èíôîðìàöèè ñêàçàòü, ÷òî Äýâèä äîëãèé âîçðîñ íà ïîðÿäîê, è ñòàëî ÿñíî – îäíî- ñðîê ðàáîòàë çà äâîèõ. Îñî- ìó ÷åëîâåêó åãî ïðîñòî íå îäîëåòü ôè- áûé èíòåðåñ îí ïðîÿâëÿë ê çè÷åñêè. Äýâèä ïðèñîåäèíèëñÿ ê ïðîåêòó ïîïóëÿöèÿì, ðàñïðîñòðà- â 1994 ãîäó, êîãäà Äæåéìñ óæå ñîñòàâèë íåíèþ, ìèãðàöèÿì, òàêñî- â÷åðíå îïèñàíèå 180 âèäîâ (âñåãî â êíè- íîìèè, õèùíèêàì, äÿòëàì è ãå îïèñàíî èõ 313). Îäíàêî ïîñëå î÷å- âîäíûì ïòèöàì. Âûñòóïèë ðåäíîãî ðåäàêòèðîâàíèÿ è ïåðåïèñûâà- ñîàâòîðîì êíèãè ïî äÿòëàì. íèÿ àâòîðû óæå íå ìîãëè ñêàçàòü, ÷òî êòî Ðåäàêòèðîâàë ñåðèþ êíèã â è ãäå íà÷àë è êòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ àâòîðîì î÷åð- èçäàòåëüñòâå «Hamlyn». Áûë êà – òðóä âîèñòèíó ñòàë èõ ñîâìåñòíûì ñî-ðåäàêòîðîì î÷åíü îáú¸- äåòèùåì. «Õèùíûå ïòèöû ìèðà», ìèñòîé êíèãè ñâîåãî áëèçêîãî äðóãà Õà-  ìóçåÿõ, ðàáîòàÿ ñî øêóðêàìè, àâòîð- àâòîðû Ä. Ôåðãóñîí- äîðàìà Øèðèõàÿ «Birds of Israel» (1996). ñêèé êîëëåêòèâ ïðîâ¸ë â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè Ëèéç è Ä. Õðèñòè. Ïåðåâ¸ë íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñî øâåä- îêîëî 500 ÷àñîâ. Òîëüêî â Þæíóþ Àìå- “Raptors of the World” ñêîãî «Bird Migration» Òîìàñà Àëåðñòàìà ðèêó Äæåéìñó ïðèøëîñü ñëåòàòü 10 ðàç. by J. Ferguson-Lees & D. Christie. (1990) è «Birds of Europe» Ëàðñà Éîíññîíà Êóðü¸çíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ñëîæèëàñü è ñ èëëþ- (1992). ñòðàöèÿìè äëÿ ýòîé êíèãè. Ïåðâîíà÷àëü- Íàõîäÿñü äîìà, Äýâèä è ñåé÷àñ ðàáî- íî ïëàíèðîâàëîñü, ÷òî âñå ðèñóíêè áóäóò òàåò ðåäàêòîðîì ñåðèè îðíèòîëîãè÷å- âûïîëíåíû Ôèëèïîì Áàðòîíîì, íî óæå ñêèõ ñïðàâî÷íèêîâ, âûïóñêàåìûõ èçäà- íà ñàìûõ ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ ðàáîòû îí ïîíÿë, òåëüñòâîì «Helm», à òàêæå ìíîãèõ òîìîâ ÷òî îäíîìó åìó íå ñïðàâèòüñÿ – ïðåäñòîÿ- çíàìåíèòîé ñåðèè èñïàíñêîãî èçäàòåëü- ëî èçîáðàçèòü áîëåå 2100 ïòèö íà 112 ñòâà «Lynx» «Handbook of the Birds of the òàáëèöàõ, è òîãäà åìó íà âûðó÷êó ïðèøëè World». Ïðîäîëæàåò àêòèâíî ïðîâîäèòü â Êèì Ôðàíêëèí è Äýâèä Ìèä, êîòîðûå ñî- ïîëå âñåâîçìîæíûå ó÷¸òû ïòèö.  ñâîáîä- âìåñòíî ïîäãîòîâèëè 2115 îðèãèíàëüíûõ íîå âðåìÿ èíòåðåñóåòñÿ ÿçûêàìè, èñêóñ- öâåòíûõ èëëþñòðàöèé (èç êîòîðûõ 1135 ñòâîì, êðèêåòîì, ñîêêåðîì è íàñëàæäàåò- – ñ õèùíèêàìè â ïîë¸òå). Ìíîãèå ðèñóíêè ñÿ îáùåíèåì ñ äðóçüÿìè. ðîæäàëèñü â ïîñòîÿííîì ñðàâíåíèè ñ ìó- çåéíûìè øêóðêàìè. «Õèùíûå ïòèöû ìèðà» Íèçêèé ïîêëîí Äæåéìñó è Äýâèäó çà èõ Ðàáîòà íàä ìèðîâûì îáçîðîì ïî õèù- ñìåëîñòü – âçÿòüñÿ çà òàêîé àìáèöèîçíûé íûì ïòèöàì íà÷àëàñü â 1983 ãîäó è çàíÿ- è ãðàíäèîçíûé ïðîåêò, êîòîðûé îíè ñ ÷å- ëà ðîâíî 18 ëåò, òî åñòü, ÷åòâåðòü æèçíè, ñòüþ è äîñòîèíñòâîì çàâåðøèëè! Ëþáî- ïðîæèòîé Äæåéìñîì. Ìíîãèå âèäîâûå ïûòíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, êòî æå è êîãäà âîçü- î÷åðêè ïåðåïèñûâàëèñü 4 èëè áîëåå ðàçà, ìåòñÿ çà åãî äîïîëíåííóþ è îáíîâë¸ííóþ à áîëüøèíñòâî – äâàæäû èëè òðèæäû. Îáú- âåðñèþ? ¸ì êàæäîãî âèäîâîãî î÷åðêà ðîñ, êàê íà Àâòîð áëàãîäàðèò Äýâèäà Õîñêèí- äðîææàõ, ñ 550 ñëîâ â çàäóìêå, è, â êî- ãà çà ïîìîùü â ïîëó÷åíèè ôîòîãðàôèé íå÷íîì ñ÷¸òå, êàæäîìó âèäó áûëî óäåëå- Äæåéìñà Ôåðãóñîíà-Ëèéçà è Ðîäæå- íî 1800 ñëîâ, à ïî íåêîòîðûì âèäàì ñ ãëî- ðà Ðèääèíãòîíà çà ôîòîãðàôèþ Äýâèäà áàëüíûì àðåàëîì – äî 6000 ñëîâ è äàæå Õðèñòè. áîëåå. Êîãäà Äæåéìñ íà÷èíàë ðàáîòó íàä êíèãîé, òî îí ãîðäî âëàäåë áûâøèì BBC Ëèòåðàòóðà ïåðñîíàëüíûì êîìïüþòåðîì ñ 5 äþéìî- David Christie: an Appreciation. – British Birds âîé ãèáêîé äèñêåòîé, à çàêàí÷èâàë ïðîåêò 95. 2002. P. 214–215. óæå íà êîìïüþòåðàõ ñ áàçàìè äàííûõ íà Ferguson-Lees J.I., Christie D.A. Raptors of the World. Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead ëàçåðíûõ äèñêàõ. and Philip Burton. A & C Black. 2001. 992 p. Ìíîãèå ðåäêèå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö òðî- Sharrock, J.T.R. Personalities. I.J. Ferguson- ïèêîâ íå áûëè èçó÷åíû âîîáùå. Ïóòàíè- Lees. – British Birds 70 (6). P. 256–259. öà áûëà äàæå ìåæäó èõ þíîøåñêèìè è Pemberton J.E. Who's Who in Ornithology. âçðîñëûìè íàðÿäàìè. Êðîìå îïèñàíèÿ Bookingham Press, 1997. P. 77, 123–124. Raptors in Economy Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 25

RaptorsinEconomy ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ В ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ

TrainedGoshawksAgainstPigeons ЛОВЧИЕ ЯСТРЕБА ПРОТИВ ГОЛУБЕЙ RyzhovS.K.(StateCentreofFlightSafetyCivilAviation,Moscow,Russia) MursejevM.R.(TwoWingsLLC,Mytischi,Russia) Рыжов С.К. (Государственный центр «Безопасность полётов на воздушном транспорте», Москва, Россия) Мурсеев М.Р. (Компания «Два Крыла», Мытищи, Московская обл., Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ñåðãåé Ðûæîâ Ðàáîòû ïî îòïóãèâàíèþ ñèçûõ ãîëóáåé (Columba livia) ïðîâîäèëèñü íà ïèùåâîé ïîäìîñêîâíîé ôàáðèêå â òå- Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ÷åíèå 10 ëåò. Èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ðàçëè÷íûå îñîáè ÿñòðåáà-òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis). Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé öåíòð «Áåçîïàñíîñòü ýòàï ïðîâåä¸í â 2000 ã. Îïðåäåëåíà ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ ëîâ÷èõ ÿñòðåáîâ äëÿ óñëîâèé êîíêðåòíîãî ïîë¸òîâ íà âîçäóøíîì îáúåêòà. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñåùåíèé ôàáðèêè ãîëóáÿìè óìåíüøèëîñü íà 76% çà ìåñÿö. Êîýôôèöèåíò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ òðàíñïîðòå» – ïîêàçàòåëü, ó÷èòûâàþùèé âðåìÿ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ãîëóáåé íà îáúåêòå, ñíèçèëñÿ íà 91%. (ÃÖ ÁÏÂÒ), Îòðàñëåâàÿ Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ÿñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê, Accipiter gentilis, îòïóãèâàíèå ãî- ãðóïïà àâèàöèîííîé ëóáåé, íàïóñê ÿñòðåáà, ðåàêöèÿ ãîëóáåé, êîíòðîëü ïòèö íà ôàáðèêå. îðíèòîëîãèè 141426, Ðîññèÿ, Abstract The pigeon (Columba livia) scaring activities have been held at the food factory near Moscow for 10 years. The Ìîñêîâñêàÿ îáë., activities involved several Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis). The experimental stage started in 2000. We defined the Õèìêèíñêèé effect of falconers’ work with hawks. The number of pigeons at the factory lowered by 76% within a month. The ð-í, àýðîïîðò presence coefficient concerning the amount of time pigeons spent at the factory lowered by 91%. Øåðåìåòüåâî-1, à/ÿ 54 Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis, pigeons scaring, hawk attacks, pigeons reactions, òåë.: +7 495 578 38 34 birds control at the factory. [email protected]

Ìèõàèë Ìóðñååâ Êîìïàíèÿ «Äâà Êðûëà» Ââåäåíèå Introduction 141008, Ðîññèÿ, Ìîñêîâñêàÿ îáë., Ñèòóàöèè, òðåáóþùèå óïðàâëåíèÿ ïîâå- The situations demanding help are differ- Ìûòèùè, óë. ˸òíàÿ, äåíèåì ïòèö, ðàçíîîáðàçíû, à èñõîäíûå ent, and the means and methods of bird scar- 14/1–42 óñëîâèÿ íà îáúåêòàõ âî ìíîãîì îïðåäåëÿ- ing and the program of their usage should òåë.: +7 926 510 22 52 þò âûáîð ñðåäñòâ è ìåòîäîâ, òàê æå, êàê è be chosen according to the initial conditions. [email protected] õàðàêòåð èõ ïðèìåíåíèÿ. There are different means of control over the Îïèñàííûå â ñòàòüå ðàáîòû áûëè ïðîâå- number and behavior of birds: bioacoustic, Contact: äåíû íà ïîäìîñêîâíîé ôàáðèêå ïèùåâîé pyrotechnical, mechanical, etc. Birds of prey Sergey K. Ryzhov ïðîìûøëåííîñòè. Ðîñò ïðîèçâîäñòâà íà belong to the biological group. Aviational Ornithology Group (AOG) ôàáðèêå ïðèâ¸ë ê ïîâûøåíèþ å¸ ïðèâëå- We were given the task of clearing the of the State Centre of êàòåëüíîñòè äëÿ ñèçûõ ãîëóáåé, ÷òî óõóä- territory of one of the food factories in the Flight Safety Civil øèëî ñàíèòàðíî-ãèãèåíè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå Moscow district from birds, as it attracted Aviation (SCFS CA) ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ. pigeons and their presence was unaccept- P.O. Box 54, Sheremetievo 1, Ïåðâûé øàã â ñëîæèâøåìñÿ àëãîðèò- able by the sanitary-hygienic norms. The Moscow district, ìå ðåøåíèÿ òàêèõ çàäà÷ – îáñëåäîâàíèå first step according to the settled procedure Russia, 141426 ó÷àñòêà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ îáúåêòà, ïîçâîëÿþ- was to investigate the area and estimate the tel.: +7 495 578 38 34 ùåå äåòàëèçèðîâàòü îáñòàíîâêó è îöåíèòü situation. This was done in spring 2000. [email protected] å¸, ÷òî è áûëî ñäåëàíî âåñíîé 2000 ã. Mikhail Mursejev Description of the Situation Two Wings LLC Îïèñàíèå ñèòóàöèè To describe the situation we’ll give only Letnaya str., 14/1–42, Ñèçûå ãîëóáè (Columba livia) èñïîëüçî- the most important details. Firstly, the facto- Mytischi, Moscow district, âàëè äàííûé îáúåêò êàê ñòàáèëüíûé èñ- ry was a source of food for the pigeons (Co- Russia, 141008 òî÷íèê êîðìà: åæåäíåâíî íà ôàáðèêó â lumba livia), as seed (the main raw material) tel.: +7 926 510 22 52 áîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ â êà÷åñòâå ïðîèç- was supplied to the factory daily. Even small [email protected] âîäñòâåííîãî ñûðüÿ ïðèâîçèëîñü öåëüíîå amounts of it, lost during the transportation, 26 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè â õîçÿéñòâå

Îáúåêòû ïèùåâîé attracted birds. Pigeons also chose a place ïðîìûøëåííîñòè â for day rest on the roof of the mill, which is Ïîäìîñêîâüå ÷àñòî ïðèâëåêàþò ãîëóáåé. 20 meters high (the highest building at the Ôîòî Ñ. Ðûæîâà. factory) and near the unloading bunker. The Food factories in constant presence of pigeons caused the Moscow area attract pollution of roofs and nearby territories and vast amounts of endangered the seed itself. pigeons. Observations showed that the birds fed Photo by S. Ryzhov. mostly on the asphalt, and had to get off with every movement of the staff or cars. The manufacturing area was surrounded by a pine forest with only a road to separate çåðíî ïøåíèöû. Íåáîëüøèå ïîòåðè çåð- them. So the seed unloading spot was only íà ïðè òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå àâòîìàøèíàìè 50–70 meters away from the edge of the for- è ðàçãðóçêå ïðåäîñòàâëÿëè ãîëóáÿì âîç- est. Local birds of prey took advantage of the ìîæíîñòü âêëþ÷àòü åãî â ñâîé ðàöèîí. situation and in May 2000 we registered at- Ðÿäîì ñ áóíêåðîì ðàçãðóçêè çåðíà ãîëóáè tacks of 2 wild Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis). âûáðàëè ìåñòà äëÿ äíåâíîãî îòäûõà. Îíè The attacks of wild hawks forced pigeons to íàõîäèëèñü íà âûñîòå 20–25 ì, íà êðûøå leave the territory of the factory and with- ìåëüíè÷íîãî ó÷àñòêà, ãîñïîäñòâóþùåé íàä draw to the small farm, located at the dis- ôàáðè÷íûì êîìïëåêñîì. tance of 500 meters. The farm was an extra Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîñòîÿííîå ïðèñóòñòâèå source of food, but of a lower attraction. ãîëóáåé â äíåâíîå âðåìÿ ïðèâîäèëî ê áû- Some pigeons (about 50 birds) stayed at ñòðîìó çàãðÿçíåíèþ âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñòðî- the factory-farm zone constantly. Other pi- åíèé è áëèçëåæàùåé ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîé geons in groups of 3–10 birds moved 4 km òåððèòîðèè. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, ñóùåñòâîâàëà daily from the nearest town. There could be ïîñòîÿííàÿ óãðîçà çàñîðåíèÿ ñàìîãî ñû- up to 75 pigeons at the factory simultane- ðüÿ, òàê êàê áóíêåð ðàçãðóçêè áûë çàùè- ously, but the general number was always ù¸í òîëüêî áîëüøèì íàâåñîì. greater due to the rotation from the town Íàáëþäåíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî êîðìèòüñÿ ïòè- during the day. öàì ïðèõîäèëîñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà èñ- So the protection of objects that serve as a êóññòâåííûõ ïîêðûòèÿõ, ïðè ýòîì ïåðåäâè- food source for birds can be considered one æåíèÿ ïåðñîíàëà, ïîãðóç÷èêîâ è àâòîìàøèí of the most difficult tasks, as the concentra- áåñïîêîèëè ïòèö, çàñòàâëÿÿ èõ âçëåòàòü. tion of food is a strong attraction. In such cas- Ñ äâóõ ñòîðîí ê ãðàíèöàì êîìïàêòíîãî es it is difficult to break the connection be- ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî êîìïëåêñà ïðèìûêàëè tween birds and territory, à counterbalance ñïåëûå ëåñîíàñàæäåíèÿ ñîñíû, îòäåë¸ííûå should be created to surpass the attraction. îò ñëóæåáíîé òåððèòîðèè ëèøü îáúåçäíîé äîðîãîé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìåñòî ðàçãðóçêè Practical measures çåðíà îòñòîÿëî îò îïóøêè ëåñà âñåãî íà Considering the initial conditions, we de- 50–70 ì, à êîðìÿùèåñÿ ïîòåðÿííûì çåð- liberated all possible means of protection, íîì ãîëóáè ÷àñòî îêàçûâàëèñü åù¸ áëèæå. such as the system of so-called “physical Ñîçäàâøèìñÿ ïîëîæåíèåì ïîëüçîâàëèñü obstacles”, pyrotechnics, bioacoustic trans- ìåñòíûå õèùíèêè.  ìàå 2000 ã. ïåðèîäè- lations and others. ÷åñêè íàáëþäàëèñü àòàêè äâóõ ÿñòðåáîâ- Finally we agreed on the usage of birds of òåòåðåâÿòíèêîâ (Accipiter gentilis). prey. As the local birds have already expe- Íàïàäåíèÿ âîëüíûõ ÿñòðåáîâ íå ðåäêî rienced attacks of the raptors this would be âûíóæäàëè ãîëóáåé ïîêèäàòü ôàáðèêó è quite expedient. Firstly, on some days the ïåðåëåòàòü íà íåáîëüøóþ ñåëüñêîõîçÿé- Goshawks didn’t make any attempts to hunt ñòâåííóþ ôåðìó, óäàë¸ííóþ îò ôàáðèêè within the observed territory at all, and some- è ëåñà íà 500 ì. Ôåðìà äëÿ ãîëóáåé èñ- times they attacked even several times a day. ïîëíÿëà ðîëü «çàïàñíîãî àýðîäðîìà», ãäå Secondly, in the forest (no more than 100 m ïòèöû òàêæå ìîãëè ïèòàòüñÿ, èñïîëüçóÿ from the factory) we found remains of 12 pi- îñòàòêè êîðìà êîðîâ. Êàê èñòî÷íèê êîðìà geons caught by Goshawks and one more on ôåðìà èìåëà ìåíüøóþ ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü the roof of the mill. This shows that their at- ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ôàáðèêîé. tacks were quite productive. Thirdly, the pi- ×àñòü ãîëóáåé – îêîëî 50 îñîáåé – íå ïî- geons reacted not only to the arrival of the êèäàëà ðàéîí «ôàáðèêà-ôåðìà». Äðóãèå, raptor but to the vocalizations of the Hooded êàê ïðàâèëî, ïî 3–10 îñîáåé, ñîâåðøàëè Crow (Corvus cornix), their natural partner Raptors in Economy Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 27

ñóòî÷íûå ìèãðàöèîííûå ïåðåë¸òû, ïðîòÿ- against predators. The strategy of protection æ¸ííîñòüþ îêîëî 4 êì, èç áëèæàéøåãî ãî- was based on forcing the uneasiness caused ðîäà. «Âîçäóøíûõ ñâÿçåé» ñ äðóãèìè ëîêàëü- by the presence and attacks of predators. The íûìè ãðóïïàìè äàííîé ìåñòíîñòè, èìåâøåé species of birds to use was dictated by the â öåëîì ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûé ëàíäøàôò, situation itself, it was Goshawks. íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Îäíîâðåìåííî íà ôàáðè- Our experience gained in the process of êå ìîãëî ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü äî 75 ãîëóáåé, íî protecting of different objects from birds îáùåå èõ êîëè÷åñòâî áûëî áîëüøå èç-çà ðî- proves that the success of such activities òàöèè ìèãðàíòîâ èç ãîðîäà â òå÷åíèå äíÿ. and their efficiency depends directly on two Çàùèòó îáúåêòîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ïòèöû ïðåä- main factors: the choice of means of pro- ïî÷èòàþò êîðìèòüñÿ, ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü îäíîé tection and the scheme (conditions) of their èç íàèáîëåå òðóäíûõ çàäà÷, ïîñêîëüêó êîí- usage. Birds of prey, as repelling means, öåíòðèðîâàííûé êîðì – ìîùíûé ñòèìóë, usually create specific difficulties. We de- ïðèâëåêàþùèé ïòèö.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðàçî- cided to start the factory protection pro- ðâàòü ñâÿçü ïòèö ñ òåððèòîðèåé íåïðîñòî, gram, which involved birds of prey with the äëÿ ýòîãî íåîáõîäèìî ñîçäàíèå ñîîòâåò- experimental stage lasting for one month ñòâóþùåãî ïðîòèâîâåñà, ïî ñâîåìó ýêîëîãè- in the autumn 2000. During this experi- ÷åñêîìó «âåñó» èëè çíà÷åíèþ ñîïîñòàâèìî- mental period it was planned to work out ãî ñ äåéñòâèåì ïðèâëåêàþùåãî ôàêòîðà. the scheme of the usage of birds of prey, optimize the organization of the work and Ïðàêòè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ascertain the efficiency of this method for Èñõîäÿ èç ïåðâè÷íûõ óñëîâèé, áûëè the conditions of the object (factory). Two ðàññìîòðåíû âîçìîæíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ çà- falconers (each with a bird) were employed. ùèòû: ñèñòåìû ôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðåãðàä, ïè- One of the birds was a one-year-old female, ðîòåõíèêà, áèîàêóñòè÷åñêèå òðàíñëÿöèè. which was taken for training right from the Íî âûáîð îñòàíîâèëñÿ íà ëîâ÷èõ ïòèöàõ. nest; the second was a young male bird Åãî öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòü áûëà îáóñëîâëåíà with the experience of independent hunt- òåì, ÷òî ìåñòíîå íàñåëåíèå ïòèö óæå èñ- ing in the wild. Both birds were adapted a ïûòûâàëî íà ñåáå ÿðêî âûðàæåííîå äåé- high level of industrial noise. The Goshawks ñòâèå ïðåññà ñî ñòîðîíû âîçäóøíûõ õèù- were used in turns, one day – one bird. The íèêîâ è áûëî õîðîøî ñ íèìè çíàêîìî. activities were carried out every day (ex-  îòäåëüíûå äíè ÿñòðåáà-òåòåðåâÿòíèêè cept Saturday and Sunday when there’s no íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëè íàïàäåíèé â íàáëþäàå- supply of seed to the factory) from 9.20 to ìîì ðàéîíå, íî â äðóãèå ýòî ïðîèñõîäèëî 15.30. During this period, all the informa- ïî íåñêîëüêó ðàç çà äåíü. Âî âðåìÿ îáñëå- äîâàíèÿ 100-ìåòðîâîé çîíû áëèæàéøåãî ëåñà áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàòêè 12 ãîëó- áåé, ïîéìàííûõ ÿñòðåáàìè. Ãîëóáè äåìîí- ñòðèðîâàëè ÷¸òêî âûðàæåííóþ îáîðîíè- òåëüíóþ ðåàêöèþ íå òîëüêî íà ïîÿâëåíèå ñàìîãî õèùíèêà, íî è íà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùóþ âîêàëèçàöèþ ñåðûõ âîðîí (Corvus cornix), êîòîðûì òàêæå íåîáõîäèìî ïðîòèâîñòî- ÿòü åãî íàïàäåíèÿì. Ñòðàòåãèÿ çàùèòû ñòàëà îïèðàòüñÿ íà èñ- êóññòâåííîå óâåëè÷åíèå äåéñòâèÿ ïðåññà õèùíèêîâ, à òî÷íåå, íà óñèëåíèå ñîçäàâàå- ìîãî õèùíèêàìè áåñïîêîéñòâà äëÿ ïîòåíöè- àëüíûõ æåðòâ çà ñ÷¸ò íàïóñêîâ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö, âûáîð âèäà êîòîðûõ áûë îïðåäåë¸í ñàìîé ñèòóàöèåé – ýòî ÿñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê. Îïûò, íàêîïëåííûé ãðóïïîé àâèàöèîí- íîé îðíèòîëîãèè â ïðîâåäåíèè ðàáîò ïî

ßñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), ñàìêà ïî êëè÷êå Ñåðàÿ, ó÷àñòâîâàëà â ðàáîòàõ ïî ïðîåêòó â òå÷åíèå äâóõ ëåò. Ôîòî Ñ. Ðûæîâà. A female Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Seraya (“Grey”) worked with us for two years. Photo by S. Ryzhov. 28 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè â õîçÿéñòâå

tion about the ornithological condition in the area was registered. The aim of this experimental stage was to prevent pigeons from feeding within the territory which was under our control. Tak- ing into consideration the arrangement of the buildings, we worked out the directions of hawking and the main observation point. Visual control of the number of moving pi- geons was kept constantly. From the fal- coner’s side, there was no reaction to their presence on the roof, but he cast the hawk off (forced him to fly) after any their effort to come down for food. In the first stage, the pigeons reacted to the bolts of the goshawks by getting off and  ëåñó ó ãðàíèö çàùèòå îò ïòèö, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò â ïîëüçó flying around the factory at different heights. òåððèòîðèè ôàáðèêè òîãî, ÷òî óñïåõ ïðåäïðèíèìàåìûõ äåé- After some time they took their seats on the ñ ìîëîäûì ÿñòðåáîì. roofs and waited for a suitable moment to Ôîòî Ñ. Ðûæîâà. ñòâèé, èõ ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòü íàïðÿìóþ çàâèñÿò îò äâóõ ãëàâíûõ ñî- come down. Some birds however left the With a young goshawk factory and returned only later. During the in the forest near the ñòàâëÿþùèõ: ïîäáîðà ñðåäñòâ áîðüáû è factory territory. îïðåäåëåíèÿ ðåæèìà (óñëîâèé) èõ ïðè- whole experimental period, the Goshawks Photo by S. Ryzhov. ìåíåíèÿ. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, èçâåñòíî, ÷òî usually flew to the nearest forest after every èñïîëüçîâàíèå ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö â êà÷åñòâå attack and only there in calmer surround- ðåïåëëåíòà âñåãäà ñâÿçàíî ñ ðÿäîì ñëîæ- ings could be called back to the glove and íîñòåé ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî õàðàêòåðà. carried to the basic post. Ïðàêòè÷åñêóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïî çàùèòå In the run of the first week, the pigeons ôàáðèêè ñ íàïóñêàìè ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö áûëî were present at the factory constantly. Con- ðåøåíî íà÷àòü îñåíüþ 2000 ã. ñ ïðîâå- siderable changes were noticed only in the äåíèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ýòàïà ïðî- end of the second week when pigeons be- äîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ â îäèí ìåñÿö. Íà ýêñ- came extremely careful. The number of birds ïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ýòàïå ïëàíèðîâàëîñü visiting the factory decreased, which is shown îïðåäåëèòü ðåæèì ïðèìåíåíèÿ ëîâ÷èõ in the table 1. The pigeons left the zone which õèùíèêîâ, îïòèìèçèðîâàòü ôîðìó îðãà- was under control right after the attack of a íèçàöèè ðàáîò, âûÿñíèòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü hawk and started to spend less time at the ob- äàííîãî ìåòîäà äëÿ óñëîâèé, ñóùåñòâóþ- ject. By the end of the watch we could force ùèõ íà êîíêðåòíîì îáúåêòå. Äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ â the pigeons out of the factory. ðàáîòàõ áûëè ïðèâëå÷åíû äâà ñîêîëüíèêà We also noticed changes in the pigeons’ ñ äâóìÿ ëîâ÷èìè ïòèöàìè. Îäíà èç ëîâ÷èõ usual behavior (behavior adaptation). For ïòèö – ñàìêà òåòåðåâÿòíèêà íà âòîðîì ãîäó instance, they started feeding in the early æèçíè, áûâøàÿ â îáó÷åíèè ñ ãíåçäîâîãî morning and in the beginning of the 3rd âîçðàñòà, âòîðàÿ – ìîëîäîé ñàìåö, äî îáó- week in late evening. There have never ÷åíèÿ óæå èìåâøèé íåêîòîðûé ñàìîñòîÿ- been such evidence before. According to òåëüíûé îïûò îõîòû íà âîëå. Ïòèöû áûëè the factory workers on some days (26, 28 ïîäãîòîâëåíû ê âûñîêèì óðîâíÿì ïðîèç- September, and 02, 03, 09, 11 October) pi- âîäñòâåííîãî è òðàíñïîðòíîãî øóìà. geons tried to eat at 8 o’clock in the morn- ßñòðåáà èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ïîî÷åðåäíî: ing, before falconers’ arrival to the factory. îäèí äåíü – îäíà äåæóðíàÿ ëîâ÷àÿ ïòèöà. On the 4th and 6th of October birds behaved Ðàáîòû ïðîâîäèëèñü åæåäíåâíî, êðîìå the same way only at 16:30 o’clock. ñóááîòû è âîñêðåñåíüÿ (â ýòè äíè çåðíî It’s remarkable that during 20 days of pa- íà ôàáðèêó íå ïîäâîçèëîñü), â òå÷åíèå trolling, the wild hawks appeared only twice øåñòè ÷àñîâ – ñ 9:20 äî 15:30.  òîò æå (on 21 September and 11 October). It might ïåðèîä ôèêñèðîâàëàñü èíôîðìàöèÿ îá have been caused by the lack of good posi- îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé îáñòàíîâêå. tions to attack as they now didn’t have an Ïîñòàâëåííàÿ íà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì opportunity to hunt pigeons feeding on the ýòàïå òàêòè÷åñêàÿ çàäà÷à ñâîäèëàñü ê òîìó, asphalt. Besides from the roofs pigeons had ÷òîáû èñêëþ÷èòü âîçìîæíîñòü êîðìëåíèÿ better sight and saw the predator from a ãîëóáåé íà òåððèòîðèè çàùèùàåìîé çîíû. long distance. However, we learnt from the Ñ ó÷¸òîì ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ñîîðóæåíèé staff that wild hawks made attempts to hunt Raptors in Economy Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 29

áûëè íàìå÷åíû íàïðàâëåíèÿ íàïóñêîâ in the early morning hours before we got to ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö è áàçîâûé ïîñò äëÿ íàáëþ- our posts. That shows that the raptors had äåíèé. Âèçóàëüíûé êîíòðîëü ÷èñëåííîñòè to accommodate themselves to the new re- ïåðåìåùàþùèõñÿ ãîëóáåé îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ gime of the pigeons and so “helped” us to ïîñòîÿííî. Èõ ïðèñóòñòâèå íà êðûøå íå protect the factory. âûçûâàëî ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèé, íî ñïóñê âíèç During the last week of the experimental â ïîïûòêå íà÷àòü êîðìëåíèå íà ïîâåðõ- stage the pigeons were rarely seen at the íîñòè çåìëè òóò æå ïðîâîöèðîâàë íàïóñê factory. They completely stopped attempts ëîâ÷åé ïòèöû. to feed near the unloading bunker. We kept Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî ðåàêöèÿ ãîëóáåé íà íà- the situation under our control. Practically ïóñê ëîâ÷åãî ÿñòðåáà ñâîäèëàñü ê âñå- every attack of our hawks forced the pi- îáùåìó âçë¸òó è íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíîìó geons out of the factory. êðóæåíèþ íà ðàçíîé âûñîòå íàä ïðîèç- âîäñòâåííûìè ñîîðóæåíèÿìè. Äàëåå ïòè- Results öû çàíèìàëè ñâîè ìåñòà íà êðûøå â îæè- In general we can point out the following äàíèè óäîáíîãî ìîìåíòà äëÿ î÷åðåäíîãî results of the experimental stage: ñïóñêà âíèç. ×àñòü ãîëóáåé ïîêèäàëà îáú- Due to the hawking, the number of pi- åêò, âîçâðàùàÿñü ïîçæå. geons at the object decreased three times, Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëü- as shown in picture 1. The number of birds íîãî ýòàïà, çà íåêîòîðûìè èñêëþ÷åíèÿìè, reached its maximum point in the middle of ëîâ÷èå ÿñòðåáà ïîñëå âûïîëíåíèÿ àòàêè, the day due to the daily migrations from the íå çàäåðæèâàÿñü íà òåððèòîðèè ôàáðèêè, nearest town, and on some days it was as óñòðåìëÿëèñü â ëåñ. Òàì, â áîëåå ñïîêîé- low as 5 birds on 02/10/2000 and 4 birds íîé îáñòàíîâêå, ñïóñêàëèñü íà ïåð÷àòêó on 13/10/2000, while it was 188 birds on ïî ñâèñòó ñîêîëüíèêà è ïåðåíîñèëèñü íà 18/09/2008 before we started the program. áàçîâûé ïîñò. The number of pigeons’ visits to the fac-  òå÷åíèå ïåðâîé íåäåëè ãîëóáè ïðàê- tory in the working hours has decreased òè÷åñêè ïîñòîÿííî íàõîäèëèñü íà îáúåê- (table 2). 1092 bird arrivals were registered òå. Çíà÷èòåëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ â îáñòàíîâêå during the first week and only 264 – during ïðîèçîøëè â íà÷àëå âòîðîé íåäåëè. Îñòî- the forth one. By the end of the first month ðîæíîñòü ãîëóáåé äîñòèãëà ïðåäåëà. ×èñ- we managed to lower this index by 76%. ëåííîñòü ïòèö, ïîñåùàþùèõ ôàáðèêó, ñíè- Calculating the time birds spent at the ob- çèëàñü, ýòî ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ject can make a more concrete appraisal of ãðóïï ãîëóáåé, ïîäâåðãàâøèõñÿ îòïóãèâà- changes of the situation during the experi- íèþ (òàáë.1). Ñðàçó ïîñëå íàïóñêîâ ëîâ÷åãî mental period. The limited number of birds ÿñòðåáà ãîëóáè â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïîëíîñòüþ allowed us to register the time of arrival and îñâîáîæäàëè òåððèòîðèþ; îíè ìåíüøå leaving of separate groups and determine âðåìåíè ñòàëè ïðîâîäèòü íà ôàáðèêå; â the duration of their presence at the terri- äâà ðàçà ñíèçèëîñü êîëè÷åñòâî íàïóñêîâ. Ê tory of the factory. For a more detailed ap- êîíöó äåæóðñòâà óäàâàëîñü áåçâîçâðàòíî praisal, a special coefficient of presence was âûòåñíèòü ãîëóáåé çà ïðåäåëû îáúåêòà. developed which can be counted by the fol- Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, ïîÿâèëèñü èçìåíåíèÿ â lowing formula: ïîâåäåíèè ãîëóáåé. Ïîâåäåí÷åñêèå àäàï- òàöèè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, âûðàçèëèñü â ñìåùåíèè (N*T)/10000, êîðìîâîé àêòèâíîñòè íà ðàííèå óòðåííèå è (óæå íà òðåòüåé íåäåëå) ïðåäâå÷åðíèå where: N – number of birds, Ò – time they ÷àñû; ðàíåå ïîäîáíîãî íå íàáëþäàëîñü. spent at the object (min). Ïî ñîîáùåíèÿì ïåðñîíàëà ôàáðèêè, â îò- The sum of coefficients for the first week äåëüíûå äíè (26, 28 ñåíòÿáðÿ, à â ïîñëåä- was 9.49 and for the forth week 0.83. The ñòâèè, 2, 3, 9 è 11 îêòÿáðÿ) îòìå÷àëîñü èí- presence of pigeons at the object according òåíñèâíîå êðàòêîâðåìåííîå êîðìëåíèå to this index decreased by 91%. This fact ãîëóáåé (ïî-âèäèìîìó, ãðóïïû ñ ìåñòíîé proves high efficiency of the usage of birds ñ/õ ôåðìû) â çàùèùàåìîé çîíå îêîëî 8 of prey applied to the conditions of a certain ÷àñîâ óòðà, ò.å., äî íà÷àëà ïðîâåäåíèÿ íà- industrial object. ïóñêîâ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö; 4 è 6 îêòÿáðÿ ïîäîá- We are to mention that birds of prey íóþ àêòèâíîñòü ãîëóáè äåìîíñòðèðîâàëè can be classified as one of the most effec- ïðèìåðíî â 16:30. tive bird-scaring means as it belongs to the Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â òå÷åíèå 20 äíåé çà group of so-called “contact means”: if in âñå âðåìÿ äåæóðñòâ áûëè çàìå÷åíû ëèøü the moment of usage the bird does not re- 30 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè â õîçÿéñòâå

Òàáë. 1. Èçìåíåíèå ïî äàòàì êîëè÷åñòâà íàïóñêîâ ëîâ÷èõ ÿñòðåáîâ (Accipiter gentilis) è ÷èñëåííîñòè îòïóãèâàåìûõ ãðóïï ãîëóáåé. Table 1. Changes in numbers of pigeons and Goshawks’ (Accipiter gentilis) attacks.

Âñåãî Ìåñÿö / Month Ñåíòÿáðü 2000 ã./ September 2000 Îêòÿáðü 2000 ã./ October 2000 Total 1-àÿ íåäåëÿ 2-àÿ íåäåëÿ 3-ÿ íåäåëÿ 4-ÿ íåäåëÿ Íåäåëÿ / Week 1st week 2nd week 3d week 4th week 4 Äàòà / Date 1819202122252627282923456910111213 20 Êîëè÷åñòâî íàïóñêîâ Number of bolts 5232311311-131--122- 32 0 – 5 ------2-----1------3 6 – 20 - - - -111 -11 -13---122- 14 21 – 50 2------1------3 51 – 100 32222------11

×èñëî îñîáåé ×èñëî â ãðóïïàõ Number of ind. in groups 101 – 200 --1------1 Èòîãî / Total 15 7 5 5 32

äâà íàïàäåíèÿ âîëüíûõ ÿñòðåáîâ: 21 ñåí- act properly (doesn’t try to protect itself) it òÿáðÿ è 11 îêòÿáðÿ. Âåðîÿòíî, ýòî áûëî will be put into physical contact which will îáóñëîâëåíî îòñóòñòâèåì âûãîäíûõ äëÿ prove by painful sensation the real danger àòàêè ïîëîæåíèé ñ ìîìåíòà íà÷àëà ïðîâå- for the bird’s health and life. Under such cir- äåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî îòïóãèâàíèþ ïòèö. cumstances birds don’t get accustomed to Íàïóñêè ëîâ÷èõ ÿñòðåáîâ äåëàëè ïðåáû- it. The effect of accustoming is a real prob- âàíèå ãîëóáåé íà ïîâåðõíîñòè çåìëè âåñü- lem in the usage of many other means and ìà êðàòêîñðî÷íûì, è ó âîëüíûõ õèùíèêîâ methods that are not contact or complex îñòàâàëàñü âîçìîæíîñòü íàïàäàòü òîëüêî and influence the bird only in one aspect íà ãîëóáåé, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà êðûøå, à ýòî e.g. acoustically. îçíà÷àëî óâåëè÷åíèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ áðîñêà In general, such industrial complexes è ëèøàëî ïðåèìóùåñòâà ïî âûñîòå. Ê òîìó should be regarded as experimental bases, æå, ïîòåíöèàëüíûå æåðòâû èìåëè â òàêîì convenient for working out schemes before ïîëîæåíèè ëó÷øèé îáçîð, îáíàðóæèâàÿ their exploitation at more difficult objec- àòàêóþùåãî õèùíèêà íà ìàêñèìàëüíîì ðàñ- tives such as airfields, where opportunities ñòîÿíèè. Îäíàêî, îïÿòü æå ïî ñîîáùåíèÿì for experiments are strictly limited. ïåðñîíàëà, ðàáîòàþùåãî íà ôàáðèêå, ñâî- After the experimental period, the work áîäíî æèâóùèå ÿñòðåáà îñóùåñòâèëè ðÿä continued to run the same week cycle but íàïàäåíèé â óòðåííèå ÷àñû, ò.å., äî ïîÿâëå- with only 3 working days in the middle of the íèÿ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö, äåìîíñòðèðóÿ àäàïòàöèþ week. Later we tried another scheme with ê èçìåíåíèÿì ïîâåäåíèÿ æåðòâ (ãîëóáåé), Goshawks present at the factory on Mondays, è «ïîääåðæàâ» â òî æå âðåìÿ íàøè óñèëèÿ, Wednesdays and Fridays. However, both íàïðàâëåííûå íà çàùèòó ôàáðèêè. schemes could be applied only in warm sea- Ïîñëåäíÿÿ íåäåëÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî sons as the factory has considerably more at- ýòàïà õàðàêòåðèçîâàëàñü ýïèçîäè÷åñêèì traction for birds in the cold time of the year, ïðèñóòñòâèåì ãîëóáåé, ïîëíûì ïðåêðàùåíè- and the situation then requires much more ef- åì ïîïûòîê êîðìëåíèÿ îêîëî ìåñòà ðàçãðóç- fort. The turning point is the beginning of the êè çåðíà, îòñóòñòâèåì íàïóñêîâ â ïåðâûé è snowfall in the autumn, which reduces alter- ïîñëåäíèé äíè ðàáî÷åé íåäåëè, âûñîêîé íà- native food sources, and the melting of snow ä¸æíîñòüþ êîíòðîëÿ ñèòóàöèè. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè in the spring. In such cases the schedule with êàæäûé íàïóñê ëîâ÷åãî ÿñòðåáà íà êîðìÿ- three hawking days one after another starting ùèõñÿ ãîëóáåé ïðèâîäèë ê ïîëíîìó îòë¸òó at dawn proved to be more effective. Also, ïîñëåäíèõ çà ïðåäåëû êîìïëåêñà. more working days a week were evidently necessary. After the experimental period we Ðåçóëüòàòû added the Hooded Crow, Rook (Corvus frugi-  öåëîì, îòíîñèòåëüíî èòîãîâ ðàáîò íà legus) and Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) to the ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ýòàïå, ìîæíî îòìå- list of our targets as well and expanded the òèòü ñëåäóþùåå. borders of the protection zone. Áëàãîäàðÿ íàïóñêàì ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö ñòåïåíü During the whole first year we modified êîíöåíòðàöèè ãîëóáåé íà îáúåêòå ñíèçè- approaches to application of birds of prey. ëàñü â òðè ðàçà, ÷òî èëëþñòðèðóåòñÿ äè- In the case of pigeons we were to weak- Raptors in Economy Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 31

íàìèêîé äíåâíûõ ïèêîâûõ çíà÷åíèé ÷èñ- en their connection with the territory and ëåííîñòè ãîëóáåé (ðèñ. 1). Ìàêñèìàëüíûõ where our hawks were concerned we were óðîâíåé ÷èñëåííîñòü äîñòèãàëà â ñåðåäèíå to strengthen it. We trained them on bag- äíÿ çà ñ÷¸ò ïðèáûòèÿ åæåäíåâíûõ ìèãðàí- gies (specially caught pigeons) so they con- òîâ èç áëèæàéøåãî ãîðîäà, â îòäåëüíûå sidered the factory as their natural hunting äíè ìàêñèìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè territory. They started to ignore the distrac- îïóñêàëèñü äî 5 îñîáåé 2.10.2000 ã. è 4 tions of the factory and became more con- îñîáåé 13.10.2000 ã., ïðè ïåðâîíà÷àëü- trollable. íîì óðîâíå 188 îñîáåé 18.09.2000 ã. We made from 1 or 2 to 10 bolts at the Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñåùåíèé ôàáðèêè ãîëó- baggies a day, cast the birds off to the free áÿìè â ó÷¸òíîå âðåìÿ òàêæå çíà÷èòåëüíî pigeons and made them fly to the glove ñíèçèëîñü (òàáë. 2). Çà ïåðâóþ íåäåëþ çà- from the roofs of buildings and trees, which ôèêñèðîâàíî 1092 ïðèë¸òà, à çà ÷åòâ¸ð- kept the bird in a good physical form. Us- òóþ – 264. Ê îêîí÷àíèþ ïåðâîãî ìåñÿöà ing the baggies we got the opportunity to ðàáîò óäàëîñü äîáèòüñÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ äàí- change the behavior of our hawks accord- íîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ íà 76%. ing to the situation. Áîëåå òî÷íàÿ îöåíêà èçìåíåíèé îá- As we said before, the hawks were present ùåé êàðòèíû çà âðåìÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ýêñ- at the factory only three days a week. The ïåðèìåíòà âîçìîæíà ïðè óñëîâèè ó÷¸òà rest of the time the pigeons had much more âðåìåíè, ïðîâåäåííîãî ïòèöàìè íà îáú- freedom, and that caused lowering of the åêòå. Îãðàíè÷åííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ãîëóáåé control. To compensate this, we intensified ïîçâîëèëà ôèêñèðîâàòü âðåìÿ ïðèë¸òà è the control in the working days. The bolts îòë¸òà îòäåëüíûõ ãðóïï è âïîñëåäñòâèè to the baggies made our work more effec- îïðåäåëèòü âðåìÿ, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî îíè tive. For example, the attack of the hawk íàõîäèëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ ôàáðèêè. Äëÿ áî- to a bird sitting at the height of 20 meters ëåå òî÷íîé îöåíêè èçìåíåíèé â îáñòàíîâ- cannot be productive but the attack to the êå áûë ââåä¸í êîýôôèöèåíò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ, baggy in the same place but on the ground ðàññ÷èòûâàåìûé ïî ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëå: forces pigeons sitting nearby to leave. The pigeon tried to join the flock, and the hawk (N*T)/10000, chasing him caused panic. The attacks were specially planed so that the hawk couldn’t ãäå N – êîëè÷åñòâî îñîáåé, Ò – âðåìÿ get the pigeon at once and so had to chase ïðåáûâàíèÿ íà îáúåêòå â ìèíóòàõ. him near the flock. Ñóììàðíûé êîýôôèöèåíò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ The efficiency of the attacks increased due ïåðâîé íåäåëè ñîñòàâèë 9,49, à ÷åòâ¸ðòîé to the fact that hawks took small metal con- – 0,83. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðåáûâàíèå ãîëó- structions situated nearby on the roof as a áåé íà îáúåêòå, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ äàííûì perch. If they failed to catch the bird, they ïîêàçàòåëåì, ñîêðàòèëîñü íà 91%, ÷òî, íà- waited for their prey on their perch and didn’t ðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè äàííûìè, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò let other pigeons return to their place. This î âûñîêîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ scheme of work resulted in absolute absence ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö äëÿ óñëîâèé êîíêðåòíîãî ïðî- of pigeons at the territory of the factory for an ìûøëåííîãî îáúåêòà. even longer period than before.

Ðèñ. 1. Äèíàìèêà ïè- êîâûõ (ìàêñèìàëüíûõ) çíà÷åíèé ÷èñëåííî- ñòè ãîëóáåé ïî äàòàì (ñ 18.09.2000 ã. ïî 13.10.2000 ã.) Fig. 1. Changes of maximal pigeons number from 18/09/2000 to 13/10/2000. 32 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè â õîçÿéñòâå

Òàáë. 2. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñåùåíèé ôàáðèêè ãîëóáÿìè è êîýôôèöèåíò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ It’s necessary to mention that the most íà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ýòàïå. frequent reason to lose the bird is its fly-off, Table 2. Number of pigeons’ arrivals at the factory and the coefficient of presence and we had several such occasions as well. at the experimental stage. But when the hawks started considering the factory their natural hunting territory, Ìåñÿö / Month Ñåíòÿáðü 2000 ã. Îêòÿáðü 2000 ã. the risk of losing them got much lower as September October they returned to it themselves. Usually they Íåäåëÿ / Week 1-ÿ íåäåëÿ 2-ÿ íåäåëÿ 3-ÿ íåäåëÿ 4-ÿ íåäåëÿ came back in 20–60 minutes after their fly- 1st week 2nd week 3d week 4th week off as they knew the locality well and their Êîëè÷åñòâî return became habitual to them. ïîñåùåíèé (ïðèë¸òîâ) 1092 Conclusion Number of arrivals (100%) 135 (12%) 217 (20%) 264 (24%) The long-term experience showed that Êîýôôèöèåíò both male and female birds can be used for ïðèñóòñòâèÿ the protection of the factory. It is also per- Coefficient of 9.49 0.44 0.80 0.83 missible to take the bird for training right presence (100%) (4.64%) (8.43%) (8.72%) from the nest or catch in the wild. However, each type has special features. But still the Ïî îêîí÷àíèè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ýòà- usage of male hawks is better founded, as ïà ðàáîòû íà ôàáðèêå ïðîäîëæèëèñü ñ the pigeons by their weight, size, speed ñîõðàíåíèåì íåäåëüíîãî öèêëà, íî óæå and ability to maneuver are more suitable ñ òðåìÿ ðàáî÷èìè äíÿìè â ñåðåäèíå íå- prey for males. äåëè. Âïîñëåäñòâèè áûë àïðîáèðîâàí è It’s remarkable that during 20 working äðóãîé ðåæèì: ñ íàïóñêàìè ïî ïîíåäåëü- days of the experimental period (32 bolts), íèêàì, ñðåäàì è ïÿòíèöàì. Ïî èìåþùåéñÿ only twice did birds catch pigeons: one by èíôîðìàöèè, ðåæèì «÷åðåç äåíü» ïðè- a female and one by a male bird. We think ìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ çàùèòû îò ïòèö ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ it was due to the difficulties of the starting òîãî æå ïðîôèëÿ, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî áëèç period, but the scaring effect was still high. ã. Âàðøàâà (Ïîëüøà), ãäå òàêæå èñïîëü- The hawks with experience of independ- çóþòñÿ íàïóñêè ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö – ÿñòðåáîâ- ent hunting in the wild require more atten- òåòåðåâÿòíèêîâ è êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ. tion from a falconer in the conditions of an Îáà ðåæèìà îêàçàëèñü äîïóñòèìûìè äëÿ industrial objective. The bowisers are more êîíòðîëÿ ñèòóàöèè íà îáúåêòå â ò¸ïëîå controllable and predictable, they are able âðåìÿ ãîäà. Ïðè îòðèöàòåëüíûõ äíåâíûõ to work with heavier weight and human òåìïåðàòóðàõ ñâÿçü ãîëóáåé ñ ôàáðèêîé have more opportunity to influence their çíà÷èòåëüíî âîçðàñòàåò, è çàùèòà îáúåê- individual developing. So the preference òà òðåáóåò ïðèëîæåíèÿ ãîðàçäî áîëüøèõ should be given to male Goshawks taken óñèëèé. Ïîâîðîòíûìè ìîìåíòàìè çäåñü for training right from the nest. ñëóæàò ïîÿâëåíèå óñòîé÷èâîãî ñíåãîâîãî In practice the record winner was a male ïîêðîâà îñåíüþ, ñîïðîâîæäàþùååñÿ ñî- bird called Saltan who was taken for training êðàùåíèåì àëüòåðíàòèâíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ as a bowiser. During 42 working days (from êîðìà, è îñâîáîæäåíèå îò íåãî çåìíîé October 2002 to January 2003), he caught ïîâåðõíîñòè âåñíîé.  òàêèõ óñëîâèÿõ 39 pigeons excluding the baggies. ê ëó÷øèì ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðèâîäèò ðåæèì ñ While training and working the birds of òðåìÿ äíÿìè íàïóñêîâ ïîäðÿä è êîíòðî- prey show outstanding flexibility that is one ëåì îáñòàíîâêè ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñ ðàññâåòà, of their main advantages. At the same time à òàêæå óâåëè÷åíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ðàáî÷èõ the birds differ in their species and age and äíåé çà íåäåëþ äî 4 èëè 5. there’s a great variety of the objects where Ïîñëå ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ýòàïà â ñî- they can be applied. All this provides us with ñòàâ îòïóãèâàåìûõ ïòèö áûëè âêëþ÷åíû many variants of the usage of this method. ñåðàÿ âîðîíà, ãðà÷ (Corvus frugilegus), By now we have been using Goshawks to ãàëêà (Corvus monedula), à ãðàíèöû çàùè- protect the factory for more then 10 years. ùàåìîãî ó÷àñòêà áûëè ðàñøèðåíû. Íàìíîãî ïîçæå â òå÷åíèå ïåðâîãî ãîäà The authors would like to thank Moscow ìîäèôèöèðîâàëèñü è ïîäõîäû ê ðàáîòå ñ falconers Dmitry Rodionov, Dmitry Larin, ëîâ÷èìè ïòèöàìè. Åñëè â ñëó÷àå ñ ãîëóáÿ- Natalia Grechanaya, Nikolaj Jegorikhin for ìè òðåáîâàëîñü îñëàáèòü èõ ñâÿçü ñ òåððè- taking active part in the project and Daria òîðèåé ôàáðèêè, òî â îòíîøåíèè ëîâ÷èõ Ryzhova for translation of the materials into ÿñòðåáîâ ñòàëà î÷åâèäíîé íåîáõîäèìîñòü the English language. Raptors in Economy Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 33

ýòó ñâÿçü âñÿ÷åñêè óêðåïëÿòü. Äîáèòüñÿ ýòî- íà èçëþáëåííûå ìåñòà. Ïðîâåäåíèå îòïó- ãî óäàëîñü ïåðèîäè÷åñêèìè òðåíèðîâî÷- ãèâàíèÿ ïî äàííîìó ñöåíàðèþ íåèçìåííî íûìè íàïóñêàìè íà ïîäñàäíûõ ãîëóáåé â ïðèâîäèëî ê ïîëíîìó óäàëåíèþ ãîëóáåé ñ çàùèùàåìîé çîíå. Áëàãîäàðÿ ýòîìó ëîâ÷èå òåððèòîðèè çàùèùàåìîãî îáúåêòà è ÷àñòî ÿñòðåáà ñòàëè âîñïðèíèìàòü ôàáðè÷íóþ íà áîëåå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíûé ñðîê, ÷åì ðà- òåððèòîðèþ êàê ìåñòî ñâîåé ïîñòîÿííîé íåå. îõîòû.  ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè èõ ñòàëè áåñïî- Óêðåïëåíèå ñâÿçè ëîâ÷èõ ÿñòðåáîâ ñ êîèòü ðàçíîîáðàçíûå àíòðîïîãåííûå âîç- òåððèòîðèåé ôàáðèêè èìåëî åù¸ îäíî äåéñòâèÿ, ïîâûñèëàñü óïðàâëÿåìîñòü. âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå: ðèñê ïîòåðè îáó÷åííîé Çà äåíü ÷èñëî íàïóñêîâ íà ïîäñàäíûõ ïòèöû áûë ñâåä¸í äî ìèíèìóìà. Íåîáõî- ïòèö ìîãëî ñîñòàâëÿòü îò 1–2 äî 10, ÷òî, äèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîé ïðè- íàðÿäó ñ íàïóñêàìè íà ñâîáîäíûõ ãîëó- ÷èíîé ïîòåðè ëîâ÷åé ïòèöû ó ñîêîëüíèêîâ áåé è ïîçûâàìè íà ïåð÷àòêó, ïîçâîëèëî ÿâëÿåòñÿ å¸ îòë¸ò â òåõ èëè èíûõ ñèòóàöè- ïîääåðæèâàòü ó ëîâ÷èõ ÿñòðåáîâ õîðî- ÿõ.  òå÷åíèå ïåðâîãî ãîäà ðàáîò íà ôà- øóþ ôèçè÷åñêóþ ôîðìó. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, áðèêå òàêæå èìåëè ìåñòî òàêèå ñëó÷àè.  ïîÿâèëàñü èñêëþ÷èòåëüíàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ïîñëåäóþùåå âðåìÿ óäàëîñü èçáåãàòü ýòî- îòðàáàòûâàòü äåéñòâèÿ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö â òåõ ãî, òàê êàê ñôîðìèðîâàâøàÿñÿ ñâÿçü ëîâ- èëè èíûõ ñòàíäàðòíûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ çàùèòû ÷èõ ÿñòðåáîâ ñ òåððèòîðèåé çàùèùàåìîãî îáúåêòà, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî ïîâûøåíèþ îáúåêòà çàñòàâëÿëà èõ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî âîç- àêòèâíîñòè è ýôôåêòèâíîñòè äåéñòâèé ñà- âðàùàòüñÿ ê íåé. Ýòî ìîãëî ïðîèçîéòè óæå ìèõ ëîâ÷èõ õèùíèêîâ. ÷åðåç 20–60 ìèíóò ïîñëå âçûãðûâàíèÿ, à â Êàê îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, ëîâ÷èå ïòèöû ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ – óòðîì èëè â ïåðâîé ïî- ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè íà ôàáðè÷íîì êîìïëåêñå ëîâèíå ñëåäóþùåãî äíÿ, êîãäà, ïåðåâàðèâ òîëüêî òðè äíÿ â íåäåëþ, â îñòàëüíûå äíè ïîëó÷åííîå íàêàíóíå ìÿñî, ïðîãîëîäàâ- ãîëóáè ïîëüçîâàëèñü áîëüøåé ñâîáîäîé øèñü è çíàÿ ìåñòíîñòü, ÿñòðåá ñàì ïåðå- äåéñòâèé, ÷òî ïðèâåëî ê íåêîòîðîìó ñíè- ëåòàë ê çàùèùàåìîé çîíå â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ æåíèþ ÷èñëåííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé êîíòðîëÿ óñòîÿâøèìèñÿ ñòåðåîòèïàìè ïîâåäåíèÿ. ñèòóàöèè.  êà÷åñòâå «êîìïåíñèðóþùåé» Ïîòåðÿ ëîâ÷åé ïòèöû îáÿçàòåëüíî ïðè- ìåðû çàùèòà â äåæóðíûå äíè ñòàëà áî- âîäèò ê òåì èëè èíûì äîïîëíèòåëüíûì çà- ëåå æåñòêîé. Ïðåññèíã ñî ñòîðîíû ëîâ- òðàòàì òðóäà è âðåìåíè, à íà ïîäãîòîâêó ÷èõ ïòèö óñèëèëñÿ, îïÿòü æå, çà ñ÷¸ò íà- ê ðàáîòå íîâîãî ÿñòðåáà ìîæåò óõîäèòü ïóñêîâ íà ïîäñàäíûõ. Íàïóñê ÿñòðåáà ñ áîëåå ìåñÿöà. Ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè äîëãî- ðóêè ïî ïòèöàì, ñèäÿùèì íà êðûøå íà 20- ñðî÷íûõ ðàáîò òðåáóåòñÿ ó÷èòûâàòü è ìåòðîâîé âûñîòå, íå ðåçóëüòàòèâåí, îä- âûõîä ëîâ÷åãî ÿñòðåáà èç ðàáî÷åãî ñî- íàêî íàïóñê íà ïîäñàäíóþ ïòèöó íà ýòîì ñòîÿíèÿ íà ïåðèîä ëèíüêè, åãî çàìåíó. ó÷àñòêå îáåñïå÷èâàë íóæíîå âîçäåéñòâèå Ëîâ÷èå ñîêîëà, âûðàùèâàåìûå ñ âîçðàñ- íà îòäûõàþùèõ ãîëóáåé è èõ îòë¸ò. Íàïðè- òà ïòåíöîâ, ñïîñîáíû ëèíÿòü â âûñîêîé ìåð, ïîäñàäíîé ãîëóáü, ïî÷óâñòâîâàâ ñâî- ðàáî÷åé âåñîâîé êîíäèöèè, ñîõðàíÿÿ áîäó è ñîðèåíòèðîâàâøèñü, ÷àñòî ïûòàëñÿ ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ ê ñòàå ñîïëåìåííèêîâ, à ïóùåííûé ÿñòðåá, äîãîíÿÿ åãî è áûñòðî ïðèáëèæàÿñü ê ñòàå, îáÿçàòåëüíî âûçûâàë ïàíèêó.  ëþáîì ñëó÷àå ñèòóàöèÿ íàïóñêà ôîðìèðîâàëàñü òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ÿñòðåá íå ñìîã áûñòðî ïîéìàòü ïîäñàäíóþ ïòèöó, à å¸ èíòåíñèâíîå ïðåñëåäîâàíèå ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè âîçäóøíûìè ýâîëþöèÿ- ìè ïðîèñõîäèëî áû ïîáëèçîñòè îò ñòàè. Êîìïàêòíûå ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå êîíñòðóê- öèè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå íåïîäàë¸êó îò ìåñò îòäûõà ãîëóáåé è ÷óòü âûøå èõ, ÿñòðåáà ñòàëè âîñïðèíèìàòü â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàäû, óäîáíîé äëÿ àòàêè. Ýòî ïîçâîëèëî ïîäíÿòü ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòü ñåàíñîâ îòïóãèâàíèÿ. Òàê, íå ïîéìàâøèé ïîñëå íàïóñêà ÿñòðåá, Íà ôàáðèêå îòðàáàòûâàëèñü ðàçëè÷íûå òàêòè÷åñêèå ïðè¸ìû – ïîäú¸ì ñ ëîâ÷èì ÿñòðåáîì ïî ëåñòíèöå êàê ïðàâèëî, âñåãäà çàíèìàë çíàêîìóþ ïåðåä íàïóñêîì íà âûñîòå êðûø. Ôîòî Ñ. Ðûæîâà. ïðèñàäó â îæèäàíèè ïîäñàäíîé ïòèöû, è We applied different tactics – climbing up the stairs ïàðàëëåëüíî ïðåñåêàë ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé with the hawk to cast it off at the roof level. àòàêîé ëþáûå ïîïûòêè ãîëóáåé âåðíóòüñÿ Photo by S. Ryzhov. 34 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè â õîçÿéñòâå

Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå âîçðàñòíîå ôîðìèðîâàíèå êàê õèùíèêîâ êîíñòðóêöèè ëîâ÷èå â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ïîäâåðæåíî âîçäåé- ÿñòðåáà íàó÷èëèñü èñ- ïîëüçîâàòü â êà÷åñòâå ñòâèþ ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà, ÷òî âàæíî äëÿ ïðèñàäû, ñ êîòîðîé ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ â ñòîëü íåîáû÷íûõ óñëî- àòàêîâàëè ãîëóáåé. âèÿõ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è âûïîëíåíèÿ Ôîòî Ñ. Ðûæîâà. ñïåöèàëüíîé ìèññèè.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, ïðåä- The goshawks learnt ïî÷òåíèå â îòáîðå íóæíî îòäàòü ñàìöàì, to use the metal âûðàùèâàåìûì ñ ãíåçäîâîãî âîçðàñòà. Èç constructions as a perch from which to attack ïðèìåíÿâøèõñÿ íà ôàáðèêå ïòèö àáñî- pigeons. ëþòíûì ðåêîðäñìåíîì âî ìíîãèõ îòíî- Photo by S. Ryzhov. øåíèÿõ ñëåäóåò ïðèçíàòü ñàìöà ïî êëè÷êå «Ñàëòàí». Îí âûðàùèâàëñÿ ñ ïòåíöîâî- ãî âîçðàñòà. Èì, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â ïåðèîä ñ îêòÿáðÿ 2002 ã. ïî ÿíâàðü 2003 ã. çà 42 ðàáî÷èõ äíÿ áûëî ïîéìàíî 39 ãîëóáåé, áåç ó÷¸òà òðåíèðîâî÷íûõ íàïóñêîâ.  îáó÷åíèè è ïðèìåíåíèè ëîâ÷èå ïòèöû äåìîíñòðèðóþò íåìàëóþ ïëàñòè÷íîñòü, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ íåîñïîðèìûì ïðåèìóùåñòâîì è íàðàâíå ñ ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ñàìèõ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö (âèäîâûì, âîçðàñòíûì è ò.ä.) è îáúåê- ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìóþ óïðàâëÿåìîñòü.  òîâ, ãäå èõ èñïîëüçîâàíèå âîçìîæíî, äå- õîäå íàñòîÿùèõ ðàáîò ëåòîì 2002 ã. áûëà ëàåò óïîòðåáëåíèå äàííîãî ìåòîäà ìíîãî- ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà ïðîâåñòè ëèíüêó ó âàðèàíòíûì. Ëîâ÷èõ õèùíûõ ïòèö ìîæíî íàõîäÿùåéñÿ â ðàáî÷åì ñîñòîÿíèè ñàì- êëàññèôèöèðîâàòü êàê îäíî èç íàèáîëåå êè ÿñòðåáà-òåòåðåâÿòíèêà ïî êëè÷êå «Ñå- ýôôåêòèâíûõ ñðåäñòâ äëÿ îòïóãèâàíèÿ ðàÿ». Ñìåíà ïåðüåâîãî ïîêðîâà íà÷àëàñü, ïòèö äðóãèõ âèäîâ, ïîñêîëüêó îíè îòíîñÿò- íî ïðîòåêàëà ìåäëåííî, è ñàìêà âñå-òàêè ñÿ ê ãðóïïå êîíòàêòíûõ ñðåäñòâ.  ìîìåíò áûëà âûñàæåíà íà ëèíüêó. Ïåðåëèíÿâ, îíà èõ ïðèìåíåíèÿ, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè èëè ñëàáî ñíîâà ó÷àñòâîâàëà â ðàáîòàõ. âûðàæåííîé îáîðîíèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè ñî ñòîðîíû îòïóãèâàåìîé ïòèöû, îíà íå- Èòîãè ìèíóåìî âñòóïàåò â ôèçè÷åñêèé êîíòàêò, Êàê ïîêàçàëà ïðàêòèêà, äëÿ çàùèòû ïîäîá- áîëåâûìè îùóùåíèÿìè ïîäòâåðæäàþùèé íûõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ îáúåêòîâ, áåññïîðíî, ñóùåñòâîâàíèå äëÿ îðãàíèçìà ðåàëüíîé ïðèìåíèìû êàê ñàìêè, òàê è ñàìöû, êàê âû- îïàñíîñòè ïîòåðè çäîðîâüÿ èëè ñàìîé ðàùåííûå èç ïòåíöîâ, òàê è ïòèöû, ïîéìàí- æèçíè. Ïðè ýòîì óñëîâèè íå ïðîèñõîäèò íûå îõîòèâøèìèñÿ íà âîëå, õîòÿ êàæäîé ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ýôôåêòà «ïðèâûêàíèÿ», íàçâàííîé êàòåãîðèè ïðèñóùè ñâîè îñîáûå çíà÷èòåëüíî îñëîæíÿþùåãî äëèòåëüíîå ÷åðòû.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå ñèçûé ãîëóáü – äî- ïðèìåíåíèå ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ ñðåäñòâ. áû÷à, áîëüøå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ âåñó è ðàç- Íà ìîìåíò ïîäãîòîâêè íàñòîÿùèõ ìàòå- ìåðàì, ñêîðîñòè è ìàíåâðåííîñòè ñàìöîâ, ðèàëîâ îáùàÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ðàáîò íåæåëè ñàìîê, ÷òî îòðàçèëîñü íà áîëåå âû- ïî çàùèòå ôàáðèêè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñîêîé ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòè íàïóñêîâ ó ñàìöîâ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö ñîñòàâëÿåò áîëåå 10 ëåò.  ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïîèìêè äîáû÷è. öåëîì æå ïîäîáíûå ïðîìûøëåííûå êîì- Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî çà äâàäöàòü ðàáî÷èõ äíåé ïëåêñû ñëåäóåò ðàññìàòðèâàòü â êà÷åñòâå ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ýòàïà (32 íàïóñêà) ñî- ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé áàçû, óäîáíîé äëÿ îò- ñòîÿëèñü òîëüêî äâå ïîèìêè: îäíîãî ãîëóáÿ ðàáîòêè ïðè¸ìîâ ïåðåä èõ âíåäðåíèåì ïîéìàëà ñàìêà, âòîðîãî – ñàìåö, ÷òî, âåðî- â ïðàêòèêó ýêñïëóàòàöèè áîëåå ñëîæíûõ ÿòíî, îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òðóäíîñòÿìè ñòàðòîâîãî îáúåêòîâ, òàêèõ, êàê àýðîäðîìû, ãäå âîç- ïåðèîäà, íî ïðè ýòîì âñ¸ ðàâíî áûë ïîëó- ìîæíîñòè äëÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòèðîâàíèÿ çíà- ÷åí âûñîêèé îòïóãèâàþùèé ýôôåêò. ÷èòåëüíî îãðàíè÷åíû. ßñòðåáà, óæå èìåþùèå îïûò âîëüíîé îõîòû, â óñëîâèÿõ ïðîìûøëåííîãî îáúåê- Áëàãîäàðíîñòè òà áîëåå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíû è òðåáóþò áîëü- Àâòîðû âûðàæàþò áëàãîäàðíîñòü ìî- øåãî âíèìàíèÿ ñî ñòîðîíû ñîêîëüíèêà. ñêîâñêèì ñîêîëüíèêàì, ïðèíèìàâøèì ßñòðåáà, âûðàùåííûå ñ ãíåçäîâîãî âîç- ó÷àñòèå â ïðîåêòå â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ, Ðîäèî- ðàñòà, áîëåå óïðàâëÿåìû è ïðåäñêàçóåìû, íîâó Ä.Ý., Ëàðèíó Ä.À., Ãðå÷àíîé Í.Â. è ñïîñîáíû ðàáîòàòü ñ áîëåå âûñîêèìè ãðà- Åãîðèõèíó Í.Ì., à òàêæå Ðûæîâîé Ä.Ñ. çà íèöàìè ðàáî÷åãî âåñà, èõ èíäèâèäóàëüíîå ïåðåâîä ìàòåðèàëîâ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 35

RaptorConservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

EstimatingtheEfficiencyofBirdProtectionActivitiesonPower Lines6–10kVintheNationalParkof“Smolny”,Russia ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПТИЦЕЗАЩИТНЫХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ НА ВЛ 6–10 КВ В НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПАРКЕ «СМОЛЬНЫЙ», РОССИЯ MatsynaA.I.,MatsynaE.L.MatsynaA.A.(LaboratoryofornithologyunderEcocenter “Dront”,N.Novgorod,Russia) GrishutkinG.F.(NationalPark“Smolny”,Smolny,RepublicofMordovia,Russia) SpiridonovS.N.(MordovianStatePedagogicalInstitute,Saransk,Republicof Mordovia,Russia) Мацына А.И., Мацына Е.Л., Мацына А.А. (Орнитологическая лаборатория Экологического центра «Дронт», г. Н. Новгород, Россия) Гришуткин Г.Ф. (ФГУ Национальный парк «Смольный», п. Смольный, Республика Мордовия, Россия) Спиридонов С.Н. (Мордовский государственный педагогический институт, Саранск, Республика Мордовия, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Àëåêñàíäð Ìàöûíà  ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ êðàòêèå ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé, âûïîëíåííûõ íà ó÷àñòêàõ ÂË 6–10 ê â Íàöèîíàëüíîì Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé» äî è ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ (ÏÇÓ). Ãèáåëü ïòèö íà îáîðóäîâàííîì ÏÇÓ ëàáîðàòîðèÿ ó÷àñòêå áûëà óìåíüøåíà ñ 58 ïòèö 17 âèäîâ äî îäíîé ïòèöû, ÷òî ïîêàçûâàåò âûñîêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðî- Ýêîöåíòðà «Äðîíò» âåäåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî çàùèòå ïòèö. 603000, Ðîññèÿ, Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì, ËÝÏ, ïòèöåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, à/ÿ 631, Abstract Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» The paper presents the results of surveys on the sections of PL 6–10 kV crossing the National Park of “Smolny” òåë.: +7 831 430 28 81 before and after setting the bird protective devices. The bird deaths here were decreased from 58 birds of 17 spe- [email protected] cies till one bird, that showed the high efficiency of such protection activities. Keywords: electrocution, power lines, bird protective devices. Åêàòåðèíà Ìàöûíà [email protected]

Ãåííàäèé Ãðèøóòêèí Ïîâûøåíèå áåçîïàñíîñòè ýêñïëóàòèðóå- Increasing the power line safety is a direc- [email protected] ìûõ âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé (ÂË) ýëåêòðîïåðå- tion of high priority for raptor conservation Ñåðãåé Ñïèðèäîíîâ äà÷è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç (Pestov, 2005; Matsyna, 2006; 2008; 2009; [email protected] ïðèîðèòåòíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé â îõðàíå ïåð- Karyakin et al., 2009). Contact: íàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (Ïåñòîâ, 2005; Ìàöûíà, Alexander Matsyna 2006, 2008, 2009; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Laboratory of  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû èä¸ò àêòèâíîå âíå- Ornithology of Ecological Center “Dront” äðåíèå ñîâðåìåííûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ P.O. Box 631, óñòðîéñòâ (ÏÇÓ) â ðàçëè÷íûõ ðåãèîíàõ Nizhniy Novgorod, ñòðàíû. Íà ôîíå åæåãîäíîãî ðîñòà îáú¸ìà Russia, 603000, òàêèõ ðàáîò ïî-ïðåæíåìó ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íå- tel.: +7 831 430 28 81 [email protected] äîñòàòîê ñâåäåíèé îá èõ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Ekaterina Matsyna Âîñïîëíèòü ýòîò ïðîáåë äëÿ óñëîâèé ëåñ- [email protected] íîé çîíû Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè ìîãóò ÂË 6–10 êÂ, îáîðóäîâàííàÿ ÏÇÓ. ÔÃÓ ÍÏ Gennady Grishutkin ðåçóëüòàòû ìîäåëüíîãî ïðîåêòà, âûïîëíÿå- «Ñìîëüíûé», íîÿáðü 2010 ã. Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû. [email protected] ìîãî ñ 2008 ã. â ÔÃÓ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê Pl 6–10 kV with bird protective device. The National Sergey Spiridonov «Ñìîëüíûé», ðàñïîëîæåííîì íà ñåâåðî- Park of “Smolny”, November 2010. [email protected] âîñòîêå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ. Photo by A. Matsyna. 36 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

The power line PL 6–10 kV in the Na- tional Park of “Smolny” was retrofitted with bird protective devices in 2009 (Matsyna, Grishutkin, 2009). The year later, 5–7th No- vember 2010 we carried out the repeated surveys of the power line to estimate ef- ficiency of the activities. A total length of power lines under investigation was 28.6 km. We explored 424 concrete poles of PL 6–10 kV (386 intermediate and 38 anchors) being retrofitted with more than 1400 spe- cial bird protective devices (BPD). Only 19 inspected poles (4.5%) were not retrofitted. We discovered remains of only 3 electro- cuted birds. Two of them (Buzzard Buteo buteo and one small of passerines – spe- cies undetermined), were killed here before retrofitting of electric poles (more than year Ðèñ. 1. Ïòèöåîïàñíûå ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â Íàöïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé». ago). One bird (Rook Corvus frugilegus) was Fig. 1. Power Lines hazardous for birds in the National Park “Smolny”. killed on a retrofitted electric pole because of insufficient cable insulation in the area of  ñåíòÿáðå 2008 ãîäà çäåñü áûëî îá- pole head. Considering that 58 birds of 17 ñëåäîâàíî 39,27 êì ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ëèíèé species (including 25 raptors – 43.1%) were ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ÂË 6–10 ê íà 5 ó÷àñò- found on this section of PL in 2008 we have êàõ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî to note the high efficiency of such protec- íà òåððèòîðèè è âäîëü þæíîé ãðàíèöû tion activities. ïàðêà (Ìàöûíà, Ãðèøóòêèí, 2009). Îñå- Notable that during our surveys of the PL íüþ 2009 ã. ñîòðóäíèêàìè È÷àëêîâñêîãî in 2010, we repeatedly encountered Ural ÐÝÑ ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Âîëãè» – «Ìîð- Owls (Strix uralensis) (n=4) near PL as well äîâýíåðãî» îáñëåäîâàííûå ó÷àñòêè ëè- as sitting on poles or BPD directly. Unfor- íèé áûëè îáîðóäîâàíû ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè tunately exploring this section in 2008 and óñòðîéñòâàìè. Ïî èñòå÷åíèþ ïîëíîãî 2009 we did not find alive owls around PL êàëåíäàðíîãî ãîäà, 5–7 íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã., 6–10 kV. Undoubtedly the elimination of ïðîâåä¸í ïîâòîðíûé îñìîòð ýëåêòðîëè- such important limiting factor will promote íèé, ÷òî ïîçâîëèëî îöåíèòü ýôôåêòèâ- increasing and recovering of raptor popula- íîñòü çàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, ñîñòîÿíèå tions in the National Park of “Smolny”. óñòàíîâëåííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ è êà÷åñòâî The further studies of peculiarities of BPD âûïîëíåííûõ ðàáîò. installing let to develop and improve their Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ïîâòîðíî îáñëå- construction. In particular, basing on the äîâàííûõ ëèíèé ñîñòàâèëà 28,6 êì. Îáú- results of our surveys the developing of åêòîì îñìîòðà ñòàëè 424 æ/á îïîðû ÂË special protective module for bus-bar con- 6–10 ê (386 ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ è 38 àíêåð- nectors which are used in the anchor pole íûõ), íà êîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíî áîëåå 1400 construction should be recommended. ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ. Ñðåäè íèõ 19 îïîð (4,5%) îñòàëèñü íå çà- ùèù¸ííûìè (ÏÇÓ íå óñòàíîâëåíû). Îáùåå ñîñòîÿíèå óñòàíîâëåííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ è êà÷åñòâî ìîíòàæà îöåíåíû êàê î÷åíü õîðîøèå. Îòìå÷åíî íåáîëüøîå ÷èñëî ñëó- ÷àåâ ïðîïóñêà êðåïåæíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ (0,4– 5,1% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà äëÿ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ÏÇÓ) è åäèíè÷íûå ñëó÷àè ïðîïóñêà

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis), ïîãèáøàÿ íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ. ÔÃÓ ÍÏ «Ñìîëüíûé», ìàé 2009 ã. Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû. Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) electrocuted PL 6–10 kV. The National Park «Smolny», May 2009. Photo by A. Matsyna. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 37

Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÂË 6–10 êÂ, îáñëåäîâàííûõ íà òåððèòîðèè ÔÃÓ «ÍÏ «Ñìîëüíûé». Table 1. Specifications of power lines 6–10 kV, surveyed in the territory the Natianal Park “Smolny”.

Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü Íàãðóçêà íà ýêñïëóàòàöèè ýêîñèñòåìó, êì Ãîä ââîäà â äî 2009 ã. ÂË/ãîä Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü, ýêñïëóàòàöèþ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, ëåò Stress on Íàèìåíîâàíèå ÂË êì Year of com- Duration of operation ecosystems, ¹ Name of the PL Length, km missioning up to 2009, years km of PL/year 1 ÂË 10 ê ÏÑ Ñìîëüíûé ß÷åéêà ¹1 14.14 1988 21 297 (Êàëûøà) PL 10kV PS Smolny Segment ¹1 (Kalysha) 2 ÂË 10 ê ÏÑ Ñìîëüíûé ß÷åéêà ¹4 12.18 1970 39 475 (ñàí. Àëàòûðü) PL 10kV PS Smolny Segment ¹4 (Alatyr) 3 ÂË 10 ê ÏÑ Ñìîëüíûé ß÷åéêà ¹5 4.76 1988 21 100 (Ì. È÷àëêè) PL 10kV PS Smolny Segment ¹5 (M. Ichalki) 4 ÂË 10 ê ÏÑ Êåìëÿ ß÷åéêà ¹3 3.92 1989 20 78 (Èêëåé) PL 10kV PS Kemlya Segment ¹3 (Ikley) 5 ÂË 10 ê ÏÑ Á. Ñûðåñè ß÷åéêà ¹6 4.27 1989 20 85 (Áàðàõìàíû) PL 10kV PS B. Syresi Segment ¹6 (Barkhmany) ÂÑÅÃÎ / Total 39.27 – 26 1036

îòäåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, óñòà- âëèÿíèÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ÂË 6–10 ê â ïàð- íîâëåíî íàëè÷èå íåñêîëüêèõ «ïðîáëåì- êå «Ñìîëüíûé» çà âåñü ïåðèîä èõ ðàáîòû. íûõ» êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, èçîëÿöèÿ Ñîîòíîøåíèå ðàçëè÷íîé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè êîòîðûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàòðóäíåíà. è ñðîêà ýêñïëóàòàöèè îòäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ  ðåçóëüòàòå îñìîòðà îáíàðóæåíû âñå- ÂË 6–10 ê îïðåäåëÿåò èõ ñóììàðíóþ íà- ãî òðè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèöû, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ãðóçêó íà ýêîñèñòåìó, ñ ó÷¸òîì êîòîðîé äâå (îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê Buteo buteo è ðàññ÷èòàíà ñðåäíÿÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ìåëêàÿ âîðîáüèíàÿ ïòèöà, íå îïðåäåë¸í- ýêñïëóàòàöèè âñåãî êîìïëåêñà ÂË íà òåð- íàÿ äî âèäà) ïîãèáëè äî óñòàíîâêè ÏÇÓ ðèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà – îíà ñîñòà- (áîëåå îäíîãî ãîäà íàçàä). Ãèáåëü ãðà÷à âèëà 26 ëåò (òàáë. 1). (Corvus frugilegus) ëåòîì 2010 ã. (îïî- Îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö çà ðà ¹75 ÂË–10 ê ¹6 ÏÑ 110/10 ê Á. ýòîò ïåðèîä, à òàêæå ðàçìåð âðåäà çà íå- Ñûðåñè) ïðîèçîøëà èç-çà íåäîñòàòî÷íîé çàêîííîå óíè÷òîæåíèå îáúåêòîâ æèâîò- èçîëÿöèè ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïðîâîäà â ðàé- îíå îãîëîâêà îïîðû. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî íà äàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÂË, äåòàëüíî îáñëåäî- âàííûõ â 2008 ã., áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 58 ïòèö (â ò.÷. 25 õèùíûõ – 43,1%), îòíîñÿ- ùèõñÿ ê 17 âèäàì, ìîæíî îòìåòèòü âûñî- êèé ïòèöåçàùèòíûé ýôôåêò âûïîëíåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Íà îñíîâå äàííûõ î âèäîâîì ñîñòàâå è ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö âûïîëíåí ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåãî îáú¸ìà ãèáåëè ïòèö â çîíå

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü. ÔÃÓ ÍÏ «Ñìîëüíûé», íîÿáðü 2010 ã. Ôîòî Ñ. Ñïèðèäîíîâà. Ural Owl. The National Park of “Smolny”, November 2010. Photo by S. Spiridonov. 38 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 2. Ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåãî îáú¸ìà ãèáåëè ïòèö è ðàçìåðà âðåäà íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ÂË 6–10 ê â ñðåäíåì çà âåñü ïåðèîä èõ ýêñïëóàòàöèè (26 ëåò). Table 2. Calculation of the total bird death rates and damage for the surveyed power lines 6–10 kV on average during the entire period of their operation (26 years).

Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ Ñðåäíÿÿ ïòèö çà Ðàçìåð âðåäà Êîëè÷åñòâî ÷àñòîòà âåñü ïåðèîä çà âåñü ïåðèîä ïîãèáøèõ ãèáåëè, ýêñïëóàòàöèè ýêñïëóàòàöèè, ïòèö çà 1 ïòèö/êì ÂË Ðàçìåð Ðàçìåð Number of ðóá. ãîä Average ïëàòû çà âðåäà çà 1 perished Size of the Number of frequency of óùåðá, ðóá. ãîä, ðóá. birds dur- damage during perished bird deaths, Fee for the Size of the ing the entire the entire pe- birds per birds/km damage, damage per period of riod of opera- ¹ Âèäû / Species year of PL rubles. year, rubles. operation tion, rubles. 1 Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) 1 0.03 5000 5000 26 130000 2 Îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 14 0.36 5000 70000 364 182000 3 Êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus) 2 0.05 5000 10000 52 260000 4 Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) 3 0.08 5000 15000 78 390000 5 Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus) 1 0.03 5000 5000 26 130000 6 Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis) 4 0.10 5000 20000 104 520000 7 Îáûêíîâåííûé êîçîäîé (Caprimulgus europaeus) 1 0.03 2000 2000 26 52000 8 Áîëüøîé ïåñòðûé äÿòåë (Dendrocopos major) 3 0.08 3500 10500 78 273000 9 Ñîéêà (Garrulus glandarius) 2 0.05 1000 2000 52 52000 10 Ñîðîêà (Pica pica) 8 0.20 1000 8000 208 208000 11 Êåäðîâêà (Nucifraga caryocatactes) 4 0.10 1000 4000 104 104000 12 Ðÿáèííèê (Turdus pilaris) 3 0.08 1000 3000 78 78000 13 Ïåâ÷èé äðîçä (Turdus philomelos) 1 0.03 1000 1000 26 26000 14 Äåðÿáà (Turdus viscivorus) 1 0.03 1000 1000 26 26000 15 Äðîçä, âèä íå îïðåäåë¸í (Turdus sp.) 7 0.18 1000 7000 182 182000 16 Áîëüøàÿ ñèíèöà (Parus major) 2 0.05 1000 2000 52 52000 17 Ïîïîëçåíü (Sitta europaea) 1 0.03 1000 1000 26 26000 Âñåãî / Total 58 1.48 – 166700 1508 4329000 Âñåãî (ñ ó÷¸òîì êîýôôèöèåíòà íåäîó÷åòà ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðè ðàçîâîì îñìîòðå ÂË = 2,5) Total (index of unac- counted dead birds during one-time survey of PL = 2.5) 145 3.70 – 416750 3770 10822500 Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 39

îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïåðèîä «îêóïàåìîñòè» ýòèõ ðàñõîäîâ, â ñîîòíîøåíèè ñ óñòàíîâëåííûì ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì óùåðáîì, ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 1,6 äî 4,1 ëåò – â ñðåäíåì 3 ãîäà. Âî âðåìÿ ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò íå áûëî óñòà- íîâëåíî ôàêòîâ ãèáåëè ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ðåäêèõ è îõðàíÿåìûõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, îáèòàþùèõ íà òåððèòîðèè ïàð- êà – ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) è äðóãèõ. Îäíàêî íåçàùèù¸í- íûå ÂË 6–10 ê äëÿ íèõ òàêæå ïðåäñòàâëÿ- ëè ñåðü¸çíóþ îïàñíîñòü. Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî, ÷òî ïðè îñìîòðå ëèíèé â 2010 ãîäó ìû íåîäíîêðàòíî âñòðå÷àëè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé (Strix uralensis) (n=4) â çîíå, ïðèëåãàþùåé ê ÂË 6–10 êÂ, â ò.÷. ñèäÿùèìè íà îïîðàõ ÂË è íåïîñðåä- ñòâåííî íà ÏÇÓ. Ïðè âûïîëíåíèè àíàëî- ãè÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â 2008 è 2009 ãã. Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ÂË 6–10 íîãî ìèðà (Ìåòîäèêà îöåíêè ðàçìåðà æèâûå ñîâû â ðàéîíå ÂË 6–10 ê íå îòìå- êÂ, ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ÷åðåç âðåäà.., 2008), îïðåäåëåíû ïóò¸ì ïðÿìîé ÷àëèñü. Íåñîìíåííî, èñêëþ÷åíèå îäíîãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîñëå å¸ îáî- ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè çàôèêñèðîâàííûõ â ðå- èç îñíîâíûõ ëèìèòèðóþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ â ðóäîâàíèÿ ïòèöåçà- çóëüòàòå âûïîëíåííûõ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâà- äàëüíåéøåì áóäåò îïðåäåëÿòü ðîñò è âîñ- ùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè íèé ðåçóëüòàòîâ ãèáåëè â òå÷åíèå îäíîãî ñòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö â ÏÇÓ ÊÏ-1Á, ñòàëà ãîäà íà ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ýêñïëóàòàöèè íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå. áåçîïàñíîé. ÔÃÓ ÍÏ «Ñìîëüíûé». ÂË 6–10 ê (òàáë. 2). Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëü- Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû. òàòû äîïîëíèòåëüíî óìíîæåíû íà Ê=2,5, Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Power line hazardous îòðàæàþùèé íåäîó÷¸ò ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðè Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ for birds, going through îäíîêðàòíîì (â êîíöå ãîäà) îñìîòðå ÂË íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ the habitats of birds of â ðåçóëüòàòå èõ ïîñòîÿííîé åñòåñòâåííîé 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ prey after its retrofitting óòèëèçàöèè â ïðèðîäå (Ñàëòûêîâ, 1999; with bird protective îõðàíà. 2009. ¹14. Ñ. 45–64. devices (KP-1B) has Ìàöûíà, 2005; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Ìàöûíà À.È. Ðåãèîíàëüíàÿ îöåíêà ìàñøòà- became safe. National Ñóììà åæåãîäíîãî óùåðáà, âûçâàííîãî áîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ (íà ïðè- Park “Smolny”. ãèáåëüþ ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìåðå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè). – Îðíèòîëî- Photo by A. Matsyna. ÂË 6–10 êÂ, ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 166,7 äî 416,8 ãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: òûñ. ðóáëåé. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä ýêñïëóàòàöèè Òåçèñû XII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ñòàâðîïîëü, îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ÂË 6–10 êÂ, áåç 2006. Ñ. 340–342. îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè îáúåêòîâ æè- Ìàöûíà À.È. Çàùèòà õèùíûõ ïòèö íà âîçäóø- âîòíîãî ìèðà, ñóììà óùåðáà ñîñòàâèëà îò íûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðà- 4,33 äî 10,82 ìëí. ðóáëåé. íà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû Óñðåäí¸ííàÿ «ñòîèìîñòü» îäíîãî ýêçåì- V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïëÿðà ïòèöû, áåç ó÷¸òà âèäîâîé ïðèíàä- ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâ- ëåæíîñòè, ðàâíà 2871 ðóáëþ. Ýòîò ïîêàçà- ðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî, 2008. Ñ. 34–35. Ìàöûíà À.È., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô. Çàùèòà ïòèö íà òåëü ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí êàê êðèòåðèé âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â îöåíêè îáùåé ïòèöåîïàñíîñòè êîíêðåò- ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëü- íûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ÂË 6–10 ê èëè âûäåëåííûõ íûé», Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- òåððèòîðèé. À òàêæå äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ èëè íà. 2009. ¹17. Ñ. 22–23. äåìîíñòðàöèè âàæíîñòè ïëàíèðóåìûõ èëè Ìåòîäèêà èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè- âûïîëíåíûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. ÷èíåííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñåí- íûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè,  äàííîì ñëó÷àå îí çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå àíà- à òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå ëîãè÷íîãî ñðåäíåãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ, îïðåäå- îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà ë¸ííîãî äëÿ ðàñïîëîæåííîé ïî ñîñåäñòâó è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ. Óòâåðæäåíà Ïðèêàçîì Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè – 1507 ðóá., ÷òî ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè îò 28.04.2008 ¹107. ïîä÷¸ðêèâàåò âàæíîñòü âûïîëíåííûõ ìå- Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â. Ïðîáëåìà «Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ðîïðèÿòèé íà òåððèòîðèè ÎÎÏÒ. ËÝÏ» íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî îáùèé îáú¸ì ôèíàíñîâûõ íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹4. Ñ. 11–13. Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðåäîòâðàùå- çàòðàò ïî îáîðóäîâàíèþ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ÂË íèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå Ñìîëüíûé 6–10 êÂ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Óëüÿíîâñê, ñîñòàâèë îêîëî 680 òûñ. ðóáëåé, ìîæíî 1999. 43 ñ. 40 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

TheOutcomesofPreliminaryMonitoringforDeathofRaptorsand OtherBirdSpeciesThroughElectrocutionintheEasternOrenburg District,Russia ИТОГИ ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНОГО МОНИТОРИНГА ГИБЕЛИ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ И ДРУГИХ ВИДОВ ПТИЦ ОТ ПОРАЖЕНИЯ ТОКОМ НА ЛИНИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ В ВОСТОЧНОМ ОРЕНБУРЖЬЕ, РОССИЯ BarbazyukE.V.(InstituteofSteppeofUralBranchofRussianAcademyofScience, OrenburgStateNatureReserve,Orenburg,Russia) BakkaS.V.(NizhniyNovgorodBranchoftheRussianBirdConservationUnion, N.Novgorod,Russia) BarashkovaA.N.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) SemenovA.R.(ResearchLaboratory"Finval",N.Novgorod,Russia) SmelyanskiyI.E.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) Барбазюк Е.В. (Институт степи УрО РАН, ФГУ «Государственный заповедник «Оренбургский», Оренбург, Россия) Бакка С.В. (Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия) Барашкова А.Н. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Семёнов А.Р. (Лаборатория «Финвал», Н. Новгород, Россия) Смелянский И.Э. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Åâãåíèé Áàðáàçþê  ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ãèáåëè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è äðóãèõ âèäîâ Èíñòèòóò ñòåïè ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ ïòèö íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê áëèç äâóõ îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðè- 460000, Ðîññèÿ, ðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé â Âîñòî÷íîì Îðåíáóðæüå, Ðîññèÿ, â 2010 ã. Îáíàðóæåíû òðóïû è îñòàíêè 29 ïòèö, Îðåíáóðã, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê øåñòè âèäàì. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ñîñòàâèëè îêîëî 76%. Îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè è òðóïû 8 óë. Ïèîíåðñêàÿ, 11 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila nipalensis), 4 ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca) è 1 êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus). Äîëÿ ýòèõ òåë.: +7 3532 77 62 47 êðàñíîêíèæíûõ âèäîâ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà 59% îò âñåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Íà äâóõ òðàíñåêòàõ âî [email protected] âñå ïåðèîäû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïðåîáëàäàëè ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà 1 êì îá- ñëåäîâàííîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è áûëî ìàêñèìàëüíûì íà òðàíñåêòå «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä. Ñåðãåé Áàêêà Ðàçìåð âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îêðóæàþùåìó ìèðó âñëåäñòâèå îòñóòñòâèÿ èçîëÿöèè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ, ñîñòàâèë 862 òûñ. ðóáëåé. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì, ËÝÏ, Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îá- «Äðîíò» ëàñòü, ÎÎÏÒ, çàïîâåäíèê, çàêàçíèê. 603001, Ðîññèÿ, Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Abstract óë. Ðîæäåñòâåíñêàÿ, 16ä This report provides the outcomes of preliminary monitoring for death of raptors and other bird species on two [email protected] power lines 6–10 kV transects near two specially protected natural areas in the eastern Orenburg District, Russia, in 2010. We found remains of 29 birds pertaining to six species. The raptors totaled about 76%. We found remains of Àííà Áàðàøêîâà eight Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis), four Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) and one Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo Ñèáèðñêèé rufinus). The proportion of these Red Data Book bird species totaled 59% out of the entire number of raptors. During ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð all monitoring periods the two surveyed transects were dominated by raptors. The average number of perished birds 630090, Ðîññèÿ, per 1 km surveyed line was maximum on the “Aschisay Steppe” transect in summer time. The extent of damage Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 caused to the environment due to the absence of 6–10 kV power line isolation totaled 862 thousands rubles. òåë.: +7 383 363 00 59 Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, electrocution, power lines, Orenburg District, specially protected natural reserva- [email protected] tions, nature reserve, seasonal reserve (zakaznik).

Àíäðåé Ñåì¸íîâ Ëàáîðàòîðèÿ «Ôèíâàë» Ââåäåíèå Introduction 606408, Ðîññèÿ, Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáë., Ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà âîçäóøíûõ The issue of bird death on overhead pow- ã. Áàëàõíà, ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê êðàéíå er lines 6–10 kV is very urgent, observed for óë. Êèðîâà, 21–24 àêòóàëüíà, ñóùåñòâóåò äàâíî è óñïåøíî ðå- a very long time and successfully addressed òåë.: +7 831 44 967 20 øàåòñÿ â ðÿäå ñóáúåêòîâ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôå- across some parts of the Russian Federation [email protected] äåðàöèè (Ìåäæèäîâ è äð., 2005; Ãðèøóò- (Medzhidov et. al., 2005; Grishutkin, Mat- êèí, Ìàöûíà, 2009; Ñàëòûêîâ, 2009). Äëÿ syna, 2009; Saltykov, 2009). For the Oren- Îðåíáóðæüÿ äàííàÿ ïðîáëåìà áûëà îáî- burg District this issue was outlined in the çíà÷åíà â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; late 1990-s (Karyakin, 1998; Galushin, Belik, Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 41

Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé Ãàëóøèí, Áåëèê, 1999), íî âïëîòü äî 2010 ã. 1999), but as late as until 2010 there were Ñèáèðñêèé öåëåâîãî å¸ èçó÷åíèÿ è ïîïûòîê ðåøåíèÿ no special studies and efforts to address it. ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð 630090, Ðîññèÿ, íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëîñü. Ëèøü â 2010 ã. íåîá- The necessity for urgent addressing this is- Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 õîäèìîñòü ñðî÷íîãî ðåøåíèÿ äàííîé ïðî- sue became evident only in 2010 when the òåë.: +7 383 363 00 59 áëåìû ñòàëà î÷åâèäíà, êîãäà, ïðè îñìî- survey of a small section of the 6–10 kV [email protected] òðå íåáîëüøîãî ôðàãìåíòà ïòèöåîïàñíîé power line near the Aschisay Steppe Site of ËÝÏ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ó÷àñòêà «Àùèñàéñêàÿ the Orenburg State Nature Reserve encoun- Contact: ñòåïü» ãîñçàïîâåäíèêà «Îðåíáóðãñêèé», tered a dozen of dead birds of prey, mainly Evgeny Barbazyuk áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè ïðèìåðíî äå- Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis) and one Institute of Steppe Ural ñÿòêà äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, â îñíîâíîì Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). This report Branch of Russian Acad- emy of Science ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila nipalensis), è îäíî- provides the results of preliminary monitor- Pionerskaya str., 11, ãî ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca).  íàñòîÿùåì ing for death of rare birds on power lines Orenburg, ñîîáùåíèè èçëîæåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ïðåäâà- 6–10 kV near specially protected natural res- Russia, 460000 ðèòåëüíîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ãèáåëè ðåäêèõ âè- ervations on the two transects in the eastern tel.: +7 3532 77 62 47 [email protected] äîâ ïòèö íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ áëèç îñîáî Orenburg District, Russia. The monitoring of îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé íà äâóõ the power lines was initiated as part of the Sergey Bakka òðàíñåêòàõ âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðå- project for estimation abundance and status Ecological Centre äà÷è íà êðàéíåì âîñòîêå Îðåíáóðãñêîé of the Steppe Eagle in the Orenburg Dis- ‘Dront’ Rozhdestvenskaya str., îáëàñòè. Ìîíèòîðèíã ëèíèé áûë èíèöèè- trict in June 2010 in line with the Program 16d, Nizhniy Novgorod, ðîâàí â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî îöåíêå ÷èñëåí- “Improving the coverage and management Russia, 603001 íîñòè è âûÿñíåíèþ ñòàòóñà ñòåïíîãî îðëà efficiency of protected areas in the steppe [email protected] â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â èþíå 2010 ã., â biome of Russia” and was continued later Anna Barashkova ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ Ïðîãðàììîé ðàçâèòèÿ ÎÎÍ in the season during visiting the Aschisay Siberian Environmental è Ãëîáàëüíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôîíäà «Ñî- Steppe Site and adjacent areas. Center âåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ñèñòåìû è ìåõàíèçìîâ P.O. Box 547, óïðàâëåíèÿ îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ Study Area Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 òåððèòîðèé â ñòåïíîì áèîìå Ðîññèè» è The surveys were conducted in the steppe tel./fax: ïðîäîëæåí ïîçæå â ñåçîí âî âðåìÿ ïîñå- Trans-Urals, within the Shalkar-Zhetykol +7 383 363 00 59 ùåíèÿ ó÷àñòêà «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» è ïðèëå- lake region and Lake Ayke water basin. The [email protected] ãàþùèõ ê äàííîìó ó÷àñòêó òåððèòîðèé. Shalkar-Zhetykol lake region is the Impor- Andrey Semenov tant Bird Area (IBA) RU-217. It includes sev- Research Laboratory Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèé eral dozens of large, medium and small in “Finval” Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â ñòåï- size lakes with the largest Shalkar-Ega-Kara Kirova str., 21–24, íîì Çàóðàëüå, â ïðåäåëàõ Øàëêàðî- and Zhetykol (Davygora, 2000; Sviridova, Balakhna, N.Novgorod District, Æåòûêîëüñêîãî îç¸ðíîãî ðàéîíà, à 2000). In 2005, the regional Biological Sea- Russia, 606408 òàêæå áàññåéíà îçåðà Àéêå. Øàëêàðî- sonal Reserve “Svetlinskiy” was established tel.: +7 831 44 967 20 Æåòûêîëüñêèé îç¸ðíûé ðàéîí ÿâëÿåòñÿ within boundaries of this IBA (Davygora [email protected] êëþ÷åâîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé òåððèòî- et al., 2009). The Aschisay Steppe of the Ilya Smelyanskiy ðèåé ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ (ÊÎÒÐ) Orenburg State Nature Reserve (established Siberian Environmental RU-217, âêëþ÷àåò íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ in the late 1980-s) adjoins the Shalkar-Zhe- Center êðóïíûõ, ñðåäíèõ è ìåëêèõ ïî âåëè÷èíå tykol lake region from the east and is situ- P.O. Box 547, îç¸ð, êðóïíåéøèìè èç êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ated within Ayke Lake closed water basin. Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 Øàëêàð-Åãà-Êàðà è Æåòûêîëü (Äàâûãîðà, According to administrative-territorial divi- tel./fax: 2000; Sviridova, 2000).  2005 ã. â ãðà- sion, the study area belongs to the eastern +7 383 363 00 59 íèöàõ äàííîé ÊÎÒÐ îðãàíèçîâàí Ñâåòëèí- extremity of the Orenburg District which [email protected] ñêèé áèîëîãè÷åñêèé çàêàçíèê îáëàñòíîãî borders with Kazakhstan (fig. 1). çíà÷åíèÿ (Äàâûãîðà è äð., 2009). Ó÷àñòîê «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Îðåíáóðãñêèé» (ôóíêöèîíèðóåò ñ êîíöà 1980-õ ãã.) ïðè- ìûêàåò ê Øàëêàðî-Æåòûêîëüñêîìó îç¸ð- íîìó ðàéîíó ñ âîñòîêà è íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðå- äåëàõ áåññòî÷íîãî âîäîñáîðíîãî áàññåéíà îçåðà Àéêå. Ñîãëàñíî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíî- òåððèòîðèàëüíîìó äåëåíèþ, ðàéîí èñ-

Òðàíñåêòà ËÝÏ «Îç¸ðíûé». Ôîòî Å. Áàðáàçþêà. Transect “Ozerny”. Photo by E. Barbazyuk. 42 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Within this study area two sections (transects) of 6–10 kV power lines were surveyed: 1. The transect “Aschisay Steppe”. This power line runs across the steppe along the southern boundary of the Aschisay Steppe Site of the Orenburg State Nature Reserve, within its protection zone (1.41 km), and then turns southwards to the Pervomayskiy settle- ment. The length of the surveyed transect is 5 km. We surveyed the section in the protection zone of the reserve and south off it. 2. The transect “Ozerny”. This power line is situated within the Shalkar-Zhetykol lake re- gion. We surveyed the section: Ozerny – Ka- zancha, then in south-west direction toward the shore of Obalycol Lake. This power line runs across the steppe terrain along the earth road and flanks the Biological Seasonal Reserve “Svetlinskiy” on the northwest and west. The length of the surveyed transect is 18 km. This two power lines run about 35–40 km apart.

Time, materials and methods The transect “Aschisay Steppe” was sur- veyed on June, 7, partially on July, 30 (pro- tection zone of the reserve) and on October, 5 in 2010. Afterwards all the summer data were combined into one group “June-July”. The transect “Ozerny” was surveyed only one time on October, 6 in 2010. It was sup- posed that all birds or their remains lying under power lines or in close proximity to them had perished as a result of the colli- sion with the power lines or electrocution. All birds were thoroughly examined to get Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – òðàíñåêòà «Àøèñàéñêàÿ evidence of their death from electrocution. ñòåïü», 2 – òðàíñåêòà «Îç¸ðíûé». Transects were surveyed from the vehi- Fig. 1. Study Area. Labels: 1 – transect “Aschisay Steppe”, 2 – transect “Ozerny”. cle moving at slow speed rates, or walk- ing along the power line. During repeated ñëåäîâàíèé îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñàìîé âîñòî÷íîé surveys of transect “Aschisay Steppe” on îêðàèííîé ÷àñòè Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, July and October only relatively fresh dead êîòîðàÿ ãðàíè÷èò ñ Êàçàõñòàíîì (ðèñ. 1). bodies and remains of birds were recorded.  ïðåäåëàõ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè îñìî- It was also supposed that at least some òðåíû äâà ó÷àñòêà ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà- portion of Steppe Eagles remains on the ÷è 6–10 êÂ: transect “Aschisay Steppe” could spend the 1. Òðàíñåêòà «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü». Ïðî- winter under snow cover since the previous õîäèò ïî ñòåïè âäîëü þæíîé ãðàíèöû year, in other words several birds could per- ó÷àñòêà «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» ãîñçàïîâåäíè- ish through electrocution, e.g. during the êà «Îðåíáóðãñêèé» â ïðåäåëàõ îõðàííîé autumn migration in 2009. çîíû (1,41 êì) è äàëåå ïîâîðà÷èâàåò íà þã ê ïîñ. Ïåðâîìàéñêèé. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü Results and discussion îñìîòðåííîãî ó÷àñòêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 5 êì. In total we found dead bodies and remains Îáñëåäîâàíà òðàíñåêòà â îõðàííîé çîíå of 29 birds pertaining to six species during çàïîâåäíèêà è þæíåå åãî. the entire survey period. The raptors totaled 2. Òðàíñåêòà «Îç¸ðíûé». Ðàñïîëîæåíà â some 76% (table 1). We found dead bodies Øàëêàðî-Æåòûêîëüñêîì îç¸ðíîì ðàéîíå. and remains of eight Steppe Eagles (Cat- Îáñëåäîâàí ó÷àñòîê: ñ. Îç¸ðíûé – ñ. Êàçàí- egory 3 – rare species, the Red Data Book Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 43

÷à, äàëåå íà þãî-çàïàä â ñòîðîíó îç. Îáà- ëûêîëü. Ëèíèÿ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è èä¸ò ïî ñòåïè âäîëü ïðîñ¸ëî÷íîé äîðîãè è îãèáà- åò ñ ñåâåðî-çàïàäà è çàïàäà Ñâåòëèíñêèé áèîëîãè÷åñêèé çàêàçíèê. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îñìîòðåííîãî ó÷àñòêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 18 êì. Äâå ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è óäàëåíû äðóã îò äðóãà ïðèìåðíî íà 35–40 êì.

Ñðîêè, ìàòåðèàëû è ìåòîäû Òðàíñåêòà «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» îáñëåäî- âàíà 7 èþíÿ, ÷àñòè÷íî 30 èþëÿ (îõðàííàÿ çîíà çàïîâåäíèêà) è 5 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. Âïîñëåäñòâèè âñå ëåòíèå äàííûå îáúåäè- íåíû â îäíó ãðóïïó èþíü-èþëü. Òðàíñåêòà Äâà ì¸ðòâûõ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca): âçðîñëàÿ «Îç¸ðíûé» îáñëåäîâàëàñü îäíîêðàòíî 6 ïòèöà è ñë¸òîê íà òðàíñåêòå «Îç¸ðíûé». îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. Ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü, ÷òî âñå Ôîòî Å. Áàðáàçþêà. ïòèöû èëè èõ îñòàíêè, ëåæàùèå ïîä ëèíèÿ- Two dead Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) on the ìè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è èëè â íåïîñðåäñòâåí- transect “Ozerny”. Photo by E. Barbazyuk. íîé áëèçîñòè îò íèõ, ïîãèáëè â ðåçóëüòàòå ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ñ ïðîâîäàìè ËÝÏ èëè ïîðà- of the Russian Federation, 2001), four Im- æåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Âñåõ ïòèö òùàòåëüíî perial Eagles (Vulnerable species, UCN Red îñìàòðèâàëè íà ïðåäìåò ïîðàæåíèé äëÿ List of Threatened Species, 2008; Category äîêàçàòåëüñòâà ñìåðòè îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî 2 – species undergoing continuing declines, òîêà. Îáñëåäîâàíèå òðàíñåêò ïðîâîäè- the Red Data Book of RF, 2001) and one ëîñü ñ ìàøèíû, ìåäëåííî ïåðåäâèãàþùåé- Long-Legged Buzzard (Category 3 – rare ñÿ ïîä ëèíèÿìè, è íà ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ. species, the Red Data Book of RF, 2001). Ïðè ïîâòîðíîì îáñëåäîâàíèè òðàíñåêòû The proportion of these birds totaled 59% «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü», â èþëå è îêòÿáðå, out of the entire amount of dead raptors. ó÷èòûâàëèñü òîëüêî îòíîñèòåëüíî ñâåæèå Kestrels were the remainders of the raptors òðóïû è îñòàíêè ïòèö. Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ òàê- (all relatively fresh dead bodies belonged to æå, ÷òî, ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, êàêàÿ-òî ÷àñòü Falco tinnunculus). îñòàíêîâ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ â ïðåäåëàõ òðàíñ- Despite this modest amount of gathered åêòû «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» ìîãëà ïåðåçèìî- data, we can indicate several aspects. âàòü ïîä ñíåãîì ñ ïðîøëîãî ãîäà, äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, íåñêîëüêî ïòèö ìîãëè ïîãèáíóòü çäåñü, íàïðèìåð, âî âðåìÿ îñåííåé ìèãðà- öèè 2009 ã.

Ðåçóëüòàòû è îáñóæäåíèå  ïåðèîä îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïîä ëèíèÿìè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû òðóïû è îñòàíêè 29 ïòèö, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê øåñòè âèäàì. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ñîñòàâèëè îêîëî 76% (òàáë. 1). Îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè è òðóïû 8 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (êàòåãîðèÿ 3 – ðåäêèé âèä, ñîãëàñíî Êðàñíîé êíèãå ÐÔ, 2001), 4 ìîãèëüíèêîâ (óÿçâèìûé âèä, ñîãëàñíî Êðàñíîìó ñïèñêó ÌÑÎÏ, ãîä îöåíêè 2008; êàòåãîðèÿ 2 – âèä ñ ñîêðàùàþùåéñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ, ñîãëàñíî

̸ðòâûé ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê èç ïàðû ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïîä ËÝÏ íà òðàíñåêòå «Îç¸ðíûé». Îáîææ¸ííàÿ ïîäóøå÷êà ïàëüöåâ – êàê äîêàçàòåëüñòâî ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ôîòî Å. Áàðáàçþêà. A dead juvenile Imperial eagle under the power line on the transect “Ozerny”. Burnt fingers of eagle as an evidence of being heated through electrocution. Photos by E. Barbazyuk. 44 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, íàéäåííûõ íà äâóõ òðàíñåêòàõ çà âåñü 1. Dead Steppe Eagles were encountered ïåðèîä ìîíèòîðèíãà â 2010 ã. only exclusively on the transect “Aschisay Table 1. Number of casualties found in total along two surveyed transects during Steppe”, i.e. in the reserve protection zone the monitoring period in 2010. and its vicinities. This fact could be presum- ably explained by the hilly and ridged topog- Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì raphy of this area which is more attractive for Number of electrocuted birds Steppe Eagles during migration movements Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü Îç¸ðíûé than flat plains of the Shalkar-Zhetykol lake Aschisay Steppe Site Ozerny region where the transect “Ozerny” runs. In Èþíü–èþëü Îêòÿáðü Îêòÿáðü Âñåãî addition, the Aschisay Steppe Site and its Âèä / Species June–July October October Total surroundings is a permanent nesting location Êóðãàííèê for this species for many years (Barbazyuk Buteo rufinus 11Å.V., 2009), whereas there are no preferred Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë breeding habitats (stony ridges, ranges) in Aquila nipalensis 62 8the flat area of the transect “Ozerny”. Ìîãèëüíèê 2. Dead and wounded Kestrels were Aquila heliaca 13 4encountered on the transect “Aschisay Ïóñòåëüãà Steppe” only in summer period, in October Falco tinnunculus 549 they all disappeared without trace. In Octo- Ñåðàÿ âîðîíà Corvus cornix 235ber on the transect “Ozerny” there were no Ãðà÷ any dead bodies or remains of Kestrels as Corvus frugilegus 22well, only accumulation of feathers of vari- Âñå ïåðíàòûå ous remoteness were encountered. Based õèùíèêè on this evidence, we can suggest that Kes- All raptors 11 3 8 22 trels electrocuted on the surveyed transects Äðóãèå / Others 2 5 7 occur mainly in summer months. Âñåãî / Total 13 3 13 29 3. During all survey periods the two tran- sects were dominated by raptors (table 1, Êðàñíîé êíèãå ÐÔ, 2001) è 1 êóðãàííèêà fig. 2). (êàòåãîðèÿ 3 – ðåäêèé âèä, ñîãëàñíî Êðàñ- 4. For the three of four encountered Impe- íîé êíèãå ÐÔ, 2001). Äîëÿ ýòèõ êðàñíîê- rial Eagles (relatively fresh dead bodies and íèæíûõ âèäîâ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà 59% îò âñåãî remains) the death time was determined: êîëè÷åñòâà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Îñòàâøó- late August – early October. In other words, þñÿ ÷àñòü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿþò we recorded death of Imperial Eagles dur- Ðèñ. 2. Äîëÿ ì¸ðòâûõ ïóñòåëüãè (âñå îòíîñèòåëüíî ñâåæèå òðóïû ing their autumn migration movements. In õèùíûõ ïòèö, íàé- ïðèíàäëåæàëè Falco tinnunculus). one occasion two birds, adult (presumably, äåííûõ íà òðàíñåêòàõ one of the parents) and juvenile eagles, was âäîëü ËÝÏ â 2010 ã. Äàæå ïðè òàêîì ñêðîìíîì îáú¸ìå íàêî- ïëåííûõ äàííûõ ìîæíî îòìåòèòü íåñêîëü- electrocuted on the transect “Ozerny”. An- Fig. 2. Chart showing the proportion of dead êî ìîìåíòîâ. other found electrocuted individual was a raptors found along 1. ̸ðòâûå ñòåïíûå îðëû âñòðå÷àëèñü 2-years old Imperial Eagle which had been transects in 2010. èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà òðàíñåêòå «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ringed and tagged by Bragin on July 17, 2009 in the Naurzum State Nature Reserve, Kustanay District, Northern Kazakhstan. Thus, the ringed bird was discovered some 200 km to the south-west of the Naurzum Reserve during the second year of its life (Barbazyuk, 2010). 5. The average numbers of perished birds per 1 km of surveyed power line were max- imum on the transect “Aschisay Steppe” in summer period. The autumn distribution of perished birds on two sections of power lines was quite comparable (table 2). Based on the data on species composi- tion and perished birds abundance we have calculated total bird death rates and the ex- tent of damage caused to the environment during entire monitoring survey in 2010 (Methods for calculating the extent of dam- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 45

Òàáë. 2. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö (îñ./êì). age..., 2008). Only for these two surveyed Table 2. Dead birds found averaged per line km. transects the amount of damage caused by bird electrocution totaled 862 thousands Ïîãèáøèå ïòèöû (îñ./êì ËÝÏ) rubles (table 3). Considering the exploita- Dead birds (ind. per line km) tion of these power lines for years one can suggest annual death of birds at the similar Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü Îç¸ðíûé Aschisay Steppe Site Ozerny scale on these areas.

Èþíü–èþëü Îêòÿáðü Îêòÿáðü Conclusion June–July October October The results of preliminary monitoring indi- Õèùíûå ïòèöû cate that death of birds, primarily rare birds Raptors 2.20 0.60 0.44 of prey, on power lines of the Orenburg Re- Âñåãî / Total 2.60 0.60 0.72 gion is a major concern. The extent of dam- age caused to the environment due to the ñòåïü», ò.å., â îõðàííîé çîíå è îêðåñòíî- absence of 6–10 kV power line isolation is ñòÿõ çàïîâåäíèêà. Âîçìîæíî, ýòî îáúÿñíÿ- estimated at hundred thousands rubles even åòñÿ òåì, ÷òî õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûé ðåëüåô at preliminary assessment of situation in the äàííîé òåððèòîðèè áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëåí region. In this connection, the following first- äëÿ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ âî âðåìÿ ìèãðàöèîí- priority actions should be undertaken. íûõ ïåðåìåùåíèé, ÷åì ïëîñêîðàâíèííûå 1. It is necessary that work to collect evi- ó÷àñòêè Øàëêàðî-Æåòûêîëüñêîãî îç¸ðíîãî dence about death of the Red Data Book ðàéîíà â ìåñòàõ ïðîõîæäåíèÿ òðàíñåêòû birds of prey on 6–10 kV power lines be «Îç¸ðíûé». Ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå ïîñëåäíþþ continued in the Orenburg District on the ðîëü èãðàåò è òîò ôàêò, ÷òî Àùèñàéñêàÿ whole and around specially protected natu- ñòåïü è å¸ îêðåñòíîñòè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îòíîñè- ral areas of various levels in particular. òåëüíî ñòàáèëüíûì ìåñòîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ 2. It is necessary that immediate works to ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ìíîãèõ ëåò isolate hazardous power line in the protec- (Áàðáàçþê Å.Â., 2009).  òî âðåìÿ êàê ÿâíî tion zone of the Aschisay Steppe Site of the ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûå ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè ãíåçäî- Orenburg State Nature Reserve and in the âûå áèîòîïû (êàìåíèñòûå óâàëû, ãðÿäû) â vicinities of this site be initiated in which ðàéîíå òðàíñåêòû «Îç¸ðíûé» îòñóòñòâóþò. dozens of Steppe Eagles perish on the pow- 2. ̸ðòâûå è ðàíåíûå ïóñòåëüãè íà er lines annually. 3. It is necessary that immediate works Òàáë. 3. Ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåãî îáú¸ìà ãèáåëè ïòèö è ðàçìåðà âðåäà íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ to isolate hazardous power line in the vi- ëèíèÿõ 6–10 ê çà âåñü ïåðèîä îáñëåäîâàíèÿ â 2010 ã. cinities of the Biological Seasonal Reserve Table 3. Calculation of the total bird death rates and damage for the surveyed “Svetlinskiy” be initiated for protecting pri- power lines 6–10 kV during entire monitoring survey in 2010. marily vulnerable Imperial Eagles against electrocution. Êîëè÷åñòâî 4. It is necessary that immediate works íàéäåííûõ Ðàçìåð Ðàçìåð to isolate hazardous power line in the pro- ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïëàòû çà âðåäà, tection zone of the Aytuar Steppe Site (Ku- çà ïåðèîä óùåðá çà 1 ðóá. vandyk region) of the Orenburg State Na- îáñëåäîâàíèÿ îñ., ðóá. Size Number of perished Fee for the of the ture Reserve be initiated. Over the last 1.5 Âèäû birds during survey damage per damage, years two Imperial Eagles were electrocuted ¹ Species period ind., rubles rubles. on that another protected site and resulting 1 Êóðãàííèê abandonment and subsequent disappear- Buteo rufinus 1 10 000 10 000 ance of their nest occurred. 2 Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë Bird electrocution results in permanent Aquila nipalensis 8 50 000 400 000 withdrawal of individuals from the natural en- 3 Ìîãèëüíèê vironment and negatively affects the popula- Aquila heliaca 4 100 000 400 000 tions of many species in vast territories. The 4 Ïóñòåëüãà information on death of the Imperial Eagle Falco tinnunculus 9 5 000 45 000 that have been ringed in Kazakhstan as early 5 Ñåðàÿ âîðîíà as on the chick stage indicates that for large Corvus cornix 5 1 000 5 000 raptors during their migration movements the 6 Ãðà÷ negative impact of Orenburg hazardous pow- Corvus frugilegus 2 1 000 2 000 er lines, even small sections, can be spread Âñåãî over many hundreds of kilometers and affect Total 29 — 862 000 populations both in Russia and in Kazakhstan. 46 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òðàíñåêòå «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» âñòðå÷à- ëèñü òîëüêî â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä, â îêòÿáðå æå âñå îíè áåññëåäíî èñ÷åçëè. Íà òðàíñåêòå «Îç¸ðíûé» â îêòÿáðå òàêæå íå çàôèêñè- ðîâàíî íè îäíîãî òðóïà èëè îñòàíêîâ ïó- ñòåëüãè, íàõîäèëè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñêîïëå- íèÿ ïåðüåâ ðàçëè÷íîé ñòåïåíè äàâíîñòè. Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòèõ äàííûõ ìîæíî ïðåäïî- ëîæèòü, ÷òî ãèáåëü ïóñòåëüã íà îñìîòðåí- íûõ òðàíñåêòàõ ïðîèñõîäèò â îñíîâíîì â ëåòíèå ìåñÿöû. 3. Íà äâóõ òðàíñåêòàõ âî âñå ïåðèîäû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïðåîáëàäàëè ïåðíàòûå õèù- íèêè (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 2). 4. Äëÿ òð¸õ èç ÷åòûð¸õ íàéäåííûõ ìî- ãèëüíèêîâ (îòíîñèòåëüíî ñâåæèå òðóïû è Îñòàíêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) ïîä ËÝÏ òðàíñåêòû «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü». îñòàíêè) óñòàíîâëåíî âðåìÿ ãèáåëè: êîíåö Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. àâãóñòà – íà÷àëî îêòÿáðÿ. Äðóãèìè ñëî- The remains of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) âàìè, çàôèêñèðîâàíà ãèáåëü ìîãèëüíè- under power line on the transect “Aschisay Steppe”. êîâ âî âðåìÿ èõ îñåííèõ ìèãðàöèîííûõ Photo by I. Smelansky. ïåðåìåùåíèé. Èç ÷åòûð¸õ ìîãèëüíèêîâ êàê ìèíèìóì äâå ïòèöû áûëè ìîëîäûìè. åêòå «Àùèñàéñêàÿ ñòåïü» â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïîãèáëà ïàðà ïòèö: ñë¸òîê Îñåííåå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö è âçðîñëàÿ îñîáü, âåðîÿòíî, îäèí èç ðî- íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è äèòåëåé (òðàíñåêòà «Îç¸ðíûé»). Åù¸ îäíà îêàçàëîñü âïîëíå ñîïîñòàâèìûì (òàáë. 2). îñîáü îêàçàëàñü äâóõëåòíèì ìîãèëüíèêîì, Íà îñíîâå äàííûõ î âèäîâîì ñîñòàâå îêîëüöîâàííûì è ïîìå÷åííûì Å.À. Áðà- è ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðîâåä¸í ãèíûì 17.07.2009 ã. â óðî÷èùå Ñûïñûí ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåãî îáú¸ìà ãèáåëè ïòèö è ðàç- Íàóðçóìñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîä- ìåðà âðåäà çà íåçàêîííîå óíè÷òîæåíèå íîãî çàïîâåäíèêà â Êîñòàíàéñêîé îáëàñòè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà (Ìåòîäèêà Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îöåíêè ðàçìåðà âðåäà.., 2008). Òîëüêî îêîëüöîâàííàÿ ïòèöà áûëà îáíàðóæåíà äëÿ ýòèõ äâóõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ òðàíñåêò ïðèìåðíî â 200 êì ê þãî-çàïàäó îò Íàóð- ñóììà óùåðáà, âûçâàííîãî ãèáåëüþ ïòèö çóìñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà íà âòîðîé ãîä ñâîåé â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì, æèçíè (Áàðáàçþê, 2010). ñîñòàâëÿåò 862 òûñ. ðóáëåé (òàáë. 3). Ó÷è- 5. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö òûâàÿ òî, ÷òî ëèíèè ýêñïëóàòèðóþòñÿ íå íà 1 êì îáñëåäîâàííîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðî- ïåðâûé ãîä, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü åæåãîä- ïåðåäà÷è áûëî ìàêñèìàëüíûì íà òðàíñ- íóþ ãèáåëü ïòèö â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ìàñøòà- áàõ íà äàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ.

Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî ìîíèòî- ðèíãà ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè ïòèö, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ðåäêèõ õèùíûõ, íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â Îðåíáóðæüå ñòîèò êðàéíå îñòðî. Ðàçìåð âðåäà, ïðè÷è- í¸ííîãî îêðóæàþùåìó ìèðó âñëåäñòâèå îòñóòñòâèÿ èçîëÿöèè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðå- äà÷è 6–10 êÂ, èñ÷èñëÿåòñÿ ñîòíÿìè òûñÿ÷ ðóáëåé äàæå ïðè ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé îöåíêå ñèòóàöèè â ðåãèîíå.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì ïðåä- ñòàâëÿþòñÿ êðàéíå íåîáõîäèìûìè ñëåäóþ- ùèå ïåðâîî÷åðåäíûå äåéñòâèÿ. 1. Íåîáõîäèìî ïðîäîëæèòü ðàáîòû ïî Ðàíåííàÿ ìîëîäàÿ îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco ñáîðó äîêàçàòåëüñòâ ãèáåëè êðàñíîêíèæ- tinnunculus) ïîä îïîðîé ËÝÏ òðàíñåêòû «Àùèñàé- ñêàÿ ñòåïü». Ôîòî Å. Áàðáàçþêà. íûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ â The wounded juvenile Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â öåëîì è â ðàéî- under the power line pole on the transect “Aschisay íàõ îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððè- Steppe”. Photo by E. Barbazyuk. òîðèé ðàçëè÷íûõ ðàíãîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 47

2. Íåîáõîäèìî èíèöèèðîâàíèå íåçàìåä- Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëü- ëèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò ïî èçîëÿöèè ïòèöåîïàñ- íûé», Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- íîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â îõðàííîé íà. 2009. ¹17. Ñ. 22–23. çîíå Àùèñàéñêîé ñòåïè ãîñçàïîâåäíèêà Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Øàëêàðî-Æåòûêîëüñêèé îç¸ð- íûé ðàéîí. – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåð- «Îðåíáóðãñêèé», à òàêæå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ðèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Ì., 2000. Ò. 1: Êëþ÷åâûå îð- ýòîãî ó÷àñòêà, ãäå, ïî-âèäèìîìó, åæåãîäíî íèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî íà ïðîâîäàõ ãèáíóò äåñÿòêè ñòåïíûõ îð- çíà÷åíèÿ â Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè. Ñ. 560–561. ëîâ, äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ êîòîðûõ è ôóíêöèî- Äàâûãîðà À.Â., Äåáåëî Ï.Â., Êóêñàíîâ Â.Ô. íèðóåò çàïîâåäíèê «Îðåíáóðãñêèé». Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåí- 3. Íåîáõîäèìî èíèöèèðîâàíèå íåçà- íîñòü ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö Ñâåòëèíñêîãî áèîëî- ìåäëèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò ïî èçîëÿöèè ïòèöåî- ãè÷åñêîãî çàêàçíèêà. – Çàïîâåäíîå äåëî: ïðî- ïàñíûõ ËÝÏ â ðàéîíå Ñâåòëèíñêîãî áèîëî- áëåìû îõðàíû è ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ðåñòàâðàöèè ãè÷åñêîãî çàêàçíèêà äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ñòåïíûõ ýêîñèñòåì: Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿ- ãèáåëè íà ïðîâîäàõ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ù¸ííîé 20-ëåòèþ îðãàíèçàöèè ãîñóäàðñòâåí- òàêîãî ðåäêîãî è óÿçâèìîãî âèäà, êàê ìî- íîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Îðåíáóðãñêèé», ãèëüíèê, êîòîðûé çàíåñ¸í â Êðàñíûå êíèãè ïðîõîäÿùåé â ðàìêàõ V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñèì- âñåõ ðàíãîâ. ïîçèóìà «Ñòåïè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè». Îðåíáóðã, 4. Íåîáõîäèìî íåçàìåäëèòåëüíîå èíè- 2009. Ñ. 31–33. öèèðîâàíèå ðàáîò ïî èçîëÿöèè ïòèöåî- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ïàñíîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ â îõðàííîé ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñî- çîíå Àéòóàðñêîé ñòåïè ãîñçàïîâåäíèêà âîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. «Îðåíáóðãñêèé» (Êóâàíäûêñêèé ðàéîí), Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè (Æè- âîòíûå). Ì., 2001. 864 ñ. ãäå çà ïîñëåäíèå 1,5 ãîäà ïîãèáëî äâå Ìåäæèäîâ Ð.À., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â., Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. âçðîñëûõ îñîáè ìîãèëüíèêà è, êàê ñëåä- Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ËÝÏ – èòîãè ïðîåêòà â Êàëìû- ñòâèå, áûëî áðîøåíî è óíè÷òîæåíî åäèí- êèè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ñòâåííîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà äàííîì 2005. ¹2. Ñ. 25–30. ó÷àñòêå çàïîâåäíèêà. Ìåòîäèêà èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè- Ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòî- ÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸í- êîì âåä¸ò ê ïîñòîÿííîìó èçúÿòèþ îñîáåé íûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, èç åñòåñòâåííîé ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ, íåãàòèâíî à òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå âëèÿÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè ìíîãèõ âèäîâ íà îãðîì- îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ. Óòâåðæäåíà Ïðèêàçîì íîé òåððèòîðèè. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò èíôîð- ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè îò 28.04.2008 ¹107. ìàöèÿ î ãèáåëè ìîãèëüíèêà, ïîìå÷åííîãî Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Îïûò âíåäðåíèÿ ïòèöåçàùèò- â Êàçàõñòàíå åù¸ ïòåíöîì, äëÿ êðóïíûõ íîãî óñòðîéñòâà ÏÇÓ 6–10 ê â Óëüÿíîâñêîé ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèè íå- îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ ãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå äàæå íåáîëüøèõ ó÷àñòêîâ îõðàíà. 2009. Âûï. 16. Ñ. 65–67. ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ â Îðåíáóðæüå ìîæåò Sviridova T. Russia. – Important Bird Areas in ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ íà ìíîãèå ñîòíè êèëîìå- Europe: Priority for conservation. Vol. 1: Northern òðîâ, çàòðàãèâàÿ ïîïóëÿöèè íå òîëüêî Ðîñ- Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, ñèè, íî è Êàçàõñòàíà. 2000. P. 581–652. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. . Downloaded Ëèòåðàòóðà on 23 November 2010. Áàðáàçþê Å.Â. Î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè è ãíåçäî- âàíèè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila rapax) íà ó÷àñòêàõ Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ñòåïíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Îðåí- áóðãñêèé». – Âåñòíèê Îðåíáóðãñêîãî ãîñóäàð- ñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. 2009. ¹6. Ñ. 64–66. Áàðáàçþê Å.Â. Ãèáåëü ìå÷åíîãî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ïòèöåîïàñíîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íà êðàéíåì âîñòîêå Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîñ- ñèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ¹19. Ñ. 208–209. Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì., Áåëèê Â.Ï. Ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðà- íû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîñ- ñèè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû Ïîãèáøèé íà ËÝÏ ìîãèëüíèê. Òðàíñåêòà «Îç¸ðíûé». ïòèö. ¹.1. Ì., 1999. Ñ. 140–143. Ôîòî Å. Áàðáàçþêà. Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ìàöûíà À.È. Çàùèòà ïòèö íà Dead Imperial Eagle on the transect “Ozerny”. âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â Photo by E. Barbazyuk. 48 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

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TheMonitoringoftheNestingGroupsofImperialEaglesinthe “PrivolzhskayaForest-Steppe”and“WatershedofMalayaSviyaga River”ImportantBirdAreasin2010,Russia МОНИТОРИНГ ГНЕЗДОВЫХ ГРУППИРОВОК МОГИЛЬНИКА НА КЛЮЧЕВЫХ ОРНИТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ «ПРИВОЛЖСКАЯ ЛЕСОСТЕПЬ» И «БАССЕЙН МАЛОЙ СВИЯГИ» В 2010 ГОДУ, РОССИЯ KorepovM.V.(“Povolzhie”ResearchCentre,Ulyanovsk,Russia) BorodinO.V.(FederalChildren’sEcologicalandBiologicalCentre,Moscow,Russia) Корепов М.В. (Научно-исследовательский центр «Поволжье», Ульяновск, Россия) Бородин О.В. (Федеральный детский эколого-биологический центр, Москва, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ìèõàèë Êîðåïîâ  2010 ã. ïðîâåä¸í ìîíèòîðèíã äâóõ êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Íàó÷íî- Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè – «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» è «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè», íà êîòîðûõ âûÿâëåíî, ñîîòâåò- èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé ñòâåííî, 23 è 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca).  ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå, íåñìîòðÿ íà çíà÷è- öåíòð «Ïîâîëæüå» òåëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ îáëèêà ëàíäøàôòîâ, óõóäøåíèå êîðìîâîé áàçû è ñóùåñòâåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ 432072, Ðîññèÿ, óñëîâèé, ïîïóëÿöèÿ îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ñîõðàíÿåò ñâîþ æèçíåñïîñîá- Óëüÿíîâñê, íîñòü, à ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê îñòà¸òñÿ â öåëîì ñòàáèëüíîé. ïð-ò Òóïîëåâà, 2–65 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, êëþ÷åâàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ Ðîññèè, ìîíèòîðèíã. òåë.: +7 960 377 4698 [email protected] Abstract Two Important Bird Areas, “Privolzhskaya Forest-steppe” and “Watershed of Malaya Sviyaga River” located in Ulyanovsk district, Russia, were surveyed in 2010. The areas housed 23 and six nesting territories of Imperial Îëåã Áîðîäèí Eagles (Aquila heliaca), respectively. In the last decade, despite noticeable changes of the landscapes, deteriora- Ôåäåðàëüíûé äåòñêèé tion of the food base, and considerable fluctuations of the climate conditions, the population of Imperial Eagles in ýêîëîãî-áèîëîãè÷åñêèé Ulyanovsk district has been viable and the number of the nesting groups remained stable. öåíòð Keywords: Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, Important Bird Area of Russia, monitoring. 107014, Ðîññèÿ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîñòîêèíñêèé ïðîåçä, 3 òåë.: +7 926 273 2720 Ââåäåíèå Introduction [email protected] Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè íà òåððèòîðèè Nine Important Bird Areas (IBAs) critical Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè âûäåëåíî 9 êëþ÷å- for preservation of the population of the Im- Contact: âûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè perial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) inhabiting the Mikhail Korepov (äàëåå ÊÎÒÐ), èìåþùèõ ìåæäóíàðîäíîå Volga Region have been established in Uly- “Povolzhie” Research çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ïîâîëæñêîé anovsk district. These IBAs house a half of Centre ïîïóëÿöèè îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heli- all Imperial Eagles’ nesting territories found Tupoleva pr., 2–65, Ulyanovsk, aca).  ñóììå íà âñåõ ÊÎÒÐ ðàñïîëàãàåò- in the district (about 50). In 2010, “Pov- Russia, 432072 ñÿ îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ olzhie” Research Centre in cooperation with tel.: +7 960 377 4698 îðëîâ (ïîðÿäêà 50), îáíàðóæåííûõ íà the Simbirsk Branch of Russian Bird Conser- [email protected] òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè.  2010 ã. Íàó÷íî- vation Union conducted the monitoring of Oleg Borodin èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì öåíòðîì «Ïîâîëæüå» the nesting groups of Imperial Eagles and Federal Children’s ñîâìåñòíî ñ Ñèìáèðñêèì îòäåëåíèåì collected cadaster information about the lo- Ecological and Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, â ðàìêàõ ðåà- cation of their nests within two key IBAs, Biological Centre, ëèçàöèè Ïðîãðàììû ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ è “Privolzhskaya Forest-steppe” and “Water- Rostokinskiy pr., 3, Moscow, âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè shed of Malaya Sviyaga River”. The studies Russia, 107014 îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, were carried out in the framework of the tel.: +7 926 273 2720 ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå ðåãèîíàëüíî- Programme of conservation and restoration [email protected] ãî Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ïðè- of the nesting group of Imperial Eagles in Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 49

ðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ýêîëîãèè áûë ïðîâå- ä¸í ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, à òàêæå ñîáðàíà êàäàñòðîâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ðàñïîëîæåíèè ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê ìî- ãèëüíèêà íà äâóõ íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûõ ÊÎÒÐ – «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» è «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè».

Ìàòåðèàë, ìåòîäû è ñðîêè ðàáîò  2010 ã. ýêñïåäèöèîííûå ðàáîòû íà ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» ïðîâåäå- íû â ïåðèîäû ñ 25 ïî 29 ìàÿ è ñ 25 ïî 28 èþëÿ, íà ÊÎÒÐ «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè» – ñ 12 ïî 19 ìàÿ. Ïëîùàäü ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà. 2 ïëîùàäîê ñîñòàâèëà ïðèìåðíî 700 êì è Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by M. Korepov. 300 êì2, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Âñå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâåäåíû íà àâòîìîáèëå ÓÀÇ-315195, îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü àâòîìàðøðóòà ñîñòà- Ulyanovsk district and supported by the re- âèëà îêîëî 2000 êì. Îáñëåäîâàíèå âåëîñü gional Ministry of Forestry, Nature Manage- ïóò¸ì ïðîâåðêè óæå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ment, and Environment. ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ è îñìîòðà íîâûõ âîçìîæíûõ òåððèòîðèé îáèòàíèÿ îðëîâ Materials, methods and dates of the â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Âî âðåìÿ studies ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò ôèêñèðîâàëèñü âñå âñòðå- The field studies in “Privolzhskaya Forest- ÷è îðëîâ; â áèîòîïàõ, ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ steppe” IBA were conducted on 25–29 May ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, îñìàòðèâàëèñü îïóøêè and 25–28 July 2010. “Watershed of Ma- ñîñíîâûõ è ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ íà íàëè÷èå laya Sviyaga River” IBA was surveyed on 12 ãí¸çä. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáñëåäîâàí- through 19 May 2010. The survey areas in íûõ îïóøåê ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 250 êì äëÿ these IBAs were 700 km2 and 300 km2, re- ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» è 150 êì spectively. The automobile survey route (we äëÿ ÊÎÒÐ «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè». used the UAZ-315195 truck) was ca. 2000 Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ðàáîò íà èññëåäóåìîé km long. The occupancy of the previously òåððèòîðèè ñîáðàíà êàäàñòðîâàÿ èíôîð- known home ranges of the Imperial Eagles ìàöèÿ ïî 23 æèëûì è 2 íåæèëûì ãíåçäî- were checked and new territories suitable âûì ïîñòðîéêàì ìîãèëüíèêîâ. for the eagle nesting were examined within Êëèìàòè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ïå- the survey areas. All encountered Imperial ðèîäà 2010 ã. îòëè÷àëèñü ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âû- Eagles were recorded; we searched also ñîêèìè òåìïåðàòóðàìè âîçäóõà (äíåâíàÿ for their nests along the edges of the pine òåìïåðàòóðà áîëåå +30°Ñ â òå÷åíèå äâóõ and mixed forests. A total of 250 km of the ìåñÿöåâ, ìàêñèìóì +39,3°Ñ – 2 àâãóñòà) è forest edge was surveyed in “Privolzhskaya ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíûì îòñóòñòâèåì îñàäêîâ. Forest-steppe” IBA and 150 km in “Water- Ñèòóàöèÿ îêàçàëàñü áîëåå òÿæ¸ëîé, ÷åì â shed of Malaya Sviyaga River” IBA. àíîìàëüíî æàðêîì è çàñóøëèâîì 1972 ã. Cadaster information on 23 occupied and (Àíîìàëüíàÿ…, 2010). two abandoned nests of Imperial Eagles was collected. Ðåçóëüòàòû The weather conditions of the nesting ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» period of 2010 were characterized by ex- Ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà îðëîâ- tremely high air temperatures with day ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ìåæäóðå÷üå ðåê Ñûçðàíêè temperatures exceeding +30°Ñ during two è Òåðåøêè (Íîâîñïàññêèé è Ðàäèùåâñêèé months and a maximum of +39.3°Ñ on 2 ðàéîíû Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè) áûëà îáíà- August, and virtually no precipitation. The ðóæåíà â 1996 ã. (Áîðîäèí è äð., 1999). conditions appeared to be even more se- Ïîçæå çäåñü áûëà âûäåëåíà ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðè- vere than in abnormally hot and dry sum- âîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» (Áîðîäèí, Ñìèðíîâà, mer of 1972 (Abnormal…, 2010). 2000).  ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû ìîíèòîðèí- ãó äàííîé ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëîâ óäåëÿëîñü Results áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2000; “Privolzhskaya Forest-steppe” IBA Áîðîäèí, 2003; Áîðîäèí, Áàðàáàøèí, The nesting group of Imperial Eagles was 2004; Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005). Íà ïèêå ñâî- found in the interfluve area of the Syzran- 50 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìíîãîëåòíèõ ó÷¸òîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ka and Tereshka rivers (Novospasskiy and ëåñîñòåïü». Radishevskiy regions of Ulyanovsk district) Table 1. Results of the long-term censuses of Imperial eagles in “Privolzhskaya in 1996 (Borodin et al., 1999). Some time Forest-steppe” IBA. later, “Privolzhskaya Forest-steppe” IBA was established there (Borodin, Smirnova, Êîëè÷åñòâî çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ 2000). In the subsequent years, particular ó÷àñòêîâ attention was paid to the monitoring of the Number of occupied breeding Êîëè÷åñòâî nesting group of Imperial Eagles located territories íåïîëîâîçðåëûõ there (Borodin et al., 2000; Borodin, 2003; Ñ îáíàðóæåííûìè ïòèö Borodin, Barabashin, 2004; Borodin et al., ãí¸çäàìè Number of sub- 2005). In 2006, the year of the highest Ãîä / Year Âñåãî / Total With nests adults numbers of the eagles (table 1), the group 1997 21 13 18–20 consisted of at least 26 pairs. The shortest distance between the nests was 1.5 km. Up 2000 26–27 17 10–15 to 62–64 adult and subadult eagles, not in- 2002 19–21 13–14 6 cluding juveniles occurred in the area (Boro- 2004 15–17 13 1 din, 2003). 2005 23–24 18 0 In 2010, this IBA was surveyed once again. In the course of the survey, 23 nesting ter- 2010 23 18 4 ritories of Imperial Eagles were found; 18 of them contained occupied nests (fig.1). At åé ÷èñëåííîñòè, â 2000 ã. (òàáë. 1) îíà íà- least four nests occupied in May appeared to ñ÷èòûâàëà íå ìåíåå 26 ïàð. Íàèìåíüøåå be abandoned by July, which must be due to ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâëÿëî the extreme weather conditions. Thus, 82% of 1,5 êì. Íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü äî 62–64 âçðîñëûõ the nesting territories (n=28) were occupied è íåïîëîâîçðåëûõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íå ñ÷èòàÿ and the breeding success was 73% (n=15). ïòåíöîâ (Áîðîäèí, 2003). Overall number of the chicks in 11 examined  2010 ã. ïðîâåäåíî î÷åðåäíîå îáñëå- successful nests reached 17–18 (two chicks äîâàíèå äàííîé ÊÎÒÐ, ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì in each of the six nests, one chick in each êîòîðîãî âûÿâëåíî 23 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà of the four nests, and one or two chicks in îðëîâ, íà 18 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû çà- one nest, where we failed to count them). íÿòûå ãí¸çäà (ðèñ.1). Î÷åâèäíî, èç-çà àíî- Average number of chicks per brood was ìàëüíûõ òÿæ¸ëûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé 1.6 (n=10). The number of immature eagles ëåòà 2010 ã., êàê ìèíèìóì, ÷åòûðå ãíåçäà, that occurred in the area in summer was also çàíÿòûõ â ìàå, â èþëå îêàçàëèñü ïóñòûìè. minimal: only four birds were encountered Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- in May and one in July. The nesting density of Imperial Eagles in the survey area was 3.3 pairs/100 km2 or 9.2 pairs/100 km of the forest edge in 2010. The distance between the closest occupied nests in the suitable

Ðèñ. 1. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca) íà ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» è «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè» â 2010 ã. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè (À – ÊÎÒÐ «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè»,  – ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü»), 2 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ áûëè íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà, 3 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ áûëè âñòðå÷åíû òåððèòîðèàëüíûå ïòèöû, 4 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, íå çàíÿòûå îðëàìè â òåêóùåì ãîäó. Fig. 1. Results of the survey of the breeding groups of Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in Important Bird Areas “Privolzhskaya Forest-steppe” and “Watershed of Malaya Sviyaga River” in 2010. Legend: 1 – survey areas (“Privolzhskaya Forest-steppe” IBA – A and “Watershed of Malaya Sviyaga River” IBA – B), 2 – breeding territories with occupied nests, 3 – breeding territories with territorial birds, 4 – breeding territories unoccupied in 2010. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 51

habitats (the forest edge) was 2.7–4.9 km, 3.6 km on average (n=12). The previous survey of this nesting group was conducted in 2005, when 23–24 home ranges with the nests within 16 of them were found. Two more nests were not oc- cupied, but the signs of the nesting were evident (Borodin et al., 2005). So, the num- bers of the birds there have not changed since then. In the last decade, situation in the region has noticeably changed because of over- growing of the fields and decrease of the grazing pressure (Barabashin, 2004) and dramatic decline in the numbers of the marmots (Marmota bobac) and sousliks (Spermophilus major, S. suslicus) (Titov et al., 2009; Materials…, 2009). Despite this fact, the birds still show a vivid nesting con- servatism: almost all pairs were found on the same nesting territories. Some of them used the same nests after nine years had passed (2002–2010). In 2008, the materials of the complex ecological survey were prepared for estab- lishment of the landscape zakaznik (wildlife Òèïè÷íûé áèîòîï êîâ (n=28) ñîñòàâèëà 82%, óñïåøíîñòü refuge) “Bogdanovskiy” on the territory of è ðàñïîëîæåíèå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (n=15) – 73%. Îáùåå êîëè- “Privolzhskaya Forest-steppe” IBA, the key ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â 11 îñìîòðåííûõ óñïåø- area for preservation of the largest nesting ëåñîñòåïü». íûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñîñòàâèëî 17–18 îñîáåé (â 6 group of Imperial Eagles in the interfluve of Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà. ãí¸çäàõ – ïî äâà ïòåíöà, â 4-õ – ïî îäíîìó, the Syzranka and Tereshka rivers. The new Typical breeding habitat â îäíîì òî÷íîå êîëè÷åñòâî îïðåäåëèòü íå specially protected territory is to be named and nest of the Imperial óäàëîñü, âåðîÿòíî, 1–2 ïòåíöà). Ñðåäíåå after the famous Russian zoologist M.N. Eagle in “Privolzhskaya êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå (n=10) ñî- Bogdanov, who was born in Syzran region Forest-steppe” IBA. Photos by M. Korepov. ñòàâèëî 1,6. Êîëè÷åñòâî ëåòóþùèõ íåïîëî- of Simbirsk province. The plans for estab- âîçðåëûõ ïòèö òàêæå ìèíèìàëüíî – â ìàå lishments of the new zakaznik are listed in âñòðå÷åíî 4 îñîáè, â èþëå òîëüêî îäíà. the 2011 regional Programme of Environ- Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ment Protection in Ulyanovsk district. ìîíèòîðèíãîâîé ïëîùàäêè â 2010 ã. ñîñòà- âèëà 3,3 ïàðû/100 êì2 èëè 9,2 ïàðû/100 “Watershed of Malaya Sviyaga River” IBA êì ëèíèè îïóøêè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äî- A new nesting group of Imperial Eagles ñòîâåðíî áëèæàéøèìè æèëûìè ãí¸çäà- was found in 2004 in the watershed of the ìè â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ (îïóøêè Malaya Sviyaga River, in the adjacent areas ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ) ñîñòàâèëî 2,7–4,9 êì, â of Baryshskiy, Mainskiy, Veshkaymskiy, and ñðåäíåì (n=12) 3,6 êì. Kuzovatovskiy districts of Ulyanovsk district. Ïðåäûäóùåå îáñëåäîâàíèå äàííîé ãíåç- Five to six pairs of the eagles, four of them äîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ïðîâîäèëîñü â 2005 ã. occupying the nests, occurred in the area Ñ òåõ ïîð ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêîâ çäåñü (Korepov, 2004). Sample surveys were con- ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èçìåíèëàñü – òîãäà òàêæå ducted on this IBA in the subsequent years áûëî âûÿâëåíî 23–24 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- (table 2). The complete survey of all nesting êà, íà 16 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå territories was repeated in 2010. It revealed ãí¸çäà. Åù¸ äâà ãíåçäà áûëè ïóñòûìè, íî six territories, five of them with the occu- ñ ïðèçíàêàìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (Áîðîäèí è äð., pied nests (fig. 1). Thus, only one new nest- 2005). ing territory has been established over the Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿ- seven-year monitoring period; successful òèëåòèå îáñòàíîâêà ñèëüíî èçìåíèëàñü â breeding was recorded there only in 2006. ñâÿçè ñ çàðàñòàíèåì ïîëåé è óìåíüøåíèåì Later on, no female was seen there. A male ïàñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêè (Áàðàáàøèí, 2004), protected the territory and reconstructed çíà÷èòåëüíûì ñîêðàùåíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè the nest up to 2009, but made no breed- 52 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñòåïíûõ ñóðêîâ (Marmota bobac), áîëü- ing attempts. The rest nesting territories øèõ (Spermophilus major) è êðàï÷àòûõ remained within their former borders. The ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus suslicus) (Òèòîâ è birds re-located the nests on four of them. äð., 2009; Ìàòåðèàëû…, 2009), ïðîäîë- So all known territories of Imperial Eagles æàåò ÿðêî ïðîÿâëÿòüñÿ ãíåçäîâîé êîí- appeared to be occupied in 2010. Unfortu- ñåðâàòèçì ìîãèëüíèêîâ – ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå nately, we failed to estimate the breeding ïàðû äåðæàòñÿ íà òåõ æå ñàìûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. success of the birds. The nesting density of Äëÿ îòäåëüíûõ èç íèõ îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâà- the eagles within the survey area was 2.0 íèå â îäíèõ è òåõ æå ãí¸çäàõ ñïóñòÿ 9 ëåò pairs per 100 km2, or 4.0 pairs per 100 km (2002–2010 ãã.). of the forest edge. The distance between  2008 ã., äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ êðóïíåé- occupied nests was 3.0 to 6.0 km, 4.5 km øåé ïîâîëæñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè on average (n=3). ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ìåæäóðå÷üå Ñûçðàíêè è Òåðåøêè, ïîäãîòîâëåíû ìàòåðèàëû êîì- Conclusion ïëåêñíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ The results of 2010 survey showed that äëÿ îáîñíîâàíèÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ëàíäøàôòíî- despite noticeable changes of the land- ãî çàêàçíèêà «Áîãäàíîâñêèé» íà òåððè- scapes, deterioration of the food base, and òîðèè ÊÎÒÐ «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü». considerable fluctuations of the climate con- Íàçâàíèå äëÿ áóäóùåé ÎÎÏÒ ïðåäëîæå- ditions, the population of Imperial Eagles íî â ÷åñòü èçâåñòíîãî ðóññêîãî çîîëîãà inhabiting areas west of the Volga River Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâà, óðîæåíöà Ñûçðàíñêîãî in Ulyanovsk district is still viable and the óåçäà Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè. Ïëàíû ïî number of the nesting groups has remained ñîçäàíèþ äàííîãî çàêàçíèêà âíåñåíû â stable in the last decade. îáëàñòíóþ öåëåâóþ ïðîãðàììó ïî îõðà- íå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Óëüÿíîâñêîé îá- Acknowledgements ëàñòè íà 2011 ã. The authors are grateful to S.L. Smirnova, D.A. Korepova, A.A. Yakovlev, R.A. Vasiliev, ÊÎÒÐ «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè» Yu.V. Gerasimova, and N.N. Timoshenko for Íîâàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ìî- assistance in the field studies in 2010.

Ñë¸òîê ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà. Fledgling of the Imperial Eagle in the nest. Photo by M. Korepov.

ãèëüíèêîâ âûÿâëåíà â 2004 ã. â áàññåé- íå ð. Ìàëàÿ Ñâèÿãà – íà ïðèãðàíè÷íûõ ó÷àñòêàõ Áàðûøñêîãî, Ìàéíñêîãî, Âåø- êàéìñêîãî è Êóçîâàòîâñêîãî ðàéîíîâ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Çäåñü áûëî îáíà- ðóæåíî 5–6 ïàð îðëîâ, äëÿ ÷åòûð¸õ èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà (Êîðåïîâ, 2004).  ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû äàííàÿ ÊÎÒÐ Òèïè÷íûé áèîòîï è ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ÊÎÒÐ ïîäâåðãàëàñü âûáîðî÷íîìó ìîíèòîðèíãó «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Ñâèÿãè». Ôîòî Êîðåïîâà Ì. (òàáë. 2). Ïîëíîå ïîâòîðíîå îáñëåäîâà- Typical breeding habitat and nest of the Imperial Eagle in the “Water- íèå âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðîâåäåíî shed of Malaya Sviyaga River” IBA. Photos by M. Korepov. â 2010 ã., â ðåçóëüòàòå âûÿâëåíî øåñòü Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 53

Òàáë. 2. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìíîãîëåòíèõ ó÷¸òîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ÊÎÒÐ «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Ñâèÿãè». Àâòîðû âûðàæàþò áëàãîäàðíîñòü Ñìèð- Table 2. Results of the long-term censuses of Imperial eagles in the “Watershed of íîâîé Ñ.Ë., Êîðåïîâîé Ä.À., ßêîâëåâó Malaya Sviyaga River” IBA. À.À., Âàñèëüåâó Ð.À., Ãåðàñèìîâîé Þ.Â. è Òèìîøåíêî Í.Í., ïðèíÿâøèì ó÷àñòèå â ïî- Êîëè÷åñòâî çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ëåâûõ ðàáîòàõ 2010 ã. ó÷àñòêîâ Number of occupied breeding Ëèòåðàòóðà territories Àíîìàëüíàÿ æàðà â Ðîññèè. – Wikipedia, Ñ îáíàðóæåííûìè Êîëè÷åñòâî 2010. Çàêà÷àíî Year Total With nests Number of subadults 25.10.2010. Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà îðëîâ- 2004 5 4 2 ìîãèëüíèêîâ â óñëîâèÿõ ñîâðåìåííîãî õîçÿé- 2005 3–5 2 0 ñòâîâàíèÿ â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû IV Êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé 2006 4–6 3 0 Åâðàçèè. Ïåíçà, 2003. Ñ. 156–158. 2007 4–6 2 0–1 Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Ìîíèòîðèíã 2008 4–6 3 11 ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà þãå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèì- 2009 4–6 3 0 áèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. 2010 6 5 0 Óëüÿíîâñê, 2004. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 119–124. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Â. Äîëèíà ñîëíå÷íûõ îðëîâ. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèì- çàíÿòûõ òåððèòîðèé îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ, áèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. íà ïÿòè èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå Óëüÿíîâñê, 2000. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 142–144. ãí¸çäà (ðèñ. 1). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çà ñå- Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë. Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ìèëåòíèé ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé ïîÿâèëñÿ ëåñîñòåïü. – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåð- îäèí íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, óñïåøíîå ðèòîðèè. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòî- ðàçìíîæåíèå íà êîòîðîì çàôèêñèðîâà- ðèè Ðîññèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Åâðî- íî òîëüêî â 2006 ã.  äàëüíåéøåì, âèäè- ïåéñêîé Ðîññèè. Òîì 1. Ì., 2000. Ñ. 439–440. ìî èç-çà ãèáåëè ñàìêè, íà í¸ì îòìå÷àëñÿ Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Â., Ãëåáîâ À.Ì., òîëüêî ñàìåö, êîòîðûé åæåãîäíî îõðà- Ôîìèíà Ä.À., Ïèëþãèíà Ã.Â., Ìóðàíîâà Í. Îð- íÿë òåððèòîðèþ è äî 2009 ã. ïîäíîâëÿë íèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íîâîñòè 2005 ãîäà. – Ïðèðî- äà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ ãíåçäî, íî ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ íå ïðèñòó- òðóäîâ. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2005. Âûï. 6. Ñ. 172–174. ïàë. Îñòàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îñòà- Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë., Ñâèðèäî- ëèñü ïðåæíèìè, íà ÷åòûð¸õ èç íèõ ïòè- âà Ò.Â., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., öû ìåíÿëè òîëüêî ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè. Êèøêèí¸â Ä.À., Èëüèíà Ä.À., Àñàíîâ À.Â., Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âñå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå Êàðàöóáà Ä.Þ., Ðûæåíêîâ Ñ.Í. Ñîâðåìåí- ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëüíèêîâ â 2010 ã. îêàçàëèñü íîå ñîñòîÿíèå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé çàíÿòûìè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâà- îáëàñòè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: Ðàñïðîñòðà- íèÿ ïðîñëåäèòü íå óäàëîñü. Ïëîòíîñòü íåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ìîíèòî- îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîñ- ðèíãîâîé ïëîùàäêè â 2010 ã. ñîñòàâèëà ñèè: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ìîñêâà, 1999. 2,0 ïàðû/100 êì2 èëè 4,0 ïàðû/100 êì Âûï. 1. Ñ. 68–73. Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ îá îðëå- ëèíèè îïóøêè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äî- ìîãèëüíèêå ñ òåððèòîðèè Áàðûøñêîãî ðàéîíà ñòîâåðíî áëèæàéøèìè æèëûìè ãí¸ç- Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêî- äàìè ñîñòàâèëî 3,0–6,0 êì, â ñðåäíåì ãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Óëüÿ- (n=3) 4,5 êì. íîâñê, 2004. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 113–114. Ìàòåðèàëû Óïðàâëåíèÿ ïî îõðàíå, êîíòðî- Çàêëþ÷åíèå ëþ è ðåãóëèðîâàíèþ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ Ìîæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåå äå- æèâîòíîãî ìèðà Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ñåëüñêîãî õî- ñÿòèëåòèå, íåñìîòðÿ íà çíà÷èòåëüíûå èç- çÿéñòâà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, 2009. 1 ñ. ìåíåíèÿ îáëèêà ëàíäøàôòîâ, óõóäøåíèå Òèòîâ Ñ.Â., Øìûðîâ À.À., Êóçüìèí Àí.À., êîðìîâîé áàçû è ñóùåñòâåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ Êóçüìèí Àë.À., Áàêàåâà Ñ.Ñ. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ñóñëèêîâ â Ïîâîë- êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé, ïîïóëÿöèÿ îðëîâ- æüå. – Óïðàâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãðûçóíîâ- ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íàñåëÿþùàÿ Ïðàâîáåðåæüå âðåäèòåëåé (Pest Management) è ïðîáëåìû Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ñîõðàíÿåò ñâîþ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ: æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îñíîâ- Ìàòåðèàëû ðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé íûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê îñòà¸òñÿ â êîíôåðåíöèè ñ ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ó÷àñòèåì. öåëîì ñòàáèëüíîé. Ìîñêâà, 2009. Ñ. 64–66. 54 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

MonitoringResultsofRaptorBreedingGroupsintheRepublicofAltai in2010,Russia РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ГНЕЗДОВЫХ ГРУППИРОВОК КРУПНЫХ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ АЛТАЙ В 2010 ГОДУ, РОССИЯ VazhovS.V.,BachtinR.F.,MakarovA.V.(AltaiStateUniversity,Barnaul,Russia) KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) MitrofanovO.B.(StateNatureBiosphereReserve“Altaiskiy”,Gorno-Altaisk,Russia) Важов С.В., Бахтин Р.Ф., Макаров А.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Митрофанов О.Б. (Алтайский государственный природный биосферный заповедник, Горно-Алтайск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ Ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ â 2010 ã. Ïðîâåðåíî 15 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ è îáíàðóæåíî 3 íîâûõ 659300, Ðîññèÿ, ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ (Buteo hemilasius). Àêòèâíûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü íà 35,3% Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, ó÷àñòêîâ. Ðàíåå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ (Hieraaetus pennatus) â 2010 ã. íå ïðîâåðÿëèñü, ã. Áèéñê, à/ÿ 25 íî íàéäåíî 4 íîâûõ, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêà. Ïðîâåðåíî 27 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ è âûÿâëåíî 10 íîâûõ ãíåçäî- òåë.: +7 963 534 81 07 âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila nipalensis), àêòèâíûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü íà 48,4% ó÷àñòêîâ, óñïåøíûìè íà [email protected] ñòàäèè ïðîâåðêè îêàçàëèñü 76,9% èç íèõ. Ïðîâåðåíî 27 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ è âûÿâëåíî 5 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- êîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca). Àêòèâíûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü íà 64,0% ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïðîâåðåíî 9 ðàíåå èç- Ðîìàí Áàõòèí âåñòíûõ è îáíàðóæåíî 5 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòîâ (Aquila chrysaetos), àêòèâíûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü [email protected] òîëüêî íà 20% ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïðîâåðåí îäèí ðàíåå èçâåñòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áîðîäà÷à (Gypaetus barbatus), ðàçìíîæåíèå íà í¸ì áûëî íåóäà÷íûì, è îáíàðóæåí îäèí íîâûé, íà êîòîðîì âñòðå÷åíà ïàðà ñ ìîëîäîé ïòè- öåé. Ïðîâåðåí îäèí èç òð¸õ èçâåñòíûõ â Ðåñïóáëèêå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ÷¸ðíûõ ãðèôîâ (Aegypius monachus), Àëåêñàíäð Ìàêàðîâ ãíåçäî íà í¸ì ïóñòóåò. Ïðîâåðåíî 8 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ è âûÿâëåíî 4 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ (Falco al_micromammals@ cherrug), óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íàáëþäàëîñü íà 50,0% ó÷àñòêîâ. Ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóï- mail.ru íûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â 2010 ãîäó ïîêàçàë, ÷òî óñëîâèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áîëüøèíñòâà âèäîâ áûëè t_makarova1959@ çíà÷èòåëüíî õóæå, ÷åì â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ â ýòîì ãîäó. mail.ru Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, õèùíûå ïòèöû, ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè, ìîíèòî- ðèíã. Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ Abstract èññëåäîâàíèé There are the results of authors’ surveys in 2010. During surveys 15 breeding territories of the Upland Buzzard 603000, Ðîññèÿ, (Buteo hemilasius) known earlier have been inspected and 3 new ones have been found. Active nests were only in Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 35.3% of territories. The breeding territories of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) known earlier have not vis- óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 ited, but 4 new ones have been discovered. 27 breeding territories of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) known òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 earlier have been surveyed and 10 new ones were found, active nests were recorded in 48.4% of territories, 76.9% [email protected] of them were successful. Also 27 breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) known earlier have been visited and 5 new ones have been discovered. Active nests were recorded in 64.0% of territories. Besides, Îëåã Ìèòðîôàíîâ 9 breeding territories of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) known earlier have been inspected and 5 new ones [email protected] were found, active nests were only in 20% of territories. One breeding territory of the Lammergeier (Gypaetus bar- batus) known earlier has been visited, unfortunately this year it was unsuccessful, but one new territory has been found, where a pair with the subadult bird were observed. One of three territories of the Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) known in the Republic has been visited, the nest was empty. Also 8 breeding territories of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) known earlier and 4 new ones have been surveyed, the successful breeding was noted in 50.0% of territories. Monitoring of raptor breeding groups in the Republic of Altai in 2010 has shown that breeding conditions for the most part of species were significantly worst than in the Altai foothills this year. Keywords: Republic of Altai, raptors, birds of prey, breeding groups, monitoring.

Ìåòîäèêà Methods of Research Ñ 30 èþíÿ ïî 14 èþëÿ 2010 ã. ýêñïåäè- Field teams of the Center for Field Stud- öèîííûìè ãðóïïàìè Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èñ- ies and the Altai State University were ñëåäîâàíèé è Àëòàéñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà surveying Southeast, Central and North ïîñåùàëèñü Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé, Öåíòðàëüíûé Altai with the aim of monitoring of breed- è Ñåâåðíûé Àëòàé ñ öåëüþ ìîíèòîðèíãà ing groups of large raptors from June, 30 ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóïíûõ ïåðíà- to July, 14, 2010. Besides, short-term òûõ õèùíèêîâ.  Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå observations were carried out in the Ur- îáñëåäîâàíû ×óéñêàÿ ñòåïü è äîëèíû sul river valley on June, 24; in the Chuya Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 55

Contact: ðåê Òàðõàòà, Òàáîæîê, Êûçûë÷èí, Àêêàÿ, steppe – on June, 25; in the Chuya river Sergey Vazhov Óëàíäðûê, Òàñòý-Ãîáî, Çóí-Ãîáè, Áîëü- valley – on August, 8 and 20 and in vi- P.O. Box 25, Biysk, Altai Kray, øàÿ Øèáåòû, Ìàëàÿ Øèáåòû è Áóðàòû.  cinities of Nizhnee Shavlinskoe lake – on Russia, 659300 Öåíòðàëüíîì – äîëèíû ðåê Óðñóë, Òåíüãà, August, 12. Field teams moved by vehi- tel.: +7 963 534 81 07 Åëî, ßáàãàí, ×àêûð, Øèâåðòà è íåáîëüøàÿ cles UAZ-31519 and VAZ-21213. During [email protected] ÷àñòü äîëèíû ×óè.  Ñåâåðíîì – âåðõîâüÿ vehicle routes the breeding territories of Roman Bachtin ð. Ïåñ÷àíîé. Êðàòêîâðåìåííûå íàáëþäå- raptors known earlier as well as the areas, [email protected] íèÿ ïðîâåäåíû òàêæå 24 èþíÿ â äîëèíå where large raptors could breed, but their Óðñóëà, 25 èþíÿ â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè, 8 è 20 nests had not been found previous years, Alexander Makarov àâãóñòà â äîëèíå ×óè è 12 àâãóñòà ó Íèæ- were being visited. Every 200–400 m the al_micromammals@ mail.ru íåãî Øàâëèíñêîãî îçåðà. Îñìîòðåííàÿ breeding habitats were observed with use t_makarova1959@ òåððèòîðèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Êîø- of binoculars with zoom 8–12õ with the mail.ru Àãà÷ñêîãî, Óñòü-Êàíñêîãî, Îíãóäàéñêîãî, aim of discovery of nests or birds sitting Óëàãàíñêîãî è Øåáàëèíñêîãî àäìèíè- on perches (Karyakin, 2004). Surveys over Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies ñòðàòèâíûõ ðàéîíîâ Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. small depressions and valleys were car- Korolenko str., 17a–17, Ýêñïåäèöèîííûå ãðóïïû ïåðåäâèãàëèñü ried out from predominating heights dur- Nizhniy Novgorod, íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ ÓÀÇ-31519 è ÂÀÇ-21213. ing 30 minutes – 1.5 hours. All places of Russia, 603000 Ïîñåùàëèñü ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå recorded birds and their nests were fixed tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] ó÷àñòêè, à òàêæå îñìàòðèâàëèñü òåððèòî- by means of GPS Garmin and input in da- ðèè, ãäå âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå êðóïíûõ tabase of ArcView GIS 3.2a ESRI. Oleg Mitrofanov õèùíèêîâ, íî â ïðåæíèå ãîäû èõ ãí¸çä íå [email protected] îáíàðóæåíî. Ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû Results îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó íà îñòàíîâêàõ ÷å- Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) ðåç êàæäûå 200–400 ì ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæå- During surveys 15 breeding territories íèÿ ãí¸çä èëè ïòèö? ñèäÿùèõ íà ïðèñàäàõ known earlier have been inspected and 3 (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Íàáëþäåíèå çà íåáîëü- new ones have been found (fig. 1). Active øèìè êîòëîâèíàìè è äîëèíàìè îñóùåñò- nests were only in 6 of them (35.3% of the âëÿëîñü ñ äîìèíèðóþùèõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé â òå÷åíèå 30 ìèí. – 1,5 ÷àñîâ. Ïðè îñìî- òðå ìåñòíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áèíîêëè 8–12õ. Âñå ìåñòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïòèö è èõ ãí¸çä ôèêñèðîâàëèñü ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïóòíè- êîâûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin è âíîñèëèñü â áàçó äàííûõ ArcView GIS 3.2a ESRI.

Ðåçóëüòàòû Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) Îñíîâíûå ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãî- ãî êóðãàííèêà â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå ïîñåùàëèñü ãðóïïîé ñ 1 ïî 8 èþëÿ. Ïðî- âåðåíî 15 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ è îá- íàðóæåíî òðè íîâûõ, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ (ðèñ. 1). Æèëûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü íà 6 èç íèõ (35,3% îò ÷èñëà ó÷àñòêîâ ñ ïðîâåðåííûìè ãíåçäàìè, n=17). Íà 11 ó÷àñòêàõ (64,7%) ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè, è ïîä- òâåðäèòü ïðåáûâàíèå ïòèö â ýòîì ãîäó óäàëîñü ëèøü íà îäíîì èç íèõ. Î÷åâèäíàÿ

Ïòåíöû ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) â ãí¸çäàõ: ââåðõó – äîëèíà ð. Çóí-Ãîáè, 06.07.2010, âíèçó – äîëèíà ð. Òàðõàòà, 03.07.2010. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ð. Áàõòèíà. Nestlings of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) in the nests: upper – Zun-Gobi river valley, 06/07/2010, bottom – Tarkhata river valley, 03/07/2010. Photos by I. Karyakin and R. Bachtin. 56 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

number of territories with inspected nests, n=17). Nests were empty in 11 territories (64.7%). The obvious reason of such little number of living nests was the sharp decline in numbers of the Monglian Pika (Ochoto- na pricei) in the Chuya steppe. Only two inhabited nests of Upland Buzzards were found, only fledgling was in each of them. Two unknown earlier breeding territories were found in the Chuya steppe. A living nest located on a rock was discovered in one of them, and empty nest on a wood electric pole – in another one, this nest was absent last year. The third probable breed- ing territory unknown earlier was discov- ered in the North-Chuya mountain ridge in a valley of the right tributary of Nizhnee Shavlinskoe lake on August, 12 2010: an Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðà- ïðè÷èíà òàêîãî íèçêîãî ïðîöåíòà æèëûõ adult bird was observed hunting Alpine íåíèå ìîõíîíîãîãî ãí¸çä – ïî÷òè ïîëíàÿ äåïðåññèÿ ÷èñëåííî- Pikas (Ochotona alpina). The nest was not êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) â Ðåñïóáëè- ñòè ìîíãîëüñêîé ïèùóõè (Ochotona pricei) being searched because of a limit of time. êå Àëòàé. â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå êîëî- Now a total of 150 breeding territories of Fig. 1. Distribution of íèè áûëè íåæèëûìè è íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü Upland Buzzards are known in the Repub- the Upland Buzzard ðåäêèå îòäåëüíûå îñîáè), íà òåððèòîðèè lic of Altai. (Buteo hemilasius) in êîòîðîé óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü òîëüêî äâà In 2010, brood sizes were 1–3 nestlings the Republic of Altai. æèëûõ ãíåçäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, (one – in three broods, two – in two and three â îáîèõ áûëî ïî îäíîìó ñë¸òêó. Âåðîÿò- – in one), on average 1.67±0.33 (n=6). íî, íà áîëüøèíñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè ïòèöû íå ïðèñòóïèëè ê Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) ðàçìíîæåíèþ è íå äåðæàëèñü â ãíåçäîâîå The breeding territories of Booted Eagles âðåìÿ, ïåðåìåñòèâøèñü íà òåððèòîðèè ñ known earlier were not visited in 2010, ëó÷øèìè êîðìîâûìè óñëîâèÿìè.  äîëè- however new records of birds have been íàõ ðåê Òàðõàòà, Óëàíäðûê è Çóí-Ãîáè íà- made in 4 places (fig. 2). A bird of pale áëþäàëèñü æèëûå êîëîíèè ìîíãîëüñêèõ è morph was observed on suburb of the Ak- äàóðñêèõ (Ochotona daurica) ïèùóõ, à òàê- tash settlement on June, 30. Another bird of æå äëèííîõâîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus dark morph was encountered in a gorge of undulatus), è äîëÿ æèëûõ ãí¸çä ìîõíîíî- the Tabozok river on July, 3. Also an adult of ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ áûëà çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå. dark morph conflicting with the Black Kite Äâà ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- (Milvus migrans) was observed in the Ur- êà âûÿâëåíû â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè. Íà îäíîì sul river valley near the Tuekta settlement èç íèõ íàéäåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî íà ñêàëüíîì on July, 9. A territorial pair of birds (both âûõîäå. Íà äðóãîì – ïóñòîå ãíåçäî íà äå- of dark morph) was observed in the Chuya ðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé river valley near the Chibit settlement on áëèçîñòè îò ×óéñêîãî òðàêòà (ìåæäó Êîø- August, 8. Thus, now there are 22 breeding Àãà÷åì è Òàøàíòîé), êîòîðîãî â ïðîøëîì territories of the Booted Eagle are known in ãîäó íå áûëî. Òðåòèé, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûé, the Republic of Altai. âîçìîæíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê âûÿâëåí íà Ñåâåðî-×óéñêîì õðåáòå â äîëèíå ïðàâîãî Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) ïðèòîêà Íèæíåãî Øàâëèíñêîãî îçåðà, 12 We inspected 27 breeding territories of àâãóñòà 2010 ã. çäåñü íàáëþäàëàñü âçðîñ- Steppe Eagles known before and discov- ëàÿ ïòèöà, îõîòèâøàÿñÿ íà àëòàéñêèõ ïè- ered 10 new ones (fig. 3). Nests were not ùóõ (Ochotona alpina). Ãíåçäî íå èñêàëè checked in two territories known earlier, èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ occupancy of them was confirmed, and in â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè other territories we inspected known nests èçâåñòíî 150 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíî- and found new alternative ones. Nests with íîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ. clutches and broods were observed only in  âûâîäêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â 48.4% of territories of the number of terri- 2010 ã. íàáëþäàëîñü 1–3 ïòåíöà (â òð¸õ tories with inspected nests (n=31). Check – ïî îäíîìó, â äâóõ – ïî äâà è â îäíîì of nests was carried out at the early stages Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 57

– òðè), â ñðåäíåì 1,67±0,33 (n=6). Ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ýòîì ãîäó, òàê æå, êàê è â ïðîøëîì, îêàçàëèñü ñèëüíî ðàñòÿíóòûìè: èç ãíåçäà íà ãîðå Äæàëãèçòîáå â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè 25 èþíÿ óæå âûëåòåë ñë¸òîê, à â ãíåçäå â äîëèíå ð. Çóí-Ãîáè 6 èþëÿ áûëè îïåðÿþùèåñÿ ïòåíöû.  îäíîì èç ãí¸çä â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè îòìå- ÷åíû êðàéíå íåãàòèâíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ èñ- ïîëüçîâàíèÿ àíòðîïîãåííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ âûñòèëêè ãíåçäà: ïðàâàÿ íîãà ïîëíî- ñòüþ îïåð¸ííîãî ïòåíöà áûëà â òð¸õ ìå- ñòàõ ïåðåòÿíóòà öåëëîôàíîì, îñâîáîäèòü îò êîòîðîãî åãî íå óäàëîñü, òàê êàê èç-çà ðîñòà íîãè öåëëîôàí ãëóáîêî âðåçàëñÿ â êîæó – îáðàçîâàëàñü ãëóáîêàÿ êîëüöåâàÿ ðàíà. Îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàí- Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis). Äîëèíà ð. Áîë. Øèáåòû, 07.07.2010. íèêîâ â ñåçîí 2010 ã., ñóäÿ ïî îñòàíêàì Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. æåðòâ ïîä ïðèñàäàìè è íà ãí¸çäàõ, áûëè Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). Bolshie Schibety ïèùóõè (ìîíãîëüñêàÿ è äàóðñêàÿ) è ìåëêèå river valley, 07/07/2010. Photo by I. Karyakin. âîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû.

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) of development of nestlings and successful Ðàíåå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè breeding at this stage is noted in 10 terri- îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ â 2010 ã. íå ïðîâåðÿëèñü; tories (76.9% of the number of visited oc- îðëû-êàðëèêè áûëè âñòðå÷åíû â 4-õ íîâûõ cupied nests). Nests in two territories were òî÷êàõ (ðèñ. 2). Ïòèöà ñâåòëîé ìîðôû íà- inhabited, but we had not enough time áëþäàëàñü 30 èþíÿ íà îêðàèíå ïîñ. Àê- for checking their contents. Unsuccessful òàø.  óùåëüå ð. Òàáîæîê 3 èþëÿ âñòðå÷å- breeding was noted in three territories. For íà ïòèöà ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû. Êîíôëèêòóþùèé the unknown reasons clutches were lost ñ êîðøóíîì (Milvus migrans) îð¸ë-êàðëèê there (two clutches contained one egg in ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû âñòðå÷åí 9 èþëÿ â äîëèíå each, and one – two eggs), and the female Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðà- ð. Óðñóë áëèç ñ. Òóýêòà. Òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ was incubating the repeated clutch (one íåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà ïàðà ïòèö (îáå ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû) íàáëþäà- egg) in an alternative nest in one of them (Hieraaetus pennatus) â ëàñü 8 àâãóñòà â äîëèíå ×óè ó ñ. ×èáèò, ñà- on July, 7. Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. ìåö òîêîâàë, ñîâåðøàÿ õàðàêòåðíûé «ãèð- The decline in numbers of the Mongolian Fig. 2. Distribution ëÿíäîâûé» ïîë¸ò. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñåé÷àñ â Pika in the Chuya steppe have impacted of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) in Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé èçâåñòíî 22 ãíåçäîâûõ on the Steppe Eagle breeding even more the Republic of Altai. ó÷àñòêà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ. negatively, than on the Upland Buzzard. There were no living nests checked by us. Living nests were noted only in valleys of the Akkay (left tributary of the Kyzykshin river), Tabozhok, Ulandryk, Zun-Gobi rivers and in the upper reaches of the Bolshaya Shybety river where active colonies of pi- kas and Long-Tailed Sousliks (Spermophilus undulatus) had been observed, and also in the Ust-Kanskaya depression and in the up- per reaches of the Peschanaya river, where a number of Long-Tailed Sousliks had been rather high this year. The absolute majority of known nests of the Steppe Eagle in the Republic of Altai was located on rocks, as a result it was rather interesting that two nests (inhab- ited and old alternative nest of the same pair) were found on larches (Larix sibiri- ca) in the Ust-Kanskaya depression near 58 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) the Yabogan settlement. Both nests are Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Þãî- placed on the larches dry out on an abrupt Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå ïðîâåðÿëèñü ñ 1 ïî 8 slope of a broad ravine in the bottom of èþëÿ, â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå – 11 è 14 lateral branches in the middle of a tree at èþëÿ. Ïðîâåðåíî 27 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåç- the heights of 10 and 9 m. The height of äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è îáíàðó- both nesting trees was about 20 m. Nests æåíî 10 íîâûõ (ðèñ. 3). Íà äâóõ ðàíåå èç- were sufficiently flat and loose construc- âåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà íå ïðîâåðÿëèñü, íî tions with a diameter of about 1.5 m and a ïîäòâåðæäåíî ïðåáûâàíèå íà íèõ âçðîñëûõ height of about 0.6 m. They were not vis- ïòèö (ó÷àñòêè æèëûå), íà îñòàëüíûõ – ïðî- ible from the open part of the depression âåðåíû èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà è íàéäåíû íîâûå, and had been found after registration of an àëüòåðíàòèâíûå. Ãí¸çäà ñ êëàäêàìè è ïòåíöà- adult delivering the prey into the nest. The ìè íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü íà 48,4% ó÷àñòêîâ îò occupied nests contained the nestling and èõ ÷èñëà ñ ïðîâåðåííûìè ãí¸çäàìè (n=31). the wind-egg on July, 11, 2010. Ïðîâåðêà ãí¸çä, â îñíîâíîì, îñóùåñòâëÿ- Successful breeding was registered also in ëàñü íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ the earlier known (found in 2009) nest of ïòåíöîâ è óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íà ýòîé the Steppe Eagle placed on a larch in the Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðà- ñòàäèè îòìå÷åíî íà 10 ó÷àñòêàõ (76,9% îò upper reaches of the Peschanaya river near íåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä). Íà äâóõ the Baragash settlement. This nest possibly (Aquila nipalensis) â ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà áûëè æèëûìè, íî èõ ñîäåð- had been built by the Imperial Eagle (Aquila Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. æèìîå íå ïðîâåðåíî èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè. heliaca). It was placed in the fork of trunk Fig. 3. Distribution of the Steppe Eagle Íåóäà÷íîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòìå÷åíî íà òð¸õ below the top of tree at a height of 20 m. It (Aquila nipalensis) in ó÷àñòêàõ.  ãí¸çäàõ íà íèõ ïî íåèçâåñòíûì contained two nestlings of the Steppe Eagle the Republic of Altai. ïðè÷èíàì (ñêîðåå âñåãî, èç-çà íåäîñòàòêà on July, 13. Now a total of 189 breeding territories of Steppe Eagles are known in the Republic Altai. The average brood size in 2010 was 1.4±0.22 nestlings (n=10; range 1–3 nest- lings).

Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) We visited 27 breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle known earlier and found 5 new ones (fig. 4). Unfortunately we had not enough time to search nests in three territories, localized on the base of territo- rial birds encountered. Nests have been crashed or relocated by birds in 7 terri- tories (24.1% of the number of territories with known nests, n=29). New nests, which had not existed earlier, were dis- covered in three of them; and there were neither nests nor encountered adults in four of them (13.8%, n=29). It seems these territories have vanished. The occupied nests were observed in 16 territories (64.0% of the number of territo- ries with visited unharmed nests, n=25). Nests were empty in 9 territories (36.0%, n=25) nests. Nests were occupied in 7 ter- ritories, but their contents were not checked (generally for the reasons of inaccessibility of nests, lack of time and bad weather con- ditions). Successful breeding was registered in 9 territories. Now a total of 235 breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle, that makes 46.4–55.4% of the number estimated as 424–506 breed- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 59

Ñàìêè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ing pairs (Karyakin, et al., 2009a), are known íà ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè. in the Republic of Altai. Äîëèíà ð. Óëàíäðûê, 05.07.2010 (ââåðõó) è The broods of Imperial Eagles contained äîëèíà ð. Áîë. Øèáåòû, 1–2 nestlings in 2010 (five broods with 07.07.2010 (âíèçó). one nestling in each and two broods with Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. two nestlings in each), on average (n=7) Females of the Steppe 1.29±0.18 nestlings. These data sharply con- Eagles with nestlings in trasted with data on foothills of Altai within the nests. Ulandryk river valley, 05/07/2010 the Altai Kray (Vazhov et al., 2010) where (upper) and Bolshaya the average brood size (n=9) was 2.33±0.17 Schibety river valley, nestlings, and 44.4 % of observed broods 07/07/2010 (bottom). (n=9) contained three nestlings in each, and Photos by I. Karyakin. no brood with only nestling has been not- ed in general. Percentage of the territories with occupied nests (83%, n=30) also was considerably higher than in the Republic of Altai. Obviously, it has shown that the con- ditions for the Imperial Eagle breeding were worse in the main breeding habitats of ea- gles in the Republic of Altai (Ust-Kanskaya depression, Tenginskaja steppe, valleys of the Ursul, Elo and Peschanaya rivers), which had been monitored, than in foothills of Al- tai this year.

ïèùè ñàìêè âûíóæäåíû áûëè îõîòèòüñÿ, è Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) íå ìîãëè àäåêâàòíî íàñèæèâàòü) ïîãèáëè We visited 9 breeding territories known êëàäêè (äâå ïî îäíîìó è îäíà èç äâóõ ÿèö), before and discovered 5 new ones (fig. 5). ïðè÷¸ì, íà îäíîì èç íèõ 7 èþëÿ ñàìêà íà- The nests were not found in 4 territories, ñèæèâàëà ïîâòîðíóþ êëàäêó (îäíî ÿéöî) â localized on the base of territorial birds àëüòåðíàòèâíîì ãíåçäå. Îäíàêî äëÿ óñïåø- encountered, due to lack of time. Living íîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âðåìåíè óæå áûëî ÿâíî nests of the Golden Eagle were observed íåäîñòàòî÷íî. only in two territories (in valleys of the Äåïðåññèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîíãîëüñêîé Ulandryk and Taste-Gobo rivers) – 20.0% ïèùóõè â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè íà ðàçìíîæå- of the number of territories with checked Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íèå ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ïîâëèÿëà åù¸ áîëåå nests (n=10), and both nests were success- íà ñêàëàõ ñ êëàäêàìè. íåãàòèâíî, ÷åì íà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííè- ful. We observed the fledgling in the nest Äîëèíà ð. Áîë. Øèáå- êîâ. Íè îäíî èç ïðîâåðåííûõ òàì ãí¸çä in the Ulandryk river valley (last year this òû. 07.07.2010. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà íå áûëî æèëûì. Æèëûå ãí¸çäà îòìå÷åíû pair produced 3 young in the alternative è Ñ. Âàæîâà. â äîëèíàõ ðåê Àêêàÿ (ëåâûé ïðèòîê Êû- nest), and two fledglings – in the Taste- Nests of the Steppe çûë÷èíà), Òàáîæîê, Óëàíäðûê, Çóí-Ãîáè Gobo river valley. Both nests were visited Eagles with clutches è â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè Áîëüøîé Øèáåòû, on July, 6, 2010. Nests were empty in 8 on the cliffs. Bolshaya ãäå íàáëþäàëèñü æèëûå êîëîíèè ïèùóõ è territories, but adults were recorded in Schibety river valley. äëèííîõâîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ, à òàêæå â Óñòü- three of them that confirmed occupancy 07/07/2010. Photos by I. Karyakin Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè of territories. and S. Vazhov. ð. Ïåñ÷àíîé, ãäå ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâî- The sharp contrast between the number of inhabited nests of Golden Eagles in the Republic of Altai and in foothills of Altai within the Altay Kray this year is notewor- thy. So, in foothills of Altai the occupied nests were observed in 64% of territories (n=11), and in all cases the breeding was successful (Vazhov, et al., 2010). Undoubt- edly, conditions for the Golden Eagle as well as for the Imperial Eagle breeding were much better in foothills of Altai than in the Republic of Altai. New breeding ter- ritories were discovered in valleys of the Akkay (three alternative nests were found), 60 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íà ñêàëàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè. Äîëèíà ð. Çóí-Ãîáè, 06.07.2010 (ââåðõó) è äîëèíà ð. Òàáîæîê, 03.07.2010 (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ð. Áàõòèíà. Nests of the Steppe Eagles on cliffs with nestlings. Zun- Gobi river valley, 06/07/2010 (upper) and Tabozhok river valley, 03/07/2010 (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin and R. Bachtin.

ñòîãî ñóñëèêà â ýòîì ãîäó áûëà äîñòàòî÷íî Bolshaya Shibety (two alternative nests on âûñîêîé. rocks were found) and Chuya (a pair was Àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî èçâåñòíûõ â Ðå- encountered 5 km upsteam from the Be- ñïóáëèêå Àëòàé ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà ðàñïî- lyi Bom settlement) rivers, in the Tengin- ëàãàåòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ, ïîýòîìó îïðåäåë¸ííûé skaya steppe near the Ozernoe settlement èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò íàõîäêà äâóõ ãí¸çä (a pair encountered) and in the Ust-Kan- (æèëîãî è ñòàðîãî àëüòåðíàòèâíîãî ýòîé skaya depression (a pair was observed in æå ïàðû) íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ (Larix sibirica) the Yabagan river valley). Now a total of

Âûâîäêè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ â ãí¸çäàõ íà ñêàëàõ: ð. Áîë. Øèáåòû, 07.07.2010 (ââåðõó ñëåâà), ð. Òàáîæîê, 03.07.2010 (âíèçó ñëåâà), Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, 11.07.2010 (ââåðõó ñïðàâà) è ð. Òàðõàòà, 03.07.2010 (âíèçó ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà, Ð. Áàõòèíà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Steppe Eagles in the nests on cliffs: Bolshaya Schibety river, 07/07/2010 (upper at the left), Tabozhok river, 03/07/2010 (bottom at the left), Ust-Kanskaya depression, 11/07/2010 (upper at the right) and Tarkhata river, 03/07/2010 (bottom at the right). Photos by S. Vazhov, R. Bachtin and I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 61

Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ: ââåðõó – âåðõîâüÿ ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ, 13.07.2010, âíèçó – Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâè- íà, 11.07.2010. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà, Ñ. Âàæîâà è Ð. Áàõòèíà. Nests of the Steppe Eagle on the larches: upper reaches of the Peschanaya river, 13/07/2010 (upper) and the Ust-Kanskaya depression, 11/07/2010 (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin, S. Vazhov and R. Bachtin.

â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå áëèç ñ. ßáîãàí. 96 breeding territories of the Golden Eag- Îáà ãíåçäà óñòðîåíû íà óñûõàþùèõ ëè- le, that makes 26.7–32.9% of the number ñòâåííèöàõ, íà êðóòîì ñêëîíå ëîãà, â îñíî- estimated as 292–359 breeding pairs, are âàíèè áîêîâûõ âåòâåé â ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà, known in the Republic of Altai (Karyakin, et íà âûñîòå 10 è 9 ì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Âûñîòà al., 2010à). îáîèõ äåðåâüåâ – îêîëî 20 ì. Ãí¸çäà ïðåä- ñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé äîñòàòî÷íî ïëîñêèå ðûõëûå Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) ïîñòðîéêè äèàìåòðîì îêîëî 1,5 ì, âûñîòîé The breeding territory of the Lammer- îêîëî 0,6 ì, îíè ñîâåðøåííî íå ïðîñìà- geier known earlier in the Ulandryk river òðèâàþòñÿ èç îòêðûòîé ÷àñòè êîòëîâèíû è valley (Saylugem mountain ridge) was áûëè íàéäåíû ïîñëå ðåãèñòðàöèè âçðîñëîé visited on July, 6, 2010 (fig. 6). The nest ïòèöû ñ äîáû÷åé, ïðèëåòåâøåé íà ãíåçäî.  of the Lammergeier in a niche of a cliff, as æèëîì ãíåçäå 11 èþëÿ 2010 ã. áûë îïåðÿþ- well as in the previous year has been occu- ùèéñÿ ïòåíåö è ÿéöî-áîëòóí. pied by Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug): we Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå çàðåãèñòðèðîâà- found the died brood of Sakers. However íî òàêæå â ðàíåå èçâåñòíîì (íàéäåííîì â the nest was occupied by Lammergeiers 2009 ã.) ãíåçäå ñòåïíîãî îðëà, óñòðîåííîì which were noted perching on the nest- íà ëèñòâåííèöå, â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ïåñ- ing cliff. At the human approach by vehicle ÷àíîé ó ñ. Áàðàãàø. Ýòî ãíåçäî, âåðîÿòíî at the distance 200 m birds have left the ïîñòðîåííîå ìîãèëüíèêîì (Aquila heliaca), perch and, being alarmed, flown several ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â ïðåäâåðøèííîé ðàçâèëêå times over the nesting cliff. Considering a ñòâîëà íà âûñîòå 20 ì, 13 èþëÿ â í¸ì áûëî number of feathers of Lammergeiers and 62 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

äâà îïåðÿþùèõñÿ ïòåíöà ñòåïíîãî îðëà. sufficiently fresh remains of their food un-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé der the nest, they seemed to breed unsuc- èçâåñòíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 189 ãíåçäî- cessfully in the old nest which has been oc- âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. cupied by Sakers later.  âûâîäêàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà â 2010 ã. íà- The new breeding territory of the Lam- áëþäàëîñü 1–3 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) mergeier was discovered on the watershed 1,4±0,22. between the Bolshaya Shibety and Malaya Ïèòàíèå ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ â ñåçîí 2010 ã., Shibety rivers (fig. 6). We encountered ñóäÿ ïî îñòàíêàì æåðòâ ïîä ïðèñàäàìè è three birds there on July, 7, 2010: the pair íà ãí¸çäàõ, çàìåòíî íå îòëè÷àëîñü îò ðà- with the subadult. One of birds in the pair íåå íàáëþäàâøåãîñÿ íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè. was young in the age of 4–5 years. Îñíîâíûìè êîðìîâûìè îáúåêòàìè â Þãî- Now, a total of 28 breeding territories of Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå áûëè ïèùóõè (ìîíãîëü- the Lammergeier are known in the Republic ñêàÿ è äàóðñêàÿ) è äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê, of Altai (Karyakin, et al., 2009b; 2009v; Gre- à â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Öåíòðàëüíûé benshikov, 2010). Àëòàé) è â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ – èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñïðîñòðàíå- Now three breeding territories of the íèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) Black Vulture are known in the Republic heliaca) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìî- of Altai. All of them are located at the pe- Àëòàé. ãèëüíèêà (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì 2-õ) ïðîâåðÿ- riphery of the Chuya steppe: in the lower Fig. 4. Distribution ëèñü â ïåðèîä ñ 9 ïî 14 èþëÿ. Ïðîâåðåíî reaches of the Chagan-Burgazy river and of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the 27 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ in the Tarkhata and Chagan-Uzun river Republic of Altai. ìîãèëüíèêîâ è âûÿâëåíî 5 íîâûõ, ðàíåå íå- valleys (Karyakin, et al., 2009b; 2009v). We visited the nest located on a cliff in the Tarkhata river valley on July, 3, 2010. It was empty this year as well as last year, and had been partially destroyed (fig. 6). Unfortunately we did not observe birds, and probably this territory has been aban- doned by Vultures. Two Black Vultures were noted flying over the Karashan mountain in the Chuya steppe on July, 1, and three – on July, 2 (fig. 6). Earlier the breeding of Vultures was noted there. Recently the nest has been destroyed there, but birds are regularly ob- served on the mountain. An adult was en- countered at the outlet of the Tarkhata river from gorge to the Chuya steppe on July, 3; two – in the Akkay river valley on July, 4; one – near the Kosh-Agach settlement on July, 5; two – in the Bolshaya Shibety river valley on July, 7. Also two Vultures (the pair probably) were observed banishing a subadult Lammergeier on the watershed between the Bolshaya Shibety and Malaya Shibety rivers on July, 7. This fact has al- lowed to assume the breeding territory of Vultures existing there. However we have not found any nest. Next day, on July, 8, we once again observed the pair of Vul- tures in that place.

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) The monitoring results of the Saker Falcon population in the Republic of Altai in 2010 have been already published in part (Kar- yakin, et al., 2010b). We have checked 8 Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 63

breeding territories known before and found 4 new ones (fig. 7). The Saker breeding was observed in 8 territories – 66.7% (n=12). Nests in four territories (33.3%, n=12) were empty. The successful breeding was noted in 6 territories (50.0% of the number of visited territories, n=12; and 66.7% of the number of checked nests, n=9). Nests were occu- pied in two territories (in the Elo and Katun river valleys), but their contents were not checked because of their inaccessibility for a human approach and lack of time. Broods were recorded in 4 nests: two of them were located in the Ulandryk river valley and an- other two – in the Bolshaya Shibety river Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ: èçâåñòíûõ (ðèñ. 4). Íà òð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ, ëîêà- valley. Unsuccessful breeding was noted íà ìåòëå, Òåíüãèíñêàÿ ëèçîâàííûõ ïî âñòðå÷àì òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ in two territories (33.3% of the number of ñòåïü, 09.07.2010 (ñïðàâà) è íà âåðøèíå ïòèö, ãí¸çä îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü. Íà 7 checked nests, n=9): two died nestlings ëèñòâåííèöû, Óñòü- ó÷àñòêàõ (24,1% îò ÷èñëà ó÷àñòêîâ ñ èçâåñò- were found in the nest of Lammergeiers in Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, íûìè ãí¸çäàìè, n=29) ãí¸çäà ðàçðóøèëèñü the Ulandryk river valley (in 2009, breeding 12.07.2010 (ñëåâà). ëèáî áûëè ðàçîáðàíû ïòèöàìè. Íà òð¸õ èç was also unsuccessful in this nest: the brood Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà è Ñ. Âàæîâà. íèõ îáíàðóæåíû íîâûå ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûõ consisting of three nestlings had been killed ðàíüøå íå áûëî, à íà ÷åòûð¸õ (13,8%, n=29) perhaps by the Eagle Owl). And the clutch- Nests of the Imperial Eagles: íå óäàëîñü íè íàéòè ãí¸çä, íè âñòðåòèòü ïòèö ing containing only egg was lost in a nest in on a hexenbesen, – âîçìîæíî, ýòè ó÷àñòêè ïåðåñòàëè ñóùå- the Bolshaya Shibety river valley. Tenginskaya Steppe, ñòâîâàòü (ïðè÷¸ì, îäíî èç ãí¸çä áûëî ìíîãî- New territories were discovered in the 09/07/2010 (right) and ëåòíèì è æèëûì åù¸ â 2009 ã.). Bolshaya Shibety (three) and Katun (one) on the top of larch, Ust- Kanskaya depression, Çàíÿòûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü íà 16 river valleys. 12/07/2010 (left). ó÷àñòêàõ (64,0% îò èõ ÷èñëà ñ ïðîâåðåí- Brood sizes of the Sake varied from 2 to Photos by R. Bachtin íûìè öåëûìè ãí¸çäàìè, n=25). Íà 9 ó÷àñò- 4 nestlings in 2010 (three broods contained and S. Vazhov. êàõ (36,0%, n=25) ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè. Íà 7 two nestlings in each and one – 4), on aver- ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà áûëè æèëûìè, íî èõ ñî- age 2.5±0.5 nestlings (n=4). äåðæèìîå íå ïðîâåðåíî (â îñíîâíîì, èç-çà òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòè ãí¸çä è ëèìèòà Conclusions âðåìåíè, à òàêæå èç-çà ïëîõèõ ïîãîäíûõ Monitoring of breeding groups of large óñëîâèé). Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå çàðåãè- birds of prey in the Republic of Altai in ñòðèðîâàíî íà 9 ó÷àñòêàõ. 2010 has shown, that conditions for breed-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé ing of the majority of species were much èçâåñòíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 235 ãíåçäî- worse, than in foothills of Altai this year. âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò Almost total depression in numbers of 46,4–55,4% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè, the Mongolian Pika and partially the Al- îöåíåííîé â 424–506 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð tai Marmot (Marmota baibacina) in the (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009a). Chuya steppe caused unsuccessful breed-  âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ â 2010 ã. íà- ing of the Steppe and Golden Eagles and áëþäàëîñü 1–2 ïòåíöà (â ïÿòè ïî îäíîìó è the lowest breeding success of the Upland â äâóõ ïî äâà), â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 1,29±0,18. Buzzard and Saker Falcon there. The suf- Ýòî ðåçêî êîíòðàñòèðóåò ñ äàííûìè ýòîãî ficiently low percentage of occupied nests ãîäà ïî ïðåäãîðüÿì Àëòàÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàé- and little average brood size for the Im- ñêîãî êðàÿ (Âàæîâ è äð., 2010), ãäå ñðåäíåå perial Eagle possibly are connected with ÷èñëî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ áûëî 2,33±0,17 adverse weather conditions because num- (n=9), à â 44,4% âûâîäêîâ (n=9) áûëî ïî bers of Long-Tailed Sousliks were rather òðè ïòåíöà, âûâîäêîâ èç îäíîãî ïòåíöà âî- high in the breeding grounds of the spe- îáùå îòìå÷åíî íå áûëî. Äîëÿ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ cies. Probably bad weather conditions in çàíÿòûìè ãí¸çäàìè (83%, n=30) òàêæå áûëà the early spring have a negative impact on çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå, ÷åì â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. the Golden Eagle breeding also. Î÷åâèäíî, ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî â In general, the situation with birds of îñíîâíûõ ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â prey in the Republic of Altai remains fairly Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, stable. 64 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òîëüêî íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ (â äîëèíàõ ðåê Óëàíäðûê è Òàñòý-Ãîáî) – 20,0% îò ÷èñëà ñ ïðîâåðåííûìè ãí¸çäàìè (n=10), íà îáî- èõ ðàçìíîæåíèå áûëî óñïåøíûì.  ãíåçäå â äîëèíå ð. Óëàíäðûê 6 èþëÿ 2010 ã. áûë îäèí ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸ííûé ïòåíåö (â ïðîøëîì ãîäó â äðóãîì, àëüòåðíàòèâíîì ãíåçäå ýòîé æå ïàðû áûëî òðè ïòåíöà), à â äîëèíå ð. Òàñòý-Ãîáî, â òîò æå äåíü, – äâà ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸ííûõ. Íà 8 ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè, íî íà òð¸õ èç íèõ âñòðå- ÷åíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ. Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå ðåçêèé êîíòðàñò ÷èñëà æèëûõ ãí¸çä áåðêóòîâ â Ñë¸òîê ìîãèëüíèêà â Òåíüãèíñêàÿ ñòåïü, äîëèíû ðåê Óðñóë, Åëî ýòîì ãîäó â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé è â ïðåä- ãíåçäå íà ëèñòâåííè- è Ïåñ÷àíàÿ), â êîòîðûõ ïðîâåä¸í ìîíè- ãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, öå. Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé. 14.07.2010. òîðèíã, óñëîâèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ýòîì ãîäó ãäå æèëûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü íà 64% Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. áûëè çíà÷èòåëüíî õóæå, ÷åì â ïðåäãîðüÿõ ó÷àñòêîâ (n=11) è âî âñåõ ðàçìíîæåíèå Fledgling of the Imperial Àëòàÿ.  ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî ïðîâåðêà ãí¸çä áûëî óñïåøíûì (Âàæîâ è äð., 2010). Î÷å- Eagle in the nest on ìîãèëüíèêà îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â îñíîâíîì âèäíî, ÷òî â ïðåäãîðüÿõ â ýòîì ãîäó óñëî- a larch. The Republic íà ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåí- âèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áåðêóòîâ, òàê æå, êàê è of Altai. 14/07/2010. öîâ, íå óäàëîñü óñòàíîâèòü, ïðîèçîø¸ë ëè ìîãèëüíèêîâ, áûëè ãîðàçäî ëó÷øå, ÷åì â Photo by I. Karyakin. çíà÷èòåëüíûé îòõîä ïîòîìñòâà íà ðàííèõ Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Íèçêàÿ çàíÿòîñòü ãí¸çä ñòàäèÿõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ èëè ìíîãèå ïàðû íå ÷àñòè÷íî ìîæåò áûòü ñâÿçàíà ñ äåïðåññè- ïðèñòóïèëè ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ èç-çà íåáëàãî- åé ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîíãîëüñêîé ïèùóõè è ñå- ïðèÿòíûõ ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé âåñíîé. Ñóäÿ ðîãî ñóðêà (Marmota baibacina) â ×óéñêîé ïî êîëè÷åñòâó âñòðå÷åííûõ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ñòåïè, ãäå âñå ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè, à ÷àñòè÷- ó÷àñòêàõ äëèííîõâîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ, î÷åâèä- íî – ñ ïëîõèìè ïîãîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè ðàí- íî, ÷òî èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü âûñîêà è êîðìîâûå íåé âåñíîé, îò êîòîðûõ áåðêóò, ðàíüøå óñëîâèÿ äîñòàòî÷íî áëàãîïðèÿòíû. ïðèñòóïàþùèé ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ, âåðîÿòíî ñòðàäàåò â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè, ÷åì äðóãèå Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) îðëû.  äîëèíàõ ðåê Òàðõàòà, Àêêàÿ (ïðè- Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðîñòðàíå- Ïðîâåðåíî 9 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäî- òîê Êûçûë÷èíà), Óëàíäðûê, Òàñòý-Ãîáî è íèå áåðêóòà (Aquila âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è îáíàðóæåíî 5 íîâûõ (ðèñ. Áîëüøàÿ Øèáåòû â ýòîì ãîäó ÷èñëåííîñòü chrysaetos) â Ðåñïóáëè- 5). Íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ, ëîêàëèçîâàííûõ ïî ñóðêîâ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûìè êîðìîâû- êå Àëòàé. âñòðå÷àì òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïòèö, ãí¸çä îá- ìè îáúåêòàìè áåðêóòà, ñóäÿ ïî êîëè÷åñòâó Fig. 5. Distribution of the Golden Eagle íàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü èç-çà ñëîæíûõ óñëî- âñòðå÷åííûõ îñîáåé, òàêæå áûëà íèçêîé. (Aquila chrysaetos) in âèé äëÿ èõ âûÿâëåíèÿ è íåäîñòàòêà âðåìå- Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå ðåçêîå ñíè- the Republic of Altai. íè. Æèëûå ãí¸çäà áåðêóòîâ íàáëþäàëèñü æåíèå èõ ÷èñëåííîñòè â äîëèíå Óëàíäðû- êà, ãäå â ïðîøëîì ãîäó îíè âñòðå÷àëèñü â íåñêîëüêî ðàç ÷àùå, è â ãí¸çäàõ áåðêóòà, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, áûëî ïî 2–3 ïòåíöà. Ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè âûÿâëåíû â äîëèíàõ ðåê Àêêàÿ (íàéäåíû òðè àëüòåðíàòèâíûõ ãíåçäà íà ñêàëàõ, îäíî èç êîòîðûõ áûëî ïîäíîâëåíî, íî ïòèöû â ýòîì ãîäó íå ðàçìíîæàëèñü), Áîëüøàÿ Øè- áåòû (íàéäåíû äâà àëüòåðíàòèâíûõ ãíåçäà íà ñêàëàõ, îáà ïóñòûå), ×óÿ (â 5 êì âûøå ñ. Áåëûé Áîì íàáëþäàëè òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ ïàðó ïòèö, ãíåçäî íå èñêàëè), â Òåíüãèí- ñêîé ñòåïè áëèç ñ. Îç¸ðíîå (â äîëèíå ïðè- òîêà Òåíüãè íàáëþäàëè òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ ïàðó, ãíåçäî íå èñêàëè) è â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (â äîëèíå ßáàãàíà âñòðå÷åíà òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ ïòèöà, ãíåçäî íå èñêàëè).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé èç- âåñòíî 96 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòà, ÷òî Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 65

Ãí¸çäà áåðêóòîâ ñ ïòåíöàìè. Äîëèíû ðåê Óëàíäðûê (ñïðàâà) è Òàñòý-Ãîáî (ñëåâà). 06.07.2010. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Golden Eagles with nestlings. Ulandryk (right) and Taste-Gobo (left) rivers valleys. 06/07/2010. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ñîñòàâëÿåò 26,7–32,9% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñ- ïîçæå áûëî çàíÿòî áàëîáàíîì. Ïîä îäíîé ëåííîñòè, êîòîðàÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 292–359 èç ïðèñàä áîðîäà÷åé íà äàííîì ãíåçäîâîì ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010à). ó÷àñòêå íàéäåíû îñòàíêè ñåðîãî ñóðêà. Îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ áåðêóòîâ â ñåçîí Ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê 2010 ã., ñóäÿ ïî îñòàíêàì æåðòâ ïîä ïðè- áîðîäà÷åé âûÿâëåí íà âîäîðàçäåëå ìåæäó ñàäàìè è íà ãí¸çäàõ, áûëè ñåðûé ñóðîê è Áîëüøîé è Ìàëîé Øèáåòû (ðèñ. 6). Çäåñü 7 ñòåïíîé õîðü (Mustela eversmanni). èþëÿ 2010 ã. íàáëþäàëè òð¸õ îñîáåé: òåððè- òîðèàëüíóþ ïàðó ñî ñë¸òêîì ïðîøëîãî ãîäà. Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus) Îäíà èç ïòèö â ïàðå áûëà ìîëîäàÿ, â âîçðàñ- Ðàíåå èçâåñòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áî- òå 4–5 ëåò.  ýòîì æå ìåñòå íàéäåíû ìíîãî- ðîäà÷à â äîëèíå ð. Óëàíäðûê (õðåáåò Ñàé- ÷èñëåííûå ïðèñàäû áîðîäà÷åé è îñòàòêè èõ ëþãåì) ïðîâåðåí 6 èþëÿ 2010 ã. (ðèñ. 6). ïèùè (êîñòè è ôðàãìåíòû øêóð êîïûòíûõ). Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà áîðîäà÷åé â íèøå  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé ñêàëû, êàê è â ïðîøëîì ãîäó, îêàçàëàñü â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè èçâåñòíî 28 ãíåçäî- çàíÿòîé áàëîáàíîì (Falco cherrug), â íåé âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîðîäà÷åé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., Ðèñ. 6. Âñòðå÷è îáíàðóæåí ïîãèáøèé âûâîäîê ýòîãî ñîêî- 2009á; 2009â; Ãðåáåíùèêîâ, 2010). áîðîäà÷à (Gypaetus ëà èç äâóõ îïåðèâøèõñÿ ïòåíöîâ. Îäíàêî, barbatus) è ãðèôà ãíåçäî àáîíèðîâàëîñü ïàðîé áîðîäà÷åé, ׸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) (Aegypius monachus) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â êîòîðûå ñèäåëè íà ãíåçäîâîé ñêàëå è, ñëå-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé 2010 ã. òåâ ïðè ïîäúåçäå ê íåé íà àâòîìîáèëå íà èçâåñòíî òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ÷¸ðíûõ Fig. 6. Records of the 200 ì, ñòàëè ïðîÿâëÿòü áåñïîêîéñòâî, íå- ãðèôîâ, âñå ïî ïåðèôåðèè ×óéñêîé ñòå- Lammergeier (Gypaetus ñêîëüêî ðàç ïðîëåòàÿ íàä ñêàëîé ïðè å¸ ïè: â íèçîâüÿõ ×àãàí-Áóðãàçû è â äîëèíàõ barbatus) and Black îñìîòðå. Ñóäÿ ïî êîëè÷åñòâó ïåðüåâ áî- Òàðõàòû è ×àãàí-Óçóíà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., Vulture (Aegypius ðîäà÷åé è äîñòàòî÷íî ñâåæèõ îñòàòêîâ èõ 2009á; 2009â). Ãíåçäî íà ñêàëå â äîëèíå monachus) in the Republic of Altai in ïèùè ïîä ãíåçäîì, âåðîÿòíî, îíè íåóäà÷- Òàðõàòû ïðîâåðåíî 3 èþëÿ 2010 ã. (ðèñ. 2010. íî ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ñòàðîì ãíåçäå, êîòîðîå 6), îíî îêàçàëîñü ïóñòûì, êàê è â ïðîøëîì ãîäó, è ÷àñòè÷íî ðàçðóøèëîñü. Íå óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå è ïòèö, âîçìîæ- íî, îí ïîêèíóò ãðèôàìè. Äâà ÷¸ðíûõ ãðèôà îòìå÷åíû 1 èþëÿ è òðè – 2 èþëÿ íàä ãîðîé Êàðàøàí â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (ðèñ. 6), ãäå ðàíåå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü ðàçìíîæåíèå ýòîãî âèäà.  ïîñëåäíåå âðå- ìÿ ãíåçäî çäåñü ðàçðóøèëîñü, íî ïòèöû íà ãîðå ïðèñóòñòâóþò ïîñòîÿííî. Îäèí ãðèô âñòðå÷åí 3 èþëÿ â ðàéîíå âûõîäà Òàðõàòû èç óùåëüÿ â ×óéñêóþ ñòåïü, äâà – 4 èþëÿ â äîëèíå ð. Àêêàÿ, îäèí – 5 èþëÿ ó ñ. Êîø- Àãà÷, äâà – 7 èþëÿ â äîëèíå Áîëüøîé Øèáå- òû. Íà âîäîðàçäåëå ìåæäó Áîëüøîé è Ìàëîé Øèáåòû 7 èþëÿ äâà ãðèôà (âåðîÿòíî, ïàðà) ïðîãîíÿëè ìîëîäîãî áîðîäà÷à (ñë¸òêà ïðî- øëîãî ãîäà), ÷òî ïîçâîëèëî ïðåäïîëîæèòü çäåñü íàëè÷èå ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ãðèôîâ. 66 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà (ñëåâà) è ïðèñàäà (ñïðàâà) áîðîäà÷åé (Gypaetus barbatus). Äîëèíà ð. Óëàíäðûê, 06.07.2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Nesting cliff (upper) and a perch (bottom) of Lammergeiers (Gypaetus barbatus). Ulandryk river. 06/07/2010. Photos by S. Vazhov.

Ïóñòóþùåå ãíåçäî ÷¸ð- íîãî ãðèôà (Aegypius monachus). Äîëèíà Òàðõàòû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Empty nest of the Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus). Tarkhata river valley. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Îäíàêî ãíåçäîâóþ ïîñòðîéêó íàéòè íå óäà- ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è âûÿâëåíî 4 íîâûõ, ëîñü. Íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü, 8 èþëÿ, â ýòîì ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ (ðèñ. 7). Ðàçìíîæå- Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðîñòðàíå- ìåñòå ñíîâà íàáëþäàëè ïàðó ãðèôîâ. íèå áàëîáàíà íàáëþäàëîñü íà 8 ó÷àñò- íèå áàëîáàíà (Falco êàõ – 66,7% (n=12). Íà ÷åòûð¸õ ó÷àñò- cherrug) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) êàõ (33,3%, n=12) ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè. Íà Àëòàé. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîïóëÿöèè áà- îäíîì ó÷àñòêå (â äîëèíå Ìàëîé Øèáåòû) Fig. 7. Distribution of ëîáàíà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â 2010 ã. ÷à- äåðæàëàñü ïàðà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Ó ïóñòîãî the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in the Republic ñòè÷íî óæå îïóáëèêîâàíû (Êàðÿêèí è äð., ãíåçäà â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè, êàê è â ïðîøëîì of Altai. 2010á). Ïðîâåðåíî 8 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãîäó, íàáëþäàëñÿ îäèíîêèé ñàìåö.  äî- ëèíå Ïåñ÷àíîé ãíåçäî áûëî ñî ñâåæèì ïîì¸òîì è îñòàòêàìè ïèùè, íî ïòèö îêî- ëî íåãî âñòðåòèòü íå óäàëîñü. Íà ó÷àñòêå ñ ïóñòóþùèì ãíåçäîì â äîëèíå Óëàíäðû- êà (â ïðîøëîì ãîäó â ýòîì æå ãíåçäå âû- âîäîê èç 5 ïòåíöîâ áûë óáèò, âåðîÿòíî, ôèëèíîì Bubo bubo) ïîäòâåðäèòü ïðå- áûâàíèå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íå óäàëîñü, õîòÿ ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ òàêæå áûëè, êàê è íà ïðåäûäóùåì ãíåçäå. Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå áàëîáàíà îòìå- ÷åíî íà 6 ó÷àñòêàõ (50,0% îò ÷èñëà ïîñå- ùàâøèõñÿ ó÷àñòêîâ, n=12; 66,7% îò ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ ãí¸çä, n=9). Íà äâóõ ó÷àñò- êàõ (â äîëèíàõ ðåê Åëî è Êàòóíü) ãí¸çäà áûëè æèëûìè, íî èõ ñîäåðæèìîå íå ïðî- âåðÿëîñü èç-çà èõ òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòè è ëè- ìèòà âðåìåíè.  4-õ ãí¸çäàõ áûëè ïòåíöû èëè ñë¸òêè: â äâóõ – â äîëèíå Óëàíäðûêà è Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 67

Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â 2010 ã. ïîêàçàë, ÷òî óñëîâèÿ ðàçìíîæå- íèÿ áîëüøèíñòâà âèäîâ áûëè çíà÷èòåëüíî õóæå, ÷åì â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ â ýòîì ãîäó. Ïî÷òè ïîëíàÿ äåïðåññèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîí- ãîëüñêîé ïèùóõè è ÷àñòè÷íàÿ – ñåðîãî ñóð- êà â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè ïðèâåëè ê îòñóòñòâèþ òàì óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà è áåðêóòà è êðàéíå íèçêîìó óñïåõó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è áàëîáàíà. Äîñòàòî÷íî íèçêèé ïðîöåíò çà- íÿòûõ ãí¸çä è íåáîëüøîå ÷èñëî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà, âåðîÿòíî, ñâÿçàíû ñ íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûìè ïîãîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè, òàê êàê â ìåñòàõ åãî îáèòàíèÿ íàáëþäàëàñü âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñ- ëèêà. Ïëîõèå ïîãîäíûå óñëîâèÿ ðàííåé âåñíîé, ñêîðåå âñåãî, íåãàòèâíî ïîâëèÿëè òàêæå è íà ðàçìíîæåíèå áåðêóòà.  öåëîì ñèòóàöèÿ ñ õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé îñòà¸òñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíîé.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â. Ðå- çóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ â 2010 ãîäó, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- íà, 2010. ¹19. Ñ. 186–199. Ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà: ñ â äâóõ – â äîëèíå Áîëüøîé Øèáåòû. Íå- Ãðåáåíùèêîâ À.Î. Íàáëþäåíèÿ áîðîäà÷à â âûâîäêîì (ââåðõó) è óäà÷íîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòìå÷åíî íà äâóõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ÷åòûð¸õ ëåäîâûõ ðàéîíîâ íà Àë- ñ ïîãèáøåé êëàäêîé ó÷àñòêàõ (33,3% îò ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ òàå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, (âíèçó). p. Áîë. Øèáå- 2010. ¹18. Ñ. 176–179. òû, 07.07.2010. ãí¸çä, n=9): â ïîñòðîéêå áîðîäà÷à â äîëè- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íå Óëàíäðûêà îáíàðóæåíû äâà ïîãèáøèõ Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè- îïåðåííûõ ïòåíöà (â 2009 ã. â ýòîì ãíåçäå ÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîî- Nests of the Saker áðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Falcon with brood ðàçìíîæåíèå òàêæå áûëî íåóäà÷íûì: âû- 2004. 351 ñ. (upper) and dead âîäîê èç òð¸õ ïòåíöîâ áûë óáèò, âåðîÿò- clutch (bottom). Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñó- Bolshaya Schibety river. íî, ôèëèíîì) è â ãíåçäå â äîëèíå Áîëüøîé ðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. – Ïåð- 07/07/2010. Øèáåòû ïîãèáëà êëàäêà èç îäíîãî ÿéöà. íàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2009à. ¹15. Photos by I. Karyakin. Ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûå ó÷àñòêè âûÿâëåíû â Ñ. 66–79. äîëèíàõ Áîëüøîé Øèáåòû (òðè) è Êàòóíè Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., Ãðàáîâñêèé (îäèí). Ì.À., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ïàäàëüùèêè Àëòàå-Ñàÿí-  âûâîäêàõ áàëîáàíîâ â ñåçîí 2010 ã. ñêîãî ðåãèîíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- íàáëþäàëîñü 2–4 (â òð¸õ ïî äâà è â îäíîì íà, 2009á. ¹15. Ñ. 37–65. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., – 4) ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 2,5±0,5 (n=4). Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Íîâûå äàííûå î ïàäàëüùè- Ïèòàíèå áàëîáàíîâ íà áîëüøèíñòâå êàõ Àëòàÿ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ñóäÿ ïî îñòàíêàì æåðòâ ïîä îõðàíà, 2009â. ¹16. Ñ. 173–176. ïðèñàäàìè è íà ãí¸çäàõ, áûëî äîñòàòî÷- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áàðàøêî- íî òèïè÷íûì äëÿ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè: âà À.Í., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., ïèùóõè è ñóñëèêè. Ëèøü â îäíîì ãíåçäå Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. (â ðàéîíå óñòüÿ Áîëüøîé Øèáåòû) ïòåí- Áåðêóò â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. – öû âûêàðìëèâàëèñü ïî÷òè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2010à. ¹18. ïòèöàìè: íàéäåíû îñòàíêè êëóøèöû (Pyr- Ñ. 82–152. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., rhocorax pyrrhocorax), ÷¸ðíîé âîðîíû Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïî- (Corvus corone), ãàëêè (Corvus monedu- ïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â la), âîðîáü¸â è ðîãàòûõ æàâîðîíêîâ (Er- 2009–2010 ãîäàõ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè emophila alpestris). è èõ îõðàíà, 2010á. ¹19. Ñ. 136–151. 68 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

EcologyofSynanthropicPopulationsoftheBlackKiteintheVicinities ofBiysk,AltaiKray,Russia ЭКОЛОГИЯ СИНАНТРОПНОЙ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ ЧЁРНОГО КОРШУНА В ОКРЕСТНОСТЯХ БИЙСКА, АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ BachtinR.F.,VazhovS.V.,MakarovA.V.(AltaiStateUniversity,Barnaul,Russia) Бахтин Р.Ф., Важов С.В., Макаров А.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ðîìàí Áàõòèí  ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ýêîëîãèè ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. 659323, Ðîññèÿ, Áèéñê Áèéñê Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ êîíöà ìàðòà 2009 ã. ïî êîíåö ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. Îáíà- ïåð. Öåíòðàëüíûé, 81ã ðóæåíî 187 ãí¸çä êîðøóíà. Óñòàíîâëåíû ñðîêè ïðèë¸òà õèùíèêîâ, ñðîêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è îòë¸òà. ×àùå âñåãî òåë.: +7 3854 47 31 27 êîðøóí óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà íà ñîñíàõ (Pinus silvestris), áåð¸çàõ (Betula pendula), òîïîëÿõ (Populus nigra), íà [email protected] äðóãèõ âèäàõ ãîðàçäî ðåæå.  èçó÷àåìîé ìåñòíîñòè ó êîðøóíà â êëàäêå îò 1 äî 4 ÿèö. Íà ìîìåíò âûëóïëåíèÿ â ãí¸çäàõ íå áîëåå òð¸õ ïòåíöîâ. Óñïåøíî ïîêèäàþò ãí¸çäà 1–2 ñë¸òêà. Ñìåðòíîñòü ïòåíöîâ (n=84) ñîñòàâèëà Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ 39,3%, à óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â 2010 ã ñîñòàâèëà 42,7% (èç 84 ÿèö âûëåòåëî 36 ïòåíöîâ). Âûñîêàÿ ñìåðò- òåë.: +7 963 534 81 07 íîñòü ïòåíöîâ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñâÿçàíà ñ íåäîñòàòêîì è ïëîõèì êà÷åñòâîì ïèùè (âûêàðìëèâàíèå ïòåíöîâ [email protected] îòáðîñàìè). Ïèòàíèå çàìåòíî ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ ïî áèîòîïàì âîêðóã ãîðîäà: êîðøóíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, â îñíîâíîì ïèòàþòñÿ òåì, ÷òî èì ïðåäëàãàåò ñâàëêà, à êîðøóíû, æèâóùèå â áîðó ïî ð. Áèÿ,, ïèòàþòñÿ åñòåñòâåííûìè êîðìàìè. Àëåêñàíäð Ìàêàðîâ Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ÷åðíûé êîðøóí, Milvus migrans, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, al_micromammals@ êëàäêà, íàñèæèâàíèå, ïòåíöû, óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïèòàíèå. mail.ru t_makarova1959@ Abstract mail.ru The results of studies of ecology of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) in the vicinities of Biysk (Altai Kray) are present- ed in the article. The studies were conducted since the end of March 2009 to the end of September 2010. There were 187 nests of the Black Kite found. Dates of arrival, nesting and departure for Kites were set. Most often the Contact: Black Kites were notes building their nests on the pines (Pinus silvestris), birches (Betula pendula) and poplar trees Roman Bachtin (Populus nigra); other tree species were used to nest much rarer. In the area under investigation, the clutch size of Centralniy lane, 81g Black Kites ranged from 1 to 4 eggs. At the hatching time, there are no more than three nestlings a nest. Usually Biysk, Russia, 659323 1–2 fledglings successfully leave the nest. In 2010 the death rate of the nestlings (n=84) was 39.3%; the breeding tel.: +7 3854 47 31 27 success was 42.7% (36 fledglings per 84 eggs). High death rate of the nestlings can primarily be connected with [email protected] lack and poor quality of food (feeding on food waste). The diet varies greatly depending on habitats around the city: Black Kites nesting in the vicinity of the city landfill are mainly fed on the food waste, while the raptors living Sergey Vazhov in the forests along the Biya river are fed on natural food. tel.: +7 963 534 81 07 Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Black Kite, Milvus migrans, breeding biology, clutch, hatching, nestlings, suc- [email protected] cess of breeding, diet.

Alexander Makarov al_micromammals@ Ââåäåíèå The Black Kite (Milvus migrans) is the most mail.ru t_makarova1959@ ׸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) – ñàìûé numerous species of birds of prey not only mail.ru ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé èç õèùíèêîâ íå òîëüêî â in the vicinities of Biysk, but throughout the îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî Altai Kray. In spite of this, the comprehen- íà ñòûêå Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè sive studies of the species in the Altai have è ðàâíèííî-ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ïðåäãîðèé not been conducted. ìåæäóðå÷üÿ Áèè è Êàòóíè, íî è âñåãî Àë- The Black Kite is a common breeding spe- òàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ýêîëîãèÿ cies in the vicinity of Biysk. It prefers differ- ýòîãî âèäà ïðîäîëæàåò îñòàâàòüñÿ ñëàáî ent forests to nest. All the areas under con- èçó÷åííîé íå òîëüêî â ýòîì ðåãèîíå, íî è sideration provide the necessary conditions íà âñ¸ì ïðîñòðàíñòâå àðåàëà. Îêðåñòíî- for the raptor nesting. ñòè Áèéñêà ÿâëÿþòñÿ óäîáíîé òåððèòîðè- Black Kites seem to nest in the pine forest åé äëÿ åãî èçó÷åíèÿ, òàê êàê çäåñü øèðîêî along the Biya river readily. In 2010, the near- ïðåäñòàâëåíû àíòðîïîãåííûå ìåñòîîáèòà- est neighbor distance inside the forest was íèÿ, êîòîðûå êîðøóí ÿâíî ïðåäïî÷èòàåò 216–1500 m, averaging 800.86±282.70 m äðóãèì.  íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå ïðåäñòàâëå- (n=10); on the edge of forest – 72–1200 m, íû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé êîðøóíà â averaging 675.20±179.89 m (n=16). The îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäà. south margin of the forest goes into the forest-steppe, being the arable lands, pas- Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà tures, waste lands, interlaced with groves Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ êîíöà (birch and aspen) and artificial forest-lines. ìàðòà 2009 ã. ïî êîíåö ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. In 2010, the average nearest neighbor dis- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 69

׸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans). Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Black Kite (Milvus migrans). Photo by R. Bachtin.

â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèéñê Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Íåêîòîðûé îáú¸ì ìàòåðèàëîâ ñîáðàí òàê- æå â ïåðèîä ñ 2004 ïî 2008 ãã. Àíàëèç òî- ïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò (Ì 1:200000), à òàêæå îáñëåäîâàíèå òåððèòîðèè ïîçâîëèëè âû- äåëèòü îñíîâíûå áèîòîïû âèäà: ñîñíîâûé áîð ñ îïóøêàìè, ïîéìû ðåê Áèÿ è Êàòóíü, îêðåñòíîñòè Áèéñêà, âêëþ÷àÿ ãîðîäñêîé ïîëèãîí áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ. Ïîñåùåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ íà÷àëîñü çèìîé, ÷òî îáëåã÷èëî ïîèñê ãí¸çä íà ëèñòâåííûõ äå- tance in the forest-lines was 706.46±71.56 ðåâüÿõ. Ïî ìåðå îñâîáîæäåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ m (n=18; range 319–1200 m). áèîòîïîâ îò ñíåãà è çàñåëåíèÿ èõ êîðøó- Around the city, the Biya and Katun riv- íàìè ïðîâîäèëîñü áîëåå òùàòåëüíîå èõ ers have wide floodplains that are water- èçó÷åíèå, íàïðàâëåííîå íà âûÿâëåíèå meadows with a system of channels, islands ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ïîèñê ãí¸çä. Äëÿ íà- and former river beds. The densest breed- áëþäåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàëè 8–12-êðàòíûå áè- ing groups of Black Kites were found in an íîêëè, íàéäåííûå ãí¸çäà ôèêñèðîâàëè ñ island in the Katun floodplain near the Les- ïîìîùüþ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin noye village, as well as in a wide forest-line Etrex è âíîñèëè â áàçó äàííûõ.  ãí¸çäàõ, near the city landfill. In 2010, the average à òàêæå ïîä íèìè è ó ïðèñàä, îñóùåñòâëÿë- distance between occupied nests there was ñÿ ñáîð ïîãàäîê è îñòàòêîâ ïèùè, îïðåäå- 247.46±42.34 m, (n=13; range 89–596 m). ëÿëàñü âèäîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü îñòàíêîâ During the period of surveys a total of 187 æåðòâ. Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî 409 îñòàòêîâ nests of the Black Kite were found. It was ïèùè (163 èç íèõ – àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðî- noted that breeding territories usually did èñõîæäåíèÿ) è 114 ïîãàäîê, ïðîâåäåíû not exceed 300–400 m in diameter, and âèçóàëüíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà îõîòÿùèìè- were actively guarded from other raptors. In ñÿ ïòèöàìè. Íàèáîëåå äîñòóïíûå ãí¸çäà the densest breeding groups the borders of ïîñåùàëèñü ìíîãîêðàòíî äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ breeding territories were apparently almost ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïî óñïåõó entirely erased, and neighbor pairs did not ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïàð. Âåñ- react to each other. According to our sur- íîé è îñåíüþ ïðîâîäèëèñü íàáëþäåíèÿ çà veys kites prefer to nest on 8 tree species. ìèãðàöèåé õèùíèêîâ ñ öåëüþ óñòàíîâëåíèÿ In the forest the nests are located exclusive- ñðîêîâ èõ ïðèë¸òà è îòë¸òà. ly on pines (Pinus silvestris) – 87.2% (n=68) and birches (Betula sp.) – 12.8% (n=10). In other habitats (forest-lines, groves, flood- plain) birds are used to the nesting on birch trees – 50.6% (n=41) and poplars (Populus nigra) – 29.6% (n=24). Other tree species (pine, aspen Populus tremula, white willow Salix alba, European wild apple Malus syl- vestris, Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia, ma- ple Acer sp.) make up only 19.7% (n=16). Of particular interest was a nest of the Black Kite on the poplar in the city center, 10 m from the busy road between the high- rise buildings. The height of the nest was 23 m above the ground; the tree height was 33 m. The nest was built in 2008 and has been being successful for three years (2008–2010) – one juvenile a year. Perhaps it is the first record of the Black Kite nesting in the city center for Altai. Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ The average height of the nesting trees was Áèéñêà. 22.40±0.31 m (n=99; range 7–36 m). Gener- Fig. 1. Distribution of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) in the vicinities of Biysk. ally kites build nests themselves, but seldom 70 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû use old nests of other birds (Common Buz-  îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà êîðøóí ãíåçäèò- zard Buteo buteo, Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, ñÿ ïîâñåìåñòíî. Ãëàâíîå óñëîâèå – íàëè- Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Raven ÷èå äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè. Êîðøóíû Corvus corax, Hooded Crow Corvus cornix, îõîòíî ãíåçäÿòñÿ â áîðó ïî Áèè.  îêðåñò- Rook Corvus frugilegus and Magpie Pica íîñòÿõ ãîðîäà îí ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïî- pica). The average height of nest location was ëîñó ëåñà øèðèíîé 4–6 êì âäîëü ðóñëà Áèè. 11.40±0.44 m (n=99; range 4–24 m). Îñíîâó äðåâîñòîÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò ñîñíà îáûê- Black Kites build new nests rarely. So, only íîâåííàÿ (Pinus silvestris), ìåñòàìè âñòðå- 10 nests were built (6.3% of a total number) in ÷àþòñÿ áåð¸çû ïîâèñëàÿ (Betula pendula) 2010. The nest diameter (n=99) varied from è ïóøèñòàÿ (B. pubsecens), îñèíà (Populus 40 to 120 cm; 59.20±1.43 cm on average. tremula), íàèáîëåå ïëîòíî ðàñòóùèå â The height of nest varied from 26 to 130 cm; ïðèîïóøå÷íîé ÷àñòè áîðà. Ïîäëåñîê õà- 48.78±1.56 cm on average. The cup of nest ðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ðàçíîé ñòåïåíüþ ðàçâèòèÿ. was usually lined with various man-made Åãî îñíîâó ñîñòàâëÿþò êë¸íû (Acer sp.), materials (paper, plastic, rags, etc.) which as êàëèíà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Viburnum opulus), a rule could be seen from the ground. ðÿáèíà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Sorbus aucuparia), According to our observations the dates áîÿðûøíèê êðîâàâî-êðàñíûé (Crataegus of the Black Kite arrival in the vicinities of sanguinea). Ïîäðîñò ñîñòàâëÿþò ñîñíà è Biysk are the end of March. áåð¸çà.  ïðåäåëàõ èçó÷àåìîé ìåñòíîñòè The breeding territories located near the áîð êîðøóíîì çàñåë¸í ïîëíîñòüþ. Ðàñ- city landfill are occupied first of all. In 2009– ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè âî âíó- 2010, Black Kites began to occupy them in òðåííèõ åãî ó÷àñòêàõ â 2010 ã. ñîñòàâëÿëî 3–5 days after arrival, and all suitable breed- 216–1500, â ñðåäíåì 800,88±178,06 ì, ing territories were occupied in 5–7 days. (n=8), à ïî îïóøêå – 72–1700, â ñðåäíåì As the snow is melting and the hunting 474,39±114,10 ì, (n=18). Ïî äàííûì habitats become free from snow cover, the À.Ï. Êó÷èíà (2004) «â 1960–1972 ãã. â birds begin to occupy other territories. Usu- áîðó îò Áèéñêà äî ñ. Ìàëî-Åíèñåéñêà íà- ally the Katun river valley is occupied by õîäèëè äî äâóõ äåñÿòêîâ ãí¸çä êîðøóíà», à the Black Kites by April, 7–8. At this time ïîñëå 90-õ ãã. ëèøü 4–5.  2010 ã. íà ýòîì the Biya river valley, the riverine forest and ó÷àñòêå ëåñà íàìè îáíàðóæåíî 33 æèëûõ groves are being actively occupied. The nest ãíåçäà. building starts in 7–10 days after arrival. Þæíàÿ îïóøêà áîðà ïåðåõîäèò â ëåñî- Egg-laying is observed between the end ñòåïü, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùóþ ñîáîé ïàõîòíûå of the second decade of April and the end of çåìëè, âûïàñû, ïóñòîøè, ÷åðåäóþùèåñÿ ñ May. Thus, the period of egg-laying for differ- êîëêàìè (áåð¸çîâûìè è îñèíîâûìè) è ëå- ent pairs of Black Kites in the same area is ap- Ðèñ. 2. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ñîïîëîñàìè. Îñèíîâûõ êîëêîâ ìåíüøå, è proximately 40 days. The average clutch size äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä, ïðîèçðàñòàþò îíè ëèøü âî âëàæíûõ íèç- is 2.33±0.82 eggs (n=97; range 1–4 eggs). èñïîëüçóåìûõ ÷¸ðíûì ìåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå ïîñëå ñõîäà ñíåãà The average dimensions of eggs (n=73) were êîðøóíîì äëÿ ïîñòðîé- êè ãí¸çä. äîëãî äåðæèòñÿ âîäà. Êîðøóí çàñåëÿåò ýòè 56.80±0.20×43.74±0.16 mm with a range of óãîäüÿ, åñëè â íèõ åñòü âûñîêèå äåðåâüÿ 53.3–62.6×40.6–46.1 mm. A laying interval Fig. 2. Chart showing the tree species used by ñ ïîäõîäÿùåé àðõèòåêòîíèêîé êðîíû.  (n=12) is 2–4 days. And it takes 4–9 days for Âlack Êites for nesting. êîëêàõ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ îäíî ëèáî äâà ãíåçäà the female to produce a clutch of 2–4 eggs. The duration of incubation (n=8) is 31–39 days. The duration of one egg incubation (n=19) is 30–33 days (30 days – 10.5%; 31 – 26.3%; 32 – 52.6%; 33 – 10.5%). The average weight of fresh eggs was 57.39±0.61 g (n=73; range 47.04–68.52 g). During incubation the egg weight was noted to decline. The aver- age loss of egg weight (n=19) was 8.73±0.38 g (range 5.92–12.66 g) or 14.4±1.30% (range 10.8–19.7%). The daily loss of egg weight (n=10) for 30 days of observations was 0.08– 0.54 g, on average – 0.26±0.0027 g. We did not consider the loss of egg weight during a period of hatching as the eggs lost weight up to one gram a day this period. The wasted eggs in the population un- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 71

(â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðàçìåðîâ íàñàæäåíèÿ), ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ îäíîé ïàðå. Ïîëåçàùèòíûå ëåñîïîëîñû ðàñïðî- ñòðàíåíû íà âñåé èçó÷àåìîé òåððèòî- ðèè, îêàéìëÿÿ ïîëÿ. Ïðåîáëàäàþùåå äåðåâî â ëåñîïîëîñàõ – òîïîëü ÷¸ðíûé (Populus nigra), ðåæå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ áåð¸- çû, ñîñíà, êë¸íû, áîÿðûøíèê. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó çàíÿòûìè ãí¸çäàìè â ëåñîïîëîñàõ â 2010 ã. ñîñòàâèëî 319–1200, â ñðåäíåì 706,46±71,56 ì, (n=18). Ðåêè Áèÿ è Êàòóíü â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäà èìåþò øèðîêèå ïîéìû, çàíÿòûå çàëèâíûìè ëóãàìè, ñåòüþ ïðîòîê è ñòàðèö ñ îñòðîâà- ìè. Ïðåîáëàäàþùèå âèäû äåðåâüåâ çäåñü – áåð¸çû è òîïîëü, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ òàêæå îñè- íà, áîÿðûøíèê, ÷åð¸ìóõà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Padus racemosa).  ïîéìå Êàòóíè íà îäíîì èç îñòðîâîâ ó ñ. Ëåñíîå, à òàêæå â øèðî- êîé ëåñîïîëîñå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäñêîãî Ãíåçäî êîðøóíà â öåíòðå Áèéñêà. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, îáíàðóæåíû Nest of the Black Kite in the center of Biysk. íàèáîëåå ïëîòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâ- Photo by R. Bachtin. êè êîðøóíîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó çàíÿòûìè ãíåçäàìè â íèõ â 2010 ã. ñîñòàâèëî 89–596, der investigation were 27.8% of the total â ñðåäíåì 247,46±42,34 ì, (n=13). number (n=97). The average number of dead eggs per clutch was 0.64±0.10 egg (n=42; Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, ãí¸çäà range 0–2). The most number of dead eggs Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé îáíàðóæåíî (51.9%) in our sample (n=37) was from the 187 ãí¸çä êîðøóíà. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, abandoned clutches; the wind-eggs made êàê ïðàâèëî, íå ïðåâûøàþò 300–400 ì up 37.0%; the eggs died at various stages â äèàìåòðå. Îáû÷íî èõ ãðàíèöû àêòèâíî of incubation were 7.4%; and in one case îõðàíÿþòñÿ îò äðóãèõ êîðøóíîâ. Îäíà- (3.7%) the egg was almost empty and very êî õèùíèêè, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ light (23.54 g), without any breaks of the ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, ïðàêòè÷åñêè shell. It was the third (last) egg in a clutch íå ðåàãèðóþò íà ñîñåäåé, ïîçâîëÿÿ èì and it had a small size – 50.8×40.2 mm. ïðîëåòàòü ïðÿìî íàä ãíåçäîì. Ãíåçäîâûå Females of Black Kites sit on their clutches äåðåâüÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû âîñåìüþ âèäàìè tightly, moving off only after the striking at (ðèñ. 2).  öåëîì íà èçó÷àåìîé òåððèòî- the trunk of nesting tree. During incuba- ðèè áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà tion the female regularly turns eggs with ñîñíàõ, â ìåíüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå – íà áåð¸- her beak (5–8 times per hour), sometimes çå è òîïîëå. Ýòî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ íàèáîëüøåé changing her own position in the nest. If the äîëåé ñîñíû â äðåâîñòîå.  áîðó ãí¸çäà weather is cool and rainy, the female sits ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ – 87,2% (n=68) more tightly; under the hot weather condi- è áåð¸çàõ – 12,8% (n=10). Îñèíà çäåñü, tions the birds often stand on half-bent legs, êàê ïðàâèëî, â óãíåò¸ííîì ñîñòîÿíèè è íå covering and cooling the clutch. ïðèâëåêàåò êîðøóíà.  äðóãèõ ìåñòîîáè- Hatching is usually observed in early June, òàíèÿõ (ëåñîïîëîñàõ, êîëêàõ, ïîéìå) â êà- but due to the long period of egg-laying it ÷åñòâå ìåñò ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ëèäèðóþò can be extended. An egg (n=19) is hatching áåð¸çà – 50,6% (n=41) è òîïîëü – 29,6% within two days. During hatching chicks are (n=24). Äðóãèå äåðåâüÿ (ñîñíà, îñèíà, áå- peeping actively. The hatched nestlings are ëàÿ èâà Salix alba, ÿáëîíÿ Malus sylvestris, blind, unable to stand and hold head, but âÿç ìåëêîëèñòíûé Ulmus parvifolia, êë¸íû) always peeping. The brood size at the day ñîñòàâëÿþò ëèøü 19,7% (n=16). of hatching (n=44) is 1–3 nestlings, on aver- Îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ãíåçäî age 1.91±0.11 nestlings. Immediately after êîðøóíà íà òîïîëå â öåíòðå ãîðîäà, â 10 ì hatching nestlings (n=22) weight 33.48– îò îæèâë¸ííîé äîðîãè, ìåæäó ìíîãîýòàæ- 48.92 g, on average 42.97±0.91 g. íûìè äîìàìè, êîòîðîå ïîÿâèëîñü â 2008 ã. The first down plumage of nestlings is usu- Âûñîòà äåðåâà – 33 ì, âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæå- ally pale-ochre colored, but there are some íèÿ ãíåçäà – 23 ì.  òå÷åíèå òð¸õ ëåò çäåñü exceptions. Thus, two nestlings (2.4%) in 72 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íàáëþäàëîñü óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå – ïî our sample (n=84) had a dark-brown color- îäíîìó ñë¸òêó êàæäûé ãîä. Âîçìîæíî, â ing of the fist down plumage. At the age of Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ýòî âïåðâûå çàôèêñèðî- 7–8 days the nestling starts to get the sec- âàííûé ôàêò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êîðøóíà â æè- ond down plumage brown colored, and the ëûõ ãîðîäñêèõ êâàðòàëàõ. nestling is completely covered with it in 2–3 Âûñîòà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ 7–36, â ñðåä- days. The nestlings with the darker color- íåì 22,40±0,31 ì (n=99). Ãí¸çäà â îñíîâ- ing of first down plumage have the dark- íîì êîðøóíû ñòðîèëè ñàìè, ãîðàçäî ðåæå er coloring of second down plumage too. îíè çàíèìàëè ïîñòðîéêè äðóãèõ ïòèö – Nestlings at 9–11 days old begin to hide, îáûêíîâåííîãî êàíþêà (Buteo buteo), òå- open their beaks, but do not catch a finger. òåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis), áîëüøîãî Their voices change – the nestlings start to ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga), âîðîíà (Corvus whistle on a higher pitch. At the age of 12– corax), ñåðîé âîðîíû (C. cornix), ãðà÷à (C. 14 days nestlings have primaries in pin (1–2 frugilegus), ñîðîêè (Pica pica). Ïîñòðîéêè mm). At the same age nestlings’ voices are ïîñëåäíèõ òð¸õ âèäîâ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ êàê similar to adults, but some higher. ðàç íà òåõ äåðåâüÿõ, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ, Fledglings fledge at the age of 42–62 ñêîðåå, èñêëþ÷åíèåì èç âûáîðêè (ðèñ. days, depending on the feeding conditions, 2). Òàê, ãíåçäà íà ÿáëîíÿõ â ïðîøëîì ïðè- mostly in mid-July. Weight of fledglings íàäëåæàëè ñîðîêå; îíè áûëè ðàñòîïòàíû è ranges from 821.07 to 995.46 g (n=9), on äîñòðîåíû. Îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ average 883.87±17.15 g. ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, ãäå çà ãíåç- The death rate of nestlings (n=84) was äîâûå äåðåâüÿ è ïîñòðîéêè èä¸ò æ¸ñòêàÿ 39.3%. The average number of dead nest- êîíêóðåíöèÿ. Ãíåçäî êîðøóíà, ïðèíàä- lings per nest was 0.75±0.11 nestlings ëåæàâøåå âîðîíå, ðàñïîëîæåíî íà íå- (n=44; range 0–2). The main reason of âûñîêîì âÿçå â òîïîëåâîé ëåñîïîëîñå. deaths was starvation. Äåðåâüÿ â íåé ðàñòóò áëèçêî äðóã ê äðóãó In 2010, the breeding success was 42.9% è íå îáðàçóþò ãóñòûõ ìîùíûõ âåòâåé. Âè- äèìî, ýòî ïîñëóæèëî ïðè÷èíîé òîãî, ÷òî êîðøóíû çäåñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ãíåçäÿòñÿ (áëèæàéøåå ãíåçäî íàõîäèòñÿ â 3,7 êì), è õèùíèêó ïðèøëîñü çàíÿòü ÷óæóþ ãíåçäî- âóþ ïîñòðîéêó. Ãíåçäî êîðøóíà, ïðèíàä- ëåæàâøåå ãðà÷ó, ðàñïîëîæåíî íà ðàñêè- äèñòîì êë¸íå, è íàõîäèòñÿ â çàáðîøåííîé ãðà÷èíîé êîëîíèè. Î÷åâèäíàÿ ïðè÷èíà çàíÿòèÿ òàêîãî ãíåçäà – äîñòóïíîñòü ãíåç- äîâûõ ïîñòðîåê (òîëüêî íà ýòîì êë¸íå 5 ïóñòûõ ãí¸çä), íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ïàðû. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà èçó÷àå- ìîé òåððèòîðèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 4–24, â ñðåäíåì 11,40±0,44 ì (n=99). Îíà çàâèñèò îò âûñîòû ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ â áèîòîïå è àðõèòåêòî- íèêè êðîí.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ýòèì, íàèáîëü- øóþ âûñîòó ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ èìåþò ãí¸çäà â áîðó ïî ð. Áèÿ, à íàèìåíüøóþ – â ðàçðå- æåííûõ êîëêàõ. Ïî ñïîñîáó ðàçìåùåíèÿ ÷óòü áîëüøå ïîëîâèíû ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà, ìåíüøå – â îñíîâàíèè áî- êîâûõ ñó÷üåâ (ðèñ. 3). Ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëîæåí- íûå íà áîêîâîé âåòâè (â 2–3 ì îò ñòâîëà), âñòðå÷åíû âñåãî â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ, ÷òî ÿâëÿåò- ñÿ, ñêîðåå, èñêëþ÷åíèåì äëÿ êîðøóíà.

Ãí¸çäà êîðøóíà, óñòðîåííûå â ñòàðûõ ãí¸çäàõ âðàíî- âûõ. Ñâåðõó âíèç: â ñîðî÷üåì, âîðîíüåì, ãðà÷èíîì. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Old nest of Crows occupied by Black Kites. Top- Down: Magpie, Crow, Rook. Photos by R. Bachtin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 73

(36 fledglings per 84 eggs). The number of completely successful nests in 2010 was 9.1% (in three of 33 nests the number of laid eggs is equal to the number of fledg- lings). The number of unsuccessful nests in 2010 made up 21.2% (there were no fledg- lings in eight of 33 nests). After fledging the young Kites spend about 10–15 days around the nesting site. By mid- August, almost all kites are observed flying in Ðèñ. 3. Âàðèàíòû ðàç- Íîâûå ãí¸çäà êîðøóí ñòðîèò ðåäêî. the vicinity of the city landfill and staying there ìåùåíèÿ ÷¸ðíûì êîð- Òàê, â 2010 ã. ïîñòðîåíî âñåãî 10 ãí¸çä, until the migration. Birds start to migrate from øóíîì ãí¸çä â êðîíå äåðåâà. ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 6,3% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èñ- the late August to the late September. ñëåäîâàííûõ ãí¸çä. Îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà Studying the Black Kite diet 409 remains Fig. 3. Variants of the Âlack Êite nest placing ñòðîèòåëüñòâà íîâûõ ãí¸çä – áåñïîêîéñòâî of food were analyzed (including 163 man- in the tree crown. â ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîéêàõ ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà made food items) and 114 pellets collect- (8 ñëó÷àåâ).  îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïðè÷èíîé ïî- ed in and under the nests as well as under ñëóæèëî îáðóøåíèå ñòàðîãî ãíåçäà, åù¸ perches. The analysis of obtained data shows â îäíîì – îáðàçîâàëñÿ íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé that the diet of Kites in anthropogenic land- ó÷àñòîê ìåæäó äâóìÿ çàíÿòûìè.  îñíîâ- scapes is based on both man-made and nat- íîì êîðøóí çàíèìàåò ñâîè æå ñòàðûå ural food. The natural preys of Black Kites are ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûõ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå áû- insects, reptiles, birds and mammals. âàåò îò îäíîãî äî òð¸õ, ïðîñòî ïîäíîâëÿÿ The diet varies greatly in different habitats èõ. Ðåæå îí çàíèìàåò ïîñòðîéêè äðóãèõ in the studied area. The raptors in the vi- ïòèö. Ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè êîðøóíà ìîãóò cinity of the city landfill feed mainly on the çàíèìàòü äðóãèå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö, åñëè food waste, picking it up in the dump. Birds ó íèõ ïåðåêðûâàþòñÿ ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè. living in the forest and on the forest margins Òàê, ãíåçäî â áîðó ïî ð. Áèÿ, èçâåñòíîå feed on the natural prey. íàì ñ 2005 ã., çàíèìàëîñü â 2005, 2007 ãã. Fresh fish in the diet was recorded in one äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ (Strix uralensis); nest, located on the shore of a lake in the 2006 – îáûêíîâåííûì êàíþêîì; 2008, Biya floodplain. According to our observa- 2009, 2010 ãã. – ÷¸ðíûì êîðøóíîì. tions Black Kites fed nestlings mainly on Cru- Ðàçìåðû ãí¸çä êîðøóíà âàðüèðóþò â øè- cian Carps (Carassius sp.). Reptiles in the diet ðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ. Äèàìåòð (n=99) îò 40 äî were Sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) and Vivipa- 120 ñì, â ñðåäíåì 59,20±1,43 ñì, âûñîòà rous lizards (Lacerta vivipara), and the first îò 26 äî 130 ñì, â ñðåäíåì 48,78±1,56 ñì. species recorded about 5 times more often. Ãí¸çäà, ïðåâûøàþùèå 1 ì â äèàìåòðå è Adult birds are rare (less than 5%) in the diet ïî âûñîòå, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðåäêî è ÿâëÿþòñÿ of kites, with the Crows (Corvidae) predomi- î÷åíü ñòàðûìè ïîñòðîéêàìè. Íàèìåíüøèå nating. The crow fledglings delivered in the ðàçìåðû èìåþò íîâûå ãí¸çäà. nests of kites are recorded since the 10-s of Ëîòîê âñåãäà âûñòèëàåòñÿ àíòðîïîãåí- June, just when the most of kites’ nests have íûìè ìàòåðèàëàìè (áóìàãîé, ïîëèýòèëå- chicks, becoming the main prey. The species íîì, òðÿïêàìè è äð.), ÷åì ãí¸çäà êîðøó- such as the Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pyg- íà õîðîøî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ãí¸çä äðóãèõ argus), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) õèùíèêîâ. Òîëüêî â 10% ãí¸çä àíòðîïî- and Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) were prob- ãåííûé ìàòåðèàë íå ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ ably picked as carrion, although several nests ñíèçó. Èíîãäà îñíîâó âûñòèëêè ëîòêà ñî- of the latter two species were found 200–600 ñòàâëÿþò çåìëÿ è íàâîç. Òàê, ãíåçäî íà m from the nearest kites’ nests. îïóøêå áîðà ó ñòîÿíêè êðóïíîãî ðîãà- The main prey mammal species of kites òîãî ñêîòà èìåëî âûñòèëêó èç íàâîçà è are small rodents with the Narrow-headed âîëîñ. Èç àíòðîïîãåííîãî ìàòåðèàëà Vole (Microtus gregalis) and Common Vole áûëà ëèøü ïà÷êà îò ñèãàðåò. Ïðèíîñÿ (Microtus arvalis) predominating. Amongst â ãíåçäî ìóñîð, ñàìêà íåâîëüíî ìîæåò other mammal species we also found young ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü òðàâìèðîâàíèþ ïòåíöà. hares (Lepus sp.) and Eurasian Hedgehog Íàïðèìåð, 16 èþíÿ 2010 ã. ïðè ïðî- (Erinaceus europaeus) which are not typical âåðêå ãíåçäà îáíàðóæèëè, ÷òî ó ïòåíöà prey for Kites. Of particular interest is the ïîëèýòèëåíîì ïåðåòÿíóòà ëàïà, êîòîðàÿ Northern Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus), also ñèëüíî ðàñïóõëà, è åñëè áû íå íàøå âìå- recorded in the diet of Black Kites. This fact øàòåëüñòâî, îí áû ïîãèá. has been noted for the first time in the Altai. 74 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîâïàäàåò ñ íàøèìè äàííûìè. Òàê, â 2010 ã. Ïðèë¸ò, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïî áèîòîïàì â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ Ïî äàííûì À.Ï. Êó÷èíà (2004), ñðåä- ïåðâûå ïàðû íà÷àëè ñòðîèòü è ïîäíîâëÿòü íÿÿ äàòà ïðèë¸òà êîðøóíà â ðàâíèííîé ãí¸çäà 3 àïðåëÿ.  ïàðå ó ñ. Ìàëîåíèñåé- ëåñîñòåïè (Áèéñê – Áàðíàóë) ñ 1962 ïî ñêîå âåòêè íîñèë ñàìåö ñ áëèæàéøèõ äå- 2000 ãã. – 10 àïðåëÿ, ðàííÿÿ – 5 àïðåëÿ ðåâüåâ, îòðûâàÿ èõ êëþâîì. Êîãäà âåòî÷êà (1962), ïîçäíÿÿ – 16 àïðåëÿ (1981 ã.). Ïî íå ïîääàâàëàñü, îí ïîìîãàë ñåáå âçìàõàìè íàøèì äàííûì, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2006 ã. êîðøóí êðûëüåâ. Íåáîëüøèå âåòî÷êè è ñóõèå ëè- â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà ïîÿâëÿëñÿ ãîðàçäî ñòüÿ îí ñðûâàë ëàïàìè íà ëåòó. Ïðèíîñÿ ðàíüøå – â êîíöå ïîñëåäíåé äåêàäû ìàðòà. âåòêó â ãíåçäî, ñàìåö ïåðåäàâàë å¸ ñàì-  2006 ã. ïåðâûå ïòèöû ïîÿâèëèñü â ãîðî- êå, êîòîðàÿ å¸ óêëàäûâàëà. Îáû÷íî ñàìåö äå 29, â 2007 – 27, â 2008 – 29 ìàðòà.  àêòèâíî ïîìîãàë â ýòîì ñàìêå. Ìàòåðèàë 2009 ã. ïåðâûé êîðøóí çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí äëÿ âûñòèëêè ëîòêà îí ïîäáèðàë ñ çåìëè íà 27 ìàðòà â 35 êì âîñòî÷íåå ãîðîäà â ñ. ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. Ïîäîáíîå ïîâåäåíèå Ìàëüöåâà Êóðüÿ, à 28-ãî ÷èñëà äâå ïòè- îòìå÷åíî è ó ïàðû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîëè- öû âñòðå÷åíû â Áèéñêå (Áàõòèí, 2009).  ãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ â 2010 ã. Ïîñòðîéêà 2010 ã. ïåðâûé êîðøóí ïîÿâèëñÿ 26 ìàð- ãíåçäà çàíèìàåò 7–14 äíåé. òà. Âñå îêðåñòíûå ïòèöû íàïðàâëÿþòñÿ ê ãîðîäñêîìó ïîëèãîíó áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, Êëàäêà è íàñèæèâàíèå ãäå îáðàçóþò ñêîïëåíèÿ äî 450 îñîáåé. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò ñ êîíöà âòîðîé Êàê ïðàâèëî, ÷èñëî ïòèö ïîñëå 8–10 àïðå- äåêàäû àïðåëÿ äî êîíöà ìàÿ. Ñàìûå ðàííèå ëÿ íå âîçðàñòàåò. ñðîêè íà÷àëà îòêëàäêè ÿèö â 2009 ã. – 19 Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ðÿäîì ñ ïîëèãîíîì àïðåëÿ, â 2010 ã. – 18 àïðåëÿ; íàèáîëåå áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ çàíèìàþòñÿ ïåðâûìè.  ïîçäíèå – 27 ìàÿ 2010 ã. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, 2009–2010 ãã. êîðøóíû íà÷àëè èõ çàíè- ïåðèîä îòêëàäêè ÿèö ó ðàçíûõ ïàð â ìåñòå ìàòü óæå íà 3–5-é äíè ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà, à íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ðàâåí ïðèáëèçèòåëü- åù¸ ÷åðåç 5–7 äíåé âñå ïîäõîäÿùèå äëÿ íî 40 äíÿì. Ñàìêà íà÷èíàåò íàñèæèâàíèå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ó÷àñòêè îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòû. ñ ïåðâîãî ÿéöà.  ýòîò ïåðèîä îíà ñëåòàåò Ïî ìåðå ñíåãîòàÿíèÿ ïðè îñâîáîæäåíèè ñ ãíåçäà òîëüêî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïîêîðìèòü- ó÷àñòêîâ, äîñòàòî÷íûõ äëÿ îõîòû, ïòèöû ñÿ. Ïîåäàíèÿ ïèùè íà ãíåçäå íå îòìå÷åíî. íà÷èíàþò çàíèìàòü è äðóãèå áèîòîïû. Ïî-  2009 ã. çàôèêñèðîâàí ôàêò ñìåíû ñàì- ñëå ïîëèãîíà çàíèìàåòñÿ äîëèíà Êàòóíè. öîì íà ãíåçäå ñàìêè, êîòîðàÿ ñëåòåëà ïî- Òàê, 31 ìàðòà 2009 ã. ó ñ. Ëåñíîå â ïîéìå êîðìèòüñÿ. Ïèùó åé ïðèíåñ è îñòàâèë íà ðåêè âñòðå÷åíà òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ ïàðà; â ïðèñàäå ñàìåö. Ïîñëå çàâåðøåíèÿ òðàïåçû 2010 ã. ïàðà çàíÿëà ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê 2 ñàìêà ñðàçó âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â ãíåçäî. Èíîãäà àïðåëÿ. Îáû÷íî ê 7–8 àïðåëÿ âñÿ äîëèíà ñàìåö ïåðåäà¸ò ñàìêå ïèùó â ãíåçäå. Êàòóíè çàíÿòà êîðøóíàìè. Ïòèöû äåðæàò- ×èñëî ÿèö â êëàäêå êîðøóíà, ïî íàøèì ñÿ ïàðàìè ó ãí¸çä.  ýòî âðåìÿ àêòèâíî çà- äàííûì, îò 1 äî 4 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=97) íèìàþòñÿ äîëèíà Áèè, ïðèðå÷íûé áîð è 2,33±0,82 ÿéöà, ÷òî ñîâïàäàåò ñ ëèòåðà- êîëêè. Îáðàçîâàíèå ïàð ïðîèñõîäèò ñðàçó òóðíûìè ñâåäåíèÿìè äëÿ ñèáèðñêèõ ïîïó- ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà.  îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà, âå- ëÿöèé (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Êàðÿêèí, 2004). ðîÿòíî, ÷àùå âñåãî ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò íà ïî- Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ êëàäêà èç äâóõ ëèãîíå áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ. Çäåñü â íà÷àëå àïðåëÿ â ëåñîïîëîñàõ íåêîòîðûå êîðøóíû óæå ñèäÿò ïàðàìè îòäåëüíî îò ñêîïëåíèé, à íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ïîäíèìàþò- ñÿ íà áîëüøóþ âûñîòó è íà÷è- íàþò âîçäóøíûå èãðû.

Ãíåçäîñòðîåíèå À.Ï. Êó÷èí (2004) óêàçûâàåò íà íà÷àëî ãíåçäîñòðîåíèÿ íà 7–10-é äíè ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà, ÷òî

Ðèñ. 4. Ñîîòíîøåíèå êëàäîê (ââåðõó) è âûâîäêîâ (âíèçó) ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà ñ ðàçíûì ÷èñëîì ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Fig. 4. Pie charts showing the clutch (upper) and brood (bottom) sizes for the Âlack Kite. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 75

Êëàäêè êîðøóíà ñ ðàç- íûì ÷èñëîì ÿèö. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Black Kites clutches with different number of eggs. Photos by R. Bachtin.

ÿèö (ðèñ. 4). Êëàäîê èç 5 ÿèö, èçâåñòíûõ â ðàçìíîæåíèÿ êîðøóíà. Åâðîïå (Êàðÿêèí, 2004), â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Ñëåäóåò ñêàçàòü, ÷òî êëàäêà ñ îäíèì ÿé- Áèéñêà íå íàõîäèëè. öîì â 2010 ã. áûëà îäíîé èç ñàìûõ ïîçä- Êàê âèäíî èç äèàãðàììû, îáû÷íîå ÷èñëî íèõ (27 ìàÿ), è ñàìêà ÷åðåç íåäåëþ å¸ ÿèö â ãí¸çäàõ êîðøóíà 2–3. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî áðîñèëà.  ýòîì æå ãîäó çàôèêñèðîâàíû êëàäêè ñ ìàëûì ÷èñëîì ÿèö áûâàþò â ãîäû òðè êëàäêè ïî 4 ÿéöà, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 10,3% ñ íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðû- îò ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ â 2010 ã. çóíîâ âåñíîé.  2009 ã. 4 êëàäêè èç 11 èçó- Ðàçìåðû ÿèö êîðøóíà (n=73): ÷åííûõ (36,4%) ñîäåðæàëè ïî îäíîìó ÿéöó. 53,3–62,6×40,6–46,1, â ñðåäíåì Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþ- 56,80±0,20×43,74±0,16 ìì. À.Ï. Êó÷èí ùèõ çà âåñåííèé ïåðèîä â ýòîì ãîäó áûëà (2004) óêàçûâàåò äëÿ êîðøóíà ðàçìåðû íåâûñîêà è ðàâíÿëàñü 13,6 îñîáåé íà 100 ÿèö (n=45): 53–62×40–48 ìì, ÷òî ïðàê- êîíóñî-ñóòîê (Ìàêàðîâ, Øàïåòüêî, 2010). òè÷åñêè ñîâïàäàåò ñ íàøèìè ñâåäåíèÿìè.  2010 ã. ëèøü îäíà êëàäêà èç 29 èçó÷åí- Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951), ññûëàÿñü íà ðàçíûõ íûõ èìåëà îäíî ÿéöî (3,4%), à ÷èñëåííîñòü àâòîðîâ, ïðèâîäèò ñëåäóþùèå ðàçìåðû çâåðüêîâ â ýòîò æå ïåðèîä îêàçàëàñü åù¸ ÿèö êîðøóíà, îáèòàþùåãî â Ñèáèðè: 56,3– íèæå – 4,8 îñîáåé íà 100 êîíóñî-ñóòîê. 64×45–47,5 (Òà÷àíîâñêèé); 53–61×44–46 Ýòî êàæóùååñÿ ïðîòèâîðå÷èå îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ (Ðàääå). Ïî È.Â. Êàðÿêèíó (2004), ðàç- ñëåäóþùèì. Çèìà 2008/2009 ãã. áûëà íà- ìåð ÿèö êîðøóíà, ñ ó÷¸òîì åâðîïåéñêèõ ìíîãî ìÿã÷å çèìû 2009/2010 ãã. Âåñíîé è âîñòî÷íîñèáèðñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé, ñîñòàâ- 2009 ã. ñíåã ñõîäèë ðàâíîìåðíî, âïèòû- ëÿåò 48,8–63,5×39,0–48,0 ìì, â ñðåäíåì âàÿñü â îòòàÿâøóþ çåìëþ. Âåñíîé 2010 ã., 53,93×43,01 ìì. Â.Ê. Ðÿáèöåâ (2001) ïðè- èç-çà ãëóáîêîãî ïðîìåðçàíèÿ ãðóíòà, âîäà âîäèò ñëåäóþùèå ðàçìåðû ÿèö êîðøóíà: íå âïèòûâàëàñü, îáðàçóÿ îáøèðíûå âðå- 47–64×39–50 ìì. ìåííûå âîäî¸ìû.  òàêèõ óñëîâèÿõ â êîíöå Èíòåðâàë (n=12) ìåæäó îòêëàäêîé ÿèö àïðåëÿ – íà÷àëå ìàÿ, â ïåðèîä îòêëàäêè ÿèö îò 2 äî 4 ñóòîê. Ïî íàøèì äàííûì, èíòåð- êîðøóíîì, ìåëêèå ìëåêîïèòàþùèå âûíóæ- âàë ìåæäó ïåðâûì è âòîðûì ÿéöîì âñåãäà äåííî êîíöåíòðèðîâàëèñü íà ëîêàëüíûõ äâîå ñóòîê, à ìåæäó ïîñëåäóþùèìè – îò âîçâûøåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ñâîáîäíûõ îò ñíå- äâóõ äî òð¸õ. Èíòåðâàë â ÷åòâåðî ñóòîê ãà è âîäû, ÷òî îáëåã÷èëî õèùíèêàì îõîòó çàôèêñèðîâàí äâàæäû – ïåðåä îòêëàäêîé äàæå ïðè íèçêîé ñóììàðíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè. òðåòüåãî è ÷åòâ¸ðòîãî ÿèö â ðàçíûõ ãí¸ç- Âñêîðå ÷èñëåííîñòü ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ äàõ. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü îòêëàäêè ÿèö â ðåçêî óïàëà, ÷òî îòðàçèëîñü íà îáùåé ÷èñ- ãí¸çäàõ ñ êëàäêàìè îò äâóõ äî ÷åòûð¸õ ÿèö ëåííîñòè çà âåñíó è íà íèçêîé óñïåøíîñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 4–9 ñóòîê. 76 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïåðåâîðà÷èâàåò ÿéöà êëþâîì (5–8 ðàç â ÷àñ), ïðè ýòîì èíîãäà ìåíÿÿ ïîëîæåíèå.  ïðîõëàäíóþ è äîæäëèâóþ ïîãîäó ñè- äèò ïëîòíî, â æàðêóþ – ÷àñòî ñòîèò íàä êëàäêîé íà ïîëóñîãíóòûõ íîãàõ, îõëàæ- äàÿ ÿéöà. Ïðè ïîÿâëåíèè ÷óæîãî êîðøó- íà íàä ãíåçäîì ïðèñòàëüíî íàáëþäàåò çà íèì, èíîãäà ïîäàåò ãîëîñ. Ãîëîñîì òàêæå çîâåò ñàìöà, åñëè îí äîëãî îñòàâëÿåò å¸ áåç ïèùè. Èíòåðåñíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ ñäåëàíû â ëî- êàëüíîì ó÷àñòêå áîðà ïî ð. Áèÿ çà íåñêîëü- êèìè ãí¸çäàìè êîðøóíà, êîòîðûå ïòèöû íå ïîêèäàëè äàæå ïðè ïîïàäàíèè áðîøåííîé ïàëêîé ïî ãíåçäó. Ãîëîñ ïîäàâàëè òîëüêî Ðèñ. 5. Äèíàìèêà ìàññû ÿèö îäíîé êëàäêè â ïðîöåññå íàñèæèâàíèÿ (÷åòâ¸ðòîå ñàìöû, ëåòàâøèå íàä ãíåçäîì. ÿéöî ñ ýìáðèîíîì, ïîãèáøèì â êîíöå íàñèæèâàíèÿ). Fig. 5. Changing the egg weights during the incubation process (fourth egg with Âûëóïëåíèå the embryo, died at the end of incubation). Ïòåíöû îáû÷íî âûëóïëÿþòñÿ â íà÷àëå èþíÿ, íî â ñâÿçè ñ áîëüøèì äèàïàçîíîì Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàä- îòêëàäêè ÿèö ýòîò ïðîöåññ ñèëüíî ðàñòÿ- êè (ñðîê ìåæäó îòêëàäêîé ïåðâîãî ÿéöà è íóò. Ðàííåå âûëóïëåíèå ïåðâûõ ïòåíöîâ âûëóïëåíèåì ïîñëåäíåãî ïòåíöà) âàðüèðî- â ãí¸çäàõ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà 19–20 ìàÿ, ïîçä- âàëà â âîñüìè ãíåçäàõ â èíòåðâàëå 31–39 íåå, âèäèìî, – íà íà÷àëî èþëÿ. Íàìè íàé- ñóòîê. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü íàñèæèâàíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ ÿèö (n=19) – 30–33 ñóòîê (30 ñóòîê ó 10,5%; 31 ó 26,3%; 32 ó 52,6%; 33 ó 10,5%). Ìàññà íåíàñèæåííîãî ÿèöà (n=73) îò 47,04 äî 68,52, â ñðåäíåì 57,39±0,61 ã.  ïðîöåññå íàñèæèâàíèÿ ìàññà ÿéöà ñíèæàåòñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðî- öåññîâ ìåòàáîëèçìà è èñïàðåíèÿ (ðèñ. 5). Ïîòåðÿ ìàññû ÿéöà (n=19) ñîñòàâëÿåò 5,92–12,66 ã, â ñðåäíåì 8,73±0,38 ã èëè 10,8–19,7%, â ñðåäíåì 14,4±1,32%. Åæå- ñóòî÷íàÿ ïîòåðÿ ìàññû ÿéöà (n=10) çà 30- äíåâíûé ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé ñîñòàâèëà 0,08–0,54, â ñðåäíåì – 0,26±0,003 ã.  ðàñ÷¸ò íå âçÿòà ïîòåðÿ ìàññû ÿéöà â ïåðè- îä âûëóïëåíèÿ, òàê êàê ÿéöî â ýòîò ïåðèîä òåðÿåò â ìàññå äî 1 ã â ñóòêè. Ñàìêè ñèäÿò íà êëàäêàõ ïëîòíî, ñëåòàÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðè óäàðå ïî ñòâîëó.  íå- ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñàìêà ñëåòàëà ïðè ïîäú- ¸ìå ÷åëîâåêà ê ãíåçäó. Òàêóþ ðåàêöèþ ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü ëèøü ïðè ïåðâûõ ïîñå- ùåíèÿõ ãíåçäà. Ñàìêà áûñòðî çàïîìèíàåò íàáëþäàòåëÿ è ñ êàæäûì äí¸ì ñëåòàåò ñî âñ¸ áîëüøåãî ðàññòîÿíèÿ. Çàòåì îíà çàïî- ìèíàåò è àâòîìîáèëü, ñ êîòîðûì ñâÿçàíî å¸ áåñïîêîéñòâî, è ñëåòàåò ñ 300–400 ì. Âî âðåìÿ íàñèæèâàíèÿ ñàìêà ïîñòîÿííî

Ââåðõó – âûëóïëåíèå (29.05.2010), â öåíòðå – òîëü- êî ÷òî âûëóïèâøèéñÿ ïòåíåö (28.05.2010), âíèçó – ñóòî÷íûé ïòåíåö (02.06.2010). Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Hatching (29/05/2010) – upper, just hatched nestling (28/05/2010) – at the center, the nestling at a day of age (02/06/2010) – bottom. Photos by R. Bachtin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 77

äåíû òðè ãíåçäà ñ î÷åíü ïîçäíèìè êëàä- êàìè, íî âñå îíè îêàçàëèñü áðîøåííûìè åù¸ â ïåðèîä íàñèæèâàíèÿ. Çà ñóòêè äî íà÷àëà âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíåö íà÷èíàåò ïè- ùàòü, è ñëûøåí ñòóê âíóòðè ÿéöà. Ïðî- äîëæèòåëüíîñòü âûëóïëåíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ ïòåíöîâ (n=19) îêîëî äâóõ ñóòîê. Çà íà- ÷àëî âûëóïëåíèÿ íàìè ïðèíÿòî ïîÿâëå- íèå «çâ¸çäî÷êè» íà ñêîðëóïå.  òå÷åíèå ïåðâûõ ñóòîê ìîæåò ïîÿâèòüñÿ è âòîðàÿ. Íà âòîðûå ñóòêè ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ îòâåðñòèå äè- àìåòðîì îêîëî 10–15 ìì, ÷åðåç êîòîðîå âèäíà ãîëîâà ïòåíöà; ê íà÷àëó òðåòüèõ ñó- òîê ïòåíåö ïîëíîñòüþ îñâîáîæäàåòñÿ îò ñêîðëóïû.  ïðîöåññå âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíåö àêòèâíî ïîäàåò ãîëîñ (ïèùèò). Ïòåíöû âû- ëóïëÿþòñÿ ñëåïûìè, íå ñïîñîáíûìè ñòî- ÿòü è äåðæàòü ãîëîâó, íî ïîñòîÿííî ïî- äàþò ãîëîñ.

Âûêàðìëèâàíèå ïòåíöîâ  òå÷åíèå ïåðâûõ ñóòîê ïòåíöû îáñûõà- þò, íà÷èíàþò äåðæàòü ðàâíîâåñèå, óäåð- æèâàòü â âåðòèêàëüíîì ïîëîæåíèè ãîëîâó, ïðîñèòü åäó. Íà ÷åëîâåêà ðåàãèðóþò, ïî- Ïòåíöû êîðøóíà. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. âîðà÷èâàÿñü â åãî ñòîðîíó è âûïðàøèâàÿ Nestlings of the Black Kite. Photos by R. Bachtin. ïèùó (õâàòàþò ïîäíåñåííûé ê ãîëîâå ïà- ëåö, ïèùàò). ëÿåò 74,2–86,5%, â ñðåäíåì 80,20±0,87% Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â ãíåçäàõ ïîñëå âû- ìàññû ÿèö ïåðåä âûëóïëåíèåì. ëóïëåíèÿ ïîñëåäíåãî (n=44) – 1–3, â ñðåä- Ïòåíöû â ïåðâîì ïóõîâîì íàðÿäå îáû÷- íåì – 1,91±0,11 (ðèñ. 4). íî ñâåòëî-îõðèñòûå. Äâà ïòåíöà (2,4%)  ãí¸çäàõ ñ ÷åòûðüìÿ ÿéöàìè âûëóïëåíèÿ èç íàøåé âûáîðêè (n=84) áûëè â ò¸ìíî- ïîñëåäíåãî ïòåíöà íå íàáëþäàëîñü, õîòÿ êîðè÷íåâîì ïóõó. ÿéöà áûëè æèâûìè.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå ÷åòâ¸ð-  âîçðàñòå 7–8 äíåé ó ïòåíöîâ íà÷èíàåò òîå ÿéöî áûëî ðàçäàâëåíî ïòåíöàìè è ñàì- ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ êîðè÷íåâûé ïóõ âòîðîãî ïóõî- êîé ïåðåä âûëóïëåíèåì.  äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ, âîãî íàðÿäà, åù¸ ÷åðåç 2–3 ñóòîê ïòåíåö ïðè î÷åðåäíîì ïîñåùåíèè ãí¸çä, â íèõ íà- ïîëíîñòüþ îäåò âî âòîðîé ïóõîâîé íà- õîäèëèñü ïî òðè ïòåíöà (ìëàäøèå íåäàâíî ðÿä. Ó ïòåíöîâ ñ áîëåå ò¸ìíîé îêðàñêîé âûëóïèëèñü), à ÷åòâ¸ðòûå ÿéöà èëè ïòåíöû ïóõà â ïåðâîì ïóõîâîì íàðÿäå öâåò ïóõà íå îáíàðóæåíû. Âûëóïëåíèå èç íèõ ìîãëî âî âòîðîì ïóõîâîì íàðÿäå òàêæå òåìíåå, ñîñòîÿòüñÿ, à çàòåì ñàìûé ñëàáûé ïòåíåö ÷åì ó äðóãèõ ïòåíöîâ. Ñ 9–11-äíåâíîãî ìîã áûòü ñúåäåí èëè çàòîïòàí. âîçðàñòà ïòåíöû íà÷èíàþò çàòàèâàòüñÿ, Ìàññà ÿèö ïåðåä âûëóïëåíèåì áûëà îò îòêðûâàþò êëþâ, íî íå õâàòàþò ïàëåö. 43,76 äî 58,06 ã, â ñðåäíåì 52,40±1,14 ã Ìåíÿåòñÿ ãîëîñ – ïòåíöû íà÷èíàþò âûñî- (n=16); âûëóïèâøèåñÿ ïòåíöû äî ïåðâîãî êî ñâèñòåòü. Íà 12–14-é äåíü ïòåíöû íà- êîðìëåíèÿ èìåþò ìàññó 33,48–48,92 ã, â ÷èíàþò îïåðÿòüñÿ – ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðâûå ñðåäíåì (n=22) – 42,97±0,91 ã, ÷òî ñîñòàâ- òðóáêè ìàõîâûõ (1–2 ìì).  ýòîì æå âîç- ðàñòå ãîëîñ ïòåíöîâ ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïðèìåðíî Ðàçíàÿ îêðàñêà ïåðâî- êàê ó âçðîñëûõ, òîëüêî âûøå, íåêîòîðûå ãî ïóõîâîãî íàðÿäà ó ïòåíöîâ â îäíîì ãíåç- ïòåíöû ñòàíîâÿòñÿ î÷åíü àãðåññèâíûìè äå. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó: ïðèíèìàþò Different coloring of îáîðîíèòåëüíóþ ïîçó, êðè÷àò, êëþþòñÿ first down plumage of è áüþò ëàïàìè.  îñíîâíîì ïòåíöû ñòà- nestlings in the nest. íîâÿòñÿ àãðåññèâíûìè, êîãäà íà÷èíàþò Photo by R. Bachtin. àêòèâíî îïåðÿòüñÿ – â âîçðàñòå îêîëî 20 äíåé. Ïîëíîñòüþ ïîêðûâàþòñÿ ïåðîì íå ðàíåå 40–45 äíåé. Îêðàñêà ìîëîäûõ êîðøóíîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ñ ò¸ìíûì ïóõîâûì íàðÿäîì, íå ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ. 78 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñë¸òîê êîðøóíà. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Juvenile Black Kite. Photo by R. Bachtin.

6 èþëÿ, ïîçäíèé – 4 àâãóñòà. Ìàññà ñë¸ò- êîâ (áåç âûÿâëåíèÿ ïîëîâûõ ðàçëè÷èé) êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 821,07 äî 995,46 ã (n=9), â ñðåäíåì 883,87±17,15 ã. Êàê ïðàâèëî, âî âðåìÿ îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ãíåçäà ïàðà ëåòàåò ìîë÷à, íà÷èíàÿ òðå- âîæíî êðè÷àòü ïðè ñïóñêå íàáëþäàòåëÿ ñ äåðåâà (êðè÷èò ÷àùå ñàìêà).  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ îíà íà÷èíàåò áåñïîêîèòüñÿ ñðàçó ïîñëå âñïóãèâàíèÿ. Îêîëî 20% ñàìîê âî âðåìÿ îñìîòðà ãíåçäà èìèòèðóþò àòàêè íà èññëåäîâàòåëÿ.  ïÿòè ñëó÷àÿõ âî âðå- ìÿ îñìîòðà ãí¸çä ñàìêè íàñòîëüêî ÿðîñò- íî àòàêîâàëè ÷åëîâåêà, ïðîíîñÿñü âñåãî Ðèñ. 6. Ðàçâèòèå ïòåíöîâ êîðøóíà â ïåðâûå 30 äíåé â äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ. â ìåòðå îò íåãî, ÷òî âðåçàëèñü â âåòêè, Fig. 6. Development of nestlings during the first 30 days in two nests. íå óñïåâàÿ ñìàíåâðèðîâàòü.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðíàÿ àãðåññèÿ, è Ñòàðøèå ïòåíöû ñèëüíî îïåðåæàþò ïòèöû íå óäàðÿëè íàáëþäàòåëÿ òîëüêî èç- ìëàäøèõ â ðàçâèòèè, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî çà òîãî, ÷òî èì ìåøàëè âåòêè.  äðóãîì èõ âîçðàñò ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ âñåãî íà íåñêîëüêî ñëó÷àå, ïðè îñìîòðå ãíåçäà (â ëåñîïîëîñå ñóòîê (ðèñ. 6). Êàê ïðàâèëî, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü íà ïàñòáèùå), ñàìêà óäàðèëà íàáëþäàòåëÿ ïèùè äîñòà¸òñÿ èìåííî èì. Ìëàäøèå ïòåí- êîãòÿìè â ïëå÷î. Ýòî ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãà- öû âûæèâàþò òîëüêî ïðè îáèëüíîì êîðì- ëîñü íà ñóõîì òîïîëå, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëè- ëåíèè åñòåñòâåííûìè êîðìàìè. ø¸ííîì âåòîê, ÷òî äàëî ïòèöå ïðîñòðàí- Ñòàðøèå ïòåíöû ÷àñòî êëþþò ìëàäøèõ, ñòâî äëÿ ìàí¸âðà. êîãäà òå âûïðàøèâàþò ó íèõ ïèùó; áûâàåò íàîáîðîò – ìëàäøèé êëþ¸ò ñòàðøåãî, íî Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå. Ñëó÷àåâ ïðè÷èíåíèÿ Ñóùåñòâóþò äâå îñíîâíûå ïðè÷èíû, ïî ïòåíöàìè ñìåðòåëüíûõ òðàâì äðóã äðóãó êîòîðûì ñàìêà áðîñàåò êëàäêó – ãîëîä è íå çàôèêñèðîâàíî. áåñïîêîéñòâî ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà. Ïî Âîçðàñò, â êîòîðîì ïòåíöû ïîêèäà- ïåðâîé ïðè÷èíå â 2009–2010 ãã. ïîãèáëî þò ãíåçäî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü çàâèñèò îò ÷åòûðå êëàäêè, âñå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîëè- óñëîâèé êîðìëåíèÿ. Òàê, â ãí¸çäàõ, ãäå ãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, ãäå èç-çà íåõâàò- ðîäèòåëè õîðîøî êîðìèëè ïòåíöîâ, âûëåò êè êîðìà (îòáðîñîâ), â ñâÿçè ñ æåñòîêîé ïðîèñõîäèë â 42–45-äíåâíîì âîçðàñòå, à ïèùåâîé êîíêóðåíöèåé, ñàìåö íå ìîã ãäå ïëîõî – â 55–62-äíåâíîì. Íàïðèìåð, ïðîêîðìèòü ñàìêó. Ïî âòîðîé ïðè÷èíå âûëåò ñë¸òêîâ èç ãí¸çä â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïî- çà ýòîò æå ïåðèîä ïîãèáëî òðè êëàäêè.  ëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ áûë íà 10–15 îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïðè÷èíó óñòàíîâèòü íå óäà- äíåé ïîçäíåå, ÷åì â äðóãèõ áèîòîïàõ. ëîñü. Ïòèöà ñíåñëà îäíî ÿéöî è íà ñëåäó- Âûëåò ïòåíöîâ ïðîèñõîäèò, â îñíîâíîì, â þùèå ñóòêè ïðåêðàòèëà åãî íàñèæèâàòü, ñåðåäèíå èþëÿ. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèé ñë¸ò – ïðè ýòîì äåðæàñü âîçëå ãíåçäà áîëåå íå- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 79

ëåå 1000 âðàíîâûõ). Îïðåäåë¸ííóþ ðîëü èãðàåò âûêàðìëèâàíèå ïòåíöîâ îòáðîñàìè (èñïîð÷åííîå ìÿñî, êîëáàñà, æèð, âÿëå- íàÿ è êîï÷åíàÿ ðûáà è äð.), ÿâëÿþùèìèñÿ äàëåêî íå ëó÷øèìè âèäàìè êîðìà.  òàêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ïòåíöû ìåäëåííî íàáèðàþò âåñ, ïëîõî îïåðÿþòñÿ. Êðîìå òîãî, â îêðåñò- íîñòÿõ ïîëèãîíà â 2010 ã. áûë îáøèðíûé íèçîâîé ïîæàð, ÷òî íåãàòèâíî ïîâëèÿëî íà ÷èñëåííîñòü ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ.  äðóãèõ áèîòîïàõ íà âûæèâàåìîñòè ïòåí- öîâ â ýòîì ãîäó ñêàçàëîñü ñíèæåíèå ÷èñ- ëåííîñòè óçêî÷åðåïíîé (Microtus gregalis) è äåïðåññèÿ îáûêíîâåííîé (M. arvalis) ïî- Èñòîù¸ííûé ñë¸òîê äåëè. Ñóììàðíûé îòõîä ÿèö â èçó÷àåìîé ë¸âîê.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïòåíåö ïîãèá, âûïàâ êîðøóíà. Îêðåñòíîñòè ïîïóëÿöèè â ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ñîñòà- èç ãíåçäà, â äðóãîì – ïî íåóñòàíîâëåííûì ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ âèë 27,8% îò ÷èñëà îòëîæåííûõ (n=97). ïðè÷èíàì (âîçìîæíî, îòðàâèëñÿ ïðèíå- îòõîäîâ. 19.07.2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. ×èñëî ïîãèáøèõ ÿèö â êëàäêàõ âàðüèðî- ñåííîé ïèùåé). âàëî â ïðåäåëàõ 0–2 (n=42), ñîñòàâëÿÿ â Famished fledgling of Òàêæå çàôèêñèðîâàí ñëó÷àé êàííèáà- the Black Kite. Vicinities ñðåäíåì 0,64±0,10. Íàèáîëüøåå ÷èñëî ëèçìà.  óñëîâèÿõ íåõâàòêè ïèùè â ñâÿçè ñ of the open landfill. ïîãèáøèõ ÿèö ïðèíàäëåæèò áðîøåííûì ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîé íåïîãîäîé ñàìêà ñêîð- 19/07/2010. êëàäêàì – 51,9% (14 ÿèö â ñåìè êëàäêàõ). ìèëà ìëàäøåãî ïòåíöà ñòàðøåìó. Photo by S. Vazhov. Íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûå ÿéöà â íàøåé âû- Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â 2010 ã. ñî- áîðêå ñîñòàâëÿþò 37,0% (10 ÿèö) îò ÷èñ- ñòàâèëà 42,9% (èç 84 ÿèö âûëåòåëî 36 ëà ïîãèáøèõ. Áîëåå îäíîãî òàêîãî ÿéöà â ïòåíöîâ). Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîëíîñòüþ óñïåø- êëàäêå ìû íå íàõîäèëè. ßéöà ñ ïîãèáøèìè íûõ ãí¸çä (÷èñëî îòëîæåííûõ ÿèö ðàâíî íà ðàçíûõ ñòàäèÿõ íàñèæèâàíèÿ ýìáðèî- ÷èñëó âûëåòåâøèõ ïòåíöîâ) â 2010 ã. ñî- íàìè ñîñòàâëÿþò 7,4% (2 ÿéöà) îò ÷èñëà ñòàâèëî 9,1% (òðè ãíåçäà èç 33-õ). Êîëè- ïîãèáøèõ.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå (3,7%) ÿéöî ÷åñòâî íåóñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä â 2010 ã. ñîñòà- îêàçàëîñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïóñòûì è î÷åíü âèëî 24,2% (â âîñüìè ãí¸çäàõ èç 33-õ íå ë¸ãêèì – 23,54 ã, ïðè÷¸ì, áåç íàðóøåíèÿ âûëåòåëî íè îäíîãî ïòåíöà). Íàèõóäøèå öåëîñòíîñòè ñêîðëóïû. Ýòî òðåòüå (ïî- ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îêàçàëèñü â ñëåäíåå) ÿéöî â êëàäêå, î÷åíü íåáîëüøîå îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîëèãîíà – èç äåâÿòè èçó- ïî ðàçìåðàì – 50,8×40,2 ìì. ÷åííûõ ãí¸çä ñ 22 ÿéöàìè âûëåòåëî âñåãî Ñìåðòíîñòü ïòåíöîâ (n=84) ñîñòàâèëà 8 ïòåíöîâ. Óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâèë 39,3%. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ ïòåíöîâ íà 36,4%, ÷òî íà 6,5% íèæå, ÷åì ïî ðàéîíó ãíåçäî (n=44) êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 0 äî 2, â ñðåä- èññëåäîâàíèé â öåëîì. íåì 0,75±0,11. Îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà ãèáåëè ïòåíöîâ – ãîëîä. Ýòî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü îò- Êî÷åâêè, îòë¸ò íîñèòñÿ ê ïîëèãîíó áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ è îáú- Ïîñëå âûëåòà âûâîäêè 10–15 äíåé äåð- ÿñíÿåòñÿ âûñîêîé ïèùåâîé êîíêóðåíöèåé æàòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ê ñåðåäèíå (â âåñåííå-ëåòíåå âðåìÿ çäåñü êàæäûé àâãóñòà ïî÷òè âñå êîðøóíû ïåðåêî÷åâû- äåíü äåðæèòñÿ áîëåå 300 êîðøóíîâ è áî- âàþò â îêðåñòíîñòè ãîðîäñêîãî ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ è äåðæàòñÿ òàì äî îò- ë¸òà. Îñåííèé ïðîë¸ò ïðîèñõîäèò ñ êîí- öà àâãóñòà äî êîíöà ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ïîñëåäíèå ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäà â 2009 ã. 25–26 ñåíòÿáðÿ, â 2010 ã. – 23 ñåíòÿáðÿ. Î÷åâèäíî, îíè ìîãóò çàäåðæè- âàòüñÿ è íà áîëåå äëèòåëüíûé ñðîê. Òàê, ñë¸- òîê êîðøóíà, êîòîðûé êîðìèëñÿ îòáðîñàìè ñ òóðèñòñêèõ ñòîÿíîê, âñòðå÷åí 8 îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áåëîêóðèõà (Âà- æîâ, Áàõòèí, 2009).

Ïèòàíèå Ðèñ. 7. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â ïèòàíèè êîð- øóíà ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì àíàëèçà ïîãàäîê. Àíàëèç äàííûõ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî â ïèòà- íèè êîðøóíà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà áîëü- Fig. 7. Pie chart showing the species of small mammals in the diet of Black Kites according to results of analysis of pellets. øóþ çíà÷èìîñòü èìåþò êàê åñòåñòâåííûå 80 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

êîðìà, òàê è êîðìà àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðî- èñõîæäåíèÿ. Ñîäåðæèìîå ïîãàäîê è îñòàòêè ïèùè ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü ïî îòäåëüíîñòè èç-çà îñîáåííîñòåé ìåòîäèêè, êîòîðàÿ íå ïî- çâîëÿåò àíàëèçèðîâàòü èõ â ñîâîêóïíîñòè. Åñòåñòâåííûå êîðìà ïðåäñòàâëåíû ìëåêî- ïèòàþùèìè, ïòèöàìè, ðåïòèëèÿìè è íàñåêî- ìûìè. Êàê â ïîãàäêàõ, òàê è â îñòàòêàõ ïèùè êîðøóíà ïðåäñòàâëåíû âñå ýòè ãðóïïû. Èç ÷èñëà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â ïîãàäêàõ îò- ìå÷åíû ìûøåâèäíûå ãðûçóíû, ïî îñòàò- êàì ÷åðåïîâ êîòîðûõ óäàëîñü óñòàíîâèòü Ðèñ. 8. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü â ïèòàíèè êîðøóíà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà ðàçëè÷íûõ íàëè÷èå îáûêíîâåííîé, óçêî÷åðåïíîé, êîìïîíåíòîâ â îñòàòêàõ ïèùè. ò¸ìíîé (Microtus agrestis), ýêîíîìêè Fig. 8. Occurrence of various categories of food in the diet of Black Kites in the (M. oeconomus), ðûæåé (Clethrionomys vicinities of Biysk according to the analysis of food remains. glareolus) è êðàñíîé (C. rufilus) ïîë¸âîê. Èç íèõ ïðåîáëàäàëà óçêî÷åðåïíàÿ ïîë¸â- êà, âòîðîå ìåñòî çàíèìàëà îáûêíîâåííàÿ. Êðîìå òîãî, âûÿâëåíû 16 ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ðîäà Microtus, òðè – ðîäà Clethrionomys è îäèí – ðîäà Apodemus, îïðåäåëèòü êî- òîðûå äî âèäà íå ïðåäñòàâèëîñü âîçìîæ- íûì (ðèñ. 7). Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ïòèö â ïîãàäêàõ ïðèìåð- íî â 1,5 ðàçà íèæå, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ìëå- êîïèòàþùèìè, è îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà îñòàòêîâ ïðèíàäëåæèò âðàíîâûì, ðåæå âñòðå÷à- þòñÿ îñòàòêè âîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö. Ðåïòèëèè ïðåäñòàâëåíû òîëüêî ÿùåðèöàìè ðîäà Lacerta. Íàñåêîìûå – îòðÿäîì æåñòêîêðû- ëûõ. Èç èõ ÷èñëà íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷à- þòñÿ ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ñåìåéñòâà æóæåëèö (Carabidae), ìàéñêèå æóêè (Melolontha melolontha), çîëîòèñòûå áðîíçîâêè (Ceto- nia aurata); â îäíîì ñëó÷àå – æóê-íîñîðîã (Oryctes nacicornis). Ðûáà, ÷àùå âñòðå÷àþùàÿñÿ â îñòàòêàõ äîáû÷è, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îòíîñèòñÿ ê êîðìàì àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðîèñõîæäå- íèÿ.  ïîãàäêè îíà ïîïàäàåò îòíîñèòåëü- íî ðåäêî.  ïåðèîä ìàññîâîãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ íåêîòî- ðûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ (ìàéñêèé æóê, ñë¸ò- êè ïòèö), ïîãàäêè ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ ñîñòîÿò èç èõ îñòàòêîâ. Òàê, â ìàå 2006 ã. ïîä æèëûì ãíåçäîì îáíàðóæåíî øåñòü ïî- ãàäîê, ñîñòîÿùèõ ïîëíîñòüþ èç õèòèíà ìàé- ñêèõ æóêîâ (Áàõòèí, 2010).  èçó÷àåìîé ìåñòíîñòè êîðøóí ïðîÿâ- ëÿåò êðàéíþþ ñòåïåíü íåðàçáîð÷èâîñòè â ïèùå. Ïî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ êîðìà â îñòàòêàõ ïèùè áîëåå ïîëîâèíû èõ ñîñòàâëÿþò îòáðîñû äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷å- Ðèñ. 9. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ðàçëè÷íûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ â ïèòàíèå êîðøóíà ïî îñòàòêàì ëîâåêà, îñòàëüíîå ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà æèâîò- ïèùè. À – íà ïîëèãîíå áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, B – â ïîéìàõ ðåê Áèÿ è Êàòóíü, C – â íûõ (ðèñ. 8). áîðó è íà îïóøêå. Ïèòàíèå êîðøóíà, ñóäÿ ïî îñòàòêàì Fig. 9. Occurrence of various categories in the diet of Black Kites in the vicinities of ïèùè, ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ â ðàçíûõ áèîòîïàõ. Biysk according to the analysis of food remains. A – in the open landfill, B – in the floodplains of the Biya and Katun rivers, C – in a pine forest and the margin. Òàê, îñíîâíóþ äîëþ â ïèòàíèè õèùíèêà â Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 81

Òàáë. 1. Ïòèöû, îòìå÷åííûå â ðàöèîíå êîðøóíà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà. Table 1. Bird species in the diet of Black Kite in the vicinities of Biysk.

Ïîëèãîí Ïîéìà ðåê Áèÿ, áûòîâûõ Êàòóíü Áîð, îïóøêà Äîëÿ îòõîäîâ Floodplains of the Pine forest, Âñåãî (ýêç.) Portion, Âèä / Species Open Landfill Biya and Katun rivers margin Total (ind.) % Ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus pygargus) – – 1 1 1.54 Ëóíü (Circus sp.) – – 1 1 1.54 Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) – – 2 2 3.08 Ïåðåïåë (Coturnix coturnix) – – 2 2 3.08 Êîðîñòåëü (Crex crex) – – 1 1 1.54 Ñèçûé ãîëóáü (Columba livia) 2 1 – 3 4.62 Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) – – 1 1 1.54 Áîëüøîé ï¸ñòðûé äÿòåë (Dendrocopos major) – 1 1 2 3.08 Ïîëåâîé æàâîðîíîê (Alauda arvensis) – – 1 1 1.54 Áåëàÿ òðÿñîãóçêà (Motacilla alba) – 1 – 1 1.54 Ëåñíîé êîí¸ê (Anthus trivialis) – – 2 2 3.08 Îáûêíîâåííûé ñêâîðåö (Sturnus vulgaris) – – 1 1 1.54 Ñîðîêà (Pica pica) 2 4 2 8 12.31 Ãðà÷ (Corvus frugilegus) – – 2 2 3.08 ׸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (C. corone) 2 – 1 3 4.62 Ñåðàÿ âîðîíà (C. cornix) 3 5 6 14 21.54 Âðàíîâûå (íå îïðåäåëåíû äî âèäà) (Corvus sp.) – – 2 2 3.08 Äðîçä (Turdus sp.) 1 – – 1 1.54 Áîëüøàÿ ñèíèöà (Parus major) – 1 – 1 1.54 Ïîëåâîé âîðîáåé (Passer montanus) 2 – 3 5 7.69 Çÿáëèê (Fringilla coelebs) – – 1 1 1.54 ×åðíîãîëîâûé ùåãîë (Carduelis carduelis) – – 2 2 3.08 Ìåëêèå âîðîáüèíûå (íå îïðåäåëåíû äî âèäà) Small passerines (undefined species) 1 2 5 8 12.31 Ïòèöû (âñåãî) / Total of Birds 65 100

îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, ðûáû (êàê ñâåæåé, òàê è âÿëåíîé). Èíîãäà à òàêæå â ïîéìàõ ðåê Áèÿ è Êàòóíü, ñî- â ãí¸çäàõ êîðøóíà ïðèõîäèëîñü íàõîäèòü ñòàâëÿþò îòáðîñû, à â áîðó ïî Áèå è íà êîëáàñó, øàøëûê, ÷åáóðåêè. îïóøêå – ïòèöû (ðèñ. 10–12). Õëåá ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ãí¸çäàõ ïîñëå âûëåòà Êîðìà àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, ìîëîäûõ, êîòîðûå åù¸ áîëåå äâóõ íåäåëü â îñíîâíîì, ïðåäñòàâëåíû â îñòàòêàõ ïèùè, èñïîëüçóþò ãíåçäî â êà÷åñòâå êîðìîâîãî ïîïàäàÿ â ïîãàäêè î÷åíü ðåäêî. Îñíîâíàÿ ñòîëèêà.  êóñêàõ áûëà âûêëåâàíà ñåðåäè- ìàññà ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà êðóïíûå êîñòè, ñ êî- íà, ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íà èñïîëüçîâàíèå õëåáà òîðûõ õèùíèê ñäèðàåò îñòàâøååñÿ íà íèõ â êà÷åñòâå îáúåêòà ïèòàíèÿ. Âåðîÿòíî, ìÿñî.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àÿõ îíè ïðåä- õëåá ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ïåðâûõ ïèùåâûõ ñòàâëÿëè ñîáîé îòõîäû îò ïåðåðàáîòêè îáúåêòîâ â ïðîöåññå îáó÷åíèÿ ìîëîäûõ ãîâÿäèíû, ðåæå ñâèíèíû. Êðîìå òîãî, íå- ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîìó äîáûâàíèþ ïèùè (Áàõ- áîëüøîé ïðîöåíò êîñòåé ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà òèí, 2010). äîìàøíþþ ïòèöó. Äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî êîðøóí Ïèòàíèå ñâåæåé ðûáîé çàôèêñèðîâàíî èñïîëüçóåò â ïèòàíèè âíóòðåííèé æèð è â îäíîì ãíåçäå, ðàñïîëîæåííîì íà áåðå- ñàëî, ðåæå – ìÿãêèå ÷àñòè ãîëîâ (ñâèíîå è ãó îçåðà â ïîéìå Áèè, ãäå êîðøóí è äî- ãîâÿæüå ðûëî, óøè). Ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå äîëÿ áûâàë å¸. Ðûáà â ýòîì ãíåçäå íå ÿâëÿëàñü 82 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

îñíîâíûì èñòî÷íèêîì ïèòàíèÿ, òàêæå â îñòàòêàõ ïèùè ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè ìåëêèå ìëåêîïèòàþùèå è îòáðîñû. Âñå îáíàðó- æåííûå â ãíåçäå ðûáû áûëè êàðàñÿìè (Carassius sp.).  îñòàòêàõ ïèùè íàñåêîìûå â îñíîâ- íîì ïðåäñòàâëåíû îòðÿäîì æåñòêî- êðûëûõ, êðîìå òîãî, íàéäåíû îñòàòêè êðóïíîãî êóçíå÷èêà èç ñåìåéñòâà Tet- tigoniidae. Ñëåäóåò òàêæå óêàçàòü íà íå- îäíîêðàòíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ îõîòû êîðøó- íîâ íà ñòðåêîç (Odonata sp.), êîòîðûõ îíè ëîâèëè ëàïàìè â âîçäóõå è ïîåäàëè ïðÿìî â ïîë¸òå. Ðåïòèëèè â îñòàòêàõ ïèùè ïðåäñòàâëå- íû äâóìÿ âèäàìè – ïðûòêîé (Lacerta agi- lis) è æèâîðîäÿùåé (L. vivipara) ÿùåðè- öàìè, ïåðâàÿ äîáûâàåòñÿ ïðèìåðíî â 5 ðàç ÷àùå. Îùèïàííûé ñë¸òîê ñåðîé âîðîíû â ãíåçäå êîðøóíà. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Âçðîñëûõ ïòèö õèùíèê ïî÷òè íå ëîâèò Plucked fledgling of the Hooded Crow in the nest of the Black Kite. (ìåíå 5%). Îñíîâíàÿ äîëÿ ïòèö â ðàöè- Photo by R. Bachtin. îíå ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà âðàíîâûõ, ïòèöû èç äðóãèõ ñåìåéñòâ äîáûâàþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëü- íî ðåæå (òàáë. 1). Ñë¸òêè âðàíîâûõ íà- ÷èíàþò ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ â ãí¸çäàõ ñ 10-õ ÷èñåë èþíÿ, êîãäà â áîëüøèíñòâå ãí¸çä êîðøó- íà óæå ïòåíöû, è ñòàíîâÿñü îñíîâíîé ïèùåé. Òàêèå âèäû? êàê ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus pygargus), îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) è óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus), âåðîÿòíî, áûëè ïîäîáðàíû â âèäå ïàäàëè, õîòÿ íåñêîëüêî æèëûõ ãí¸çä ïîñëåäíèõ äâóõ âèäîâ íàõîäèëèñü â 200–600 ì îò áëèæàéøåãî ãíåçäà êîðøóíà. À.Ï. Êó÷èí (2004) óêàçûâàåò íà íàõîæäåíèå â ãí¸çäàõ ó ïîñ¸ëêîâ îñòàíêîâ äîìàøíåé ïòèöû (öû- ïëÿòà, óòÿòà, ãóñÿòà). Íàìè òàêèå ôàêòû íå óñòàíîâëåíû. Êðîìå îïèñàííûõ, â ðàöèîíå êîðøóíà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå âèäû ìëåêîïèòà- þùèõ: ïðåäñòàâèòåëè åñòåñòâåííîé ôàóíû – îáûêíîâåííûé ¸æ (Erinaceus europaeus), çàé÷îíîê (Lepus sp.), ñòåïíàÿ ìûøîâêà (Sicista subtilis), ñåðàÿ êðûñà (Rattus nor- vegicus), îáûêíîâåííûé õîìÿê (Cricetus cricetus), ëàñêà (Mustela nivalis); äîìàøíèå æèâîòíûå – äîìàøíÿÿ ñîáàêà (Canis famil- iaris), äîìàøíÿÿ êîøêà (Felis catus), âåðîÿò- íî, â âèäå ïàäàëè. Îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò íàõîä- êà â ãíåçäå êîðøóíà îáûêíîâåííîé ñëå- ïóøîíêè (Ellobius talpinus). Ýòî ïåðâûé çàôèêñèðîâàííûé â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ñëó÷àé äîáû÷è õèùíèêîì ýòîãî ìëåêî- ïèòàþùåãî. Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ñëåïóøîíêà (Ellobius talpinus), äîáûòàÿ êîðøóíîì. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Ðàçíèöà, ïîëó÷åííàÿ ïðè ñðàâíåíèè The Northern Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus) preyed by the Black Kite. ïèùè, ïðåäñòàâëåííîé â ïîãàäêàõ è îñòàò- Photos by R. Bachtin. êàõ, èìååò ñâî¸ îáúÿñíåíèå. Ìåëêèå ìëå- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 83

êîïèòàþùèå ñúåäàþòñÿ õèùíèêîì öåëè- Íåîáõîäèìî ñêàçàòü è î âîçäåéñòâèè êîì, ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåç îñòàòêîâ, â îòëè÷èå êîðøóíîâ íà ïðèðîäó. Òàê, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îò ïòèö, êîòîðûå ïåðåä óïîòðåáëåíèåì ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, èç-çà ïîñòîÿí- îùèïûâàþòñÿ. Ðåïòèëèè, ñóäÿ ïî íàøèì íîãî ñêîïëåíèÿ áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà õèù- íàáëþäåíèÿì, ñúåäàþòñÿ íå öåëèêîì, è íèêîâ, âñå ìåñòíûå ëåñîïîëîñû óñûïàíû ÷àùå ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âèäå îñòàòêîâ ïèùè. ïîëèýòèëåíîâûìè ïàêåòàìè, òðÿïêàìè, êî- Íàñåêîìûå ñúåäàþòñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ, è ïðè ñòÿìè è äð., êðîìå òîãî, âñå ðàñòåíèÿ îá- óñëîâèè, ÷òî êîðøóí ñúåñò õîòÿ áû îäíî- ëèòû ïîì¸òîì.  ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä çäåñü, ãî æóêà â äåíü, îí îáÿçàòåëüíî ïîïàäåò â ïîìèìî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ è ïðèëåòàþùèõ çà äî- ïîãàäêó. Êðîìå òîãî, â ïîãàäêå ìîãóò áûòü áû÷åé, äåðæàòñÿ îò 100 äî 200 õîëîñòûõ îñòàòêè ðàçíîãî ÷èñëà ðàçíûõ æèâîòíûõ, à ëèáî íå ïðèñòóïèâøèõ ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ îñòàòêè äîáû÷è ïðåäñòàâëåíû âñåãäà åäè- îñîáåé, êîòîðûå íî÷óþò â ýòèõ æå íà- íè÷íîé îñîáüþ. ñàæäåíèÿõ. Êîëè÷åñòâåííî îöåíèòü óðî- âåíü âîçäåéñòâèÿ êîðøóíà íà íàðóøåííóþ Çàêëþ÷åíèå ýêîñèñòåìó îêðåñòíîñòåé ïîëèãîíà î÷åíü ׸ðíûé êîðøóí ãíåçäèòñÿ â îêðåñòíî- òðóäíî, è ýòîò âîïðîñ òðåáóåò äåòàëüíîãî ñòÿõ ã. Áèéñê â ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ìåñòîîáè- èçó÷åíèÿ. òàíèÿõ. Âñëåäñòâèå òîãî, ÷òî ïëîùàäü ñî- ñíîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé íàìíîãî áîëüøå ïî Áëàãîäàðíîñòè ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè èõ òèïàìè, îñíîâíàÿ Àâòîðû âûðàæàþò áëàãîäàðíîñòü Þ.Ð. ÷àñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê êîðøóíà óñòðî- Áàõòèíîé, Í.À. Êîëîòîâó, Â.Ì. Âàæîâó, åíà èìåííî íà ñîñíàõ. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè Å.À. Êëþåâó è Ä.Â. Íåäîáåæêèíó çà ïî- òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð ñ àêòèâíî îõðàíÿå- ìîùü â ïðîâåäåíèè èññëåäîâàíèé è ñáîðå ìûìè ãðàíèöàìè îáû÷íî íå ïðåâûøàþò ìàòåðèàëà. 400 ì â äèàìåòðå. Ïðèëåòàþò êîðøóíû â êîíöå ìàðòà. Ëèòåðàòóðà ×åðåç 7–10 äíåé ïðèñòóïàþò ê ãíåçäî- Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Îñîáåííîñòè ïîâåäåíèÿ ÷¸ðíî- ñòðîåíèþ. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò ñ ãî êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans Bodd.) ñèíàíòðîï- êîíöà âòîðîé äåêàäû àïðåëÿ ïî êîíåö íîé ïîïóëÿöèè â ïåðâûå äíè ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà â ìàÿ.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëà ÿèö (îò 1 îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèéñêà. – Àëòàéñêèé çîîëîãè- ÷åñêèé æóðíàë, 2009. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 50–51. äî 4) ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü íàñèæèâàíèÿ Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Ê ýêîëîãèè ïèòàíèÿ ÷¸ðíîãî êîð- êëàäêè 31–39 äíåé. Áîëüøèíñòâî ïòåí- øóíà Milvus migrans Bodd. â óñëîâèÿõ àíòðî- öîâ âûëóïëÿþòñÿ â íà÷àëå èþíÿ.  ãí¸ç- ïîãåííîãî ëàíäøàôòà. – Àêòóàëüíûå âîïðîñû äàõ ïòåíöû íàõîäÿòñÿ îò 42 äî 62 äíåé, èçó÷åíèÿ ïòèö Ñèáèðè: ìàòåðèàëû Ñèáèðñêîé â çàâèñèìîñòè îò óñëîâèé ïèòàíèÿ. Íàè- îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿùåí- õóäøèì ïèòàíèå îêàçàëîñü â ãí¸çäàõ íîé ïàìÿòè è 75-ëåòèþ Ýäóàðäà Àíäðååâè÷à â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäñêîãî ïîëèãîíà Èðèñîâà / ïîä ðåä. Èðèñîâîé Í.Ë. – Áàðíàóë: áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ. Çäåñü â áîëüøèíñòâå Àçáóêà, 2010. Ñ. 62–66. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Àíîìàëüíî ïîçäíÿÿ ãí¸çä ðîäèòåëè âûêàðìëèâàëè ïòåíöîâ âñòðå÷à ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àë- èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî îòáðîñàìè, èãíîðèðóÿ òàÿ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ñåðûõ êðûñ (Rattus norvegicus) è ñë¸òêîâ 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 167. âðàíîâûõ, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î ìûøåâèäíûõ Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû ãðûçóíàõ. Áûñòðåå âñåãî ïòåíöû ïîêèäà- Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì., 1951. Ò. 1. Ñ. 70–341. ëè ãí¸çäà â áîðó è íà þæíîé îïóøêå, ñ Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè- êîëêàìè è ëåñîïîëîñàìè. Çäåñü ðîäèòå- ÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîî- ëè âûêàðìëèâàëè ïòåíöîâ, â îñíîâíîì, áðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. åñòåñòâåííûìè êîðìàìè. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Íåñìîòðÿ íà íèçêèé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ õèùíèê èç ãîäà â ãîä îñòà¸òñÿ â îêðåñòíî- íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ñòÿõ Áèéñêà âåñüìà ìíîãî÷èñëåííûì. Èç- 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ âåñòíû ëèøü åäèíè÷íûå ñëó÷àè îòñòðåëà îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 45–64. êîðøóíà (âèäèìî, áåçî âñÿêîãî ñìûñëà), Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, à òàêæå ãèáåëè ïòèö ïîä êîë¸ñàìè àâòî- 2004. 778 ñ. ìîáèëåé. Ëèøü íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà- Ìàêàðîâ À.Â., Øàïåòüêî Å.Â. Ìåëêèå ìëå- êîïèòàþùèå â àíòðîïîãåííûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ ÷è 6–10 ê ïîãèáàåò áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî îêðåñòíîñòåé ã. Áèéñêà. –  ìèðå íàó÷íûõ îò- êîðøóíîâ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Êàðÿêèí è êðûòèé, 2010. Âûï. 3 (3). Ñ. 38–47. äð., 2009), îäíàêî â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê. Ïòèöû Óðàëà, Ïðèóðàëüÿ è Çà- ýòîò ôàêòîð è åãî âëèÿíèå íà ïîïóëÿöèþ ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè: Ñïðàâî÷íèê-îïðåäåëèòåëü. íå èçó÷åíû. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2001. 608 ñ. 84 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

SpeciesAccounts ВИДОВЫЕ ОЧЕРКИ

TheImperialEagleintheNizhniyNovgorodDistrict,Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ BakkaS.V.(RussianBirdConservationUnion,N.Novgorod,Russia) KiselevaN.Yu.(StatePedagogicalUniversity,N.Novgorod,Russia) KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) Бакка С.В. (Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия) Киселёва Н.Ю. (Государственный педагогический университет, Н. Новгород, Россия) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ñåðãåé Áàêêà  ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 1988–2010 ãã.  îáëàñòè Íàäåæäà Êèñåë¸âà äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîå 1–3 ïàðû è ïåðñïåêòèâû ñîõðàíåíèÿ âèäà íåóòåøèòåëüíûå. îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca. 603000, Ðîññèÿ, Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Abstract à/ÿ 631, There are the results of surveys of the Imperial Eagle in the Nizhniy Novgorod district in 1988–2010. Only pair has Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» been remaining to inhabit the district for a long time. A total of 1–3 pairs are estimated to breed in the district and òåë.: +7 831 434 46 79 prospects of the species surviving seem to be unfavourable. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca. [email protected]

Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) – íàèáîëåå The Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) is the èññëåäîâàíèé 603000, Ðîññèÿ, ðåäêèé è óãðîæàåìûé îð¸ë Íèæåãî- rarest and the most endangered eagle in Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, ðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ çäåñü íà the Nizhniy Novgorod district, being there óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 ñåâåðíîì ïðåäåëå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ.  at the north edge of its breeding range. This òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ïðîøëîì âèä ãíåçäèëñÿ íà þãî-âîñòîêå species used to breed in the forests along [email protected] îáëàñòè â ïðèàëàòûðñêèõ ëåñàõ, ãäå áûë the Alatyr river in the southeast of the district íåðåäîê. Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé (1918) äîáûë and was not uncommon there. Serebrovskiy Contact: â êîëëåêöèþ äâóõ îðëÿò èç ðàçíûõ ãí¸çä (1918) bagged two eaglets from different Sergey Bakka ó ñ. È÷àëêè íà ð. Àëàòûðü è íà ð. Êðó- nests near the Ichalki village and the Krutets Nadezhda Kiseleva The N. Novgorod òåö, à 5 àâãóñòà 1911 ã. íàáëþäàë ïàðó river for his collection. He also observed an branch of RBCU âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ó ä. Íîâ. È÷àëêè, ãäå 31 adult pair near the Novye Ichalki village on Ecocenter “Dront”, èþëÿ 1911 ã. åãî ïðåïàðàòîð äîáûë èç August 5, 1911; earlier that year (July 31, P.O. Box 631, ïàðû îäíó ñòàðóþ ïòèöó.  1958 ã. îäè- 1911) his assistant bagged an old bird. In Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, 603000 íî÷íûé ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà þãå 1958, a single Imperial Eagle was observed tel.: +7 831 434 46 79 Ñåðãà÷ñêîãî ðàéîíà (Çèìèí, 1974). Ñ [email protected] 1988 ã. ðàçìíîæåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà ñòàëî ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies (Ïåðåâîçñêèé ðàéîí, ð. Ïüÿíà) (Êèñåë¸- Korolenko str., 17a–17, âà, 2003). Èçâåñòåí ñëó÷àé óíè÷òîæåíèÿ Nizhniy Novgorod, ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà â âåðõîâüÿõ Ïüÿíû.  Russia, 603000 90-õ ãã. âçðîñëûå è ìîëîäûå íåðàçìíî- tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] æàþùèåñÿ ïòèöû íåîäíîêðàòíî âñòðå- ÷àëèñü â Êðàñíîîêòÿáðüñêîì ðàéîíå, íà òåððèòîðèè Óðàçîâñêîãî îõîòíè÷üåãî

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by S. Bakka. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 85

in the south of the Sergach region (Zimin, 1974). Starting with 1988, breeding the Imperial Eagle began to be recorded in the Ichalki pine forest (Perevoz region, Pyana River) (Kiseleva, 2003). The number of Im- perial Eagles in the Nizhniy Novgorod dis- trict was estimated in the Red Data Book to be 1–3 breeding pairs (Kiseleva, 2003); the hopes for some underestimations still had been remaining until 2006. Successful breeding of the Imperial Eagle in the Ichalki pine forest in the same nest was recorded in 1988–1991. During that period, the eagles nested on a dominant pine tree in the northwestern part of the pine forest one kilometer away from the forest margin. In 1988 and 1991, 2 fledglings were re- corded in the nest. Starting with 1993, the Ðèñ. 1. Òåððèòîðèÿ, îáñëåäîâàííàÿ â 2006 ã. birds began carrying the nest from tree to Fig. 1. The territory surveyed in 2006. tree; it seems that breeding was successful only several times; and starting with 1995, çàêàçíèêà, â 2001 ã. íà âåñåííåì ïðîë¸- no successful breeding was observed at òå ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà þãî-âîñòîêå all. In 1993, the Imperial Eagles relocated Ïèëüíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà (Êèñåë¸âà, 2003). the nest to the site 1.96 km away from the ×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè former one. Then, the nest was disassem- â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â Êðàñíîé bled and in 1995 relocated to the dominant êíèãå îöåíåíà â 1–3 ïàðû (Êèñåë¸âà, pine tree growing above the section of the 2003), ïðè ýòîì íàäåæäû íà îïðåäåë¸í- Pyana river floodplain 50 m away from the íûé íåäîó÷¸ò âñ¸ æå îñòàâàëèñü âïëîòü margin. That year, one chick was observed äî 2006 ã. in the nest; it was the last documentary con- Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê íàñåëÿåò ëåñîñòåïíîé firmed case of successful breeding. In 1998, ëàíäøàôò, ãäå ó÷àñòêè ëåñà ïåðåìåæà- this nest was partially disassembled by the þòñÿ ñ îáøèðíûìè îòêðûòûìè ïðîñòðàí- birds and relocated to another site that has ñòâàìè.  ëåñó, íåäàëåêî îò îïóøêè, been unknown. In 2000, the Imperial Eagles äîëæíû ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ âûñîêèå ñòàðûå moved to the southwestern margin, having (ìàÿ÷íûå) ñîñíû, ñ âåðøèí êîòîðûõ ïòè- traveled 300 m from the nest being occu- öà ìîæåò îñìàòðèâàòü ñâîè îõîòíè÷üè pied by them in 1995. In 2004, we found Ïðèãîäíûé äëÿ óãîäüÿ. Èõ ìîãèëüíèêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ as many as 2 nests; an old one built on a ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ãí¸çä è â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä- not tall pine tree right at the pine forest ìîãèëüíèêà ó÷àñòîê íûõ äåðåâüåâ. Îõîòÿòñÿ îðëû òîëüêî íà margin, and the other, being occupied by ëåñà íà ð. Ò¸øà. the birds, was built on a dominant pine tree Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ – ýòî, êàê ïðà- âèëî, ñåëüõîçóãîäüÿ. Äëÿ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ 60 m away from the margin. It was the lat- Imperial Eagle’s nesting habitats in the Tesha ïòåíöîâ íåîáõîäèìû êðóïíûå ãðûçó- ter nest that had been disassembled by the river valley. íû: ñóñëèê (Spermophilus suslicus), õî- birds and relocated to the platform that was Photo by I. Karyakin. ìÿê (Cricetus cricetus), ñóðîê (Marmota built 460 m away from the nest. It is notable that neither in 2004 nor in 2006, no suc- cessful breeding was reliably observed for the Imperial Eagles. It should be mentioned that all the nests, with an exception of one that was built at the margin, were disassem- bled and relocated by the eagles, but not abandoned and deteriorating. Only several branches were likely to remain on and un- der the nesting tree after the nest was relo- cated. The nest built at the margin, in all like- lihood, was abandoned by the birds because of human disturbance; since almost under the nest when the birds were nesting, a brick house was started to build, which was dis- 86 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

continued the same year in accordance with the public prosecutor’s order. The partners in the eagle pair definitely changed during these years, although the shift of the partners was documentary recorded only once. Currently, the decline in numbers of preys due to the crashing of the pasture cattle breeding is the limiting factor for the Impe- rial Eagle in the Nizhniy Novgorod district. The Imperial Eagle surviving is impossible without the recovering of intensively ex- ploited steppe pastures inhabited by mar- mots and sousliks, and installing the ar- tificial nests will be inefficient under such conditions. It should be noted that in the valleys of the Alatyr and Sura rivers in the Republic of Mordovia, the Ulyanovsk district, and the Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Republic of Chuvashiya, a breeding group Fig. 2. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the N. Novgorod district. of the Imperial Eagle comprising 10–15 breeding pairs and inhabiting the area of bobac). Ñóðîê è ñóñëèê æèâóò òîëüêî íà approximately 8,000 km2 survives due to âûãîíàõ ñ íèçêîé, ðåãóëÿðíî âûåäàåìîé presence of hunting habitats, being the in- ñêîòîì, òðàâîé. Õîìÿê áîëåå ïëàñòè÷åí, tensively exploited pastures, and nesting íî ìîãèëüíèê íå ìîæåò óñïåøíî äîáû- habitats (Grishutkin et al., 2008; 2009; Lap- âàòü åãî ñðåäè âûñîêîé òðàâû. shin, Alba, 2008; Lapshin, Grishutkin, 2008; Ñ ó÷¸òîì ýòèõ îñîáåííîñòåé, ñ öåëüþ Lapshin et al., 2009; Spiridonov, 2009; Lap- âûÿâëåíèÿ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà, shin, Spiridonov, this issue; Yakovlev, Isak- â 2006 ã. áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû îïóøêè ëåñ- ov, this issue). If the pasture cattle breeding íûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ëåñîñòåïíîì Ïðåäâîëæüå: is restored, precisely this group will be the þæíàÿ îïóøêà Òåìíèêîâñêîé çàñåêè (ïî core, whence the species will be recovering ëåâîìó áåðåãó ð. Àëàòûðü) îò ïîñ. èì. over the territory of the district. Even now, Ñòåïàíà Ðàçèíà äî þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ãðàíè- there is a reserve of unpaired individuals in öû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (Ëóêîÿíîâ- this group, since vagrant young Imperial ñêèé è Ïî÷èíêîâñêèé ðàéîíû); çàïàäíàÿ Eagles are regularly encountered in the ter- îïóøêà ñåâåðíîãî îòðîãà Òåìíèêîâñêîé ritory of the district. çàñåêè (ïî ïðàâîìó áåðåãó ð. Ò¸øà) â Àð- çàìàññêîì è Øàòêîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ; îïóø- êè êîëî÷íûõ ëåñîâ â áàññåéíå ð. Ïüÿíà â Áîëüøåáîëäèíñêîì, Êðàñíîîêòÿáðüñêîì, Ãàãèíñêîì, Áóòóðëèíñêîì è Ïåðåâîçñêîì ðàéîíàõ. Îáñëåäîâàííûå ó÷àñòêè ëåñ- íûõ îïóøåê ïîêàçàíû íà ðèñóíêå 1. Íà- òóðíîìó îñìîòðó ïðåäøåñòâîâàë àíàëèç êîñìîñíèìêîâ, ïî êîòîðûì âûÿâëÿëè íà- ëè÷èå ïàñòáèù, ïðèìûêàþùèõ ê îïóøêå, è íàëè÷èå âûñîêèõ äåðåâüåâ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ìàÿ÷íûõ ñîñåí, â ïðèîïóøå÷- íîé ÷àñòè ëåñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ.  ðåçóëüòàòå â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè âûÿâëåíû è îáñëåäîâàíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå òåððèòîðèè, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà – íè ãí¸çä, íè äðóãèõ ñâèäåòåëüñòâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ñà-

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïëàòôîðìà äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ëåñó íà ð. Àëàòûðü. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting platform for Imperial Eagle in the forest along the Alatyr River. Photo by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 87

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle in the Ichalki pine forest. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ìèõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè íå áûëî ìè äåðåâüÿìè íå áûëî íèêàêèõ îñòàòêîâ îáíàðóæåíî. Ïî ëåâîìó áåðåãó Àëàòûðÿ, ïèùè. Íàèáîëåå âåðîÿòíîé ïðè÷èíîé ïðàâûì áåðåãàì ð. Ò¸øà è þæíîé âåò- ýòîãî ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ñíèæåíèå ïàñò- âè ð. Ïüÿíà âûÿâëåí ðÿä ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà ñ áèùíîé íàãðóçêè íà îñòåïí¸ííûå ëóãà â ìàÿ÷íûìè ñîñíàìè, ïðèãîäíûìè êàê äëÿ ïîéìå ð. Ïüÿíà, êîòîðîå ïðèâåëî ê ñíè- åñòåñòâåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà, æåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè êðóïíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, òàê è äëÿ óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä ò.å., ïîäðûâó êîðìîâîé áàçû ìîãèëüíè- – âñåãî 10 ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 2). Îäíàêî èñ- êà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ôàêò ïåðåíîñà îðëà- ïîëüçîâàíèå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé ìè ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ãíåçäà íà ãíåçäîâóþ çäåñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïðåêðàòèëîñü: ïàøíè ïëàòôîðìó ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î ïðèâëåêà- ïðåâðàòèëèñü â çàëåæè ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà, òåëüíîñòè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëÿ ýòîãî çàðîñøèå ëèáî áóðüÿíîì, ëèáî ìîëîäûì âèäà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðî- ëåñîì, áîëüøèíñòâî ïàñòáèù ïîêðûòî âû- âàòü ôàêò, ÷òî ïðîâåä¸ííûå áèîòåõíè÷å- ñîêîé òðàâîé, êóñòàðíèêàìè, ïîäðîñòîì ñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ íà ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà äåðåâüåâ. Íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ òåððèòîðè- íå ïîâëèÿëè: â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè ÿõ íå îáíàðóæåíî íè îäíîãî ìåñòîîáèòà- ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ìîãèëü- íèÿ ñóñëèêà. Ïîñåëåíèå ñóðêîâ íà ïðàâîì íèêîâ, êîòîðàÿ óæå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íå áåðåãó ð. Ïüÿíà, îêîëî ñ. ×åðíîâñêîå ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ (ðèñ. 2). Áîëüøåáîëäèíñêîãî ðàéîíà, èñ÷åçëî. Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Åäèíñòâåííûì îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðèãîäíûì È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó, â îäíîì è òîì æå ãíåç- ó÷àñòêîì ìû ïðèçíàëè äîëèíó Ò¸øè ó äå, áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 1988–1991 ãã. ãðàíèöû Àðçàìàññêîãî è Øàòêîâñêî-  ýòîò ïåðèîä îðëû ãíåçäèëèñü íà ìàÿ÷- ãî ðàéîíîâ, íî ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ ìàêñè- íîé ñîñíå â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè áîðà, ìàëüíî óäàëåíà íà ñåâåðî-çàïàä îò ìåñò â îäíîì êèëîìåòðå îò îïóøêè.  1988 è óñòàíîâëåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà 1991 ãã. â ãíåçäå áûëî ïî 2 îïåð¸ííûõ â ðåãèîíå. ïòåíöà. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1993 ã. ïòèöû ñòàëè Èç 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì, ïðåäíà- ïåðåíîñèòü ãíåçäî, ïðè ýòîì óñïåøíîå çíà÷åííûõ äëÿ îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà è ïî- ðàçìíîæåíèå, âèäèìî, èìåëî ìåñòî âñå- ñòðîåííûõ â ðàçíûå ãîäû, îäíà óñòðîåíà ãî íåñêîëüêî ðàç, à ïîñëå 1995 ã. è âîâñå â È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó, íà åäèíñòâåííîì íå íàáëþäàëîñü.  1993 ã. ìîãèëüíèêè ïå- èçâåñòíîì â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè ðåíåñëè ãíåçäî íà 1,96 êì îò ïðåæíåãî. ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà è 5 Çàòåì ãíåçäî áûëî ðàçîáðàíî è â 1995 ã. – â ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ïî áûëî ïåðåíåñåíî íà ìàÿ÷íóþ ñîñíó, ðà- ñåâåðíîìó áåðåãó ð. Àëàòûðü.  2006 ã. ñòóùóþ íàä ó÷àñòêîì ïîéìû ð. Ïüÿíà, â âïåðâûå â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè çà- 50 ì îò îïóøêè.  òîò ãîä â ãíåçäå íàáëþ- ðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà äàëñÿ îäèí ïòåíåö, è ýòî áûë ïîñëåäíèé ìîãèëüíèêîì íà ïëàòôîðìå: â È÷àëêîâ- ñëó÷àé äîêóìåíòàëüíî ïîäòâåðæä¸ííîãî ñêîì áîðó ñóùåñòâîâàâøåå ðàíåå åñòå- óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ.  1998 ã. ãíåç- ñòâåííîå ãíåçäî áûëî ðàçîáðàíî ïòèöà- äî áûëî ÷àñòè÷íî ðàçîáðàíî ïòèöàìè è ìè è ïåðåíåñåíî íà ïëàòôîðìó. Îäíàêî ïåðåíåñåíî â äðóãîå ìåñòî, íî êóäà – íå ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2006 ã. íå áûëî óñïåø- èçâåñòíî.  2000 ã. ìîãèëüíèêè ïåðå- íûì: íè ïîä ãíåçäîì, íè ïîä ïðèñàäíû- áðàëèñü íà þãî-çàïàäíóþ îïóøêó, ïåðå- 88 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

øèÿ, íà ïëîùàäè îêîëî 8 òûñ. êì2, ñîõðà- íÿåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ìîãèëüíèêà èç 10–15 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áëàãîäàðÿ íàëè- ÷èþ èíòåíñèâíî èñïîëüçóåìûõ ïàñòáèù è óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (Ãðèøóòêèí è äð., 2008; 2009; Ëàïøèí, Àëüáà, 2008; Ëàï- øèí, Ãðèøóòêèí, 2008; Ëàïøèí è äð., 2009; Ñïèðèäîíîâ, 2009; Ëàïøèí, Ñïèðèäîíîâ, íàñò. ñá.; ßêîâëåâ, Èñàêîâ, íàñò. ñá.). Ïðè âîçðîæäåíèè ïàñòáèùíîãî ñêîòîâîäñòâà â îáëàñòè èìåííî ýòà ãðóïïèðîâêà áóäåò ÿäðîì ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà ïî òåððèòîðèè îá- ëàñòè. Äàæå ñåé÷àñ çàïàñ ñâîáîäíûõ îñî- Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäå. È÷àëêîâñêèé áîð, 1988 ã. áåé â ýòîé ãðóïïèðîâêå èìååòñÿ, òàê êàê íà Ôîòî Ä. Ðûæêîâà. òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àþòñÿ Chicks of the Imperial Eagle in the nest. Ichalki pine forest, 1988. êî÷óþùèå ìîëîäûå ìîãèëüíèêè. Photo by D. Ryzhkov. Ëèòåðàòóðà ìåñòèâøèñü íà 300 ì îò ãíåçäà, êîòîðîå Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ñïèðèäî- íîâ Ñ.Í. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö, îòìå÷åííûå â çàíèìàëè â 1995 ã.  2004 ã. çäåñü áûëî 2008 ãîäó íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàð- îáíàðóæåíî óæå äâà ãíåçäà: îäíî ñòàðîå, êà «Ñìîëüíûé» è åãî îõðàííîé çîíû. – Ðåäêèå óñòðîåííîå íà íåâûñîêîé ñîñíå ïðÿìî æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû íà îïóøêå áîðà è äðóãîå, çàíÿòîå ïòèöà- âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ ìè, – íà ìàÿ÷íîé ñîñíå â 60 ì îò îïóøêè. çà 2008 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 10–16. Èìåííî ïîñëåäíåå ãíåçäî áûëî ðàçîáðà- Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ñïèðèäî- íî ïòèöàìè è ïåðåíåñåíî íà ïëàòôîð- íîâ Ñ.Í. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö, îòìå÷åííûå â ìó, ïîñòðîåííóþ â 460 ì îò ãíåçäà. Ïðè 2009 ãîäó íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàð- ýòîì, íè â 2004 ã., íè â 2006 ã. óñïåøíî- êà «Ñìîëüíûé» è â åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ. – Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû ãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó îðëîâ äîñòîâåðíî íå âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ áûëî. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïðàêòè÷åñêè çà 2009 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2009. Ñ. 14–19. âñå ãí¸çäà, êðîìå åäèíñòâåííîãî, óñòðî- Çèìèí Í.È. Ïòèöû. – Ïðèðîäà Ãîðüêîâñêîé åííîãî íà ñàìîé îïóøêå, ðàçáèðàëèñü è îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1974. Ñ. 319–365. ïåðåíîñèëèñü îðëàìè, à íå ïóñòîâàëè è Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. Ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heliaca ðàçðóøàëèñü. Îáû÷íî ïîñëå ïåðåíîñà íà Savigny. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëà- ãíåçäîâîì äåðåâå è ïîä íèì îñòàâàëîñü ñòè. Ò. 1. Æèâîòíûå. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2003. ëèøü íåñêîëüêî âåòîê. Ãíåçäî, óñòðîåí- Ñ. 91–92. íîå íà îïóøêå, âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî áûëî Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Àëüáà Ë.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ðåä- êèì ïòèöàì ïîéìû ðåêè Ñóðû â 2008 ãîäó. – áðîøåíî ïòèöàìè èç-çà áåñïîêîéñòâà, Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìà- òàê êàê ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîä íèì âî âðåìÿ òåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè íàñèæèâàíèÿ áûëî íà÷àòî ñòðîèòåëüñòâî Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2008 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 32–34. êèðïè÷íîãî äîìà, êîòîðîå áûëî â òîò æå Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô. Íîâûå íàõîäêè ãîä ïðåêðàùåíî ïî ïîñòàíîâëåíèþ ïðî- ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â 2008 ãîäó. – Ðåäêèå æè- êóðàòóðû. Çà âñå ýòè ãîäû îïðåäåë¸ííî âîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âå- ïàðòí¸ðû â ïàðå îðëîâ ìåíÿëèñü íåîäíî- äåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà êðàòíî, õîòÿ äîêóìåíòàëüíî ñìåíó ïàð- 2008 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 34–39. òí¸ðà óäàëîñü îòñëåäèòü ëèøü îäèí ðàç. Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Êóçíåöîâ Â.À., Àíäðåé÷åâ À.Â. Íîâûå âñòðå÷è ñ ðåäêèìè âè-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ëèìèòèðóþùèì ôàê- äàìè ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäîâèè. – Ðåäêèå òîðîì äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû îáëàñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ äåãðàäàöèÿ êîðìîâîé âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ áàçû âñëåäñòâèå óïàäêà ïàñòáèùíîãî ñêî- çà 2009 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2009. Ñ. 43–44. òîâîäñòâà. Áåç âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíî Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ èñïîëüçóåìûõ îñòåïí¸ííûõ ïàñòáèù, çàñå- îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìà- ë¸ííûõ ñóðêîì è ñóñëèêîì, âîçðîæäåíèå òåð. ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. Îòä. ìîãèëüíèêà íåâîçìîæíî, à ñòðîèòåëüñòâî çîîë. Ì., 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 23–134. èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëÿ íåãî áóäåò íåýô- Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðåäêèõ âèäàõ ïòèö Ìîðäîâèè (ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäî- ôåêòèâíûì. âàíèé 2009 ã.). – Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïî äîëèíàì ð. Àëà- Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíè- òûðü è ð. Ñóðà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Ìîðäîâèÿ, ãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2009 ã. Ñàðàíñê, Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è Ðåñïóáëèêå ×óâà- 2009. Ñ. 49–53. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 89

DistributionandNumberoftheImperialEagleintheRepublicof ChuvashiyaattheBeginningofXXICentury,Russia РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ И ЧИСЛЕННОСТЬ МОГИЛЬНИКА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЧУВАШИИ В НАЧАЛЕ XXI ВЕКА, РОССИЯ YakovlevA.A.(NationalPark“ChavashVarmane”,Russia) IsakovG.N.(NationalPark“MariiChodra”,Russia) Яковлев А.А. (ФГУ Национальный парк «Чаваш вармане», Россия) Исаков Г.Н. (ФГУ Национальный парк «Марий Чодра», Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Àëåêñàíäð ßêîâëåâ Ïî òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè ïðîâîäèòñÿ ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà àðåàëà îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êîòîðîãî çäåñü ñâÿçàíî ñ ïðèïîéìåííûìè ëàíäøàôòàìè þãî-çàïàäà è þãî-âîñòîêà ðåñïó- «×àâàø âàðìàíå» áëèêè. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 2–4 ïàðû. Ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè îðëîâ ïðèóðî÷åíû ê îïóøêàì ñîñíî- 429170, Ðîññèÿ, âûõ ëåñîâ ïî òåððàñàì è ïîëîãèì ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí. Óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåâûñîêàÿ, ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð ×óâàøèÿ, ñ. Øåìóðøà, âûâîäêà íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «×àâàø âàðìàíå» ñîñòàâèë 1,2 ïòåíöà. óë.Êîñìîâñêîãî, ä. 37 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü. òåë.: +7 835 46 23 432 [email protected] Abstract The northern border of the breeding range of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), whose distribution here is ac- counted for the floodplain landscapes of the southwestern and southeastern Republic of Chuvashia, is marked Ãåííàäèé Èñàêîâ along the territory of the Republic of Chuvashia. The total number is 2–4 pairs. Breeding territories of the eagles are Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê confined to margins of pine forests along the terraces and gentle slopes of river valleys. Breeding success is low; «Ìàðèé ×îäðà» the average brood size over the territory of the national park “Chavash Varmane” is 1.2 chicks. 425040, Ðîññèÿ, Keywords: Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, distribution, population status. Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìàðèé Ýë, ï. Êðàñíîãîðñêèé, óë. Öåíòðàëüíàÿ, 73 [email protected]  êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå XX âåêîâ ìîãèëüíè- Up to the 1990s, there were no data on the êà (Aquila heliaca) íà òåððèòîðèè ñîâðå- records of the Imperial Eagle in the Republic Contact: ìåííîé ×óâàøèè îðíèòîëîãè íå âñòðå÷à- of Chuvashia. In the end of the XX century, Alexander Yakovlev ëè (Áîãäàíîâ, 1871; Æèòêîâ, Áóòóðëèí, 1–4 pairs of Imperial Eagles were estimated “Chavash Varmane” 1906; Âîë÷àíåöêèé, 1924). Íàèáîëåå to inhabit the floodplain of the Sura river National Park Kosmovskogo str., 37 ñåâåðíîå ìåñòî äîáû÷è îðëîâ Á.Ì. Æèò- (Yakovlev, Yakovlev, 1999). IBA RU188 Shemursha vill., êîâûì è Ñ.À. Áóòóðëèíûì (1906) íàõîäè- “Sura environs” (Yakovlev et al., 2000) were Republic of Chuvashiya, ëîñü áëèç ñ. Ïðîìçèíî (íûíå ñ. Ñóðñêîå established on the basis of these data. Later, Russia, 429170, Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè), ÷òî íà 20 êì þæ- the population of the Imperial Eagle in the tel.: +7 835 46 23 432 [email protected] íåå ãðàíèö ×óâàøèè. Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Republic of Chuvashia was estimated as 4–6 (1918) íàõîäèë ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ïîéìå pairs (Isakov et al., 2007). Gennady Isakov Àëàòûðÿ, íà òåððèòîðèè ñîâðåìåííîé The modern north border of the breeding Marii Chodra Ìîðäîâèè. range of the Imperial Eagle on the right bank National Park Centralnaya str., 73 Ñâåäåíèÿ î íàõîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà â ×ó- of the Volga River is marked in the south of Krasnogorsky vill., âàøèè îòñóòñòâîâàëè âïëîòü äî 1990-õ the Nizhnii Novgorod district, the Republic of Republic of Marii El, ãîäîâ, êîãäà ïîÿâèëèñü äàííûå î âñòðå- Chuvashia, and southwest of Tatarstan (Kar- Russia, 425040 ÷àõ îðëîâ â Ïðèñóðñêîì ëåñíîì ìàññèâå yakin et al., 2008). On the territory of the Re- [email protected] íà þãî-çàïàäå ðåñïóáëèêè.  êîíöå XX public of Chuvashia, this species is rare breed- âåêà â ðåãèîíå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü îáèòàíèå ing, 2–4 pairs breeding annually (fig. 1). 1–4 ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ïîéìå ð. Ñóðû, Until 2002, a pair of Imperial Eagles îò þæíûõ ãðàíèö ðåñïóáëèêè äî ñ. Ïî- nested annually in the valley of the Sura ðåöêîå Ïîðåöêîãî ð-íà (ßêîâëåâ, ßêîâ- river in the Knyazhii Yar natural boundary ëåâ, 1999). Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòèõ äàííûõ (border of Alatyrskii and Poretskii regions) áûëà âûäåëåíà Êëþ÷åâàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷å- (Yakovlev, Yakovlev, 1999; Isakov et al., ñêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ Ðîññèè (ÊÎÒÐ) ×Ó-002 2007); however, no Imperial Eagles were «Ïðèñóðüå» (ßêîâëåâ è äð., 2000). Äàëü- observed in this territory after a pair of íåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè íàëè÷èå White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ â äî- inhabited this territory (Isakov, Yakovlev, ëèíå ð. Ñóðà äî ÊÎÒÐ ×Ó–001 «Ïîéìà 2008). It is possible that this pair migrat- ðåêè Àëãàøêà» è â þãî-âîñòî÷íûõ ëåñî- ed to the north from Knyazhii Yar, since ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåñïóáëèêè, à ÷èñëåí- in 2003–2007 we observed adult Imperial 90 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Eagles during the breeding period in the floodplain of the Sura river in the territory between Krasnii Yar (Poretskii region) and the Bolshie Algashi village (Shumerlinskii re- gion). This species was also observed here in 2008 and 2009 (I.V. Karyakin, pers. comm.). The probable breeding territory of another pair in the floodplain of the Sura river is lo- cated to the south from the Alatyr’ town (Ya- kovlev, Yakovlev, 1999; Isakov, et al., 2007). In the Alatyrskii region at the border with the Republic of Mordovia, 1–2 pairs breed prob- ably along the margins of the Alatyr forests (G.F. Grishutkin, pers. comm.), the more so, as 6–7 pairs inhabited the Ardatovskii region in the Republic of Mordovia in 2008 (Lap- Âèä íà ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî À. ßêîâëåâà. shin, Grishutkin, 2008). Panorama of breeding territory of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). On the southeast of the Republic of Chu- Photo by A. Yakovlev. vashia, at the territory of the national park “Chavash Varmane” Imperial Eagles have íîñòü îöåíåíà â 4–6 ïàð (Èñàêîâ è äð., been observed since 1998, their nest having 2007). been found in 2005 (Ilyin et al., 2002; Kos- Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà àðåàëà tryukova, Yakovlev, 2005). The nesting site ìîãèëüíèêà â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè ïðî- is a gentle slope of the valley of the Bezdna õîäèò ïî þãó Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, river covered with coniferous broad-leaved ×óâàøèè, þãî-çàïàäó Òàòàðñòàíà (Êàðÿ- forest with 2 nests on it built on pine tops êèí è äð., 2008). Íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàø- (Yakovlev, 2010). In 2009–2010, Imperial ñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè âèä ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì, Eagles were observed during the breeding ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ, åæåãîäíî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ period in the Batyrevskii and Yal’chikskii re- 2–4 ïàðû (ðèñ.1). gions; probably, they nest in pine forests in Äî 2002 ã. ïàðà îðëîâ åæåãîäíî ãíåç- the valley of the Karla river (1–2 pairs). In äèëàñü â äîëèíå Ñóðû íà Êíÿæüåì ßðó spring, first observations of Imperial Eagles (ãðàíèöà Àëàòûðñêîãî è Ïîðåöêîãî were made at the end of March–beginning of ð-íîâ) (ßêîâëåâ, ßêîâëåâ, 1999; Èñàêîâ April, the average arrival date – April 6 (n=7). Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíå- è äð., 2007), íî ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì íà äàííîì The ideal habitats for populations of the Im- íèå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà ó÷àñòêå òåððèòîðèàëüíîé ïàðû îðëàíîâ- perial Eagle in the Volga-Ural Region are hills (Aquila heliaca) â ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêå. áåëîõâîñòîâ (Haliaeetus albicilla) ìîãèëü- covered with pine forests, with steppe pas- íèêè çäåñü áîëåå íå îòìå÷àëèñü (Èñàêîâ, ture grounds located at the foot of them (Kar- Fig. 1. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle ßêîâëåâ, 2008). Âîçìîæíî, äàííàÿ ïàðà yakin et al., 2008). Such territories are almost (Aquila heliaca) in the ïåðåìåñòèëàñü ñåâåðíåå Êíÿæüåãî ßðà, absent in the Republic of Chuvashia, and the Republic of Chuvashiya. òàê êàê â 2003–2007 ãã. âçðîñëûõ ìî- margins of pine forests on terraces and gen- tle slopes of the river valleys, near any open habitats, become the breeding territories. Sparse observations on breeding biology have been carried out in the territory of the national park “Chavash Varmane”, where the breeding of the species was confirmed. In 2005, 2009–2010, Imperial Eagles oc- cupied a nest on the margin of a cleared place; while in 2006–2008 – on the forest margin, 800 m away from the first nest. Breeding success of this pair was low, over 5 years, the average brood size was 1.2 chicks. In 2005, we were unable to observe the fledging of the brood; 2 fledglings left the nest in 2006 and 2009; one fledgling, in 2007–2008; and breeding was unsuccessful in 2010. The diet of this pair was noticed to include Rooks (Corvus frugilegus). Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 91

ïîëîãèé ñêëîí äîëèíû ð. Áåçäíà, ïîêðû- òûé õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûì ëåñîì, íà êîòîðîì èìåþòñÿ 2 ãíåçäîâûå ïî- ñòðîéêè, óñòðîåííûå íà âåðõóøêàõ ñîñåí (ßêîâëåâ, 2010).  2009–2010 ãã. â Áàòû- ðåâñêîì è ßëü÷èêñêîì ð-íàõ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îòìå÷àëè ìîãèëüíèêîâ, êîòîðûå, âèäèìî, ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñîñíîâûõ ëåñàõ â äî- ëèíå ð. Êàðëà (1–2 ïàðû). Êðîìå òîãî, ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïòèö îò- ìå÷àëè è ñåâåðíåå ãðàíèöû ãíåçäîâî- ãî àðåàëà (äî 150 êì) – â ïîéìàõ ðåê Ñóðà (11.04.2000 ã., 09.04.2001 ã., 13.04.2005 ã.) è Âîëãà (15.04.1999 ã., 11.04.2000 ã.). Áèîëîãèÿ âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëè- Ìîãèëüíèê íàä ãíåçäîì. Ôîòî À. ßêîâëåâà. êè ñëàáî èçó÷åíà. Âåñíîé ïåðâûå âñòðå÷è Imperial Eagle near the nest. Photo by A. Yakovlev. ìîãèëüíèêîâ ïðèõîäÿòñÿ íà êîíåö ìàð- òà – íà÷àëî àïðåëÿ, ñðåäíÿÿ äàòà ïðèë¸òà ãèëüíèêîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ìû âñòðå- – 6 àïðåëÿ (n=7). Ïî ïðèë¸òó îðëû ñðà- ÷àëè â ïîéìå Ñóðû íà ó÷àñòêå îò Êðàñ- çó æå çàíèìàþò ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè. íîãî ßðà (Ïîðåöêèé ð-í) äî ñ. Áîëüøèå Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â ×óâàøèè Àëãàøè Øóìåðëèíñêîãî ð-íà. Çäåñü æå ñåâåðíåå îïèñàííûõ ìåñò ëèìèòèðóåòñÿ âèä íàáëþäàëñÿ â 2008 è 2009 ãã. (È.Â. Êà- çíà÷èòåëüíûì ôàêòîðîì áåñïîêîéñòâà, ðÿêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ïðåäïîëàãàå- îòñóòñòâèåì ïîäõîäÿùèõ ëàíäøàôòîâ, ìûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê åù¸ îäíîé ïàðû â ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ è íåäîñòàòî÷íîé êîð- ïîéìå Ñóðû ðàñïîëîæåí þæíåå ã. Àëà- ìîâîé áàçîé, â ÷àñòíîñòè, çäåñü ïðîõî- òûðü (ßêîâëåâ, ßêîâëåâ, 1999; Èñàêîâ è äÿò ñåâåðíûå ãðàíèöû àðåàëîâ ñóñëèêîâ äð., 2007).  Àëàòûðñêîì ð-íå, íà ãðà- (Spermophilus sp.) (Áåëèê, Ãàëóøèí, 1999). íèöå ñ Ìîðäîâèåé, ïî îêðàèíàì ïðèà- Èäåàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèé ëàòûðñêèõ ëåñîâ âîçìîæíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – åù¸ 1–2 ïàð (Ã.Ô. Ãðèøóòêèí, óñòíîå ñî- õîëìû, ïîêðûòûå ëåñîì ñ ñîñíîé, â ïîä- îáùåíèå), òåì áîëåå, ÷òî â Àðäàòîâñêîì íîæèè êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ñòåïíûå ð-íå (Ìîðäîâèÿ) â 2008 ã. îáèòàëî 6–7 ïàñòáèùà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008).  ×óâà- ïàð (Ëàïøèí, Ãðèøóòêèí, 2008). øèè ïîäîáíûå ó÷àñòêè ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóò- Âèä íà ãíåçäîâîé Íà þãî-âîñòîêå ×óâàøèè íà òåððèòî- ñòâóþò, è ìåñòàìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ. ðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «×àâàø âàðìà- îïóøêè ñîñíîâûõ ëåñîâ íà òåððàñàõ è ïî- Ôîòî À. ßêîâëåâà. íå» ìîãèëüíèêè íàáëþäàþòñÿ ñ 1998 ã., à ëîãèõ ñêëîíàõ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ðÿäîì ñ ëþ- Panorama of breeding èõ ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî â 2005 ã. (Èëüèí territory of the Imperial áûìè îòêðûòûìè áèîòîïàìè. Eagle. è äð., 2002; Êîñòðþêîâà, ßêîâëåâ, 2005). Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà Photo by A. Yakovlev. Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèåé ïðîâîäèëè íà òåð- ðèòîðèè ÍÏ «×àâàø âàðìàíå», ãäå ïîä- òâåðæäåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà.  2005, 2009–2010 ãã. ìîãèëüíèêè çàíèìàëè ãíåç- äî íà êðàþ âûðóáêè, à â 2006–2008 ãã. – íà îïóøêå ëåñà, íà ðàññòîÿíèè 800 ì îò ïåðâîãî ãíåçäà. Óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äàííîé ïàðû íåâûñîêàÿ, çà 5 ëåò ñðåä- íèé ðàçìåð âûâîäêà ñîñòàâèë 1,2 ïòåíöà.  2005 ã. âûëåò âûâîäêà ïðîñëåäèòü íå óäàëîñü, â 2006 è 2009 ãã. âûëåòåëî ïî 2 ïòåíöà, â 2007–2008 ãã. – ïî îäíîìó, â 2010 ã. ðàçìíîæåíèå áûëî íåóäà÷íûì.  ïèòàíèè äàííîé ïàðû îòìå÷åíû ãðà÷è (Corvus frugilegus).

Ëèòåðàòóðà Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîçåìíîé ïîëîñû Ïîâîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé 92 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

îõðàíà. ¹13. 2008. Ñ. 28–30. Èñàêîâ Ã.Í., ßêîâëåâ À.À., ßêîâëåâ Â.À. Ìà- òåðèàëû ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëè- êè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïó- áëèêè. Âûïóñê 57. Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè / Ïîä. ðåä. À.Â. Äèìèòðèåâà. ×å- áîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 155–160. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â. Ìîãèëüíèê â Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòà- íå: ïîïóëÿöèîííûé ñòàòóñ è òðåíäû. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 18–27. Êîñòðþêîâà Ì.Â., ßêîâëåâ À.À. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «×àâàø Âàðìà- íå» (×óâàøñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà). – Ýêîëîãè÷å- ñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûïóñê 51. Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé íàó÷íî- ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Ó÷àñòèå ìî- ëîäåæè â ðåøåíèè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè» / Ïîä ðåä. Ë.Í. Âîðîíîâà. ×åáîêñàðû, 2005. Ñ. 57–61. Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà. Ôîòî À. ßêîâëåâà. Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô. Íîâûå íàõîäêè Nest of the Imperial Eagle. Photo by A. Yakovlev. ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â 2008 ã. – Ðåäêèå æèâîò- íûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2008 Âîëãè. – Òð. Î-âà åñòåñòâîèñï. ïðè Èìïåð. Êà- ãîä. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 34–39. çàí. óí-òå. Êàçàíü, 1871. 226 ñ. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ Âîë÷àíåöêèé È.Á. Î ïòèöàõ Ñðåäíåãî Ïðèñó- îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìà- ðüÿ. – Ó÷åíûå çàïèñêè Ñàðàòîâñêîãî ãîñ. óí-òà. òåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. Ò. 3. Ñàðàòîâ, 1925. Ñ. 49–77. Îòä. çîîë. Âûï. 15. Ì., 1918. Ñ. 32–134. Áåëèê Â.Ï., Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ßêîâëåâ À.À. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñåâåðíîé âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàð- Åâðàçèè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: Ðàñïðîñòðà- êà «×àâàø âàðìàíå». – Áóòóðëèíñêèé ñáîðíèê: íåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû Ìàòåðèàëû III Âñåðîññèéñêèõ Áóòóðëèíñêèõ îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (A. heliaca) â Ðîññèè: ÷òåíèé. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2010. Ñ. 306–316. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ßêîâëåâ À.À., ßêîâëåâ Â.À. Î ïðåáûâàíèè ïòèö. Âûïóñê 1 / Ïîä ðåä. Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ìîñêâà, îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â ×óâàøèè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé 1999. Ñ. 129–139. îð¸ë: Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé Æèòêîâ Á.Ì., Áóòóðëèí Ñ.À. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (A. Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê îðíèòîôàóíû Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Çàï. Èìï. heliaca) â Ðîññèè: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ð. Àëà- Ðóñ. ãåîãð. îá-âà. Ò. XLI. N. 2. ÑÏá., 1906. 275 ñ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Âûïóñê 1 / Ïîä ðåä. òûðü. Ãðàíèöà ×óâàøèè è Ìîðäîâèè. Èëüèí À.À., Ëåáåø À.Ë., Ëàñòóõèí À.À. Ëåò- Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ìîñêâà, 1999. Ñ. 64–65. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íèå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè â Íà- ßêîâëåâ Â.À., Ãàôóðîâà Ì.Ì., Ãëóøåíêîâ Î.Â., öèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «×àâàø âàðìàíå». – Íà- Äèìèòðèåâ À.Â., Ïàí÷åíêî Â.À. Ðåñïóáëèêà ×ó- Breeding territory of ó÷íûå òðóäû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «×àâàø âàøèÿ. – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòî- the Imperial Eagle in the forest near Alatyr âàðìàíå». Òîì 1. / Ïîä. ðåä. À.Â. Äèìèòðèåâà. ðèè Ðîññèè. Òîì 1. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå river. Chuvashian and ×åáîêñàðû–Øåìóðøà, 2002. Ñ. 24. òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Åâðî- Mordovian border. Èñàêîâ Ã.Í., ßêîâëåâ Â.À. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò ïåéñêîé Ðîññèè. / Ïîä ðåä. Ò.Â. Ñâèðèäîâîé, Photo by I. Karyakin. â ×óâàøèè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ Â.À. Çóáàêèíà. Ì., 2000. Ñ. 416–421. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 93

ModernPopulationStatusoftheImperialEaglein theRepublicofMordovia,Russia СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ МОГИЛЬНИКА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ МОРДОВИЯ, РОССИЯ LapshinA.S.(MordovskiyStateUniversity,Saransk,Russia) SpiridonovS.N.(MordovskiyStatePedagogicalInstitute,Saransk,Russia) Лапшин А.С. (Мордовский государственный университет, Саранск, Россия) Спиридонов С.Н. (Мордовский государственный педагогический институт, Саранск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Àëåêñàíäð Ëàïøèí  ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ äàííûå î ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Ìîð- Ìîðäîâñêèé äîâèÿ ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ è àíàëèçà ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìî- ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ãèëüíèêà â Ìîðäîâèè îöåíåíà â 12–16 ïàð, ñ òåíäåíöèåé ê ñëàáîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ. Âñå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ïî- óíèâåðñèòåò ñòðîåíû íà ñîñíàõ ïî îïóøêàì ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ. 430005, Ðîññèÿ, Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ðàñïðîñòðàíå- Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, íèå, Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ. ã. Ñàðàíñê, óë. Áîëüøåâèñòñêàÿ, 68 Abstract òåë.: +7 8342 32 25 23 There are the data about population status and distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Republic of Mordovia by results of authors surveys and the analysis of the published data. Now a total of 12–16 pairs are [email protected] estimated to breed in the Mordovia. All known nests were placed on pines on edges of forests. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, population status, distribution, Republic of Mor- Ñåðãåé Ñïèðèäîíîâ dovia. Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò  êîíöå XIX âåêà ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heli- At the end of the XIX century the Imperial 430007, Ðîññèÿ, aca) îòíîñèëñÿ ê ñëó÷àéíî çàë¸òíûì âè- Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was considered a va- Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, ã. Ñàðàíñê, äàì Àðäàòîâñêîãî óåçäà Ñèìáèðñêîé ãó- grant species of the Ardatov region, Sim- óë. Ñòóäåí÷åñêàÿ, 11à áåðíèè (Ðóçñêèé, 1894). Ñïóñòÿ ïî÷òè 20 birsk province (Ruzskii, 1894). After almost òåë.: +7 8342 35 21 38 ëåò Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé (1918) ïðèâîäèò 20 years, Serebrovskiy (1918) presented [email protected] äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè â 1911 ã. äâóõ ïàð the data on breeding of two pairs in Lu- â Ëóêîÿíîâñêîì óåçäå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãó- koyanovo region, Nizhnii Novgorod district Contact: áåðíèè (ñåé÷àñ È÷àëêîâñêèé ðàéîí Ìîð- (today, Ichalki district, the Republic of Mor- Alexander Lapshin äîâèè). Ãí¸çäà áûëè ðàñïîëîæåíû â äîëèíå dovia) in 1911. No observations of this spe- Mordovskiy State ð. Àëàòûðü, îêîëî ñ. È÷àëêè è íà ð. Êðóòåö cies were made in this region by Lugovoy University Bolshevistskaya str., 68, íà ðàññòîÿíèè îêîëî 4–6 êì äðóã îò äðó- (1975) during 1960–1980. Saransk, ãà.  1960–1980 ãã. À.Å. Ëóãîâûì (1975) â In the western Republic of Mordovia there Republic of Mordovia, äàííîì ðàéîíå âèä íå íàáëþäàëñÿ. have always been only single records of Russia, 430005  çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ìîðäîâèè âñòðå÷è ìî- the Imperial Eagle, and today there are no tel.: +7 8342 32 25 23 [email protected] ãèëüíèêà âñåãäà áûëè åäèíè÷íû. Âåñíîé records on breeding of this species here. In 1939 ã. È.È. Áàðàáàø-Íèêèôîðîâ (1958) the eastern Republic of Mordovia, its pop- Sergey Spiridonov äîáûë ïòèöó â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ìîðäîâ- ulation is stable, having a certain positive Mordovskiy State ñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà íà Èíîðñêîì êîðäî- trend over the recent years. Pedagogical Institute Studencheskaya str., 11a íå. Ïîçäíåå, â òå÷åíèå 40 ëåò, ñâåäåíèé Saransk, î âñòðå÷àõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà çàïàäå íåò.  Republic of Mordovia, 1980-õ ãã., ïî ñâåäåíèÿì îõîòíèêîâ, îäíà Russia, 430007 ïòèöà áûëà äîáûòà îêîëî ãíåçäà (è îïðå- tel.: +7 8342 35 21 38 [email protected] äåëåíà èìè êàê ìîãèëüíèê) áëèç ï. Óìåò Çóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñêîãî ðàéîíà.  äàëüíåéøåì äàííûé ó÷àñòîê áûë âûðóáëåí è ìîãèëüíè-

Ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Young Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by I. Karyakin. 94 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

The first nest in the Sura river valley was found in the neighbourhood of the Veise vil- lage of the Bolshye Berezniki region in 1980. The group of mature pine trees, where the nest was located, was cut down in 1986; the eagles abandoned this habitat. In 2008, a breeding territory of the Imperial Eagles was noted southward from the Aleksandrovka settlement, Bolshye Berezniki region (5 km away from the previous nest). In the Duben- skiy region, the first nest was found in 1998 (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 2001). It was located to the southwest from the Nikolaevka settle- ment, Dubenskiy district, and existed until 2000. Today, 3 nests and 2 breeding territo- ries are known in the Dubenskiy region. In forests along the Alatyr river, after stud- ies of Serebrovskiy, no nests of the Imperial Eagle had been known for 70 years. There is Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíå- êè áîëüøå òàì íå âñòðå÷àëèñü.  ñåðåäèíå now a stable breeding group of the Imperial íèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila 1990-õ ãã., òàêæå ïî äàííûì îõîòíèêîâ, Eagles consisting of 8–10 pairs. The breed- heliaca) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Ìîðäîâèÿ. â 3-õ êì çàïàäíåå ñ. Ìîðäîâñêàÿ Ïîëÿíà ing territories in the Ardatov (5 pairs) and Çóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñêîãî ðàéîíà, íà âåðøè- Ichalki (3 pairs) region are known today. Fig. 1. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila íå âûñîêîé ñîñíû ó îïóøêè ëåñà, áûëî In 1980, a nest was found in the Ardatov heliaca) in the Republic ãíåçäî, âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî – ìîãèëüíèêà.  region near the Redkodubye settlement, of Mordovia. Labels: 2000-õ ãã. ìîãèëüíèê îòìå÷àëñÿ íàä ïîé- where it had existed until 1998. In 1999, an 1–3 – known nests ìîé ð. Ìîêøà ñåâåðíåå ñ. Ñòàðîäåâè÷üå artificial nest was installed near the nest in (1 – since 1980 to 2010, 2 – since 1980 to 2000, Åëüíèêîâñêîãî ðàéîíà. order to make this place attractive for breed- 3 – since 2000 to 2010),  âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ìîðäîâèè ÷èñëåí- ing of the Imperial Eagles; however, the arti- 4 – known probable íîñòü ñòàáèëüíà, à â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû èìå- ficial nest was not occupied, and no records breeding territories in åò íåêîòîðóþ òåíäåíöèþ ê óâåëè÷åíèþ. of the Imperial Eagles were made in this ter- 1980–2010, 5 – summer records of  Ïðèñóðüå ïåðâîå ãíåçäî áûëî íàéäåíî ritory. Only in 2010 the Imperial Eagles built birds in 2000–2010. â 1980 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ä. Âåéñý Áîëü- another nest on the top of an old pine tree at øåáåðåçíèêîâñêîãî ðàéîíà.  1986 ã. the forest margin 1 km away from the pre- ãðóïïà ñïåëûõ ñîñåí, ãäå íàõîäèëîñü vious nest. The second nest, known since ãíåçäî, áûëà âûðóáëåíà, è îðëû ïîêè- 1996, was built on a high pine tree at the íóëè äàííîå ìåñòîîáèòàíèå.  2008 ã. forest margin, in the floodplain of the Ala- ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ îòìå÷åí tyr river, opposite to settlement Lun’ga. The þæíåå ñ. Àëåêñàíäðîâêà Áîëüøåáåðåçíè- third nest, which was also found in 1996, was êîâñêîãî ðàéîíà (â 5 êì îò ïðåäûäóùå- placed on an old pine tree at the logged area ãî ãíåçäà).  Äóáåíñêîì ðàéîíå ïåðâîå at the margin of the Spasskie Murzy settle- ãíåçäî áûëî íàéäåíî â 1998 ã. (Ëàïøèí, ment, 3 km away from the previous one. The Ëûñåíêîâ, 2001). Îíî áûëî ðàñïîëîæåíî fourth nest, which has been used for breed- þãî-çàïàäíåå ñ. Íèêîëàåâêà Äóáåíñêîãî ing by the Imperial Eagles since 1998, was ðàéîíà, â 46 êâàðòàëå Áåðåçíèêîâñêîãî located in the central part of the forest area, òåððèòîðèàëüíîãî ëåñíè÷åñòâà è ïðîñó- 1.5 km away from the forest margin and 2.5 ùåñòâîâàëî äî 2000 ã.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ km southward from the Krasnaya Polyana â Äóáåíñêîì ðàéîíå èçâåñòíî 3 ãíåçäà è settlement. The remains of an old bird that 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà. Îäíî èç íèõ áûëî was likely to perish in the autumn of the íàéäåíî â 2010 ã. áëèç ï. Îñèïîâêà íà preceding year was found in spring 2010. îïóøêå ëåñà íà âåðøèíå ñòàðîé ñîñíû. The fifth nest, where the birds brooded up Äðóãîå ãíåçäî, íàéäåííîå â 2010 ã., ðàñ- to 2009, which was known since 1998, was ïîëîæåíî íà êðàþ êîðåííîãî áåðåãà located 0.7 km away from the forest margin Ñóðû, íà îïóøêå ñòàðîãî ñîñíîâîãî áîðà northward from the Akhmatovo settlement, â ïîéìå ð. Ñóðà, íàïðîòèâ ñ. Íîâîñóðñê the Republic of Chuvashiya. Also, 2 breeding Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Òðåòüå áûëî óñòðî- territories are known in the Ardatov region, åíî íà îïóøêå ëåñà ó îç. Ìîëåáíîå â where the birds are regularly observed; how- ïîéìå ð. Ñóðà, íàïðîòèâ ñ. Ïóðêàåâî Äó- ever, no nests have been found. áåíñêîãî ð-íà (ãíåçäî èçâåñòíî ñ 2002 ã.), In the Ichalki region, 3 nests are known, Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 95

îäíàêî â 2010 ã. îíî áûëî ïðàêòè÷åñêè which are located at the territory of the Na- ðàçðóøåíî. Ïðè ýòîì ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü tional Park Smolny. The breeding of one pair â ýòîì ðàéîíå è, âåðîÿòíî, ãíåçäèëèñü, has been known since 1996 in the flood- íî íîâîå ìåñòîðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäà plain of the Krutets river in the central part ïîêà íå èçâåñòíî. Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ðàñ- of the Park (Grishutkin, 2006). Until 2009, ïîëîæåí â ïîéìå ð. ×åáåð÷èíêà, ìåæäó the eagles bred in the same nest; in 2009, ñ. Íèêîëàåâêà è ñ. Ïóðêàåâî. Îðëîâ â they moved to a new nest located 2 km to ýòîò ðàéîí ïðèâëåêàåò êðóïíàÿ êîëîíèÿ the northwest and 1 km away from the mar- ñóðêîâ-áàéáàêîâ (Marmota bobac). Òàê, gin. The second breeding territory located 11 àâãóñòà 2006 ã. íàä êîëîíèåé ñóðêîâ in the southeastern part of the Park 19 km â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Íèêîëàåâêà Äóáåíñêî- away from the previous one has been known ãî ð-íà îõîòèëèñü 3 âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Åù¸ since 2002. There are 4 nests belonging îäíî ìåñòî âñòðå÷ ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ãíåçäî- to the pair that breeding here, which were âîé ïåðèîä íàõîäèëîñü â êîíöå 1990-õ – used by the birds in different years. The íà÷àëå 2000-õ ãã. âîñòî÷íåå ñ. ×èíäÿíîâî third nest known since 2010 was built on a Äóáåíñêîãî ðàéîíà. high pine tree in the southwest part of the  ïðèàëàòûðñêèõ ëåñàõ ïîñëå ðàáîò park. A potential breeding site is located in Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêîãî ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà the Bol’shegnatovskiy region 2.5 km to the íå áûëè èçâåñòíû 70 ëåò. Ñåé÷àñ çäåñü southeast from the Barakhmany settlement. ñóùåñòâóåò óñòîé÷èâàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóï- Thus, a total of 12–16 pairs are estimated to ïèðîâêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ èç 8–10 ïàð.  íà- breed in the territory of the Republic of Mor- ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ïðèàëàòûðñêèõ ëåñàõ èç- dovia. It seems that birds prefer to inhabit the âåñòíû ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà òåððèòîðèè elevated relief features and build their nests on Àðäàòîâñêîãî (5 ïàð) è È÷àëêîâñêîãî (3 tops of old pine trees at margins of forests. ïàðû) ðàéîíîâ.  1980 ã. ãíåçäî áûëî íàéäå- íî â Àðäàòîâñêîì ðàéîíå îêî- ëî ñ. Ðåäêîäóáüå, ãäå îíî ñóùå- ñòâîâàëî äî 1998 ã.  1999 ã., â öåëÿõ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ìîãèëüíè- êîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå, ðÿäîì ñ ãíåçäîì áûëà ïîñòðîåíà ãíåç- äîâàÿ ïëàòôîðìà, êîòîðàÿ òàê è íå áûëà çàíÿòà; è, áîëåå òîãî, â äàííîì ìåñòå ìîãèëü- íèêè â ïîñëåäóþùèå 10 ëåò íå âñòðå÷àëèñü. Ëèøü â 2010 ã. ìîãèëüíèêè âíîâü ïîñòðîèëè ãíåçäî íà îïóøêå ëåñà íà âåð- øèíå ñòàðîé ñîñíû, ñìåñòèâ- øèñü íà 1 êì îò ïðåäûäóùåãî. Âòîðîå ãíåçäî, èçâåñòíîå ñ 1996 ã., óñòðîåíî íà îïóø- êå ëåñà íà âûñîêîé ñîñíå â ïîéìå ð. Àëàòûðü íàïðîòèâ ñ. Ëóíüãà. Òðåòüå ãíåçäî, òàê- æå íàéäåííîå â 1996 ã., ðàñ- ïîëîæåíî íà ñòàðîé ñîñíå íà âûðóáêå â îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Ñïàññêèå Ìóðçû, â 3 êì îò ïðåäûäóùåãî. ×åòâ¸ðòîå ãíåçäî, â êîòîðîì ìîãèëüíèêè ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ ñ 1998 ã., ðàñ-

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà â Ïðèñóðüå. Îêðåñòíîñòè ï. Îñèïîâêà Äóáåí- ñêîãî ðàéîíà. Ôîòî À. Ëàïøèíà. The nest of the Imperial Eagle in the Sura river valley. Vicinities the Osipovka village, Dubenskiy region. Photos by A. Lapshin. 96 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â Ïðèàëàòûðüå. Ââåðõó è âíèçó ñïðàâà – Íàöèî- íàëüíûé ïàðê «Ñìîëü- íûé», ð. Êðóòåö, âíèçó ñëåâà – îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Êðàñíàÿ Ïîëÿíà Àðäàòîâñêîãî ðàéîíà. Ôîòî Ñ. Ñïèðèäîíîâà è À. Ëàïøèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle in the Alatyr nature region. Upper and bottom at the right – National Park “Smolniy”, Krutetc river, bottom at the left – vicinities the Kracniy Yar village, Ardatov region. Photos by S. Spiridoniv and A. Lapshin.

ïîëîæåíî â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ëåñíîãî ìàñ- êè. Âòîðîå ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ðàñïîëî- ñèâà, â 1,5 êì îò êðàÿ ëåñà, â 2,5 êì þæíåå æåííîå â þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ïàðêà, â ñ. Êðàñíàÿ Ïîëÿíà. Âåñíîé 2010 ã. â 100 ì 19 êì îò ïðåäûäóùåãî, èçâåñòíî ñ 2002 ã. îò ãíåçäà íàéäåíà èñòëåâøàÿ òóøêà âçðîñ- Ó ðàçìíîæàâøåéñÿ çäåñü (íå åæåãîäíî) ëîé ïòèöû, ïîãèáøåé, âåðîÿòíî, îñåíüþ ïàðû èìååòñÿ 4 ãíåçäà, êîòîðûå èñïîëü- ïðîøëîãî ãîäà. Ïÿòîå ãíåçäî, èçâåñòíîå ñ çîâàëèñü ïòèöàìè â ðàçíûå ãîäû. Òðåòüå 1998 ã., ãäå ïòèöû âûâîäèëè ïîòîìñòâî äî ãíåçäî, èçâåñòíîå ñ 2010 ã., óñòðîåíî íà 2009 ã. (â 2010 ã. îíè çäåñü íå îòìå÷àëèñü) âûñîêîé ñîñíå â þãî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè ïàð- ðàñïîëîæåíî â 0,7 êì îò îêðàèíû ëåñà ñå- êà. Âîçìîæíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ðàñ- âåðíåå ñ. Àõìàòîâî Ðåñïóáëèêè ×óâàøèÿ. ïîëîæåí â Áîëüøåãíàòîâñêîì ðàéîíå, â Òàêæå â Àðäàòîâñêîì ðàéîíå èçâåñòíû 2,5 êì þãî-âîñòî÷íåå ï. Áàðàõìàíû. 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, íà êîòîðûõ ïòèöû Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäî- âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíî, íî ãí¸çäà íå íàé- âèè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ 12– äåíû. Ïåðâûé èç íèõ ðàñïîëîæåí þæíåå 16 ïàð, êîòîðûå ïðèäåðæèâàþòñÿ âîçâû- ñ. Ñòàðîå Àðäàòîâî, íî âïîëíå âåðîÿòíî, øåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ðåëüåôà, óñòðàèâàþò ÷òî â äàííîì ðàéîíå îòìå÷àþòñÿ ïòèöû ñâîè ãíåçäà íà âåðøèíàõ ñòàðûõ ñîñåí ïî èç ÷åòâ¸ðòîãî ãíåçäà, ó ñ. Êðàñíàÿ Ïîëÿ- îïóøêàì ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ. íà. Âòîðîé ó÷àñòîê ñ âåðîÿòíûì ãíåçäîì ðàñïîëîæåí â ãëóáèíå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà ñ Ëèòåðàòóðà áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì âûðóáîê â 5 êì çà- Áàðàáàø-Íèêèôîðîâ È.È. Äîáàâëåíèÿ ê ïàäíåå ï. Îêòÿáðüñêèé. ôàóíå Òåìíèêîâñêîãî ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà (Ìîð-  È÷àëêîâñêîì ðàéîíå èçâåñòíî 3 äîâñêàÿ ÀÑÑÐ). – Áþëë. ÌÎÈÏ. Ò. LXIII. 1958. ãíåçäà, êîòîðûå ðàñïîëîæåíû íà òåððè- Ñ. 21–24. òîðèè Íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñìîëüíûé». Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ëûñåíêîâ Å.Â. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñ 1996 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå îäíîé ïàðû èç- Ìîðäîâèè. Ñàðàíñê. 2001. 176 ñ. Ðóçñêèé Ì.Ä. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íàáëþäå- âåñòíî â ïîéìå ð. Êðóòåö â öåíòðàëüíîé íèÿ â Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ïðèëîæåíèå ê ÷àñòè ïàðêà (Ãðèøóòêèí, 2006). Ñëåäóåò ïðîòîêîëàì çàñåäàíèé Î-âà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòå- îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â ýòîì æå ðàéîíå ãíåçäî- ëåé ïðè Êàçàíñêîì óí-òå, 1893–1894. Êàçàíü, âàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà óñòàíîâëåíî â 1911 ã. 1894. Ò. 25. Ïðèë. ¹142. Ñ. 1–15. Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêèì (1918). Äî 2009 ã. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ îðëû ãíåçäèëèñü â îäíîì è òîì æå ãíåçäå, îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìà- à â 2009 ã. ïåðåìåñòèëèñü â íîâîå ãíåçäî, òåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. â 2 êì ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå è â 1 êì îò îïóø- Îòä. çîîë. Ì., 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 32–134. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 97

TheImperialEagleintheSamaraDistrict,Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) PazhenkovA.S.(Volga-UralECONETAssistanceCentre,Samara,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Паженков А.С. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí  ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â 1995–2010 ãã. Ïî Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè çàíèìàåòñÿ ìîãèëüíèêàìè 101 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, èç 117 âûÿâëåí- èññëåäîâàíèé íûõ çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé. Íà 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îðëû ïåðåñòàëè ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ, 1 ó÷àñòîê âîññòàíî- 603000, Ðîññèÿ, âèëñÿ çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé, íà 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðîèçîøëî ïåðåìåùåíèå ïòèö, 8 ó÷àñòêîâ ïîÿâèëîñü Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, íà òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ðàíåå ìîãèëüíèêè äîñòîâåðíî íå íàáëþäàëèñü. Ðåãóëÿðíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ìîãèëüíèêîâ â òå- óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 ÷åíèå 15 ëåò íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà 73,5% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 120–140 ïàð. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ [email protected] ìîãèëüíèêîâ âàðüèðóåò îò 2,08 äî 19,96 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=73) 7,82±3,49 êì. Íà 97 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- êàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (82,91%) èç 117 îáíàðóæåíî 106 ãí¸çä ýòîãî îðëà. Èç 106 èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà óñòðîåíà íà ñîñíàõ – 56,6%.  âûâîäêàõ îò 1 äî 3-õ ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=35) 1,71±0,67 ïòåíöà.  íîðìå Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ 2 ïòåíöà â âûâîäêå (48,57%). Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca. Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè Abstract 443045, Ðîññèÿ, There are the results of surveys of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Samara district in 1995–2010. By Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 2010, the Imperial Eagle has been known to occupy 101 breeding territories from 117 ones discovered during [email protected] the entire period of surveys in the Samara district. Eagles have abandoned 16 breeding territories, a territory has recovered during the period of surveys, birds have relocated in 6 territories, and 8 territories have appeared in the area, where eagles were not observed earlier. Eagles regular breeding during 15 years were observed in 73.5% of Contact: breeding territories. A total of 120–140 pairs are estimated to breed in the Samara district. The distance between Igor Karyakin nests and the centers of next breeding territories of eagles ranged from 2.08 to 19.96 km, on average (n=73) Center of Field Studies 7.82±3.49 km. There were 106 nests discovered in 97 breeding territories (82.91%) from 117 ones: the main part Korolenko str., 17a–17, of them was located on pines (56.6%). The average brood size was 1.71±0.67 nestlings (n=35; range 1–3 nest- Nizhniy Novgorod, lings). Usually broods consisted of 2 nestlings (48.57%). Russia, 603000 Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca. tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected]

Aleksey Pazhenkov Ââåäåíèå Data on a modern population status of the The Volga-Ural ECONET Ìàòåðèàë, ñîáðàííûé àâòîðàìè ïî ìî- Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Sama- Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001, Samara, ãèëüíèêó (Aquila heliaca) â Ñàìàðñêîé îá- ra area have been obtained in 1995–2010. Russia, 443045 ëàñòè, áûë âïåðâûå îïóáëèêîâàí â 1999 ã. The surveys of the Imperial Eagle were [email protected] (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999á) è óæå òîãäà carried out by a standard technique: dur- ñòàëî ÿñíî, ÷òî âìåñòå ñ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îá- ing vehicle routes through sites suitable for ëàñòüþ (Áîðîäèí è äð., 1999) â Ñàìàðñêîé breeding of Imperial Eagles the hunting and îáëàñòè ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ êðóïíåéøèé â Ïîâîë- breeding habitats, usually characteristic for æüå î÷àã ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, óñòóïàþùèé the species, were observed during survey ëèøü Þæíîóðàëüñêîìó (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; routes and at short stops; adult birds, perch- 1999). Ïî äàííûì Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíà (2004) ing or delivering the prey to large forest- â Ïîâîëæñêîì ðåãèîíå íà òåððèòîðèè Ðå- ñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí, Óëüÿíîâñêîé, Ñàìàð- ñêîé, Ñàðàòîâñêîé è Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îá- ëàñòåé íà îñíîâå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ñâåäåíèé ðåãèîíàëüíûõ áàíêîâ äàííûõ è ëèòåðàòóðû áûëî âûÿâëåíî ìåñòîíàõîæ- äåíèå áîëåå 109 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìî- ãèëüíèêîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà äëÿ

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by I. Karyakin. 98 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïëîùàäè 147,5 òûñ. êì2, îõâà÷åííîé ïîëå- lands, were registered, after that focused âûìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè, îöåíåíà â 180–220 on typical constructions searching for nests ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, ðàñïðåäåë¸ííûõ ñ îòíî- were conducted (Karyakin, 2004). The sites ñèòåëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,15 ïàðû/100 êì2, suitable for the eagle nesting (high forests ïðè ýòîì, äëÿ òåððèòîðèé Óëüÿíîâñêîé è on periphery of pastures) were examined Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòåé ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ãíåç- with use of binoculars from heights or from äîâàíèå áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ýòèõ ïàð. pastures on a distance of 100–1500 m from Ñâåäåíèÿ î âèäå, ïîñòîÿííî ïîïîëíÿåìûå forest margins to discover adult birds or Öåíòðîì ñîäåéñòâèÿ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêî- their nests. If nests were not found at once, ëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè, â òîì ÷èñëå è ïî ïðîåêòàì, but obviously territorial birds (mainly in de- ôèíàíñèðóåìûì Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ïðèðîä- ciduous sites of forests) had been encoun- íûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû tered, then the targeted searching of nests Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ïîçâîëÿþò â òå÷åíèå 15 was being carried out during 1–1.5 hours in ëåò âåñòè ìîíèòîðèíã ñàìàðñêèõ ãíåçäîâûõ the zone of birds alarming. ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîãèëüíèêà. Ðåçóëüòàòû äàííî- Data on breeding territories were proc- ãî ìîíèòîðèíãà îáîáùåíû â ýòîé ñòàòüå. essed with use of GIS-software (ArcView 3.2a). Basing on accounts, carried out in Ïðèðîäíûå îñîáåííîñòè breeding habitats, the Imperial Eagle number Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè was estimated in the Samara district in 1999. Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü ðàñïîëîæåíà íà Values of density were extrapolated on the þãî-âîñòîêå Ðóññêîé ðàâíèíû íà ãðàíè- area of breeding habitats of the species in all Ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàð- ñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïî ëåâîé ñòîðîíå ñâåðõó âíèç: áîðû è ñìåøàííûå ëåñà íà âîçâûøåí- íîñòÿõ, òåððàñíûå áîðû, îäèíî÷íûå ñîñíû ñðåäè ñòåïè íà ìåñòå ñòàðûõ êëàäáèù è ïàðêîâ. Ïî ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå ñâåðõó âíèç: øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå è ìåëêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà íà âîçâûøåííîñòÿõ, áàéðà÷íûå è ïîéìåí- íûå ëåñà. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Breeding grounds of the Imperial Eagle in the Samara District. At the left from top to bottom: pine and mixed forests on uplands, terrace pine forests, single pines surrounded by steppe at the place of old cemeteries and parks. At the right from top to bottom: broadleaved and small leaved forest on uplands, forests in ravines and flood-lands. Photos by A. Pazhenkov and I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 99

the territory of the district. Later for key habi- tats of the species in the district the models of distribution of potential breeding territo- ries, which had covered the entire territory of the district by 2007, where the occurrence of the Imperial Eagle had been confirmed, were created within GIS-software. In detail the technique of the model building within GIS-software just on an example of the Sa- mara district was published in a separate ar- ticle (see Karyakin, 2010b). The territories, where nests, broods, pairs with courtship behavior or alarmed birds have been recorded, are recognized as breeding ones. The total length of forest margins, condi- Ìîãèëüíèê îõîòèòñÿ íà öå 2-õ ïðèðîäíûõ çîí – ñòåïè è ëåñî- tionally suitable for the Imperial Eagle nest- ñóñëèêîâ ñ îïîðû ËÝÏ. ñòåïè (Ìèëüêîâ, 1977). Ïëîùàäü îáëàñòè ing in the Samara area, calculated with use Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. 53565 êì2. Ëåñîïîêðûòûå òåððèòîðèè çà- of satellite images Landsat TM and ETM + is The Imperial Eagle is íèìàþò 6556 êì2 (12,24% îò òåððèòîðèè 7,812.5 km. By the end 2007, authors had hunting sousliks from the electric pole. îáëàñòè), áåç ó÷¸òà ëåñîïîëîñ. Íà äîëþ surveyed 3,970.1 km of forest margins that Photo by A. Pazhenkov. óñëîâíî ñòåïíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ïàñòáèùà íà was 50.82% of their total length. ñ.-õ. çåìëÿõ è çåìëÿõ ãîñ. çàïàñà, íåóäî- The density of the Imperial Eagle was áüÿ íà ñ.-õ è ëåñíûõ óãîäüÿõ) ïðèõîäèòñÿ 0.17 pairs/100 km2 of total area of the dis- 10020 êì2 (18,71%). Îáëàñòü ðàñïîëîæåíà trict or 1.28 pairs/100 km of forest margins â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ðåêè Âîëãà, êîòîðàÿ äå- (5.1 pairs/100 km of the margins of pine ëèò å¸ íà äâå íåðàâíûå ÷àñòè. Ïðîòÿæ¸í- and mixed forests and 0.7 pairs/100 in km íîñòü ð. Âîëãà ïî îáëàñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 340 êì. of margins of deciduous forests) (fig. 2). In Ÿ îñíîâíûå ïðèòîêè – påêè Ñàìàðà, Ñîê, the main centers of nesting in pine forests Ñûçðàíêà, Óñà. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü 157 on the right and left sides of the Volga river ðåê îáëàñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 2700 êì.  ïðåäå- the density, according to accounts on study ëàõ îáëàñòè âîëæñêîå ðóñëî çàðåãóëèðî- plots, was 2.07–3.13 pairs/100 km2 of a âàíî è îáðàçóåò Êóéáûøåâñêîå (ïëîùàäü total area, in the fragmented forests of the 85,8 òûñ. ãà) è Ñàðàòîâñêîå (ïëîùàäü 95 High Trans-Volga region it was 0.56–0.82 òûñ. ãà) âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Êðîìå òîãî, â îá- pairs/100 km2 of a total area. According to ëàñòè èìåþòñÿ âîäîõðàíèëèùà, ðàñïîëî- transect accounts the density of the Impe- æåííûå íà ìàëûõ ðåêàõ (îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü rial Eagle in the forest margin zone varied 183 òûñ. ãà), à òàêæå 2000 ïðóäîâ è 189 from 0.12 up to 3.85 pairs/100 km2 of a to- îç¸ð (îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü 6,7 òûñ. ãà). tal area, on average 1.25 pairs/100 km2 (in Ëåâîáåðåæüå ïî õàðàêòåðó ðåëüåôà äå- the north – 2.05 pairs/100 km2, in the south ëèòñÿ íà Íèçìåííîå, Âûñîêîå è Ñûðòîâîå – 0.25 pairs/100 km2 of the forest margin Çàâîëæüå. Íèçìåííîå Çàâîëæüå ïðåäñòàâ- zone). Considering that 95.5% of the Im- ëÿåò ñîáîé äðåâíèå âîëæñêèå òåððàñû, perial Eagle pairs nested on the margins of âûòÿíóòûå âäîëü ðóñëà ñîâðåìåííîé ðåêè forests, we found it possible to calculate the Âîëãà. Âûñîêîå Çàâîëæüå ñ âîëíèñòûì è number of breeding eagles, basing on the ñèëüíî ðàññå÷¸ííûì ðåëüåôîì, âûñîòîé îò length of forest margins. Extrapolating aver- 250 äî 300 ì, çàíèìàåò ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íóþ age values of density (1.28 pairs/100 km of ÷àñòü îáëàñòè. Íà þãî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè íà- forest margins) to the total length of forest õîäèòñÿ Ñûðòîâîå Çàâîëæüå, ïðåäñòàâëÿþ- margins (7,812.5 km), the number of eagles ùåå ñîáîé ðàâíèíó ñ ïëîñêîâûïóêëûìè was estimates as 100–121 pairs and 75–95 óâàëàìè – ñûðòàìè. Ïðàâîáåðåæüå ðàñïî- pairs, at separate calculation for the lengths ëîæåíî íà Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè. of margins of pine and deciduous forests. Íàèáîëåå âûñîêîé å¸ ÷àñòüþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ Ñà- Basing on extrapolation of density values, ìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà ñ å¸ óíèêàëüíûìè ëàíäøàô- calculated for study plots and transects, to òàìè, ñåâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíà the total area, we can project 93–109 pairs, Æèãóë¸âñêèìè ãîðàìè (371 ì íàä óðîâíåì on average 73 pairs to breed in the Samara ìîðÿ è 354 ì íàä óðîâíåì Âîëãè ó óñòüÿ ð. district. Anyway, estimations seem to be Ñàìàðà), ñèëüíî ðàññå÷¸ííûìè ãëóáîêèìè very close, and the final number of Imperial îâðàãàìè è èìåþùèìè âèä ãîðíîé ñòðàíû. Eagle breeding in the Samara district, esti- 100 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ìîãèëüíèê íà ïðèñàäå mated 90–100 pairs, was a certain compro- îêîëî ãíåçäà. mise between the results obtained by differ- Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ent methods. Imperial Eagle on the Later, basing on the model of distribu- perch near its nest. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. tion of potential breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle built within GIS-software ac- cording to different nesting habits of eagles in different habitats (see Karyakin, 2010b), the opportunity of 170–190 eagle pairs breeding in the territory of district area has been revealed. However for that time, the species had not almost registered outside of pine forests and fragmented woods is a hilly forest-steppes of the north of the dis- trict and had been absent in the southeast; as a result a high probability has been ac- Íà ñåâåðå âîäîðàçäåëû ïîêðûòû âòî- cepted for 90–100 potential breeding ter- ðè÷íûìè ìåëêîëèñòâåííûìè è øè- ritories and the population number has not ðîêîëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè, íà ìåñòå been recalculated. õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ. Ïîñëåäíèå Now there are 101 breeding territories ñîõðàíèëèñü â âèäå ôðàãìåíòîâ ïî êðóòî- from 117 discovered ones since 1995 to ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî 2010 are known to be occupied by Impe- â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè. Íà àëëþâèàëüíûõ rial Eagle (fig. 1). Eagles have abandoned òåððàñàõ, êàê â ëåâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè, òàê è 16 breeding territories, a territory has re- â ïðàâîáåðåæüå, èìåþòñÿ îñòàòêè ñèëüíî covered during the period of surveys, birds ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûõ áîðîâ. have relocated to 1–2 km away from their old nests in 6 territories, and 8 territories Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà have appeared in the area, where eagles Äàííûå ïî ñîâðåìåííîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ were not observed earlier. ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îá- Eagles regular breeding during 15 years ëàñòè ñîáðàíû â 1995–2010 ãã. Îñíîâíûå were observed in 73.5% of breeding ter- ýêñïåäèöèîííûå ðàáîòû îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü â ritories. Considering the sum of vanished 1997–2000 ãã. Èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä áûëî breeding territories we can declare a decline âûÿâëåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ in the population number of the Imperial ìîãèëüíèêîâ è îïðåäåëåíà èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü Eagle by 6.84% for 15 years, because the íà òîò ïåðèîä.  2005–2006 ãã. ïðîâîäèë- number of vanished territories has not been ñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã íåêîòîðûõ èçâåñòíûõ ãíåç- compensated completely by occurrence of äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, à â ïîñëåäíèå 4 ãîäà áûëè new ones. At the same time, the Imperial âíîâü îáñëåäîâàíû òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòî- Eagle is spreading in the steppe zone, thus ðûõ îðëû ó÷èòûâàëèñü â 1997–2000 ãã. Âûÿâëåíèå ìîãèëüíèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ïî ñòàíäàðòíîé ìåòîäèêå: â õîäå àâòîìî- áèëüíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ÷åðåç ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ òåððèòîðèè, ïî õîäó äâèæåíèÿ è íà êîðîòêèõ îñòàíîâêàõ, îñìàòðèâàëèñü îõîòíè÷üè è ãíåçäîïðè- ãîäíûå áèîòîïû, õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ âèäà, ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû íà ïðè- ñàäàõ èëè ëåòÿùèå ñ äîáû÷åé ê ëåñíûì ìàññèâàì, è îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïîèñê ãí¸çä, îðèåíòèðîâàííûé íà òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäî- âûå ïîñòðîéêè (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ó÷àñòêè, ïîäõîäÿùèå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíè- êà (âûñîêîñòâîëüíûé ëåñ ïî ïåðèôåðèè ïàñòáèù), îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó ñ âîçâû- øåííîñòåé èëè ñ ïàñòáèù íà äèñòàíöèè îò È. Êàðÿêèí è Â. Ñåìåííîé íàáëþäàþò çà ãíåçäîì 100 äî 1500 ì îò îïóøåê íà ïðåäìåò îáíà- ìîãèëüíèêà. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ðóæåíèÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö èëè èõ ãí¸çä. Åñëè I. Karyakin and V. Semennoy are observing a nest of ãí¸çäà íå îáíàðóæèâàëèñü ñðàçó, íî áûëè the Imperial Eagle. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 101

Ìîãèëüíèê íà ïðèñàäå. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Imperial Eagle on the perch. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

âñòðå÷åíû ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûå ïòèöû (â îñíîâíîì â ëèñòâåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ëåñà), òîãäà îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïîèñê ãí¸çä â òå÷åíèå 1–1,5 ÷àñîâ ïóò¸ì ïðî÷¸ñûâàíèÿ ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà â çîíå áåñïîêîéñòâà ïòèö. Äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì âíî- ñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a), ãäå è îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü èõ îáðàáîòêà.  1999 ã. îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåç- äîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îñóùåñòâëå- íà íà îñíîâå ó÷¸òîâ â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü íà ïëîùàäü ãíåçäî- the area of breeding habitats has increased ïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âèäà íà âñåé at least in 1.5 times which earlier were not òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè. Ïîçæå äëÿ êëþ÷åâûõ considered at previous estimations of pop- ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âèäà â îáëàñòè â ÃÈÑ áûëè ulation numbers. However, in connection ïîñòðîåíû ñõåìû ðàçìåùåíèÿ ïîòåíöè- with redistribution of birds and successful àëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, êîòîðûìè ê breeding of many pairs on cultivated lands 2007 ã. ïîêðûòà âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îáëàñòè, it may be some increase in the population íà êîòîðîé óñòàíîâëåíî ïðåáûâàíèå ìî- number, but the detailed surveys of artificial ãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Ïîäðîáíî forest lines, that has not been conducted by ìåòîäèêà ïîñòðîåíèÿ ñõåì ðàçìåùåíèÿ now, should be carried out but to prove this ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìî- statement. ãèëüíèêà â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ èçëîæåíà â îòäåëü- Undoubtedly the estimation of the Imperial íîé ñòàòüå (Êàðÿêèí, 2010á), êàê ðàç íà Eagle at 90–100 pairs seems to be underes- ïðèìåðå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. timated even for 1999. So under conditions Ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû îòíîñèì òåð- of decline in the population number in typi- ðèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, cal habitats more than by 10%, while only âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè, ïàðû ïòèö ñ òîêîâûì 50.82% of them were surveyed, 109 breed- ïîâåäåíèåì ëèáî áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ ïòèöû. ing territories have been already discovered Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê, óñëîâíî ïðè- (considering territories vanished for this peri- ãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñà- od, but without appeared ones). Besides ea- ìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, îïðåäåë¸ííàÿ ïî êîñ- gles are registered widely enough during the ìîñíèìêàì Landsat TM è ETM+ ñîñòàâèëà breeding period: including cultivated lands 7812,5 êì. Ê êîíöó 2007 ã. àâòîðàìè îá- in the south and the center of the district. ñëåäîâàíî 3970,1 êì îïóøåê, ÷òî ñîñòàâ- This data is confirmed by data of our surveys ëÿåò 50,82% îò èõ îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè. (fig. 2) and data of questionnaire. Consider- Îñòàëèñü íå îñìîòðåííûìè íà ïðåäìåò ing the tendency of the species spreading in ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà îïóøêè ëåñîâ â those regions, where it has been noted, the ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, ìíîãèå breeding population number of the Imperial ëåñîïîëîñû è èñêóññòâåííûå ëåñîíàñàæ- Eagle in the Samara district was recalculated. äåíèÿ â þæíîé, ñåâåðíîé è, îñîáåííî, â And now the total is estimated as 120–140 öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè, êóäà ìîãèëü- pairs, taking into account the fact that the íèê ñòàë ïðîíèêàòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïî- decline in numbers in the main centers of ñëåäíåå âðåìÿ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, óæå ñåé÷àñ the species breeding completely recovers ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î äîñòàòî÷íî ïîëíîì îá- by eagles relocating outside of these cent- ñëåäîâàíèè îáëàñòè íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâà- ers. Thus, the eagles breeding during last 3 íèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà è ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíîñòè ñî- years are noted in 101 breeding territories áðàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà. and the regular breeding during 15 years – in 86 territories, that makes 72.14–84.17% Ðåçóëüòàòû and 61.43–71.67% from the total estimated Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü number of the species in the district accord- Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ ingly. This estimated number seems to be îñòàâàëàñü «áåëûì ïÿòíîì» íà êàðòå àðåà- more correct, until the new data will has ëà îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà. Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâ (1871) been obtained. 102 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

The distance between nests and the cent- ers of next breeding territories of eagles ranged from 2.08 to 19.96 km, on average (n=73) 7.82±3.49 km (median=6.81 km,

mode=6.18 km, Åõ=0.92) (table 1). The maximal values of the specie density and the minimal nearest neighbour distanc- es was noted in pine forests. For the period of surveys 60 breeding territories (51.28%) of 117 ones have been discovered in the pine forests (fig. 5). We found 106 eagle nests in 97 breeding territories (82.91%) of 117. Alternative nests were registered in 11 territories (11.34%, n=97). In 7 territories the alternative nest was built after destruc- tion of the first or relocated by birds on an- other tree. In other 86 breeding territories (88.66%) we found no alternative nests for all period of surveys, and thus the territo- ries without alternative nests were 95.7% of the number territories of known nests. For 15 years of surveys we have registered nests destroying in 45 breeding territories (46.39%); nests were restored by eagles in the same tree in 20 territories (20.62%). Alternative nests have destroyed in 3 cases (3.09%) while eagles continue to occupy the active ones, and in 6 cases (6.19%) eagles have disassembled and relocated their nests to 1–2 km, or nests have been destroyed during logging, and eagles have built new nests 1–2 km away from old, in 16 territories (16.49%), nests have destroyed, Òèïè÷íûå âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîì ãí¸çä íà ñîñíå â áîðó íà âîç- or have been cut down and the nesting of âûøåííîñòè íàä ïàñòáèùåì (ââåðõó), íà îëüõå â ïîéìå íà êðàþ ïàñòáèùà (â öåíòðå) è íà áåð¸çå â êîëêå íà ñêëîíå âîçâûøåííîñòè íàä ïàñòáèùåì (âíèçó). eagles has stopped there. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. The most part (56.6%) of 106 known nests Typical nest locations on a pine in the pine forest upper the pasture (upper), on an was placed on pine trees (fig. 6, 7); 20.75% alder in flood-lands at the edge of the pasture (center) and on a birch in the small of known nests were placed on birches, and forest on the slope upper the pasture (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin. only 1.89% of eagle nests were on metal electric poles. óêàçûâàë íà ïðåáûâàíèå ýòîãî âèäà â þæ- The most part of tree-nesting Imperial Ea- íîé ÷àñòè Ñèìáèðñêîé è â ñåâåðíîé ïî- gles in the Samara district (n=104) builds its ëîâèíå Ñàðàòîâñêîé ãóáåðíèé.  Áàøêèð- nests at the tops of trees, or in the forks be- ñêîì Ïðåäóðàëüå (Óôèìñêàÿ ãóáåðíèÿ) low the top – 64.42%. The others place their ìîãèëüíèê âñòðå÷àëñÿ ïîâñåìåñòíî, ãäå nests in forks in the upper third of a tree, ïðåîáëàäàåò îòêðûòàÿ ìåñòíîñòü (Ñóøêèí, in the upper part of a tree coma – 35.58% 1897). Ì.Ä. Ðóçñêèé (1893) îòí¸ñ ìîãèëü- (fig. 8). The most part of the eagle nests on íèêà ê ðåäêèì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ ïòèöàì Êà- pines (n=60) are placed at the tops of trees çàíñêîé ãóáåðíèè. À.À. Ïåðøàêîâ (1929) – 81.67%. ïîëàãàë, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà ïî We inspected only 36 of 82 occupied nests ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äàííûìè ïðåæíèõ èññëåäî- to examine their contents: one nest was with âàòåëåé çàìåòíî âîçðîñëà, è â ëåñîñòåïíîé a clutch and 35 – with broods. The clutch con- ÷àñòè êðàÿ ìîãèëüíèê ñòàë õîòÿ è íåìíîãî- sisted of 2 eggs on May, 4 1999. The average ÷èñëåííûì, íî îáû÷íûì âèäîì. Îòìå÷åíî brood size was 1.71±0.67 nestlings (n=35; åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå è â þæíîé ÷àñòè òàéãè. range 1–3 nestlings). Broods consisting of  ÕÕ ñòîëåòèè â 20–60-õ ãã. ìîãèëüíèê 3 nestlings were very rare (11.43%), usually êëàññèôèöèðîâàëñÿ êàê íàèáîëåå ðåä- there were 2 nestlings (48.57%). Broods con- êèé èç îðëîâ Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ, ïî sisting of only nestling were 40.0%. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 103

èãíîðèðóÿ ýòè ñâåäåíèÿ, ïðîâîäèë ñåâåð- íóþ ãðàíèöó ãíåçäîâîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà ïî ëèíèè, ïåðåñåêàþùåé Çà- âîëæüå ñ çàïàäà íà âîñòîê ìåæäó øèðîòîé ïîñ. Åðøîâà è ð. Á. Èðãèç (Ëàðèíà è äð., 1963), ò.å., þæíåå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè.  ðåçóëüòàòå àíêåòèðîâàíèÿ ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, ïðîâåä¸ííîãî â 1983–1991 ãã. Æèãóëåâñêèì çàïîâåäíèêîì ñîâìåñòíî ñ ÂÎÎÏ, íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 10 ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà, 5 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè èçíà÷àëüíî íåâåðíî èäåí- òèôèöèðîâàíû êàê ãí¸çäà áåðêóòà (Ëåáå- äåâà, 1998). Òàê, óïîìèíàíèÿ î íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä è âñòðå÷àõ áåðêóòà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â 80–90-õ ãã. (Âèíîãðàäîâ è äð., 1997; Ãîðåëîâ è äð., 1990; Ãîðåëîâ, Ïàâ- ëîâ, 1988; 1997; Ëåáåäåâà, 1998; Ïàâëîâ, 1999) îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ìîãèëüíèêó, à â ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ è ê ìîëîäûì îðëàíàì (Äóáðîâ- ñêèé, 1997). Íà ýòî îáðàùàë âíèìàíèå åù¸ Â.Ï. Áåëèê (1999), îáñëåäîâàâøèé òåððè- òîðèþ Ïîâîëæüÿ è Ïðåäóðàëüÿ â 1997 ã. Òåì íå ìåíåå, óñòîé÷èâîå ìíåíèå î òîì, ÷òî ëåñîñòåïíóþ çîíó Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íàñåëÿåò áåðêóò, ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ñðåäè îðíè- òîëîãîâ, íå ñïåöèàëèçèðóþùèõñÿ íà èçó- ÷åíèè õèùíûõ ïòèö, êîòîðûå ïðîäîëæàþò îòíîñèòü âñòðå÷è è ãíåçäîâûå íàõîäêè ìî- ãèëüíèêîâ (âåðîÿòíî, ïòèö, íå èìåþùèõ áåëûõ «ýïîëåòîâ») ê âñòðå÷àì áåðêóòà (Ëå- áåäåâà è äð., 2007; Ïàâëîâ, Ïàâëîâ, 2007; 2008).  òî æå âðåìÿ, íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ãîâîðÿò î òîì, ÷òî áåðêóò â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè êðàéíå ðåäîê, çà 15 ëåò öåëåíà- ïðàâëåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé íå íàéäåíî íè îäíîãî ãíåçäà ýòîãî âèäà è ëèøü ïðåäïîëà- ãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå íå áîëåå 5 ïàð áåðêó- òîâ â êðóïíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâàõ íà ãðàíè- öå Ñàìàðñêîé è Óëüÿíîâñêîé è Ñàìàðñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòåé, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ìîãèëüíèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿ- ùèìñÿ âèäîì ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåé ýòîé Òèïè÷íûå âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîì ãí¸çä (ñâåðõó âíèç): íà îëüõå â òåððèòîðèè è ñàìûì îáû÷íûì èç îðëîâ ïîéìå ðó÷üÿ íà êðàþ ïîëÿ, íà äóáå â êîëêå â âåðõîâüÿõ ðó÷üÿ íà êðàþ ïîëÿ, íà (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008à; 2008á). Íàäî áåð¸çå íà ñêëîíå îâðàãà íà êðàþ ïàñòáèùà, íà èâå â ïîéìå ðó÷üÿ ñðåäè ïàñòáè- ñêàçàòü, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå îðíèòîëîãè ìåíÿ- ùà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. þò ñâî¸ ìíåíèå, íà÷àâ áîëåå óãëóáë¸ííî Nest locations, typical for the Imperial Eagle (from top to bottom): on an alder in èçó÷àòü îðëîâ.  ÷àñòíîñòè, È.Ñ. Ïàâëîâ the creek valley at the edge of the field, on an oak in the small forest in the upper reaches of the creek at the edge of the field, on a birch on the slope of ravine at (2009) â ñâîåé äèññåðòàöèè îòíîñèò áåð- the edge of the pasture, on an willow in the creek valley surrounded by pasture. êóòà ê âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ â îáëàñòè Photos by I. Karyakin. âèäàì ñ ïðåäïîëàãàåìîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ 1–3 ïàðû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê åù¸ ãîä íàçàä âñòðå÷àåìîñòè â ó÷¸òàõ óñòóïàþùèé áåð- (Ïàâëîâ, Ïàâëîâ, 2008) óêàçûâàëîñü, ÷òî êóòó (Aquila chrysaetos), ïîäîðëèêó (Aquila áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ â îáëàñòè è àâòîðàì èç- clanga) è îðëàíó (Haliaeetus albicilla); ñå- âåñòíî 6 ãí¸çä, à ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà îöåíè- âåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà åãî àðåàëà ïðîâîäèëàñü âàåòñÿ â 5–6 ïàð èëè 18–20 ïòèö. ÷åðåç ñåâåð Òàòàðèè (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., Àíàëèç ïóáëèêàöèé, âûøåäøèõ äî 1995 ã., 1977), ò.å., ñóùåñòâåííî ñåâåðíåå Ñàìàð- ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î 10–15 ãí¸çäàõ ìî- ñêîé îáëàñòè.  òî æå âðåìÿ ðÿä àâòîðîâ, ãèëüíèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ 104 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íûõ áîðîâ (áîëåå 5 êì2), â 2–13 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé îáíàðóæåíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 4 ìåñòà âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâà- íèÿ ýòîãî âèäà. Íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå ìî- ãèëüíèê áûë ìàëî÷èñëåí, â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî çäåñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâîâàëè ñóñëèêè è äîâîëüíî ðåäêè êðóïíûå ãðà÷åâíèêè. Âñå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè (âñåãî 2) è ìåñòà âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà (âñåãî 3), áûëè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ëåòíèì ëà- ãåðÿì ñêîòà è ôåðìàì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó èçâåñòíûìè ïàðàìè ñîñòàâëÿëî 2–15 êì. Ìîãèëüíèê, ñëåòàþùèé ñ ãíåçäà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Äîâîëüíî ïëîòíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâ- Imperial Eagle leaving the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin. êà âèäà íàõîäèëàñü â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà òåððèòîðèè Îðåí- Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè), ãäå â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàìàð- ñåâåðå è ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè.  1997 ã. ñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî èçâåñòíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè 2 ãíåçäà ìîãèëü- ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Ïî ëåñîñòåïíûì íèêîâ è 1 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê îáíàðóæåí ðàéîíàì ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ïîëîâèíû îá- Â.Ï. Áåëèêîì (1999), ïîñåùàâøèì îáëàñòü ëàñòè ìîãèëüíèê áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í áîëåå â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ãíåç- èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíî è íå îáðàçîâûâàë äîâèé îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà. Ñ 1995 ïî 1999 ãã. êîíöåíòðàöèè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Ðàññòîÿíèå íàìè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûÿâëåí 71 ìåæäó ïàðàìè â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ñî- ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ (66 æèëûõ ñòàâëÿëî 8–12 êì. Çäåñü áûëî âûÿâëåíî 18 ãí¸çä è 5 ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ âñòðå÷åíû ó÷àñòêîâ è 2 ìåñòà âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâà- ñë¸òêè) è 11 ìåñò âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ.  ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ìî- ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãèëüíèê äîñòèãàë íàèìåíüøåé â îáëàñòè ãíåçäîâàíèè â îáëàñòè îöåíåíà â 90–100 ÷èñëåííîñòè. Çäåñü áûëî âûÿâëåíî 7 ïàð, ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999á). óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 6–20 êì (Êàðÿ- Íàèáîëüøåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â òîò ïåðèîä êèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999á). ìîãèëüíèê äîñòèãàë â ðàéîíå ðàñïðîñòðà- Íàäî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî äî íà÷àëà íàøèõ èñ- íåíèÿ òåððàñíûõ áîðîâ íà Âîëæñêîì ëå- ñëåäîâàíèé ìîãèëüíèê ñ÷èòàëñÿ èñ÷åç- âîáåðåæüå, íà ó÷àñòêå îò ã. Òîëüÿòòè äî ñ. íóâøèì íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå (Áåëÿíèíà, Áîë. Êàìåíêà, íà ñåâåð äî þæíûõ ãðàíèö Áåëÿíèí, 1981; Áèðþêîâà è äð., 1986; Ðî- Åëõîâñêîãî ðàéîíà. Çäåñü áûëî âûÿâëåíî ìàíþê, 1985), ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, íåâåðíî è â 25 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, åæåãîäíî çàíè- îñíîâíîì ñâÿçàíî ñ îøèáî÷íîé âèäîâîé ìàåìûõ ìîãèëüíèêàìè. Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàñ- èäåíòèôèêàöèåé íàáëþäàåìûõ ïòèö. Èí- ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñîñòàâëÿëî 1,5 êì ôîðìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ áåðêóòîâ â Æèãóëÿõ – Áàëêà Òàøëà, Êîíäóð÷èíñêèå áîðû. Âòî- èìååòñÿ òàêæå â Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû Æèãó- ðîé î÷àã ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà íàõîäèëñÿ íà ë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Â.Ï. Âåõíèê, ëè÷íîå Âîëæñêîì Ïðàâîáåðåæüå. Çäåñü ìîãèëü- ñîîáùåíèå), ó Ñ.È. Ïàâëîâà (1999) èìååò- íèê ãíåçäèëñÿ ïî ïåðèôåðèè âñåõ êðóï- ñÿ óïîìèíàíèå î 3-õ âñòðå÷àõ áåðêóòà â 1989 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Îø-Ïàíäî-Íåðü, ãäå íàìè â 1997 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà.  1997–98 ãã. ìîãèëüíèê íà- áëþäàëñÿ â þæíîé ÷àñòè Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè áëèç ñ¸ë Øåëåõìåòü, Íîâèíêè, Òîðíîâîå, Ïîäãîðû, ãäå â èòîãå âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäî- âûõ ó÷àñòêà.  þãî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ëóêè â òîò ïåðèîä áûëè èçâåñòíû âñòðå÷è ìîãèëü- íèêà â 4-õ òî÷êàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå â îäíîé èç íèõ, áëèç ñ. Áåð¸çîâûé Ñîëîíåö, íàéäåíî ãíåçäî. Âïëîòü äî êîíöà 90-õ ãã. âèä ãíåç- äèëñÿ â Øèðÿåâñêîé äîëèíå, âîñòî÷íåå êîðäîíà ×àðîêàéêà, íî ïîñëå ëèêâèäàöèè ëåòíåãî ëàãåðÿ ñêîòà ãíåçäî áûëî áðîøå- Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íî (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999à; 2000). Ê Fledgling of the Imperial Eagle in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin. 2000 ã. íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå íàáëþäàëîñü Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 105

îòíîñèòåëüíî ñòàáèëüíîé çà ïîñëåäíèå 12 ëåò (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2009). Îäíàêî ñòàáèëüíîñòü ÷èñëåííîñòè ìî- ãèëüíèêà íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå íå îòðàæàåò êàðòèíû, êîòîðàÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ â öåëîì â îáëàñòè.  ïåðèîä ñ 1999 ïî 2007 ãã. ñèòó- àöèÿ ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè èçìåíèëàñü, ïðè÷èíîé ÷åìó ÿâèëñÿ ïîë- íûé óïàäîê ïàñòáèùíîãî æèâîòíîâîäñòâà, ñîêðàùåíèå ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé ñêîòà è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, çàáóðüÿíèâàíèå ñòåïè è ñîêðà- ùåíèå êîðìîâîé áàçû ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Íà ôîíå ýòîãî â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûõ ðàéîíàõ äîðóáàëèñü ïîñëåäíèå ñîñíû, â òîì ÷èñëå ñ ãí¸çäàìè îðëîâ.  èòîãå, ê 2007 ã. ïðîè- çîøëî ñèëüíîå ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå îðëîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè ñ ñîõðàíåíèåì ïðåæíåé ÷èñëåííîñòè, èñ- ÷åçíîâåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà Ïðè- âîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â Ðà÷åéñêîì áîðó, è íà ñåâåðå îáëàñòè, íî ïðè ýòîì íåêîòîðûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè â ñòåïíîé çîíå îáëàñòè, îñîáåííî íà þãî- âîñòîêå, ãäå ìîãèëüíèê ïîÿâèëñÿ íà ãíåç- Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. äîâàíèè îïðåäåë¸ííî ïîñëå 2000 ã. (Êà- Fig. 1. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Samara district. ðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008á). Äî 90-õ ãã. ðåàëüíûõ ó÷¸òîâ ÷èñëåííî- ñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íå ïðîâîäèëîñü è ïåðâûå ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ, à îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè, îñíîâàííûå íà ïîë- â 2007 ã. âûÿâëåí åù¸ îäèí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷à- íîöåííûõ ó÷¸òàõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ îðëîâ, áûëè ñòîê â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ëóêè, áëèç îïóáëèêîâàíû ëèøü â 1999 ã. ï. Æèãóëè.  ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå òåððèòîðèÿ Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ Â.Ï. Áåëèêà (1999) èñïûòûâàåò ñèëüíóþ ðåêðåàöèîííóþ íà- ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèëñÿ â Çàâîëæüå ñ ïëîò- ãðóçêó, ÷òî, îäíàêî, íå ìåøàåò ìîãèëüíèêó íîñòüþ 0,2 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. óñïåøíî îõîòèòüñÿ íà êðàï÷àòûõ ñóñëèêîâ ×èñëåííîñòü îðëà äëÿ Çàâîëæüÿ ðàññ÷èòà- (Spermophilus suslicus), ìíîãèå èç êîòî- íà èì â 75 ïàð è âêëþ÷àåò ÷àñòè÷íî òåð- ðûõ òÿãîòåþò èìåííî ê çîíå ðåêðåàöèè. ðèòîðèþ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è Òàòàðèè,  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå â òî æå âðåìÿ Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ÷àñòü Ñàìàð- èçâåñòíî 5 àêòèâíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñêîé îáëàñòè íå áûëà îõâà÷åíà åãî èññëå- ìîãèëüíèêîâ (ðèñ. 1), à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöå- äîâàíèÿìè. íèâàåòñÿ â 6–8 ïàð. ×èñëåííîñòü îñòà¸òñÿ  2007–2008 ãã. Ã.Ï. Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñî- àâòîðàìè (2007) è Ñ.È. è È.Ñ. Ïàâëîâûìè (2007; 2008) áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû èíûå îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñà- ìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, èãíîðèðóþùèå ïóáëè- êàöèè äðóãèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, ïî äàííûì êîòîðûõ êîëè÷åñòâî òîëüêî èçâåñòíûõ â ðåãèîíå ãí¸çä ïåðåâàëèëî çà 70 (Áåëèê, 1999; Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999; Áàðàáà- øèí, 2004).  ïóáëèêàöèè Ã.Ï. Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2007) äàíà îöåíêà ÷èñëåí- íîñòè âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â 10 ïàð.  ïó- áëèêàöèè Ñ.È. è È.Ñ. Ïàâëîâûõ (2008), íà

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà âåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ: íà äóáå – ñëåâà, íà ñîñíå – ñïðàâà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle on the tops of trees: on the oak – left, on the pine – right. Photos by I. Karyakin. 106 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

îñíîâàíèè íàõîäîê 6–7 ãí¸çä ïî òåêñòó è ìîãèëüíèêà â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåñîâ 8 ïî êàðòå, ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 20–25 âàðüèðîâàëà îò 0,12 äî 3,85 ïàð/100 êì2 ïàð.  òî æå âðåìÿ, â 2009 ã., íà çàùèòå îáùåé ïëîùàäè, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì äèññåðòàöèè È.Ñ. Ïàâëîâûì (2009), áûëè 1,25 ïàð/100 êì2 (íà ñåâåðå – 2,05 ïðåäñòàâëåíû íîâûå îöåíêè, ñîâåðøåííî ïàð/100 êì2, íà þãå – 0,25 ïàð/100 êì2). íå ñîâïàäàþùèå ñ äàííûìè, îïóáëèêîâàí- Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî 95,5% ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ íûìè â 2008 ã. – íà îñíîâàíèè 44 ðåãè- ãíåçäèëèñü íà îïóøêàõ ëåñîâ, ìû ñî÷ëè ñòðàöèé ìîãèëüíèêà â îáëàñòè åãî ÷èñëåí- âîçìîæíûì ðàññ÷èòàòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåç- íîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíåíà â 83–97 ïàð äÿùèõñÿ îðëîâ èìåííî íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ñ òåíäåíöèåé ê ðîñòó. îïóøåê. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîñòàâèëà Íàøà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà 100–121 ïàðó ïðè ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ñðåäíèõ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè (1,28 ïàð/100 êì 90–100 ïàð áàçèðîâàëàñü íà ëîêàëèçàöèè ëåñíûõ îïóøåê) íà îáùóþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü 71 ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà îðëîâ è ëàíäøàôò- îïóøåê (7812,5 êì) è 75–95 ïàð ïðè ðàç- íîì êàðòèðîâàíèè òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè â äåëüíîì ïåðåñ÷¸òå íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÃÈÑ (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999á; 2008à; îïóøåê áîðîâ è ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Îöåí- 2008á).  öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè ïëîòíîñòü ìî- êà ÷èñëåííîñòè, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ýêñòðàïî- ãèëüíèêà ñîñòàâëÿëà 0,17 ïàð/100 êì2 îá- ëÿöèè ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè ñ ïëîùàäîê ùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 1,28 ïàð/100 êì ëåñíûõ è ìàðøðóòîâ íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü òåððèòî- îïóøåê (5,1 ïàð/100 êì îïóøåê áîðîâ è ðèè, ïîçâîëèëà îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ìî- ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ è 0,7 ïàð/100 êì îïó- ãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé îá- øåê ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ) (ðèñ. 2).  îñíîâ- ëàñòè â 93–109, â ñðåäíåì 73 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íûõ î÷àãàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â áîðàõ ïðàâîáå- ïàðû. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, îöåíêè ïîëó÷èëèñü ðåæüÿ è ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Âîëãè ïëîòíîñòü, ïî î÷åíü áëèçêèìè, è èòîãîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà îñèíàõ. äàííûì ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ, ñîñòàâëÿëà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé 2 Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. 2,07–3,13 ïàð/100 êì îáùåé ïëîùàäè, îáëàñòè, îöåí¸ííàÿ â 90–100 ïàð, ñòàëà Nests of the Imperial â êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ – íåêèì êîìïðîìèññîì ìåæäó ðåçóëüòàòà- Eagle on aspen trees. 0,56–0,82 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. ìè, ïîëó÷åííûìè ðàçíûìè ìåòîäàìè. Photos by A. Pazhenkov. Ïî äàííûì ìàðøðóòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ ïëîòíîñòü Ïîçæå, íà îñíîâàíèè ïîñòðîåíèÿ â ÃÈÑ ñõåìû ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- êîâ ìîãèëüíèêà â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ðàçíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ñòåðåîòèïàìè îðëîâ â ðàç- íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ (Êàðÿêèí, 2010á), áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà âîçìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâà- íèÿ íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè 170–190 ïàð îðëîâ. Îäíàêî íà òîò ïåðèîä âèä ïðàê- òè÷åñêè íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ âíå áîðîâ è êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòîé ëåñîñòåïè ñåâåðà îáëàñòè è îòñóòñòâî- âàë íà þãî-âîñòîêå, ïîýòîìó äëÿ 90–100 ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áûëà ïðèíÿòà âûñîêàÿ äîñòîâåðíîñòü èõ çà- ñåëåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêàìè è ÷èñëåííîñòü íå áûëà ïåðåñ÷èòàíà. Ó÷¸òû 2007 ã. ïîêàçàëè ïåðåðàñïðåäå- ëåíèå îðëîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè, îäíàêî îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè íå áûëà ïåðåñìîòðåíà è â ýòîò ðàç è îñòà- ëàñü ïðåæíåé – 90–100 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Ïà- æåíêîâ, 2008á). Òåì íå ìåíåå, òåíäåíöèÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà íà ñåâåðå îáëàñòè óæå îáîçíà÷èëàñü äîâîëüíî ÷¸ò- êî, è áûëî ñäåëàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî â áëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì òåìïû ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ëåñîñòåïíûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîãóò îáîãíàòü òåìïû ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â ñòåïè èç-çà ÿâíîãî ëèìèòà ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíåé. Íî ïîñëåäóþùèå ðàáîòû â Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 107

2008–2010 ãã. ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â ëåñîñòå- ïè ìîãèëüíèê òàêæå äîñòàòî÷íî óñïåø- íî àäàïòèðîâàëñÿ ê íåäîñòàòêó êîðìîâ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Îðëû ñòà- ëè âûñåëÿòüñÿ èç «êëàññè÷åñêèõ» ãíåçäî- ïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ (áîðîâ íà òåððàñàõ è êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ ïî âîçâûøåííîñòÿì) â øèðîêèå äîëèíû è íà ïëîñêèå âîäîðàç- äåëû, çàíèìàÿ ëåñîïîëîñû ñðåäè ïîëåé è òÿãîòåÿ ïðè ýòîì ê òðàññàì è îêðàèíàì íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, ãäå åù¸ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ ïîñåëåíèÿ ñóñëèêîâ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïðè îïèñàííîé êàðòèíå ñìåíû îðëàìè ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòî- ïîâ â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ ïðåæíèå ó÷àñòêè, òàê êàê íàáëþäàåòñÿ î÷åâèäíîå ñìåùåíèå ïàð îðëîâ íà ãíåç- äîâàíèè íà 1–2 êì îò ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä ê ìå- Ìîãèëüíèê. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñòàì èõ ðåãóëÿðíûõ îõîò. Ôàêòè÷åñêè íà- Imperial Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin. ìå÷àåòñÿ áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíîå îñâîåíèå Êëàññè÷åñêèé âàðèàíò ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîì íàðóøåííîãî ëåñîñòåïíîãî ìîãèëüíèêà – íà âåð- ëàíäøàôòà: óìåíüøàåòñÿ ïëîòíîñòü ìî- ðîÿòíî, ÷òî òàêîå ðàññåëåíèå ïî ëåñîïî- øèíå äåðåâà. ãèëüíèêà â îñíîâíûõ î÷àãàõ åãî îáèòàíèÿ ëîñàì ñðåäè ïîëåé è îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûì Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è â áîðàõ è êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ, âèä èñ÷åçàåò â ñèñòåìàì ñòåïíîé çîíû â ïåðèîä íàáëþäå- À. Ïàæåíêîâà. íåáîëüøèõ ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ âíóòðè ôðàã- íèÿ çà ìîãèëüíèêîì â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Nest location traditional ìåíòèðîâàííûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, íî ïðè ÿâëÿåòñÿ óæå âòîðûì. for the Imperial Eagle – on the top of tree. ýòîì ñòàíîâèòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì íà ãíåçäî-  êîíöå 90-õ ãã. â ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ Photos by I. Karyakin âàíèè ñðåäè ïîëåé, ÷åãî íå íàáëþäàëîñü ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà ñòàáèëèçèðîâà- and A. Pazhenkov. â ïåðèîä ñ 1997 ïî 2005 ãã. Ïðè ýòîì âå- ëàñü ïîñëå íåêîòîðîãî ðîñòà çà ñ÷¸ò ðàññå- ëåíèÿ ïòèö â îñâîåííûõ ðàéîíàõ õîëìèñòî- óâàëèñòîé ëåñîñòåïè.  ñòåïíîé æå ÷àñòè îáëàñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà ïî-ïðåæíåìó ñíèæàëàñü, è ìîãèëüíèê ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ÷åç èç êðàéíèõ þæíûõ ðàéîíîâ îáëàñòè, ãäå â êîíöå 80-õ ãã. áûëî èçâåñòíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ýòèõ îðëîâ, à ê ñåðåäèíå 90-õ îíè ïðåêðàòèëè ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå (íà îäíîì â 1999 ã. åù¸ ñîõðàíÿëèñü îñòàòêè ãíåçäà). Ïîñëå 2000 ã. íà÷àëîñü ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííî- ñòè â îñíîâíûõ î÷àãàõ, ñîïðîâîæäàþùååñÿ ðàññåëåíèåì ïî ëåñîïîëîñàì ñðåäè ïîëåé è â ñòåïíóþ çîíó. Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè çàíèìàåòñÿ ìîãèëüíèêàìè 101 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê èç 117, âûÿâëåííûõ íàìè çà ïåðèîä ñ 1995 ïî 2010 ãã. (ðèñ. 1). Íà 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îðëû ïåðåñòàëè ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ, 1 ó÷àñòîê âîññòàíîâèë- ñÿ çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé, íà 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðîèçîøëî ïåðåìåùåíèå ïòèö íà 1–2 êì îò ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä, 8 ó÷àñòêîâ ïîÿâè- ëîñü íà òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ðàíåå ìîãèëüíèêè äîñòîâåðíî íå íàáëþäàëèñü.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå ñîâñåì ÿñíû òåí- äåíöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà. Ðåãóëÿð- íîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ìîãèëüíèêîâ â òå÷åíèå 15 ëåò íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà 73,5% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïî êîëè÷åñòâó èñ÷åçíóâøèõ è íå êîìïåíñèðîâàâøèõñÿ ïîÿâëåíèåì íî- 108 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

âûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü òðåáóåòñÿ äåòàëüíîå îáñëåäîâàíèå ëå- î ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà ñîïîëîñ, ÷åãî äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íå íà 6,84% çà 15 ëåò.  òî æå âðåìÿ, ó÷èòû- ñäåëàíî. âàÿ òåíäåíöèþ ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà â ñòåïíîé Î÷åâèäíî è òî, ÷òî îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè çîíå, óâåëè÷èëàñü ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîä- ìîãèëüíèêà â 90–100 ïàð îêàçàëàñü çà- íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êàê ìèíèìóì, â 1,5 íèæåííîé äàæå ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 1999 ã. ðàçà, êîòîðûå ðàíåå ïðîñòî íå ðàññìà- Òàê, â óñëîâèÿõ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè òðèâàëèñü ïðè îöåíêàõ ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ïðè âèäà â òèïè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ áîëåå ýòîì ëåñîïîëîñû, áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà è ïîéìû ÷åì íà 10% ïðè èõ îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ëèøü ðåê ñòåïíîé çîíû, ïî êîòîðûì èä¸ò ðàññå- íà 50,82%, óæå ëîêàëèçîâàíî 109 ãíåç- ëåíèå âèäà, îñòàþòñÿ íåîáñëåäîâàííûìè, äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ñ ó÷¸òîì èñ÷åçíóâøèõ çà â òîì ÷èñëå è â áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ýòîò ïåðèîä ñ ìíîãîëåòíèìè ãí¸çäàìè, íî òåõ ó÷àñòêîâ, êîòîðûå ïåðåâåäåíû â ðàç- áåç ó÷¸òà ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ). Ïðè ýòîì îðëû ðÿä èñ÷åçíóâøèõ. Âîçìîæíî, â ñâÿçè ñ ïå- â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ äî- ðåðàñïðåäåëåíèåì ïòèö è óñïåøíûì ðàç- âîëüíî øèðîêî, â òîì ÷èñëå è â îñâîåí- ìíîæåíèåì ìíîãèõ ïàð â ëåñî-ïîëåâîì íûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ þãà è öåíòðà îáëàñòè, î ëàíäøàôòå, ïðîèñõîäèò íåêîòîðûé ðîñò ÷¸ì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò êàê íàøè ïîëåâûå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, íî ÷òîáû ýòî äîêàçàòü, íàáëþäåíèÿ (ðèñ. 2), òàê è îïðîñíûå äàí- íûå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äî ñèõ ïîð èìåþòñÿ ñåðü¸çíûå ïåðñïåêòèâû äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî âûÿâëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíè- êîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, òàê êàê, êàê ìè- íèìóì, 30% ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà òåððèòîðèé âîîáùå íå ïîñåùàëèñü, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î ïðîâåäåíèè íà íèõ äåòàëüíûõ ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò, íàïðàâ- ëåííûõ íà âûÿâëåíèå è ó÷¸ò ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Ïåðåñ÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñ ó÷¸- òîì òåíäåíöèè ê ðàññåëåíèþ íà òå ðàéî- íû, ãäå îíî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî, ïîçâîëÿ- åò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â îáëàñòè 120–140 ïàð, ñ ó÷¸òîì ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ î òîì, ÷òî ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè â îñíîâ- íûõ î÷àãàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âèäà ïîëíîñòüþ êîìïåíñèðóåòñÿ ðàññåëåíèåì îðëîâ âíå ýòèõ î÷àãîâ. Ïðè ýòîì, íà 101 ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ðàçìíîæåíèå îðëîâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ çà ïîñëåäíèå 3 ãîäà è íà 86 – ðåãóëÿðíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â òå÷åíèå 15 ëåò, ÷òî ñî- ñòàâëÿåò 72,14–84,17% è 61,43–71,67% îò îáùåé îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â îá- ëàñòè, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Âèäèìî ýòó îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü áîëåå êîð- ðåêòíîé, ïîêà íå áóäóò ïîëó÷åíû íîâûå äàííûå. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíè- êîâ âàðüèðóåò îò 2,08 äî 19,96 êì, ñî- ñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=73) 7,82±3,49 êì

(ìåäèàíà=6,81 êì, ìîäà=6,18 êì, Åõ=0,92) (òàáë. 1). Ïîëîâèíà âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð ìî- ãèëüíèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â óäàëåíèè äðóã îò äðóãà íà ðàññòîÿíèè îò 4 äî 8 êì (49,32%, n=73) è îêîëî òðåòè íà ðàññòîÿíèè îò 8 äî 13 êì (34,25%) (ðèñ. 3). Äèñòàíöèÿ ñèëüíî Ðèñ. 2. Êàðòû ïëîòíîñòè íàáëþäàåìûõ çíà÷åíèé ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îá- ëàñòè: À – ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ,  – âñòðå÷ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. çàâèñèò îò òèïà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ è ôðàã- ìåíòèðîâàííîñòè ëåñà. Äîìèíèðóþùèå Fig. 2. Maps of observed values of density of the Imperial Eagle in the Samara district: A – breeding territories, B – records in the breeding season. äèñòàíöèè ïåðâîé ãðóïïû (4–8 êì) è ìè- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 109

Òàáë. 1. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ó ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 1. Distance between the nearest neighbors of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Samara district.

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (êì) Distance between the nearest neigh-

Ðàéîí / Region bors (km) (n) M±SD (Lim) Ex Âîëæñêîå ïðàâîáåðåæüå (Ðà÷åéñêèé áîð, Íîâîäåâè÷üè ãîðû, Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà) Right side of the Volga river (Racheyskiy pine forest, Novodevichyi mountains,

Samararckaya Luka) (n=18) 7.36±3.32 (3.12–15.85) Ex=0.75 Òåððàñíûå áîðû âîëæñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ, Êðàñíîñàìàðñêèé è Áóçóëóêñêèé áîðû Terrace pine forests of the Volga river left side, Krasnosamarskiy and

Busuluk pine forests (n=24) 6.31±2.52 (2.08–12.23) Ex=0.86 Ëåñîñòåïíîå (Âûñîêîå) Çàâîëæüå

Forest-steppe (High) Trans-Volga region (n=24) 9.45±3.79 (3.07–19.96) Ex=1.19 Ñòåïíîå Çàâîëæüå (þã Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè)

Steppe Trans-Volga region (south of the Samara district) (n=7) 8.57±3.75 (4.27–15.27) Ex=0.60

Âñåãî / Total (n=73) 7.82±3.49 (2.08–19.96) Ex=0.92

íèìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøè- ìè ñîñåäÿìè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ áîðîâ, äî- ìèíèðóþùèå äèñòàíöèè âòîðîé ãðóïïû (8–13 êì) – äëÿ õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòîé ëåñî- ñòåïè ñ ëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè, ìàêñèìàëüíûå – äëÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ (ïîëÿ ñ ëåñîïîëîñàìè) (ðèñ. 4). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ áîëåå ÷åì íà 19 êì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì îòñóòñòâèÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ ëèáî ïðîïóñêà ïòèö.

Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåí- íîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, áîðû è õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòàÿ ëåñîñòåïü ñ ëèñòâåí- íûìè êîëêîâûìè ëåñàìè – îñíîâíûå ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Äëÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêó íåîáõîäèìû ñòåïíûå ïàñòáèùà, íàñåë¸ííûå áîëüøèìè èëè êðàï÷àòûìè ñóñëèêàìè (Spermophilus major, S. suslicus), ïðèëåãàþùèå ê îñòðîâ- íûì ëèñòâåííûì ëåñàì è áîðàì, íà äå- ðåâüÿõ â êîòîðûõ îí óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà. Áîðû, ïðîèçðàñòàþùèå êàê íà ïëîñêèõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ è ðå÷íûõ òåððàñàõ, òàê è íà âîçâûøåííîñòÿõ (Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ è Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêàÿ âîçâûøåííî- ñòè), ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè ìåñòàìè ñîñðå- äîòî÷åíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè.  îáëàñòè íåò òàêèõ áîðîâ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñî ñòåïíûìè ïàñòáè- ùàìè, â êîòîðûõ áû èìåëècü äåðåâüÿ ñòàð- Ðèñ. 3. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäñòâóþùèìè ïàðàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ â øå 80 ëåò, íî íå ãíåçäèëèñü ìîãèëüíèêè. Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îáñëåäîâàíû ïðàêòè- Fig. 3. Distance between the nearest neighbors of the Imperial Eagle in the Samara ÷åñêè âñå áîðîâûå ó÷àñòêè îáëàñòè è âî district. âñåõ ìîãèëüíèê îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâà- 110 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñî- ñåäñòâóþùèìè ïàðàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïè- ðîâêàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Fig. 4. Distance between the nearest neighbors of the Imperial Eagle in the Different breeding groups in the Samara district.

íèè.  áîðàõ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ìåíåå âîñòðåáîâàííûì ìîãèëüíèêîì, õîòÿ ïëîòíîñòü ýòîãî âèäà è ìèíèìàëüíûå äèñ- ýòî ìîæåò áûòü è àðòåôàêòîì íàáëþäåíèé, òàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (ñì. òàê êàê ïîéìû ðåê íà ïðåäìåò âûÿâëåíèÿ âûøå). Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â áîðàõ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà îáñëåäîâàíû ïî ìèíè- âûÿâëåíî 60 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (51,28%) ìóìó. Íà îñíîâàíèè ðåãèñòðàöèé ïòèö â èç 117 (ðèñ. 5). Ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â ïåðå- ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ñå÷¸ííîì ëàíäøàôòå ìîãèëüíèê íàñåëÿ- ÷òî â áîðàõ è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ åò ñ íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøåé ïëîòíîñòüþ, ÷åì ëåñàõ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ñîñíû â îáëàñòè áîðû, îäíàêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â íèõ äîñòà- ãíåçäèòñÿ îêîëî 40% ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ è òî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî, êàê íà Ïðèâîëæñêîé, ñòîëüêî æå – â íàãîðíûõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, òàê è íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîç- ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ïî- âûøåííîñòè, à òàêæå ïî ÿðàì ðåê Ñîê è ëîâèíå îáëàñòè. Êèíåëü â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè è â Íà 97 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ ñ áåð¸çîâî- (82,91%, n=117) îáíàðóæåíî 106 ãí¸çä îñèíîâûìè êîëêàìè íà þãå îáëàñòè. Ïðàê- ýòîãî îðëà. Ëèøü íà 11 ó÷àñòêàõ (11,34%) òè÷åñêè òðåòü ìîãèëüíèêîâ (29,91%) ãíåç- èç 97 áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïî 2 ãíåçäà îðëîâ, äèòñÿ â íàãîðíûõ øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ è óñòðîåííûõ íà ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðå- ëèñòâåííûõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âòîðè÷íûõ âüÿõ, ïðè÷¸ì òîëüêî â 4-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ñòàðîå ëåñàõ, êàê íà Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííî- è íîâîå ãí¸çäà ñóùåñòâîâàëè â îäíî è òî ñòè, òàê è íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé. æå âðåìÿ (â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ñìåíà ãíåçäà ïðî- È ëèøü 18,8% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âûÿâëå- èçîøëà ïîñëå ñìåíû ñàìêè â ïàðå). Íà 7 íî â îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ ñòåïíîé ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âòîðîå ãíåçäî ñòðîè- çîíû îáëàñòè, ëåñî-ïîëåâîì ëàíäøàôòå ëîñü ïîñëå ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïåðâîãî ëèáî ïå- ëåñîñòåïíûõ âîäîðàçäåëîâ è â ïîéìàõ ðåê. ðåíîñèëîñü ïòèöàìè íà äðóãîå äåðåâî. Íà Ïîñëåäíèé ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàè- îñòàëüíûõ 86 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (88,66%) Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 111

çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî íàéäå- íî ëèøü îäíî ãíåçäî, à â ñóììå ó÷àñòêè ñ îäíèì ãíåçäîì (áåç íàëè÷èÿ àëüòåðíàòèâ- íîãî) ñîñòàâèëè 95,7% îò ÷èñëà ó÷àñòêîâ ñ îáíàðóæåííûìè ãí¸çäàìè. Íà ó÷àñòêàõ, íà êîòîðûõ íå âûÿâëåíû àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ãí¸çäà ëèáî íå óñòàíîâëåíà ñìåíà ãíåçäî- âîãî äåðåâà, ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà òàêæå ðàç- ðóøàëèñü, íî ïòèöû ïðîäîëæàëè âîññòà- íàâëèâàòü ïîñòðîéêè íà ýòèõ æå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüÿõ.  4-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íàáëþäàëàñü ñìåíà ñàìîê íà ãí¸çäàõ, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ðàçìíî- æåíèÿ ó ïàðû îò 2 äî 5 ëåò, ïðè ýòîì îðëû âîññòàíàâëèâàëè ãí¸çäà íà ïðåæíåì ãíåç- äîâîì äåðåâå. Âñåãî çà 15-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ðàçðóøåíèå ãíåçäà íàáëþäà- Ðèñ. 5. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. ëîñü íà 45 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (46,39%), íà Fig. 5. Breeding habitats of the Imperial Eagle in the Samara district. 20 ó÷àñòêàõ (20,62%) ãí¸çäà âîññòàíàâëèâà- ëèñü îðëàìè íà òåõ æå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüÿõ, ïðè÷¸ì â 4-õ ñëó÷àÿõ äâàæäû, à â îäíîì – òðèæäû, íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ (3,09%) ðàç- ðóøèëèñü àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ãí¸çäà, à îðëû ïðîäîëæàþò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â àêòèâíûõ, íà 6 ó÷àñòêàõ (6,19%) ãí¸çäà áûëè ðàçîáðà- íû îðëàìè è ïåðåíåñåíû íà 1–2 êì ëèáî áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû âî âðåìÿ ðóáîê ëåñà, è îðëàìè áûëè ïîñòðîåíû íîâûå, â 1–2 êì îò ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä, íà 16 ó÷àñòêàõ (16,49%) ãí¸çäà ðàçðóøèëèñü ëèáî áûëè ñðóáëåíû è ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëîâ çäåñü ïðåêðàòèëîñü. Èç 106 èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä îñíîâíàÿ ìàñ- ñà óñòðîåíà íà ñîñíàõ – 56,6%. Ïðè÷¸ì, â îñíîâíûõ î÷àãàõ ïëîòíîñòè, â Êîíäóð- ÷èíñêèõ, Ðà÷åéñêîì è Áóçóëóêñêîì áî- ðàõ, ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ñîñíàõ (ðèñ. 6, 7). Âòîðûì äîìèíè- ðóþùèì ãíåçäîâûì äåðåâîì ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ áåð¸çà, íà íåé óñòðîåíî 20,75% âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ Ðèñ. 6. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â Ñàìàðñêîé ãí¸çä. Ðîâíî ñòîëüêî æå ãí¸çä óñòðîåíî íà îáëàñòè. îñòàëüíûõ ïîðîäàõ äåðåâüåâ. Ëèøü 1,89% Fig. 6. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle nests built on different tree species in the ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ â îáëàñòè óñòðîåíî íà Samara district. ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Ïåðâîå ãíåç- äî íà ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíî 7 àâãóñòà 2007 ã. â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Ñîê. Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â äîëèíå ðåêè, â íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêàõ ìåòðîâ îò ôåäåðàëüíîé àâòîòðàññû Ì5 Ìîñêâà–×åëÿáèíñê è áûëî óñòðîåíî íà âåðõíåé ïëîùàäêå âíóòðè êîíñòðóêöèè îïîðû. Âòîðîå ãíåçäî ïîÿâèëîñü â 2009 ã. â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. ×åðåìøàí è áûëî óñòðîåíî íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé òðàâåðñå îïîðû. Îáà ãíåçäà ïîÿâèëèñü â îäíîé è òîé æå ãíåçäî- âîé ãðóïïèðîâêå, íàñåëÿþùåé õîëìèñòî- óâàëèñòóþ ñòåïü þãî-çàïàäíîãî êðàÿ Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííî- ñòè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâëÿ- Ðèñ. 7. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. åò 28,82 êì – îíè, ïî ñóòè, ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ Fig. 7. Nesting trees of the Imperial Eagle in the Samara district. íà ñåâåðíîé è þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè ôðàã- 112 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà äóáàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle on oaks. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ìåíòèðîâàííîãî ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà, çàíèìà- þùåãî âîäîðàçäåë ðåê Ñîê è ×åðåìøàí. Èìåííî ýòà ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà õàðàê- òåðèçóåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíûì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ñòåðåîòèïîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ÷òî îïðåäåë¸í- íî âûçâàíî ëèìèòîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äå- ðåâüåâ è äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøèìè óñëîâèÿìè äëÿ êîðìîäîáû÷è.  Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ (n=104), óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà íà ñàìûõ âåð- øèíàõ ëèáî â ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ – 64,42%. Îñòàëüíûå óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà â ðàçâèëêàõ â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà, â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû – 35,58% (ðèñ. 8). Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ ìîãèëü- íèêàìè íà ñîñíàõ (n=60), ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà âåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ – 81,67%. Ñëó÷àåâ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà â íèæ- íåé ÷àñòè êðîíû, â ñåðåäèíå èëè íèæíåé ÷àñòè ñòâîëà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íåèç- âåñòíî. Èç 82-õ æèëûõ ãí¸çä íà ïðåäìåò ñîäåð- æèìîãî áûëî îñìîòðåíî 36: îäíî ãíåçäî ñ êëàäêîé è 35 – ñ âûâîäêàìè.  êëàäêå 4 ìàÿ 1999 ã. áûëî 2 ÿéöà. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå âûâîäêè îñìàòðèâàëèñü, êîãäà â íèõ áûëè îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû, ò.å., â èþëå.  ýòîì âîç- ðàñòå â âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îò 1 äî 3-õ ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=35) 1,71±0,67 ïòåíöà. Òðè ïòåíöà â âû- âîäêå – ýòî ðåäêîñòü (11,43%), â íîðìå íà- áëþäàåòñÿ 2 ïòåíöà (48,57%). Êîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâ èç 1 ïòåíöà ñîñòàâëÿåò 40,0%. Âè- äèìî, âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ãîðàçäî ÷àùå, íî îòõîä âèçóàëüíî ôèêñè- ðóåòñÿ ðåäêî, òàê êàê âûïàâøèå èç ãíåçäà òðóïû ïòåíöîâ áûñòðî óòèëèçèðóþòñÿ ÷åò- âåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè.

Ôåíîëîãèÿ  Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ìîãèëüíèêè ïî- ÿâëÿþòñÿ â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàðòà.  ÷àñòíî- ñòè, 29 ìàðòà 2004 ã. â ðàéîíå Äìèòðîâ- ãðàäà (òåððèòîðèÿ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, íåñêîëüêî ñåâåðíåå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè) âñòðå÷åíû äâå ïòèöû ñðåäè ïîëåé, à â Êîø- êèíñêîì ðàéîíå è îêîëî ï. Ìèðíûé â Ñà- ìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îäèíî÷íûå ìîãèëüíèêè

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà áåð¸çàõ â äîëèíàõ ðå÷åê Óêñà- äà è Áàéòóãàí (âåðõîâüÿ ð. Ñîê). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle on birches in the Uksada and Baytugan river floodlands (upper reaches of the Sok river). Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 113

êîâ âñòà¸ò íà êðûëî 10–15 àâãóñòà. Ïîñëå 25 àâãóñòà íåë¸òíûõ ïòåíöîâ ìû íå íàáëþäàëè. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèé âûëåò âòîðûõ ïòåíöîâ çà- ðåãèñòðèðîâàí 20 èþëÿ 2007 ã. èç ãíåçäà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êóòóëóê, ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò íà÷àëî êëàäêè â ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ.  20-õ ÷èñëàõ èþëÿ 2007 ã. âûëåòåë ïòåíåö èç ãíåçäà íà ð. Áîë. Ñóðóø (ïðèòîê ð. Ñîê), à 13 àâãóñòà îí óæå ïðåêðàñíî ëåòàë íàä ïàñò- áèùåì â 1–2 êì îò ãíåçäà. Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì çà òðåìÿ ãí¸çäàìè óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ñðîêè âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ âûâîäêîâ çàêîíîìåðíî óâå- ëè÷èâàþòñÿ ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè â íèõ êîëè÷å- ñòâà ïòåíöîâ. Åñëè â ãíåçäå îäèí ïòåíåö, òî îí âñòà¸ò íà êðûëî â âîçðàñòå 65–70 äíåé, à âûâîäêè èç 2–3-õ ïòåíöîâ âûêàðìëèâàþòñÿ â òå÷åíèå 75–80 äíåé. Ïîñëå ïîäú¸ìà íà êðûëî ïòåíöû åù¸ äî- êàðìëèâàþòñÿ ðîäèòåëÿìè êàê ìèíèìóì ìåñÿö, âïëîòü äî ñåðåäèíû ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ñë¸ò- êîâ, âûïðàøèâàþùèõ êîðì, ìû íàáëþäàëè 15 è 18 ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ñóäÿ ïî ñðîêàì âûëåòà ïîçäíèõ ïòåíöîâ, äîêàðìëèâàíèå ìîæåò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ âïëîòü äî îòë¸òà, ò.å., äî êîíöà ñåíòÿáðÿ – íà÷àëà îêòÿáðÿ, íî âèçó- àëüíî òàêèå ñëó÷àè íå îòìå÷åíû. Îòë¸ò îòäåëüíûõ ïòèö, âåðîÿòíî, íà÷èíà- åòñÿ ñ íà÷àëà ñåíòÿáðÿ, îäíàêî âïëîòü äî êîíöà ñåíòÿáðÿ íà áîëüøèíñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ìîãèëüíèêè ïðîäîëæàþò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ, è ÷àñòî îêî- ëî ãí¸çä. Çàìåòíîå äâèæåíèå ïòèö è îñòàâ- ëåíèå îðëàìè ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðîèñõîäèò â ïåðèîä ñ 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 10 îêòÿáðÿ.  2007 ã., íàïðèìåð, óæå ê 1 îêòÿ- áðÿ áîëüøèíñòâî îðëîâ â òåððàñíûõ áîðàõ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Âîëãè è â Íîâîäåâè÷üèõ ãî- ðàõ ïîêèíóëè ñâîè ó÷àñòêè, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â 2008 ã. 24–27 ñåíòÿáðÿ ìîãèëüíèêè åù¸ Ðèñ. 8. Õàðàêòåð ðàñ- (âèäèìî, ïîêà áåç ïàðòí¸ðîâ) äåðæàëèñü ñ âûâîäêàìè äåðæàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ áëèç ïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìî- óæå áëèç ãí¸çä, íî íå òîêîâàëè. Àêòèâíîå ãí¸çä. Íàèáîëåå ïîçäíÿÿ ðåãèñòðàöèÿ äàòè- ãèëüíèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. òîêîâàíèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ïîñëå 5 àïðåëÿ, ðóåòñÿ 23 îêòÿáðÿ. Óêàçàíèÿ íà âñòðå÷è íà êîãäà íà áîëüøèíñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ìîãèëüíèêîâ â çèìíèé Fig. 8. Charts showing the Imperial Eagle nest óæå ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ õîçÿåâà. ïåðèîä ÿâíî îøèáî÷íû. locations on different Êëàäêà ÿèö äîâîëüíî ðàñòÿíóòà è ïðîèñõî- tree species in the äèò ñ 9 àïðåëÿ ïî 5 ìàÿ. Ïîñëå 5 ìàÿ âñå íà- Ïèòàíèå Samara district. áëþäàâøèåñÿ íàìè ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ìîãèëüíèêè  1995–1999 ãã. ñðåäè îñòàòêîâ ïèùè áûëè íà êëàäêàõ. Íàñèæèâàíèå äëèòñÿ îò 40 è ñîäåðæèìîãî ïîãàäîê, ñîáðàííûõ ïîä äî 45 äíåé. Ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ñ 20 ìàÿ ãí¸çäàìè, âûÿâëåíî 112 îáúåêòîâ, ñðå- ïî 15 èþíÿ, â îñíîâíîì â ïåðèîä ñ 1 ïî 10 äè êîòîðûõ äîìèíèðîâàëè îñòàòêè ïòèö èþíÿ. Âûêàðìëèâàíèå äëèòñÿ îêîëî 70 äíåé – 58,0% (âðàíîâûõ Corvidae sp. – 26,8%, (äî 80 äíåé). Ïîêèäàòü ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêè ãîëóáåé Columba livia – 17,8%). Ìëåêîïè- ìîãóò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî óæå â âîçðàñòå 65 òàþùèå ñîñòàâëÿëè 42,0%, ñðåäè íèõ äî- äíåé, íî îáû÷íî âñ¸ æå ñèäÿò â ãíåçäå åù¸ ìèíèðîâàëè ñóñëèêè, â îñíîâíîì áîëüøèå îêîëî 7–10 äíåé, åñëè íå áóäóò âñïóãíóòû – 17,0%, ñåðûå êðûñû (Rattus norvegicus) èëè ñáðîøåíû âî âðåìÿ âåòðîâ. Âûëåò ïòåí- – 8,9% è õîìÿêè (Cricetus cricetus) – 5,3% öîâ îáû÷íî ïðîèñõîäèò ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ñ (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999á).  2000– íèõ ïîëíîñòüþ îáëåòèò ïóõ, ÷òî ïðèõîäèòñÿ 2010 ãã. â ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêîâ èäåíòè- íà 1–25 àâãóñòà. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ìîãèëüíè- ôèöèðîâàíî 57 îáúåêòîâ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ 114 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

äîìèíèðîâàëè ïòèöû – 66,67% (âðàíî- ìîãèëüíèêîâ îäíîçíà÷íî óêàçûâàåò íà âû- âûå – 54,39%, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ â îñíîâíîì øåóêàçàííóþ çàêîíîìåðíîñòü (òàáë. 1, ãðà÷ Corvus frugilegus – 29,82%, ãîëóáè – ðèñ. 4). Âèäèìî, áîðîâûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóï- 5,26%, äðóãèå âèäû – 7,02%), à äîëÿ ìëå- ïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè êîïèòàþùèõ ñîñòàâèëà 33,33%. Âèäîâîé ÿäðàìè ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà íà ñîïðåäåëüíûå ñîñòàâ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ áûë ñëåäóþùèì: òåððèòîðèè è â íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûå ïåðèîäû õîìÿê îáûêíîâåííûé – 12,28%, ñóñëèê ñëóæàò íåêèìè ðåôóãèóìàìè, ãäå ñîõðàíÿ- áîëüøîé – 10,53%, êðûñà ñåðàÿ – 3,51%, åòñÿ îñíîâíîé ðåñóðñ ïîïóëÿöèè. Îòñþäà è ñóðîê (Marmota bobak) – 3,51%, çàÿö- îñíîâíîé äîìèíèðóþùèé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäî- ðóñàê (Lepus europaeus) è äîìàøíÿÿ êîø- âàíèÿ – íà âåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ, ðàñòóùèõ íà êà (Felis catus) – ïî 1,75%. âîçâûøåííîñòÿõ, à ãíåçäîâàíèå íà äåðåâüÿõ â ïîíèæåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ ðåëüåôà è óñòðîé- Îáñóæäåíèå ñòâî ãí¸çä â èõ êðîíàõ – ÿâëåíèå, âûçâàííîå  Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûäåëÿåòñÿ ðÿä ÿâíîé àäàïòàöèåé ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ îðëîâ â ñó- ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ïðó- áîïòèìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Íà ýòîì îñíîâàíèè ðî÷åííûõ êàê ê áîðîâûì ìàññèâàì, òàê è âñþ ñèñòåìó ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìî- ê ëèñòâåííûì êîëêîâûì ëåñàì íà ëåñî- ãèëüíèêà â áàññåéíå Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè ìîæíî ñòåïíûõ âîçâûøåííîñòÿõ è â ñòåïíîé çîíå. îòíîñèòü ê åäèíîé Ïîâîëæñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè, Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ïëîòíûå ãíåç- íàñåëÿþùåé ëåñîñòåïü. Îòíåñåíèå ìîãèëü- Ñë¸òîê ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäå (ââåðõó) è äîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà â îñòðîâ- íèêîâ, èìåþùèõ ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â åãî ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî íûõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ïî êðîíàõ äåðåâüåâ â ïîíèæåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ (âíèçó). ïåðèôåðèè áîðîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, õàðàê- ðåëüåôà, ê Ïðèêàñïèéñêîé «ñòåïíîé» ïî- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. òåðèçóþùèõñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ, ïóëÿöèè (Áåëèê, Ãàëóøèí, 1999) íå îáîñíî- Fledgling of the Imperial è ïî ìåðå óäàëåíèÿ îò íèõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âàíî, òàê êàê òàêèå ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ Eagle in the nest ìîãèëüíèêà ñòàíîâèòñÿ áîëåå äèñïåðñíûì âûÿâëåíû ïî âñåé ïåðèôåðèè «ñîñíîâûõ» (upper) and its nesting tree (bottom). è íåðàâíîìåðíûì. Àíàëèç ïðîñòðàíñòâåí- ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, äî ñåâåðà Òàòàðèè Photos by I. Karyakin. íîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è Áàøêèðèè âêëþ÷èòåëüíî (Êàðÿêèí, 2007; 2010á). Åù¸ îäíèì ïîäòâåðæäåíèåì òîãî, ÷òî îòíåñåíèå ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Ïîâîëæüå, ê ïòèöàì èç Ïðèêàñïèéñêîé ïî- ïóëÿöèè íå ïðàâèëüíî, ñëóæèò àíàëèç ïëîò- íîñòè è ñòåðåîòèïîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà íà âñ¸ì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñòåïíîé çîíû. Þæíåå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 500 êì, âïëîòü äî Âîëãî- Óðàëüñêèõ ïåñêîâ, îòñóòñòâóþò ïëîòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà è âèä ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í äîñòàòî÷íî íåðàâíî- ìåðíî ïî îãðîìíîé òåððèòîðèè ñòåï- íîé çîíû Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, âñþ òåððèòîðèþ ìåæäó Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèìè ïåñêàìè è Ñðåäíèì Ïî- âîëæüåì â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè ìîæíî îòíåñòè ê çîíå îáèòàíèÿ òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «ñòîêîâûõ» ïîïóëÿöèé, çà ñ÷¸ò êîòîðûõ, â îñíîâíîì, è ïðîèñõîäèò ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñ- ëåííîñòè â ìàñøòàáàõ ïîïóëÿöèè ïðè âîç- äåéñòâèè íà íå¸ êàêèõ-ëèáî íåáëàãîïðè- ÿòíûõ ôàêòîðîâ. Äàííàÿ ãèïîòåçà ëèøíèé ðàç ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ àíàëèçîì ïóáëèêàöèé, óêàçûâàþùèõ íà òî, ÷òî â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèõ ïåñêàõ è íà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãå ïëîòíûå ãíåçäî- âûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà ñóùåñòâîâàëè è â òå ïåðèîäû (â 50–70-å ãã.), êîãäà ñèòóà- öèÿ ñ âèäîì â öåëîì áûëà êðàéíå íåáëàãî- ïîëó÷íà è ðåêîëîíèçàöèÿ èì ñòåïíîé çîíû ñòàëà íàáëþäàòüñÿ ñ ñåðåäèíû 70-õ ãã., êîã- äà ïåðâûå ãí¸çäà ïîÿâèëèñü â ðàéîíå Äæà- íûáåêà è ó Ýëüòîíà â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 115

è íà âîñòîêå Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè Ðîññèè (Âîë÷àíåöêèé, 1937; Øåâ÷åíêî è äð., 1978; Êîðåëîâ, 1962; Ëèíäåìàí è äð., 2005). Íà 95,7% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëü- íèêîâ èìååòñÿ ëèøü îäíà ãíåçäîâàÿ ïî- ñòðîéêà. Òàêàÿ êàðòèíà ðåçêî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ñèòóàöèè, îïèñàííîé Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüå- âûì (1951), îòìå÷àâøèì, ÷òî îáû÷íî íà ó÷àñòêå ìîãèëüíèêà èìååòñÿ 2–3 ãíåç- äà. Ïðè÷èí òîìó ôàêòó, ÷òî â óñëîâèÿõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ìîãèëüíèêè ðåäêî èìåþò àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ãí¸çäà, âèäèìî, íåñêîëüêî. Ïåðâàÿ – ÿâíûé ëèìèò ãíåçäî- ïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ â óñëîâèÿõ, íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ äîáû÷è ïðîïèòàíèÿ: ñ âåðøèí ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ äîëæ- íû áûòü âèäíû ïàñòáèùà ñ ïîñåëåíèÿìè ñóñëèêîâ èëè êîëîíèè ãðà÷åé, êîòîðûå â óñëîâèÿõ îáëàñòè ïðèóðî÷åíû â îñíîâíîì ê ôåðìàì è íàñåë¸ííûì ïóíêòàì. Âòîðàÿ – ïîñòîÿíñòâî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñ- ïðåäåëåíèÿ êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà: êîëîíèè Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñîñíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ãðà÷åé è ñóñëèêîâ íàñòîëüêî ëîêàëüíû è äèíàìèêà èõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà Nest of the Imperial Eagle on a pine tree. Photo by I. Karyakin. âñåé ïëîùàäè ãíåçäîâîé òåððèòîðèè íà- ñòîëüêî îäèíàêîâà, ÷òî íåò ñìûñëà èìåòü äðóãèå ãí¸çäà íà ó÷àñòêå, ÷òîáû ïðè ñìå- îáëàñòè íà áîëüøèíñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- íå êîðìîâîé ñèòóàöèè ïîä îäíèì ãíåçäîì êîâ ïðîñòî íåò ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ ïåðåìåùàòüñÿ íà äðóãîå ãíåçäî, êîòîðîå è ÷àñòî îðëû ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà åäèíñòâåííîé íàõîäèòñÿ áëèæå ê îõîòíè÷üåé òåððèòî- ñîñíå, êîòîðàÿ ñîõðàíèëàñü ñðåäè ìåëêî- ðèè ñ ìàêñèìàëüíûì êîðìîâûì ðåñóð- ëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà. Ê òîìó æå, ðàçðóøåíèå ñîì (ïîäîáíàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ãí¸çä è ïåðåíîñ èõ íà äðóãèå äåðåâüÿ íà áåðêóòà (Êàðÿêèí, 2010à) è, âèäèìî, äëÿ Àëòàå ïðîèñõîäèò ðåãóëÿðíî (Âàæîâ è äð., ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñåâåðå àðå- 2010; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009), ÷òî íåëüçÿ ñêà- àëà â óñëîâèÿõ íåäîñòàòêà êîðìîâ (Áàê- çàòü î Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå ãí¸çäà áîëåå êà è äð., íàñòîÿùèé ñáîðíèê)). Òðåòüÿ – äîëãîâå÷íû, âîçìîæíî èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ òîëåðàíòíîå îòíîøåíèå îðëîâ ê ëþäÿì, ñèëüíûõ âåòðîâ è îáèëüíûõ îñàäêîâ. ïîñòîÿííî ïðèñóòñòâóþùèì íà ó÷àñòêå: Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä, îðëû ïðèâûêëè ê ïîñòîÿííîìó ôàêòîðó ÷òî äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà áîëåå õàðàêòåðíî íà- áåñïîêîéñòâà ïàñòóõàìè, à â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ëè÷èå îäíîãî ãíåçäà íà ó÷àñòêå è åãî ñìå- (Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà) è îòäûõàþùèìè, è ïî- íà è ïîÿâëåíèå àëüòåðíàòèâíîãî âûçâàíî êèäàþò ãí¸çäà ëèøü â ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîã- îáû÷íî ýêñòðàîðäèíàðíûìè âíåøíèìè äà áåñïîêîéñòâî ïðèâîäèò ê åæåãîäíîìó ïðè÷èíàìè (ñìåíà ïàðòí¸ðà, ðåãóëÿðíîå îòõîäó ïîòîìñòâà â òå÷åíèå ðÿäà ëåò. áåñïîêîéñòâî, êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ äðóãèìè âè- ×åòâ¸ðòàÿ – îòñóòñòâèå äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ, äàìè çà ãíåçäîâóþ ïîñòðîéêó). ïðåòåíäóþùèõ íà èõ ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîé- Âûñåëåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà èç òèïè÷íûõ äëÿ êè, íàïðèìåð, áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug). íåãî ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ, êîòîðûìè ÿâ- Èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ òàêæå óêà- ëÿþòñÿ áîðû è ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà íà âîç- çûâàþò íà òî, ÷òî èç 148 ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëü- âûøåííîñòÿõ, â àãðîëàíäøàôò âûçâàíî íèêîâ íà 82,43% èìååòñÿ ëèøü îäíà ãíåç- àäàïòàöèåé îðëîâ ê îñâîåíèþ ñîêðàùà- äîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). þùåãîñÿ êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà. Ïðè ýòîì Ò.å., íàáëþäàåòñÿ òà æå ñèòóàöèÿ, ÷òî è îðëû íà÷èíàþò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, íî â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ ïîâûøåííîãî ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà, ÷òî ëèìèò ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà ñóùåñòâåííî îñëîæíÿåò èì óñïåøíîå íà- äåðåâüåâ ñîçäà¸òñÿ, â îñíîâíîì, ñïåöè- ñèæèâàíèå êëàäêè. Îñëîæíåíèÿ ñâÿçàíû ñ ôè÷åñêîé ãåîìîðôîëîãèåé è âûñîêîé òåì, ÷òî êîãäà îðëû ñàäÿòñÿ íà êëàäêè íà- ïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ îðëîâ, ÷òî ðåçêî ÷èíàþòñÿ èíòåíñèâíûå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåí- ñíèæàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ãíåç- íûå ðàáîòû, â õîäå êîòîðûõ âðåìåííûå äà íà ó÷àñòêå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â Ñàìàðñêîé ïîëåâûå ñòàíû è ñòîÿíêè ñåëüõîçòåõíèêè 116 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

îðãàíèçóþòñÿ áëèç ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ.  è ñðåäíèõ êîëîíèÿõ, ÷òî òàêæå ñóùåñòâåí- ýòîò æå ïåðèîä ïîãîäà ñòîèò äîñòàòî÷íî íî ñíèçèëî êîðìîâóþ áàçó îðëîâ. Ñ êîíöà õîëîäíàÿ, ïîýòîìó âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáåëè 90-õ ãã. è ïî íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðîäîëæà- êëàäêè âî âðåìÿ âñïóãèâàíèÿ ïòèöû ïîâû- åòñÿ èíòåíñèâíàÿ ðóáêà ìàÿ÷íûõ ñîñåí, øåíà â íåñêîëüêî ðàç.  òî æå âðåìÿ, åñëè ÷àñòî ïîñëåäíèõ â îñòðîâíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàñ- ïòèöû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â àãðîëàíäøàôòàõ, âñ¸ ñèâàõ, óñèëèâàþùàÿ ëèìèò ãíåçäîïðèãîä- æå âûâîäÿò ïîòîìñòâî, òî îíî îáû÷íî ïîë- íûõ äåðåâüåâ. È â ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ ìîãèëü- íîñòüþ äîæèâàåò äî âûëåòà, òàê êàê êîðìî- íèê ïðîÿâèë áîëüøóþ ïëàñòè÷íîñòü è ñòàë âûå óñëîâèÿ ó ýòèõ ïàð ãîðàçäî ëó÷øå, ÷åì îñâàèâàòü àãðîëàíäøàôò è íîâûå ñóáñòðà- ó òåõ, êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ â áîðàõ è âûíóæ- òû äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. äåíû ñîâåðøàòü äîñòàòî÷íî äëèííûå ïåðå-  ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû «Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ë¸òû â ïîèñêàõ êîðìà. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè ÷òî âñå âûâîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäà- Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà 2005–2010 ãã.» (Ïà- ëèñü íàìè íà òåõ ãí¸çäàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, êî- æåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007) â íåñêîëüêèõ ðàéî- òîðûå íàõîäèëèñü íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñðåäè íàõ îáëàñòè áûëî ïîñòðîåíî 84 ãíåçäîâûõ ïàñòáèù, íàñåë¸ííûõ ñóñëèêàìè, ïðè÷¸ì 2 ïëàòôîðìû äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (ðèñ. 9). Ïëàò- èç íèõ áûëè óñòðîåíû â ëåñîïîëîñàõ. Âû- ôîðìû óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü âîäîê èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàë Ñ. Àäàìîâ íà òåõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå èìåþòñÿ õîðîøèå (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â ãíåçäå, óñòðîåííîì êîðìîâûå óñëîâèÿ ïðè î÷åâèäíîì ëèìèòå òàê æå â ëåñîïîëîñå. ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ, ëèáî íà ó÷àñò- êàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ãí¸çäà îðëîâ Çàêëþ÷åíèå áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû â õîäå ðóáîê è îðëû  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîãèëüíèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîêèíóëè èõ. Ìàñøòàáíîé ïðîâåðêè âñåõ îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïëàòôîðì äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïðîâîäèëîñü, îä- êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, íàêî èõ çàñåëåíèå íà÷àëîñü. Ïðèìå÷àòåëü- íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåçêî óõóäøèâøèåñÿ ïî- íî òî, ÷òî â 2010 ã. íà ïëàòôîðìå, óñòðî- ñëå 1995 ã. óñëîâèÿ îáèòàíèÿ âèäà. Èç-çà åííîé íà âåðøèíå áåðåçû â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. ñíèæåíèÿ ïàñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêè íà òåððè- Ñîê, çàãíåçäèëàñü ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ïðè- òîðèè îáëàñòè ñîêðàòèëàñü ÷èñëåííîñòü ÷¸ì òî÷íî íà òîé æå òåððèòîðèè, ãäå â ñóñëèêîâ âî ìíîãèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, è ïåðèîä ñ 2000 ïî 2005 ãã. áûëî ñðóáëåíî íà áîëüøèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñóùåñòâåííî ãíåçäî îðëîâ, óñòðîåííîå íà âåðøèíå ñî- ñíèçèëàñü èõ äîñòóïíîñòü äëÿ îðëîâ èç-çà ñíû (ïîñëåäíåé 80-ëåòíåé ñîñíû â äàííîì Ðèñ. 9. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå çàáóðüÿíèâàíèÿ ñòåïè.  èòîãå âî ìíîãèõ ìàññèâå ëåñà). èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäî- ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ åäèíñòâåííûìè ïîë- Îñíîâíàÿ óãðîçà ìîãèëüíèêó â íàñòîÿ- âèé äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà íîöåííûìè ìåñòàìè äëÿ îõîòû îðëîâ ñòà- ùåå âðåìÿ èñõîäèò îò áðàêîíüåðîâ, îò- òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. ëè îáî÷èíû äîðîã è îêðàèíû íàñåë¸ííûõ ñòðåëèâàþùèõ ïòèö äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ÷ó- ïóíêòîâ.  ðåçóëüòàòå âûâîäà èç Êðàñíîé ÷åë, à òàêæå â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáåëè îðëîâ íà Fig. 9. Distribution of artificial nests installed êíèãè âòîðîñòåïåííîãî îáúåêòà ïèòàíèÿ ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ó ïòèö, for Imperial Eagles in ìîãèëüíèêà – ñóðêà, íà÷àëîñü åãî áåñêîí- ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â àãðîëàíäøàôòå, íàáëþäàåò- the Samara district. òðîëüíîå èñòðåáëåíèå íà ìíîãèõ êðóïíûõ ñÿ çàìåòíûé óðîâåíü îòõîäà ïîòîìñòâà â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáåëè êëàäîê íà ðàííèõ ñòàäè- ÿõ íàñèæèâàíèÿ ïî ïðè÷èíå ôàêòîðà áåñ- ïîêîéñòâà.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïî- âîëæüÿ: ñîâðåìåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, äèíà- ìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ôàêòîðû âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè. Äèññåðòàöèÿ ... êàíäèäàòà áèîëîãè- ÷åñêèõ íàóê: 03.00.08. Ìîñêâà, 2004. 163 ñ. Áåëèê Â.Ï. Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ ãíåçäîâèé îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà è îöåíêà åãî îáùåé ÷èñëåí- íîñòè â Çàâîëæüå è íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (ïî ðå- çóëüòàòàì ó÷¸òîâ 1997 ãîäà). – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿ- öèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â.1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., 1999. Ñ. 30–40. Áåëèê Â.Ï., Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 117

êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- íà. 2010. ¹19. Ñ. 186–199. Âèíîãðàäîâ À.Â., Ìàãäååâ Ä.Â., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È., ßñþê Â.Ï. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íàõîäêè â ïðè- ðîäíûõ ðåçåðâàòàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ôàó- íà, ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñá. ñòàòåé ïî ìàòåðèàë. Âñåðîñ- ñèéñê. íàó÷íî-ïðàêò. êîíô. «Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ» / Ïî ðåä. Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâà, À.Ñ. Ëàïøèíà. Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 61. Âîë÷àíåöêèé Â.È. Ê îðíèòîôàóíå Âîëæñêî- Óðàëüñêîé ñòåïè. – [Ìàòåðèàëû íàó÷íûõ äîêëà- äîâ çîîë.-áèîë. èíñòèòóòà] ¹4. Õàðüêîâ, 1937. Ñ. 21–78. Ãîðåëîâ Ì.Ñ., Ìàòâååâ Â.È., Óñòèíîâà À.À. (ðåä.) Ïðèðîäà Êóéáûøåâñêîé îáëàñòè. Êóéáû- øåâ, 1990. 461 ñ. Ãîðåëîâ Ì.Ñ., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È. Áåðêóò â Êóéáû- øåâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðåñóðñû ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ â ÐÑÔÑÐ: Ìàòåð. ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå / ÖÍÈË Ãëà- âîõîòû. Ì., 1988. Ñ. 93–94. Ãîðåëîâ Ì.Ñ., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñà- ìàðñêîé îáëàñòè è íåêîòîðûå ïóòè ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû èõ ñîõðàíåíèÿ. – Ôàóíà, ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñá. ñòàòåé ïî ìàòåðèàë. Âñåðîññèéñê. íàó÷-ïðàêò. êîíô. «Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ» / Ïîä ðåä. Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâà, À.Ñ. Ëàïøèíà; Ìîð- äîâ. ãîñ. ïåä. èí-ò. Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 21. Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îò- Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñòðóêòóðà îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðà- ðÿä Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû) ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå. çèè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñî- Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ: Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà- Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì.: Íàóêà. 1977. Ñ. 109–110. The Imperial Eagle ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû breeding in an artificial íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â.1. Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, 1951. nest. Photos by Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., 1999. Ñ. 129–139. Ò. 1. Ñ. 70–341. A. Pazhenkov. Áåëÿíèíà È.Ñ., Áåëÿíèí Â.Í. Ïòèöû Æèãó- Äóáðîâñêèé Å.Í. Íàáëþäåíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ýêîëîãî-ôàóíèñòè- ðåäêèõ ïòèö â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè çà 25 ëåò ÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â çàïîâåäíèêå. Ì., 1981. (1972–1997 ãã.). – Ôàóíà, ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà Ñ. 103–119. ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñá. ñòàòåé Áèðþêîâà Å.Ã., Ãîðåëîâ Ì.Ñ., Åâäîêèìîâ Ë.À., ïî ìàòåðèàë. Âñåðîññèéñê. íàó÷-ïðàêò. êîíô. Èëüèíà Í.Ñ., Ìàòâååâ Â.È., Ïëàêñèíà Ò.È., Ðî- «Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ» / Ïîä ðåä. ùåâñêèé Þ.Ê., Òèìîôååâ Â.Å., Óñòèíîâà À.À. Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâà, À.Ñ. Ëàïøèíà; Ìîðäîâ. ãîñ. Ïðèðîäà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. ïåä. èí-ò. Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 73–74. Êóéáûøåâ, 1986. 89 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîç¸ìíîé ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñî- ïîëîñû Ïîâîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé âîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Âîëãè. – Òðóäû Îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê â Óðàëüñêîì ïðè Èìïåð. Êàçàí. óí-òå. Ò. 1. Îòä. 1. Êàçàíü, ðåãèîíå. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðà- 1871. 226 ñ. íåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë., Ñâèðèäîâà îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ò.Â., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êèø- Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåä- êèí¸â Ä.À., Èëüèíà Ä.À., Àñàíîâ À.Â., Êà- êèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., ðàöóáà Ä.Þ., Ðûæåíêîâ Ñ.Í. Ñîâðåìåííîå 1999. Ñ. 41–53. ñîñòîÿíèå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷å- îáëàñòè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðà- ñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàç- íåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòè- íûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä: Èçä- âû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) âî «Ïîâîëæüå». 2004. 351 ñ. â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðå- Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëè- àëà âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåéñêîãî ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîëãî- êà. Ì., 1999. Ñ. 68–73. Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è å¸ äèíàìèêà â ïîñëåäíåå Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â. Ðå- ñòîëåòèå. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé çóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèé- êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ ñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èç- è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ â 2010 ãîäó, Àëòàéñêèé ó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî 118 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×ó- Âîñò. Åâðîïû è Ñåâ. Àçèè: Ìàò-ëû êîíô. ×. 1. âàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè / Ïîä ðåä. À.Â. Äèìèòðèå- Ñòàâðîïîëü, 1998. Ñ. 72–73. âà. ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 163–171. Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï., Ïàíòåëååâ È.Â., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ðîëü îòíîøåíèé õèùíèê-æåðòâà Øàïîøíèêîâ Â.Ì., Äóáðîâñêèé Å.Í., ßñþê Â.Ï., â ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè è äèíàìè- Ìàãäååâ Ä.Â., Ñèìàê Ñ.Â., Áûêîâ Å.Â., Äþæàå- êå ïîïóëÿöèè áåðêóòà è åãî îñíîâíûõ æåðòâ â âà È.Â., Âèíîãðàäîâ À.Â., Òàðàíîâà À.Ì., Ãó- óñëîâèÿõ ëåñî-áîëîòíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ Íèæåãî- ðèíåíêî À. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ ðîäñêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëà- íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010à. ¹18. Ñ. 68–81. ñòè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé ðå- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Î âîçìîæíîñòÿõ ÃÈÑ â îöåíêå ñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû âñåðîññèéñêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèè ðàçìåùåíèÿ íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: àïðîáàöèÿ ìåòî- ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». äèê íà ïðèìåðå àíàëèçà ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà è áåðêóòà â Âîëãî- ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû. 2007. Ñ. 48–53. Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- Ëèíäåìàí Ã.Â., Àáàòóðîâ Á.Ä., Áûêîâ À.Â., íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010á. ¹19. C. 97–135. Ëîïóøêîâ Â.À. Äèíàìèêà íàñåëåíèÿ ïîçâîíî÷- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñó- íûõ æèâîòíûõ Çàâîëæñêîé ïîëóïóñòûíè. Ì., ðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå 2005. 252 ñ. õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 66–79. Ìèëüêîâ Ô.Í. Ïðèðîäíûå çîíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Íåêîòîðûå 1977. 293 ñ. àñïåêòû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ôàóíû êðóï- Ïàâëîâ È.Ñ. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà íûõ ïåðíàòûõ è ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèùíèêîâ Ñà- ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö â ýêîñèñòåìàõ ëåñîñòåï- ìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ïîðîãå íîãî è ñòåïíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ íà ïðèìåðå Ñàìàð- òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äîêëàäó ñêîé îáëàñòè. Äèññåðòàöèÿ ... êàíäèäàòà áèîëî- «Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëå- ãè÷åñêèõ íàóê: 03.00.16. Ñàìàðà, 2009. 214 ñ. äèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òîëüÿòòè: ÈÝÂÁ ÐÀÍ, ÐÃÁ ÎÄ, 61 09-3/978. ÎÑÍÏ «Ïàðêâåé», 1999à. Ñ. 214–219. Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È. Ñîñòîÿíèå ôàóíû ñîêîëîî- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëü- áðàçíûõ ïòèö íà Íîâèíêèíñêî-Øåëåõìåòñêîì íèê â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ó÷àñòêå Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåð- ïîðîãå òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äî- ñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heli- êëàäó «Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî aca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: íàñëåäèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òîëüÿòòè: ÈÝÂÁ Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. 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Ñïèñîê ïòèö Êàçàíñêîãî êðàÿ. – Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Òð. Ñòóäåí÷åñêîãî íàó÷. êðóæêà «Ëþáèòåëè ïðè- Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Êíèãà-ôîòîàëüáîì. Ñàìà- ðîäû» â ã. Êàçàíè. Âûï.3. Êàçàíü, 1929. Ñ. 3–68. ðà, 2008á. 66 ñ. Ðîìàíþê Ã.Ï. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Æèãóë¸âñêîãî Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Êðóïíûå ïåð- çàïîâåäíèêà. – Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû â çàïî- íàòûå õèùíèêè Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè: Ðåçóëüòàòû âåäíèêàõ ÐÑÔÑÐ. Òðóäû ÖÍÈË Ãëàâîõîòû. Ì. ìîíèòîðèíãà çà 1997–2008 ãã. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ 1985. Ñ. 70–79. Ëóêà: ïðîáëåìû ðåãèîíàëüíîé è ãëîáàëüíîé Ðóçñêèé Ì.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ ïòèö Êà- ýêîëîãèè. Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà. 2009. Ò. 18, ¹4. çàíñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Òðóäû Îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîè- Ñ. 217–224. ñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Êàçàíñêîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì óíè- Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû – âåðñèòåòå, Êàçàíü. Ò. 25. âûï. 6. 1893. 292 ñ. Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Àëìà- Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîñ- Ëàðèíà Í.È., Äåíèñîâ Â.Ï., Ëåáåäåâà Ë.À. Î ñèè. Îòä. çîîë., âûï. 4. Ì. 1897. 331 ñ. ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèõ ðàçëè÷èÿõ â ñìåæíûõ ôèçèêî- Øåâ÷åíêî Â.Ë., Ãàâðèëîâ Ý.È., Íàãëîâ Â.À., ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðàéîíàõ ñàðàòîâñêîãî Çàâîë- Ôåäîñåíêî À.Ê., Òàòàðèíîâà Î.Ì. Îá îðíèòî- æüÿ. – Íàó÷. äîêë. âûñø. øê. Áèîë. íàóêè. Ì., ôàóíå Âîëæñêî-Óðàëüñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ (õèù- 1963. ¹4. Ñ. 31–38. íûå ïòèöû è ñîâû). – Áèîëîãèÿ ïòèö â Êàçàõ- Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï. Ðåäêèå õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñàìàð- ñòàíå. Òðóäû Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè ÀÍ ÊàçÑÑÐ. ñêîé îáëàñòè. – 3 êîíô. ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ò. 38. Àëìà-Àòà, 1978. Ñ. 99–114. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 119

TheImperialEagleintheRepublicofTatarstan,Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН, РОССИЯ BekmansurovR.H.(NP“NizhnyayaKama”,Elabuga,RepublicofTatarstan,Russia) KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) PazhenkovA.S.(Volga-UralECONETAssistanceCentre,Samara,Russia) NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Республика Татарстан, Россия) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Паженков А.С. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ  ñòàòüå îáîáùåíû ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå è ðåçóëüòàòû íàáëþäåíèé ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca) àâòîðàìè â Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê Ðåñïóáëèêå Òàòàðñòàí â ïåðèîä ñ 1997 ïî 2010 ãã. Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. àâòîðàìè â Òàòàðèè âûÿâëåíî 24 «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ è ñîáðàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ î, êàê ìèíèìóì, 31 ó÷àñòêå, îïóáëèêîâàííàÿ êîëëåãà- 423600, Ðîññèÿ, ìè. ×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðåñïóáëèêå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 130–160 ïàð. Èç 16 èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä Òàòàðñòàí, ã. Åëàáóãà, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà óñòðîåíà íà ñîñíàõ – 68,75%. ïð. Íåôòÿíèêîâ, 175 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca. òåë.: +7 85557 795 87 [email protected] Abstract There is a review of published data and authors’s results of surveys of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Republic of Tatarstan in 1997–2010. By 2010, authors have discovered 24 breeding territories of the Imperial Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Eagle in Tatarstan and collected the information about at least 31 territories published by colleagues. Thus, a total Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ of 130–160 pairs are estimated to breed in the Republic. There are 16 known nests of eagles with the main part èññëåäîâàíèé of them placed on pine trees (68.75%). 603000, Ðîññèÿ, Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 831 4333 847 [email protected] Ââåäåíèå Data on the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Êàê ñëåäóåò èç Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïó- the Republic of Tatarstan have been obtained Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ áëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (Àñüêååâ, Àñüêååâ, 2006) by authors during occasional transit routes Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) â Òàòàðèè ÿâëÿ- through the territory of Republic in 1997–2010. ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè åòñÿ ðåäêèì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ, íî ïðè ýòîì ñà- The main routes were through the Trans-Kama 443045, Ðîññèÿ, ìûì îáû÷íûì âèäîì îðëîâ. Âèä çàíåñ¸í â region and the Bugulminsko-Belebeevskaya Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 [email protected] Êðàñíûå êíèãè ÐÒ è ÐÔ (II êàòåãîðèÿ). upland which the main part of the regional Ý. Ýâåðñìàí (1866) è Ì. Áîãäàíîâ (1871) population of the species inhabits. Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ýòîò âèä â Òàòàðèè íå îòìå÷àëè. Ì.Ä. Ðóç- The territories which nests, broods or pairs ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ñêèé (1893) ïðåäïîëàãàë, ÷òî ìîãèëüíèê of adults were recorded in are recognized ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090, Ðîññèÿ, ïîÿâèëñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Òàòàðèè ëèøü as breeding. Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 â ñåðåäèíå XIX âåêà. Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà òåë./ôàêñ: èì áûëè íàéäåíû çíà÷èòåëüíî ñåâåðíåå Distribution and number +7 383 363 00 59 ïðåæíåé ãðàíèöû ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà – â Border of the breeding range of the Imperial [email protected] Ìàìàäûøñêîì óåçäå áëèç óñòüÿ ð. Øóì- Eagle was to the north of Tatarstan at the end áóò, â Ñâèÿæñêîì óåçäå â äîëèíå ð. Êóáíÿ è â ×èñòîïîëüñêîì óåçäå ìåæäó ñ. Àëåêñå- åâñêîå è ä. Êðàñíûé ßð. Ñ íà÷àëà XX âåêà âèä ñòàíîâèòñÿ òèïè÷íûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì ëåñîñòåïíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ Ïðåäâîëæüÿ, Çàêàìüÿ è þæíîé ÷àñòè Ïðåäêàìüÿ (Êà- ðàìçèí, 1901; Ïåðøàêîâ, 1926,1929à,á; Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977). À.À. Ïåðøàêîâ (1926,1929à, á) íåîäíîêðàòíî óïîìèíàåò

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by R. Bekmansurov. 120 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Contact: î âñòðå÷àõ ìîãèëüíèêà â Òàòàðèè. Òàê, â of 1990-s. The most northern nests of the Im- Rinur Bekmansurov ñåíòÿáðå 1923 ã. äâà ìîãèëüíèêà îòìå÷å- perial Eagle were found in Udmurtiya (3 nests) National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” íû ß.Ï. Êîêñèíûì â ðàéîíå óñòüÿ ð. Áåð- in 1994 (fig. 1). Last years nests did not find Neftyanikov str., 175, ñóò (íûíå – Ìàìàäûøñêèé ð-í Ðåñïóáëèêè there, but adult birds were encountered only. Elabuga, Òàòàðñòàí), ïðè÷¸ì îäèí èç íèõ áûë äîáûò. During short surveys that had not been Republic of Tatarstan,  1925 ã. â Ðàèôñêîì ëåñó ïîä Êàçàíüþ targeted to the searching for the Imperial Russia, 423600 tel.: +7 85557 795 87 (íûíå – ó÷àñòîê Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî ãîñó- Eagle nests we found 24 breeding territo- [email protected] äàðñòâåííîãî áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà) ries in Tatarstan. Also the information on 31 íàéäåíî ãíåçäî.  1924 ã. è 1926 ã. äâà breeding territories, not conterminous with Igor Karyakin ìîëîäûõ ìîãèëüíèêà ïîéìàíû íà òåððèòî- ours data, has been published by I. Askeev Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17, ðèè ã. Êàçàíè â å¸ ñåãîäíÿøíèõ ãðàíèöàõ. and O. Askeev (1999). Thus, at least 55 Nizhniy Novgorod,  1929 ã. åù¸ îäèí ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê breeding territories have been discovered Russia, 603000 ïîéìàí â Ðàèôñêîì ëåñó.  1947 ã. ãíåçäî during last 20 years in Tatarstan. tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ìîãèëüíèêà îáíàðóæåíî â Ñàðàëèíñêîì Now the total number of the Imperial Ea- [email protected] ëåñó (íûíå – ó÷àñòîê Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî gle in Tatarstan is estimated as 130–160 Aleksey Pazhenkov ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåä- breeding pairs. The maximal number of the The Volga-Ural ECONET íèêà) (Ïîïîâ è äð., 1954). Ïîçæå ãí¸çäà Imperial Eagle in Tatarstan at 300 pairs of- Assistance Centre îòìå÷àëèñü òàêæå â Ðàèôñêîì ëåñó (Çå- fered by Pavlov (2010) seems to be over- P.O. Box 8001, Samara, Russia, 443045 ëåíîäîëüñêèé ð-í), â Âûñîêîãîðñêîì, estimated. However it should be confirmed [email protected] Ïåñòðå÷èíñêîì, Áóèíñêîì, Ëàèøåâñêîì, by special surveys of the Imperial Eagle in Àëåêñååâñêîì, ×èñòîïîëüñêîì, Àëüìå- the territory of republic. Elvira Nikolenko òüåâñêîì, Ìåíçåëèíñêîì, Ëåíèíîãîðñêîì, NGO Siberian Environ- mental Center Áàâëèíñêîì è Àçíàêàåâñêîì ð-íàõ Òàòàð- Breeding ecology P.O. Box 547, ñòàíà (Ðàõèìîâ, Ïàâëîâ, 1999à; 1999á).  The main breeding habitats of the Impe- Novosibirsk, 1980-õ ãîäàõ ìîãèëüíèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè rial Eagle in Tatarstan are typical for forest- Russia, 630090 îòìå÷àëñÿ îòäåëüíûìè ïàðàìè è ñ÷èòàëñÿ steppe of the Volga-Ural region being pine tel./fax: +7 383 363 00 59 ïîâñåìåñòíî ðåäêèì (Ãîðøêîâ ñ ñîàâò., forests or mixed pine-broadleaved forests [email protected] 1983; Ãàðàíèí,1986). Íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíî, on the uplands, surrounded by the open ñâÿçàíî ëè ýòî ñî ñïåöèôèêîé íàáëþäå- landscapes. Eagles in Tatarstan also inhabit íèé èëè â ýòîò ïåðèîä äåéñòâèòåëüíî íà- cultivated lands – mainly in artificial forest áëþäàëàñü ìèíèìàëüíàÿ åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü lines or separate groups of trees in flood- â ðåãèîíå. Âîçìîæíî, àâòîðû ïðîñòî íå- lands of small rivers. äîó÷èòûâàëè ìîãèëüíèêà, òàê êàê â òå÷åíèå We found 16 nests of eagles in Tatrstan: 1990-õ ãîäîâ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîïóëÿöèè ìî- 11 (68.75 %) nests were located on pines, ãèëüíèêà â Òàòàðñòàíå îñòàâàëàñü ñòàáèëü- 2 (12.5 %) – on birches and 1 (6.25 %) – on íîé. Çäåñü â ýòîò ïåðèîä áûëî èçâåñòíî a willow, a poplar and an oak (fig. 2). The 5 ìíîãîëåòíèõ ãí¸çä. Ñóäÿ ïî âñòðå÷àì Imperial Eagle habit to nest on deciduous ïòèö è èõ ïîâåäåíèþ, ëîêàëèçîâàíî åù¸ trees is obviously induced by the deficien- 4–6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü cy of old pines. There is a known case of ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òàòàðèè îöå- rather open nesting of the Imperial Eagles íåíà äî 20 ïàð (Ðàõèìîâ, Ïàâëîâ, 1999à; in the Almetyevsk region near a road on the 1999á). È.Â. è Î.Â. Àñüêååâû (1999) äëÿ willow growing at the bottom of a ravine. 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ñ÷èòàþò ìîãèëüíèêà The distance between the road and willow ñàìûì îáû÷íûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì îðëîâ was about 100 m. The average distance â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òàòàðñòàí, îòìå÷àþùèìñÿ âî between the nearest neighbours was (n=9) âñåõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåñïó- 7.49±4.06 km (3.68–16.12 km). áëèêè. Ýêñòðàïîëèðóÿ äàííûå, ïîëó÷åí- The diet of eagles in Tatarstan generally íûå â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì consists of the Russet Souslik (Spermophilus Â.Ï. Áåëèêà, íàáëþäåíèÿ È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà major) and Corvidae, mainly Rooks (Corvus è ðåçóëüòàòû ñîáñòâåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, frugilegus). àâòîðû îöåíèëè ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà â Òàòàðèè íèêàê íå ìåíüøå 30–40 ãíåçäÿ- Conclusions ùèõñÿ ïàð, ïðè ýòîì íà êàðòå ðàñïðîñòðà- The review of published and our data show íåíèÿ âèäà ïðèâîäÿò 39 òî÷åê óñòàíîâëåí- the significant part of the Imperial Eagle íîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà. Ïî äàííûì breeding population of the Volga region Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí inhabiting Tatarstan. However considering (Àñüêååâ, Àñüêååâ, 2006) íà òåððèòîðèè the adjacent regions the level of surveys of ðåñïóáëèêè â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îáèòàåò the Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Tatar- 30–50 ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Ïî äàííûì Þ.È. stan is the lowest. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 121

Ïàâëîâà (2010) â Òàòàðñòàíå èçâåñòíî 50 Âûÿâëåíèå ìîãèëüíèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà, èç êîòîðûõ 9 íà îñîáî- ïî îáùåïðèíÿòîé ìåòîäèêå (Êàðÿêèí, îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, à 2004): íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ, ñïëàíèðîâàííûõ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà òåððèòîðèè âäîëü îïóøåê îñòðîâíûõ ëåñîâ è ïî èíûì Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí îöåíåíà â 60–300 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì äëÿ ýòîãî îðëà áèîòîïàì, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, èç êîòîðûõ 41–64 ïàðû â îïòèêó îñìàòðèâàëàñü ïåðèôåðèÿ ëåñà è ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ÎÎÏÒ ðåñïóáëèêè. Ïðè ýòîì, îäèíî÷íûå äåðåâüÿ íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæå- íàó÷íûõ ïóáëèêàöèé î ìîãèëüíèêå â Òà- íèÿ ãí¸çä èëè ñàìèõ ïòèö. Äî óñòàíîâëåíèÿ òàðñòàíå êðàéíå ìàëî è âèä î÷åíü ñëàáî ëèñòâû îñìàòðèâàëè ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî òå èçó÷åí. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóþò äàííûå ëåñà, ãäå ìàêñèìàëüíà âåðîÿòíîñòü ãíåçäî- ïî óñïåõó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è ëèìèòèðóþùèì âàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ, ôàêòîðàì. à ïîñëå – áîðû è ñìåøàííûå ëåñà, ãäå âèä Èç îáçîðà âèäíî, ÷òî îöåíêà ÷èñëåí- ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ñîñíàõ. íîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â Òàòàðñòàíå, ñäåëàííàÿ Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿëîñü îñìîòðó ëåñà, ðàçíûìè àâòîðàìè, ñòðåìèòåëüíî ðàñò¸ò, ãðàíè÷àùåãî ñ ïàñòáèùàìè áëèç ôåðì è ÷òî ñâÿçàíî êàê ñ èíòåíñèôèêàöèåé èññëå- ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé ñêîòà.  õîäå ìàðøðóòîâ äîâàíèé, òàê è ñ ðåàëüíûì óâåëè÷åíèåì åãî âåëèñü íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ñòàÿìè âðàíîâûõ, ÷èñëåííîñòè â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ.  òî êîòîðûå ÷óòêî ðåàãèðóþò íà ïîÿâëåíèå æå âðåìÿ ìîãèëüíèê ïðîäîëæàåò îñòàâàòü- ìîãèëüíèêà è ïîçâîëÿþò óâèäåòü îõîòÿùèõ- ñÿ ñëàáîèçó÷åííûì âèäîì ðåñïóáëèêè.  ñÿ ïòèö, à òàêæå îñìàòðèâàëèñü ìàãèñòðàëü- äàííîé ñòàòüå àâòîðû ïîïûòàëèñü ñîáðàòü íûå ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. âîåäèíî ðàçðîçíåííûå ïóáëèêàöèè è îáîá- Äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì âíîñè- ùèòü ðåçóëüòàòû ñîáñòâåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a), ãäå ôîð- ïî ìîãèëüíèêó â Òàòàðñòàíå, êîòîðûå äî ìèðîâàëàñü áàçà äàííûõ. ñèõ ïîð íå áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû. Ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì îòíåñåíû òåððè- òîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, Ìåòîäèêà âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè èëè ïàðû ïòèö. Äàííûå ïî îðëó-ìîãèëüíèêó â Ðåñïóáëè- Ïî íàêîïëåííîìó ìàòåðèàëó â 2000 ã. êå Òàòàðñòàí ñîáðàíû àâòîðàìè â 1997– áûëà ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïåðâàÿ ïîïûòêà îöåíêè 2010 ãã. â õîäå ýïèçîäè÷åñêèõ òðàíçèòíûõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íà þãî-âîñòîêå àâòîìàðøðóòîâ ÷åðåç òåððèòîðèþ ðåñïó- Òàòàðñòàíà ÃÈÑ-ìåòîäàìè. Ìåòîäèêà ðà- áëèêè. Ëèøü â 1997 ã. óäàëîñü 3 äíÿ ïî- áîòû ïîäðîáíî èçëîæåíà â îòäåëüíîé ñòà- ðàáîòàòü íà êðàéíåì þãî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè. òüå (Êàðÿêèí, 2010). Îñíîâíûå ìàðøðóòû ïðîõîäèëè â Çàêàìüå è íà Áóãóëüìèíî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåí- Ðåçóëüòàòû íîñòè, ãäå îáèòàåò îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ðåãèî- Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü íàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà.  êîíöå 1990-õ ãîäîâ ãðàíèöà ãíåçäîâî- ãî àðåàëà ìîãèëüíèêà ïðîõîäèëà ñåâåðíåå Òàòàðñòàíà. Ãí¸çäà îðëîâ áûëè îáíàðóæå- íû â Ïðåäêàìüå íà ãðàíèöå ðåñïóáëèê Òà- òàðñòàí (Àãðûçñêèé ðàéîí) è Óäìóðòèè. Íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíåé, â ïåðèôåðèéíîé ÷àñòè Êûðûêìàññêîãî ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà (ðèñ. 1), áûëî íàéäåíî òðè ãíåçäà. Îäíî ãíåçäî – íà îïóøêå áîðà áëèç ä. Çàáîðüå 9 ìàÿ 1994 ã., âòîðîå – â ïîéìå ð. Êûðûê- ìàñ áëèç ä. Òàâçÿìàë 16 ìàÿ 1994 ã., òðå- òüå – íà îïóøêå ñìåøàííîãî ëåñà áëèç ä. Íîâ. ×åêàëäà 15 àâãóñòà 1994 ã. Âñå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âåðøèíàõ ñîñåí. Ýòî ñà- ìûå ñåâåðíûå íàõîäêè ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè.  íà- ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå ñîâñåì ÿñíî, ãíåçäèòñÿ

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Òàòàðñòàíå. Fig. 1. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Republic of Tatarstan. 122 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ëè çäåñü ìîãèëüíèê äî ñèõ ïîð. Ïðè ïðî- âåðêå ãíåçäà áëèç ä. Çàáîðüå â ìàå 2007 ã., íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà ëèøü âûðóáêà, à íîâîãî ãíåçäà ïîáëèçîñòè îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è âñòðåòèòü ïòèö. Òåì íå ìåíåå, âñòðå÷è ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè Óäìóðòèè äî ñèõ ïîð èìåþò ìåñòî.  ÷àñòíîñòè, 15 èþíÿ 2008 ã. âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü íàä òðàññîé ìåæäó ñ. Àðçàìàñöåâî è ñ. Êà- ðàêóëèíî (Å. Âàñèëüåâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íåñêîëüêî þæíåå îõîòÿùèéñÿ ìîãèëüíèê â ëåòíåå âðåìÿ ñ 2007 ïî 2009 ãîäû íàáëþ- äàëñÿ ó ñ. Áûðãûíäà â Êàðàêóëèíñêîì ðàéî- íå Óäìóðòñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè (À.Ã. Ìåíüøè- êîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Äëÿ Ïðåäêàìüÿ íà ïåðèîä 90-õ ãã. ïðèâî- äèòñÿ 9 ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (Àñü- êååâ, Àñüêååâ, 1999). Íàä òåððàñíûì áî- ðîì ð. ̸øè, áëèç ñ. Øàëè, â 2003 ã. ïàðó ìîãèëüíèêîâ íàáëþäàë Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå).  îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Øóìáóò ñòàðîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà îáíàðóæåíî 24 èþëÿ 2006 ã., íàêàíóíå âáëèçè ìåñòà ðàñ- ïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà áûëà âñòðå÷åíà âçðîñ- Òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû ìîãèëüíèêà â Òàòàðèè – áîðû íà ñêëîíàõ âîçâû- ëàÿ ïòèöà, íî æèëîãî ãíåçäà îáíàðóæèòü øåííîñòåé: ââåðõó – ð. Çû÷à, âíèçó – ð. Øåøìà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íå óäàëîñü (Íèêîëåíêî, 2007). Typical breeding habitats of the Imperial Eagle in Tatarstan – pine forests on the  ëåâîáåðåæüå Êàìû è Âîëãè â Òàòàðèè upland slopes: upper – Zycha river, bottom – Sheshma river. Photos by I. Karyakin. îïðåäåë¸ííî ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà. Íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè È.Â. è Î.Â. Àñüêåå- âû (1999) äëÿ 90-õ ãã. ïðèâîäÿò 24 ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà ñ îñíîâíûì î÷à- ãîì (19 ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ) íà Áóãóëüìèíî- Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è â Çàêàìüå. Âî âðåìÿ íåñêîëüêèõ íåïðîäîëæèòåëü- íûõ âûåçäîâ ïî òåððèòîðèè Áóãóëüìèíî- Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è Çàêàìüÿ íàìè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- êîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ. 16–18 ìàÿ 1997 ã., â îñíîâíîì â áîðàõ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Äûìêè è å¸ ïðèòîêà – ð. Ñóëû, âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíè- êîâ, íà 4-õ èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸ç- äà, óñòðîåííûå íà ñîñíàõ. Ïîçæå, à èìåí- íî 1 àâãóñòà 1998 ã., çäåñü âûÿâëåí åù¸ îäèí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, êîòîðûé ðàñïîëà- ãàëñÿ â áåðåçíÿêå íåäàëåêî îò ôåäåðàëü- íîé òðàññû Ì5. Ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî íà áåð¸çå, íî åãî íàøëè ëèøü ñïóñòÿ 4 ãîäà, îñåíüþ, ïîñëå ëèñòîïàäà. Ãíåçäî ïðîñìà- òðèâàëîñü ñ òðàññû. 9 àâãóñòà 1998 ã., ïðè îñìîòðå ïåð- ñïåêòèâíîãî ïàìÿòíèêà ïðèðîäû ã. ×åêàí, îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëü- Íåòèïè÷íîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííîå â êðîíå ñîñíû – ÿðêèé ïðèìåð íèêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ïðè äâóõ ïîâòîðíûõ ïî- äåôèöèòà ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ. Êóâàê, 12 ìàÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñåùåíèÿõ â 1999 è 2000 ãã. îáíàðóæåíû Atypical nests of the Imperial Eagle, built in the coma of pine tree, showing the ãí¸çäà íà äóáå íà òåððàñå ð. Èê è â ïîéìå deficiency of trees suitable for nesting. Kuvak river, 12/05/2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. ð. Èê – íà òîïîëå. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 123

æåíû â àâãóñòå 1998 ã. â äîëèíå Ìàë. ×å- ðåìøàíà, îäèí èç êîòîðûõ â 2002 ã. áûë ïîäòâåðæä¸í Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíûì (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íà îäíîì èç íèõ îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå íà ñîñíå. Òðåòèé ó÷à- ñòîê îáíàðóæåí Ñ.Ã. Àäàìîâûì (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) íà Âîëæñêî-×åðåìøàíñêîì âîäîðàçäåëå, â ëåñîïîëîñå ñðåäè ïîëåé.  ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîå- íî íà áåð¸çå è ëåòîì 2010 ã. áûëî æèëûì (Àäàìîâ, íàñòîÿùèé ñáîðíèê). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íàìè è äðóãèìè ÷ëåíàìè Ñðåäíåâîëæñêîãî êëóáà ëþáèòåëåé ïòèö â Òàòàðèè â õîäå íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíûõ âûåç- äîâ, îñíîâíîé öåëüþ êîòîðûõ íå áûë ïî- èñê ìîãèëüíèêà, âûÿâëåíî 24 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î åù¸, êàê ìèíè- ìóì, 31 ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå, äîñòîâåðíî íå ñîâïàäàþùèõ ñ íàøèìè, èìååòñÿ ó È.Â. è Î.Â. Àñüêååâûõ (1999). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â ïîñëåäíèå 20 ëåò, êàê ìèíèìóì, 55 ãíåçäî- âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ îáíàðóæåíî â Òàòàðñòàíå. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî êàêàÿ-òî ÷àñòü èç íèõ ñîâïàäàåò ñ òåìè, êîòîðûå èç- âåñòíû Þ.È. Ïàâëîâó (2010), îäíàêî âûñî- Òèïè÷íûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííûå íà ñîñíàõ: ââåðõó – âåðõîâüÿ ð. Øåø- êà âåðîÿòíîñòü, ÷òî èìåþòñÿ è íå èçâåñòíûå ìà, âíèçó – ð. Çû÷à. Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí, 12 ìàÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Þ.È. Ïàâëîâó ó÷àñòêè èç âûøåïðèâåä¸í- Typical nests of the Imperial Eagle, built on pines: upper – upper reaches of the íîé âûáîðêè. Ïîýòîìó â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ Sheshma river, bottom –. Zycha river. Republic of tatarstan, 12/05/2010. êîëè÷åñòâî èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ Photos by I. Karyakin. ìîãèëüíèêà â Òàòàðñòàíå ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê 60, ïðè ýòîì áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ  2003 ã. äâà ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ âûÿâ- íåãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèé íå îáñëåäîâàíà. ëåíû Ñ.Â. Áàêêîé (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) íà ÃÈÑ-àíàëèç ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü âîç- ïðàâîáåðåæíîé òåððàñå â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Èê. ìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ 60–90 ïàð ìîãèëü-  âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Øåøìà ïåðâûé ãíåçäî- íèêîâ òîëüêî íà òåððèòîðèè Áóãóëüìèíî- âîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ âûÿâëåí íàìè 13 Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è Çàêàìüÿ ìàÿ 1998 ã. íà ñàìîé ãðàíèöå Òàòàðèè è (ëåñîñòåïíîì Âûñîêîì Çàâîëæüå). Íå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. ìåíåå 30 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî îñòàëüíîé òåð- Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà ðèòîðèè ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Âîëãè (ëåñîñòåïíîì èâå, ðàñòóùåé â ãðóïïå èç íåñêîëüêèõ äå- Íèçìåííîì Çàâîëæüå). Åù¸ íå ìåíåå 30 ðåâüåâ ðÿäîì ñ òðàññîé, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ íàñåëÿåò Ïðåäêàìüå è íå íà ð. Áàãðÿæêà (ïðèòîê ð. Øåøìà) â äåêà- ìåíåå 10 ïàð – Ïðåäâîëæüå. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, áðå 2007 ã. Ãðóïïà äåðåâüåâ íåñêîëüêî ðàç ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Òàòàðñòàíå ãîðåëà, ãíåçäî ðàçðóøàëîñü, íî èñïðàâíî ãíåçäèòñÿ îêîëî 130–160 ïàð ìîãèëüíè- ïåðåñòðàèâàëîñü îðëàìè è çàíèìàëîñü, äî êîâ è, âèäèìî, îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè â 130 2010 ã. âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. ïàð ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü ìèíèìàëüíîé. Ìàêñè- ×åòûðå ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, óñòðîåííûå ìàëüíûé ïðåäåë ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñîñíàõ, îáíàðóæåíû ïðÿìî ñ òðàññû â Òàòàðñòàíå, ïðåäëàãàåìûé Þ.È. Ïàâëî- âî âðåìÿ òðàíçèòà èç Ñàìàðû â Åëàáóãó 12 âûì (2010) â 300 ïàð, âåðîÿòíî, çàâûøåí, ìàÿ 2010 ã. Èç íèõ 3 ãíåçäà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. õîòÿ, ÷òîáû ýòî óòâåðæäàòü, íåîáõîäèìî Øåøìû è 1 – â áîðó íàä ð. Çû÷à. ïðîâåñòè öåëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëü- Òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, â íèêà â ðåñïóáëèêå, êîòîðûå äî ñèõ ïîð íå òîì ÷èñëå îäèí ñ ãíåçäîì, óñòðîåííûì íà îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü. ñîñíå, îáíàðóæåíû â õîäå àâòîìàðøðóòà Åëàáóãà – Àëüìåòüåâñê 3 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. Îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ Èç íèõ ó÷àñòîê ñ ãíåçäîì – íà ð. Ëåñíîé Îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëü- Çàé è äâå ïàðû íà ð. Èãàíÿ. íèêà â Òàòàðñòàíå òèïè÷íû äëÿ ëåñîñòå-  Çàâîëæüå íàì èçâåñòíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ïè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà (Áåëèê, ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Äâà èç íèõ îáíàðó- 1999; Áåëèê, Ãàëóøèí, 1999; Êàðÿêèí, 124 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

 áîðàõ íà êðóòîñêëîíàõ âîçâûøåííî- ñòåé ìîãèëüíèêè âûáèðàþò ñîñíû, ïðîèç- ðàñòàþùèå â ñåðåäèíå èëè âåðõíåé òðåòè ñêëîíà, êðàéíå ðåäêî çàíèìàÿ ìàÿ÷íûå ñîñíû íà âåðøèíàõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé èëè â èõ íèæíåé ÷àñòè.  ðàâíèííûõ áîðàõ ñ ìèíèìàëüíûì ïåðåïàäîì âûñîò ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà îïóøêàõ. Òàì, ãäå áîðû êðàéíå ðåäêè, ìîãèëüíèê ãíåç- äèòñÿ â îñòðîâíûõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, òàê- æå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà îïóøêàõ. Èç 16 ãí¸çä, íàéäåííûõ íàìè â Òàòàðèè, 11 (68,75%) ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ, 2 (12,5%) – íà áåð¸çàõ è ïî 1 (6,25%) – íà èâå, òîïîëå è äóáå (ðèñ. 2). Ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîäàõ ñâÿçàíî ñ ÿâíûì äåôèöèòîì ñòàðûõ ñîñåí. Èçâåñòåí ñëó- ÷àé äîñòàòî÷íî îòêðûòîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïàðû ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Àëüìåòüåâñêîì ðàé- îíå áëèç àâòîìîáèëüíîé òðàññû íà èâå, Ìîãèëüíèê. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ïðîèçðàñòàþùåé íà äíå áàëêè. Ðàññòîÿíèå Imperial Eagle. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. îò òðàññû äî ãíåçäà îêîëî 100 ì. Òàêîé âû- áîð ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ óñëîâèé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, 1998; 2007) – ýòî áîðû èëè ñîñíîâî- âåðîÿòíî, ñâÿçàí ñ âûòåñíåíèåì ýòîé ïàðû øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà íà âîçâûøåííî- èç áîëåå óäîáíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, çàíÿòûõ ñòÿõ, îêðóæ¸ííûå îòêðûòûìè ëàíäøàô- äðóãèìè ïàðàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íà ïåðèôå- òàìè (ëóãîâûìè ñòåïÿìè, ïàñòáèùàìè, ðèþ, ÷òî äåìîíñòðèðóåò íàëè÷èå êîíêó- îñòåïí¸ííûìè ñêëîíàìè, ïîéìàìè ðåê). ðåíöèè ìåæäó ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ïàðàìè çà Îñòðîâíûå ëåñà, ê êîòîðûì òÿãîòååò ìî- óäîáíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè è ïèùåâîé ãèëüíèê, ÷àñòî ðàñïîëîæåíû ïî âîçâû- ðåñóðñ. øåííîñòÿì âäîëü ìàëûõ ðåê, òàêèõ êàê Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä íà ñîñíàõ (10 èç 11) Øåøìà, Ëåñíîé Çàé, Ñòåïíîé Çàé, Èãàíÿ áûëà óñòðîåíà íà âåðøèíàõ, ïðè÷¸ì â 2-õ è äð. Îäíàêî, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ òàêèå ñëó÷àÿõ ãí¸çäà ëåæàëè â ÷àøå èç âåòîê íà áèîòîïû ñèëüíî ðàçîáùåíû è ëîêàëüíû âåðøèíàõ êðîí òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî ïðîñìà- è, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå çàíÿòû òðèâàëèñü òîëüêî ñ âåðøèí äîìèíèðóþùèõ ìîãèëüíèêàìè. Ïîýòîìó îðëû çàñåëÿþò â äåðåâüåâ è íå áûëè çàìåòíû ïðè íàáëþäå- Òàòàðñòàíå è ïîëíîñòüþ ïðåîáðàçîâàí- íèè ñ îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà. Îäíî ãíåçäî íûå ÷åëîâåêîì ëàíäøàôòû, ãäå ãíåçäÿòñÿ ðàçìåùàëîñü â êðîíå ñîñíû â 5 ì íèæå âåð- â ëåñîïîëîñàõ èëè îòäåëüíûõ ãðóïïàõ äå- øèíû. Íà èâå áûëî óñòðîåíî ôàêòè÷åñêè äâà ðåâüåâ â ïîéìàõ ìàëûõ ðå÷åê. ãíåçäà, êîòîðûå ìû ïîñ÷èòàëè çà îäíî, ðàñ- ñìàòðèâàÿ âûáîð îðëàìè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðå- âüåâ. Îäíàêî, ïî õàðàêòåðó ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ïåðâîå îáíàðóæåííîå ãíåçäî è âîññòàíîâ- ëåííîå ïòèöàìè ãíåçäî îòëè÷àëèñü. Ïåðâîå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ðàçâèëêå â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà, íà âûñîòå 18 ì. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ñòâîë, íà êîòîðîì ðàñïîëàãàëîñü ãíåçäî, ñëîìàëñÿ, îðëû óñòðîèëè åãî íà âåðøèíå ñëîìà ýòîãî ñòâîëà, íà âûñîòå 9 ì. Ðàçðîçíåííîñòü è íå ñèñòåìíîñòü ïîëó- ÷åííûõ äàííûõ ïîêà íå ïîçâîëÿåò òî÷íî îïðåäåëèòü ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â Òàòàðèè. Fig. 2. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle nests built on different tree species in the Republic of Tatarstan. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 125

Íåòèïè÷íîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà èâå. Ïàðà âîññòàíîâèëà ãíåçäî ïîñëå ïàäåíèÿ äåðåâà. Áàãðÿæêà, 8 äåêàáðÿ 2007 ã. (ñëåâà) è 26 àïðåëÿ 2010 ã. (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Atypical nest of the Imperial Eagle on a willow. The pair have restored the nest after the nesting tree falling down. Bagryazhka river, December, 8, 2007 (left) and April, 26, 2010 (right). Photos by R. Bekmansurov.

îðëîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Ñà- ñòðàí¸ííûé, â îñíîâíîì, â ëåâîáåðåæüå ìûå êîðîòêèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäî- Êàìû è Âîëãè, è ïîâñåìåñòíî âðàíîâûå, â âûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð çàôèêñè- îñíîâíîì ãðà÷è (Corvus frugilegus). Þ.È. ðîâàíû â äîëèíå ð. Ñóëëà – 3,68, 4,13 è Ïàâëîâ (1999), èçó÷àâøèé ïèòàíèå 7 ïàð 5,20 êì.  âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Øåøìû ìîãèëüíè- ìîãèëüíèêîâ â 90-õ ãã. è ïðîàíàëèçèðî- êè ãíåçäÿòñÿ â 4,83 è 6,95 êì äðóã îò äðó- âàâøèé 222 îáúåêòà ïèòàíèÿ, ïðèø¸ë ê ãà. Íà ð. Èê ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè âûâîäó, ÷òî ó ïòèö â Òàòàðñòàíå ñôîð- ñîñòàâèëî 6,29 êì.  äîëèíå ð. ×åðåìøàí ìèðîâàëñÿ óñòîé÷èâûé ðàöèîí, êîòîðûé äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ óäàëå- âêëþ÷àåò òðè êîðìîâûõ áëîêà.  ïåðâóþ íû äðóã îò äðóãà íà 8,8 êì. Íà ð. Èãàíÿ î÷åðåäü ýòî ñóñëèêè, êîòîðûå äîìèíèðó- â Ñàðìàíîâñêîì ðàéîíå â ïðîìåæóòêå þò â ðàöèîíå 2-õ ïàð è ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâ- ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè Øèãàåâî íûì êîðìîì ìîãèëüíèêà âî ìíîãèõ ÷àñòÿõ è Ïåòðîâñêèé Çàâîä ìîãèëüíèêè âñòðå÷å- àðåàëà. Äàëåå ñëåäóåò ãðóïïà æèâîòíûõ íû íà ðàññòîÿíèè 16,12 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. âîäíî-áîëîòíîãî êîìïëåêñà, ïîñêîëüêó 2 Ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ïàðû ìîãèëüíèêîâ, èç íàáëþäàåìûõ, îáè- ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâèëî (n=9) 7,49±4,06 êì òàëè íà ïîáåðåæüå âîäîõðàíèëèùà. È, (3,68–16,12 êì). íàêîíåö, òðåòèé, íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâ- Óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Òàòà- íûé è óñòîé÷èâûé áëîê, âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ðèè íå èçó÷åí. Íàìè áûëî îñìîòðåíî âñå- âðàíîâûõ ïòèö, â îñíîâíîì – ãðà÷à. Äîëÿ ãî 3 ãíåçäà ñ îïåð¸ííûìè ïòåíöàìè – â 2-õ ãðà÷à â ðàöèîíå ðàçíûõ ïàð, ïî íàáëþäå- áûëî ïî 2 ïòåíöà, â îäíîì – 1 ïòåíåö. Åù¸ íèÿì Þ.È. Ïàâëîâà (1999), âàðüèðîâàëà â îäíîì ãíåçäå 1 ïòåíåö áûë âûêîðìëåí îò 19,1 äî 85,7%, à äîëÿ ñóñëèêà – îò 7,15 îðëàìè â 2010 ã. (Ñ.Ã. Àäàìîâ, ëè÷íîå ñî- äî 64,9%. Ó ïàð, â ðàöèîíå êîòîðûõ äîëÿ îáùåíèå). Íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíî ïî ñóñëèêà áûëà íèçêà, äîëÿ âðàíîâûõ áûëà 1 ñë¸òêó. ìàêñèìàëüíîé.  ïèùåâîé ðàöèîí ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Òàòàð- Íàìè áûëî èçó÷åíî 26 îñòàíêîâ ïîä ñòàíå ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì âõîäèò áîëüøîé ãí¸çäàìè è â ïîãàäêàõ: â 50% ñëó÷àåâ ýòî ñóñëèê (Spermophilus major), ðàñïðî- áûëè îñòàíêè âðàíîâûõ, â îñíîâíîì ãðà÷à 126 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

çîì ïîñòóïèâøàÿ â ÝÁÖ ã. Íèæíåêàìñêà. ×åòâ¸ðòàÿ ðàíåíàÿ ïòèöà ïîñòóïàëà èç Ëå- íèíîãîðñêîãî ðàéîíà ñ îáîææåííûìè íà ËÝÏ ëàïàìè è âñêîðå ïîãèáëà. Îäíà èç ïî- ñòóïèâøèõ â ÝÁÖ Íèæíåêàìñêà ïòèö áûëà îòïðàâëåíà â Êàçàíñêèé çîîïàðê.  2008 ã. áûë âûÿâëåí ôàêò íåçàêîííîãî èçúÿòèÿ ñë¸òêà ìîãèëüíèêà èç ãíåçäà æè- òåëåì Åëàáóãè. Íàâåðíÿêà òàêèõ ôàêòîâ áîëüøå, íî êàêîé óðîí îíè íàíîñÿò ïîïó- ëÿöèè – ñîâåðøåííî íåïîíÿòíî.

Çàêëþ÷åíèå Îáçîð ëèòåðàòóðû è íàøè ñëó÷àéíûå äàííûå ïî ìîãèëüíèêó â Òàòàðèè ãîâîðÿò Ìîãèëüíèê. è â 42,3% – ñóñëèêîâ. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, î òîì, ÷òî â ðåñïóáëèêå ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ çíà- Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ÷òî îñòàíêè ñóñëèêà èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû, ÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð Ïîâîëæ- Imperial Eagle. â îñíîâíîì, â ïîãàäêàõ (80% âñòðå÷), â òî ñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà. Îäíàêî èçó÷åííîñòü Photo by A. Pazhenkov. âðåìÿ êàê ñðåäè ïîåäåé àáñîëþòíî äîìè- ìîãèëüíèêà â Òàòàðèè íàõîäèòñÿ íà êðàéíå íèðîâàëè îñòàíêè âðàíîâûõ ïòèö. íèçêîì óðîâíå, îòíîñèòåëüíî ñîñåäíèõ ðå- ãèîíîâ, ãäå èññëåäîâàíèþ ýòîãî âèäà óäå- Óãðîçû ëÿåòñÿ áîëüøå âðåìåíè è ñèë (ñì. Áîðîäèí Òåððèòîðèÿ Òàòàðñòàíà îñòà¸òñÿ ìàëî- è äð., 1999; 2000; Áîðîäèí, Ñìèðíîâà, èçó÷åííîé íà ïðåäìåò ãèáåëè îðëîâ íà ëè- 2006; Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999; 2008à; íèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Ïðè ýòîì, êîëè÷å- 2008á; Êàðÿêèí, 1998, 1999, 2007; Êîðå- ñòâî ïòåöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ âáëèçè ãíåçäîâûõ ïîâ è äð., 2009). Õî÷åòñÿ íàäåÿòüñÿ, ÷òî ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà çäåñü ñóùåñòâåííî îáùèìè óñèëèÿìè öåëåâîå èçó÷åíèå ìî- âûøå, ÷åì â ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíàõ (ñîïî- ãèëüíèêà íà òåððèòîðèè Òàòàðñòàíà áóäåò ñòàâèìî, ðàçâå ÷òî, ñ çàïàäîì Ðåñïóáëèêè íà÷àòî â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ, è â ñëåäóþùèå Áàøêîðòîñòàí). Âûñîêîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòå- 5 ëåò áóäåò ñîáðàí ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíûé ìà- öåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ñâÿ- òåðèàë ïî åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ, ÷èñëåí- çàíî ñ ðàçâèòîé íåôòåäîáû÷åé.  2003 ã. íîñòè, ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè è ëèìèòèðóþ- íà áèîëîãè÷åñêèé ôàêóëüòåò Åëàáóæñêîãî ùèì ôàêòîðàì. ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäóíèâåðñèòåòà áûë äîñòàâëåí òðóï ìîëîäîãî ìîãèëüíèêà, ïî- Ëèòåðàòóðà Ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê, ïîñòóïèâøèé â Íèæ- ãèáøåãî íà ËÝÏ â Íèæíåêàìñêîì ðàéî- Àñüêååâ È.Â., Àñüêååâ Î.Â. Îðíèòîôàóíà íåêàìñêèé ýêîëîãî- íå.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â æèâîì óãîëêå Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (êîíñïåêò ñîâðåìåííîãî áèîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð. äåòñêîãî ýêîëîãî-áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà ñîñòîÿíèÿ). Êàçàíü, 1999. 124 ñ. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. (ÝÁÖ) ã. Íèæíåêàìñêà ñîäåðæèòñÿ ìî- Àñüêååâ Î.Â., Àñüêååâ È.Â. Ìîãèëüíèê. Êðàñ- íàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí. Êàçàíü, 2006. Young Imperial Eagle, ãèëüíèê, ïîäîáðàííûé â Íèæíåêàìñêîì Ñ. 80–81. transferred to the ðàéîíå â 2007 ã. Ïòèöà áûëà îñëàáëåíà è Nizhnekamsk Ecological Áåëèê Â.Ï. Íåêîòîðûå ýëåìåíòû ýòîëîãèè è Center. Photo by íå ìîãëà ëåòàòü. Ýòî óæå òðåòüÿ ïòèöà èç ýêîëîãèè îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå. R. Bekmansurov. Íèæíåêàìñêîãî ðàéîíà, ïîäîáíûì îáðà- – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿ- íèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà- ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., 1999. Ñ. 105–121. Áåëèê Â.Ï., Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðà- çèè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñî- ñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà- ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., 1999. Ñ. 129–139. Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîç¸ìíîé ïîëîñû Ïîâîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé Âîëãè. – Òðóäû Îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Èìïåð. Êàçàí. óí-òå. Ò. 1. Îòä. 1. Êàçàíü, 1871. 226 ñ. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë. Äîëèíà ñîëíå÷íûõ îðëîâ. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèì- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 127

áèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Âûï. 1. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2000. Ñ. 142–144. Ì., 1999á. Ñ. 73–77. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë. Ìîíèòîðèíã Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Äèíàìè- ëîêàëüíîãî ñêîïëåíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ îðëîâ- êà ÷èñëåííîñòè ðåäêèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà þãå Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. – Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò. – Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Òåçèñû XII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòî- Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîí- ëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. ôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâ- Ñòàâðîïîëü, 2006. Ñ. 86–87. ðàçèè, Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíî- Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë., Ñâèðèäîâà âî, 2008à. Ñ. 246–249. Ò.Â., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êèøêè- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû í¸â Ä.À., Èëüèíà Ä.À., Àñàíîâ À.Â., Êàðàöóáà Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Êíèãà-ôîòîàëüáîì. Ñàìà- Ä.Þ., Ðûæåíêîâ Ñ.Í. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðà, 2008á. 66 ñ. îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Êî- Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., Êàðàöóáà Ä.Þ., Êîðîëüêîâ ðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿ- Ì.À., Êèðÿøèí Â.Â., Áëèíêîâ Ã.Ã., Òèòîâ Ñ.Â., íèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà- Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â., Ìîñêâè÷¸â À.Í., Øàøêèí Ì.Ì. ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê Ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heliaca. – Ðåäêèå âèäû ïî- íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. çâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., 1999. Ñ. 68–73. çàíåñ¸ííûå â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ. Ìàòåðèàëû Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îò- èññëåäîâàíèé 2009 ãîäà / Ñîñò. Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ. ðÿä Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû) Óëüÿíîâñê, 2009. Ñ. 19–20. Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ: Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Õèùíûå ïòèöû ëåñíûõ óãîäèé Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì.: Íàóêà. 1977. Ñ. 109–110. ìåæäóðå÷üÿ ðåê Øóìáóò è Áåðñóò, Òàòàðñòàí, Êàðàìçèí À.Í. Ïòèöû Áóãóðóñëàíñêîãî è Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ñ íèì ÷àñòåé Áóãóëüìèíñêîãî, 2007. ¹10. Ñ. 54–57. Áóçóëóêñêîãî óåçäîâ Ñàìàðñêîé ãóáåðíèè è Áå- Ïàâëîâ Þ.È. Ðîëü ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ïðèðîä- ëåáåéñêîãî óåçäà Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòå- íûõ çàêàçíèêîâ ðåãèîíàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ êîì- ðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé ïëåêñíîãî ïðîôèëÿ â ñîõðàíåíèè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîë. 1901. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 203–394. ôàóíû. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî Ìàòåðèàëû XIII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè- ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñî- ÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Òåçè- âîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. ñû äîêëàäîâ. Îðåíáóðã, 2010. Ñ. 244–246. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê â Óðàëüñêîì Ïåðøàêîâ À.À. Âèäîâîé ñïèñîê ëåòíèõ ïòèö ðåãèîíå. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðà- Ðàèôà. – Èçâåñòèÿ Êàçàíñêîãî èí-òà ñåëüñêîãî íåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû õîç-âà è ëåñîâîäñòâà. 1926. Âûï. 6. Ñ. 50–60. îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ïåðøàêîâ À.À. Ñïèñîê ïòèö Êàçàíñêîãî Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåä- êðàÿ. – Òð. Ñòóäåí÷åñêîãî íàó÷. êðóæêà «Ëþ- êèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., áèòåëè ïðèðîäû» â ã. Êàçàíè. Âûï. 3. Êàçàíü, 1999. Ñ. 41–53. 1929à. Ñ. 3–68. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷å- Ïåðøàêîâ À.À. Íîâîå â ôàóíå ïòèö Êàçàí- ñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàç- ñêîãî êðàÿ ê êîíöó 20-õ ãîäîâ 20-ãî ñòîëå- íûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä: Èçä- òèÿ. – Èçâåñòèÿ Êàçàíñêîãî èí-òà ñåëüñêîãî âî «Ïîâîëæüå». 2004. 351 ñ. õîç-âà è ëåñîâîäñòâà. ×àñòü ëåñíàÿ. 1929á. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðå- ¹2. Ñ. 91–126. àëà âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåéñêîãî ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîëãî- Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê., Ïðèåçæåâ Ã.Ï. è äð. Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è å¸ äèíàìèêà â ïîñëåäíåå Ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà çîíû çà- ñòîëåòèå. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé òîïëåíèÿ Êóéáûøåâñêîé ÃÝÑ. – Òð. Êàçàíñê. ôè- ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. 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TheImperialEagleintheUralRegion,Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В УРАЛЬСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ, РОССИЯ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) PazhenkovA.S.(Volga-UralECONETAssistanceCentre,Samara,Russia) MoshkinA.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,Kurgan,Russia) BarabashinT.O.(PedagogicalInstituteoftheSouthernFederalUniversity, Rostov-na-Donu,Russia) KorolkovM.A.(UlyanovskRegionalChildren’sEnvironmentalCenter,Ulyanovsk,Russia) BekmansurovR.H.(NP“NizhnyayaKama”,Elabuga,RepublicofTatarstan,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Паженков А.С. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия) Мошкин А.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Курган, Россия) Барабашин Т.О. (Педагогический институт Южного федерального университета, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия) Корольков М.А. (Ульяновский областной детский экологический центр, Ульяновск, Россия) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Республика Татарстан, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí  ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â 1990–2010 ãã. Ïî Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, âêëþ÷àþùåì Ïåðìñêóþ, Ñâåðäëîâñêóþ, ×åëÿáèíñêóþ, Îðåíáóðã- èññëåäîâàíèé ñêóþ, Êóðãàíñêóþ îáëàñòè è Ðåñïóáëèêó Áàøêîðòîñòàí, âûÿâëåíî 629 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, êàê 603000, Ðîññèÿ, ìèíèìóì íà 575 èç êîòîðûõ îðëû ïðîäîëæàþò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ. ×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 873–987 ïàð, èç êîòîðûõ 5–7 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â Ïåðìñêîì óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17, êðàå, 8–10 ïàð – â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè, 190–210 ïàð – â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè, 400–430 ïàð – â Áàøêèðèè, òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 200–240 ïàð – â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè è 70–90 ïàð – â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è [email protected] öåíòðàìè ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ âàðüèðóåò 400 ì äî 20 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=340) 7,57±3,63 êì (ìåäèàíà=7,04 êì, Åõ=0,34). Íà 316 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ îáíàðóæåíî 556 ãí¸çä ýòî- ãî îðëà. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä óñòðîåíà íà ñîñíàõ – 44,6%, áåð¸çàõ – 35,07% è òîïîëÿõ – 12,41%.  êëàäêàõ Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ îò 1 äî 3-õ ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=70) 2,37±0,57 ÿèö, â âûâîäêàõ îò 1 äî 3-õ ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=175) 1,78±0,54 [email protected] ïòåíöà. Óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 63,3%. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca. Àëåêñàíäð Ìîøêèí [email protected] Abstract There are the results of surveys of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Ural region 1990–2010. As of 2010, Òèìîôåé Áàðàáàøèí 629 breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle are known in the Ural region, that includes the Perm Kray, Sver- [email protected] dlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan districts and Republic of Bashkortostan; at least 575 of them have been occupied this year. A total of 873–987 pairs are estimated to breed in the Ural region: 5–7 pairs of them inhabit Ìàêñèì Êîðîëüêîâ the Perm Kray, 8–10 pairs – the Sverdlovsk district, 190–210 pairs – the Chelyabinsk district, 400–430 pairs – [email protected] the Republic of Bashkortostan, 200–240 pairs – the Orenburg district and 70–90 pairs – the Kurgan district. The distances between nests and the centers of nearest neighbour breeding territories of eagles vary form 400 m

Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ to 20 km, averaging (n=340) 7.57±3.63 km (median=7.04 km, Åõ=0.34). A total of 556 nests of eagles were [email protected] found in 316 breeding territories. Main part of nests were built on pines – 44.6%, birches – 35.07% and poplars – 12.41%. The average clutch size is 2.37±0.57 eggs (n=70; range 1–3), the average brood size is 1.78±0.54 nestlings (n=175; range 1–3). Breeding success is 63.3% Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca.

Ââåäåíèå The Ural region is the most researched terri- Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç tory within the breeding range of the Impe- íàèáîëåå èçó÷åííûõ â àðåàëå ìîãèëüíèêà rial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) (Davygora, 1999; (Aquila heliaca). Çäåñü áëàãîäàðÿ öåëåâûì Karyakin, 1998; 1999à; 1999á; Korovin, ïðîåêòàì Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è 2004; Morozov, Kornev, 2005). Öåíòðà ñîäåéñòâèÿ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêî- This article presents the results of surveys ëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè, íàïðàâëåííûì íà èçó- of the Imperial Eagle in the Ural region car- ÷åíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö, â ïåðèîä ñ 1990 ïî ried out since 1990 to 2010. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 129

Contact: 2000 ãã. áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü Igor Karyakin ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ìîãèëüíè- Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17, êà. Ñ 2000 ã. çàëîæåí äîëãîñðî÷íûé ìî- Nizhniy Novgorod, íèòîðèíã ðÿäà êëþ÷åâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóï- Russia, 603000 ïèðîâîê. tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 Ïåðâûé íàèáîëåå ïîëíûé ñâîä èíôîð- [email protected] ìàöèè ïî ìîãèëüíèêó â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Aleksey Pazhenkov áûë îïóáëèêîâàí â 1998–1999 ã. (Äàâûãî- [email protected] ðà, 1999; Êàðÿêèí, 1998; 1999à; 1999á).  2004 ã. âûøëà êíèãà Â.À. Êîðîâèíà Alex Moshkin [email protected] (2004), â êîòîðîé îáîáùåíû íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ìîãèëüíèêàìè íà äâóõ ñòàöèîíàðàõ â Ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) â ãíåçäå. Timofey Barabashin Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ â Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. [email protected] 1976–1995 ãã. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î ìîãèëüíèêå Juvenile Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin. Maxim Korolkov â Òîáîëüñêèõ áîðàõ áûëà âïåðâûå ïîä- [email protected] ðîáíî èçëîæåíà 2005 ã. Â.Â. Ìîðîçîâûì è Ñ.Â. Êîðíåâûì (2005) ïî ìàòåðèàëàì èõ Methods Rinur Bekmansurov, ýêñïåäèöèé â 2000–2002 ãã. The Perm Kray, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, [email protected]  íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòà- Kurgan, Orenburg districts and Republic of òû èññëåäîâàíèé ìîãèëüíèêà â Óðàëüñêîì Bashkortostan are included in the Ural re- ðåãèîíå ñ 1990 ã. ïî 2010 ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû gion in this research. ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé þæíîó- The main surveys were carried out in ðàëüñêèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, îñó- 1990–2000. Then the majority of breeding ùåñòâëÿåìûå ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò, ïóáëèêó- territories of the Imperial Eagle was dis- þòñÿ âïåðâûå. covered and the population number was estimated. In 2000–2010, the monitoring Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà of breeding groups in the Southern Ural Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí äëÿ öåëåé äàííîãî Mountains was conducted, and new terri- èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåí òåððèòîðèåé tories, mostly in Kurgan and Orenburg dis- â àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèöàõ Ïåðìñêîãî tricts, were surveyed also. êðàÿ, Ñâåðäëîâñêîé, ×åëÿáèíñêîé, Êóð- The searching of Imperial Eagles was car- ãàíñêîé, Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòåé è Ðåñïó- ried out by a standard technique (Karyakin, áëèêè Áàøêîðòîñòàí. 2004). Äàííûå ïî ñîâðåìåííîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ Data on found breeding territories were ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Óðàëüñêîì ðå- processed within GIS-software (ArcView ãèîíå ñîáðàíû â 1990–2010 ãã. Îñíîâíûå 3.2a). Basing on data of census in the breed- ýêñïåäèöèîííûå ðàáîòû îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü ing habitats the population number was es- â 1990–2000 ãã. Èìåííî òîãäà áûëî âûÿâ- timated in the Ural region in 1999. The den- ëåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìî- sity values were extrapolated on the area ãèëüíèêîâ è îïðåäåëåíà ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà of breeding habitats of the species in those â òîò ïåðèîä.  2000–2010 ãã. â îñíîâíîì natural areas which there are similar habi- â¸ëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê tats in. Extrapolation was made on a map âèäà íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (â Áàøêèðèè è ×å- grid (Karyakin, 1998). Later for key habitats ëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè), õîòÿ òàêæå îáñëåäî- of the species in the region the models of âàëèñü è íîâûå òåððèòîðèè, â îñíîâíîì â potential breeding territory distribution Êóðãàíñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòÿõ. were created in GIS. By 2009, these models Ýêñïåäèöèîííàÿ ðàáîòà â ëåñíîé è had covered the entire territory of Southern ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíàõ è â ÷àñòè ëåñîñòåï- Ural Mountains, where the Imperial Eagle íûõ ðàéîíîâ, âåëàñü ïðè ñïëàâå ïî ðåêàì. was registered during the breeding season Îäèí äíåâíîé ïåðåõîä ãðóïïû ïî ðåêå (Karyakin, 2010). ñîñòàâëÿë 10–20 êì. Íà 1–2-äíåâíûõ ñòî- The territory is recognized as breeding if ÿíêàõ çàêëàäûâàëèñü ðàäèàëüíûå ìàðøðó- nests, broods, pairs of birds with courtship òû íà âîäîðàçäåëû. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðàäè- behavior or alarmed birds were recorded. àëüíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà 5–20 êì.  During the monitoring in 2000–2010 87% ñòåïíûõ è ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðàáîòà of known breeding territories of the Impe- âåëàñü íà àâòîòðàíñïîðòå (ÂÀÇ-21213, rial Eagle were inspected. Not visited ter- ÓÀÇ-31519), ÷òî ïîçâîëÿëî çà êîðîòêèé ritories are considered as occupied because ñðîê îáñëåäîâàòü áîëüøóþ òåððèòîðèþ, the absence of eagles there has not been ÷åì â ëåñíîé è ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíàõ, ãäå confirmed yet. 130 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Results Distribution At the beginning – middle of XX century, northern border of the breeding range of the Imperial Eagle in the Ural region was going through the Kama river estuary in Cis-Ural, upper reaches of the Ural river in the Ural Mountains and Yalutorovsk in Trans-Ural (Shtegman, 1937; Dementyev, 1951). At the end of 1990s, breeding Imperial Eagles were recorded in the Kungur forest-steppe (Perm kray) to the north up to N 57.28°, and single birds were observed up to N 58° (Karyakin, 1998; 1999à). Ñë¸òîê ìîãèëüíèêà â àâòîòðàíñïîðò ïðèìåíÿëñÿ â îñíîâíîì We discovered 629 breeding territories ãíåçäå. Áóçóëóêñêèé äëÿ çàáðîñêè íà òî÷êè. Ãîðíûå ìàññèâû è of the Imperial Eagle in the Ural region áîð. Àâãóñò 2000 ã. Ôîòî À. Îðëåíêî. êðóïíûå âîäíî-áîëîòíûå êîìïëåêñû îá- within the Perm kray, Sverdlovsk, Chely- ñëåäîâàëèñü ïåøèìè ìàðøðóòàìè â õîäå abinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg districts and the Fledgling of the Imperial Eagle in the nest. ñïåöèàëüíûõ âûåçäîâ. Republic of Bashkortostan since 1990 to Buzuluk pine forest. Âûÿâëåíèå ìîãèëüíèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü 2010 (fig. 1, tab. 1): half of found territories August, 2000. ïî ñëåäóþùåé ìåòîäèêå: â õîäå àâòîìî- (53.58%) is located in Bashkiria and almost Photo by A. Orlenko. áèëüíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ÷åðåç ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ third (26.07%) – in the Chelyabinsk district. îáèòàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ òåððèòîðèè, ïî Information about at least 30 breeding terri- õîäó äâèæåíèÿ è íà êîðîòêèõ îñòàíîâêàõ tories is published and data on 60 breeding îñìàòðèâàëèñü îõîòíè÷üè è ãíåçäîïðè- territories were obtained during question- ãîäíûå áèîòîïû, õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ âèäà, naires. Thus, as of 2010 there is information ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû íà ïðè- about 719 breeding territories of the Impe- ñàäàõ èëè ëåòÿùèå ñ äîáû÷åé ê ëåñíûì rial Eagle that known in the region with dif- ìàññèâàì, è îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïîèñê ãí¸çä, ferent degree of reliability. îðèåíòèðîâàííûé íà òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäî- And 575 out 629 breeding territories âûå ïîñòðîéêè (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ó÷àñòêè, were occupied during last 10 years. ïîäõîäÿùèå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíè- The main breeding grounds of the Im- êà (âûñîêîñòâîëüíûé ëåñ ïî ïåðèôåðèè perial Eagle in the Ural region is located in ïàñòáèù) îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó ñ âîçâû- the forest-steppe zone to the south of the øåííîñòåé èëè ñ ïàñòáèù íà äèñòàíöèè îò Balaya river valley in Cis-Ural and to the 100 äî 1500 ì îò îïóøåê íà ïðåäìåò îáíà- south of the Miass river valley in Trans- ðóæåíèÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö èëè èõ ãí¸çä. Åñëè Ural in the territory of Bashkiria, Chelyab- ãí¸çäà íå îáíàðóæèâàëèñü ñðàçó, íî áûëè insk, Orenburg and Kurgan districts. The âñòðå÷åíû ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûå ïòèöû Imperial Eagle rather sporadically breeds (â îñíîâíîì â ëèñòâåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ëåñà), in valleys of large rivers near settlements òîãäà îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïîèñê ãí¸çä â òå÷åíèå in the mountain-forest zone of the South- 1–1,5 ÷àñîâ ïóò¸ì ïðî÷¸ñûâàíèÿ ëåñíîãî ern Ural Mountains. Now the decline in ìàññèâà â çîíå áåñïîêîéñòâà ïòèö.  ãîðàõ population numbers is noted in the Ay âåëîñü íàáëþäåíèå â òå÷åíèå 1–1,5 ÷àñîâ river valley and in the right bank of the ñ âîçâûøåííûõ òî÷åê ñ ðàäèóñîì îáçîðà Belaya river in Cis-Ural, which were stable ìåñòíîñòè äî 4–5 êì, ëèáî â õîäå ìàðø- up to the end of 1990s. ðóòîâ ïî ãðåáíÿì õðåáòîâ îñìàòðèâàëèñü Now large breeding groups are devel- ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå ñêëîíû. oped on periphery of the Southern Ural Äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì âíî- Mountains, which are rather stable, despite ñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a), ãäå è of some redistribution of eagles during last îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü èõ îáðàáîòêà.  1999 ã. decade. The most dense breeding groups îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåç- is located to the east and west of the Ural äîâàíèè â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå îñóùåñòâëå- mountains in a zone of pine and deciduous íà íà îñíîâå ó÷¸òîâ â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ forests in a hilly landscape, while the cores ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè of populations are recorded in pine woods. ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü íà ïëîùàäü ãíåçäî- ïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âèäà â òåõ ïðè- Numbers ðîäíûõ ðàéîíîâ, â êîòîðûõ èìåþòñÿ According to accounts on transects and àíàëîãè÷íûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ. Ïðè÷¸ì ýêñ- plots density of the Imperial Eagle in the Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 131

òðàïîëÿöèÿ ïðîèçâîäèëàñü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè main breeding groups (fig. 2) varies from 0.5 ñ ìåòîäèêîé ñåòî÷íîãî êàðòèðîâàíèÿ to 8 pairs/100 km2 of the census area, av- – ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå, ïîëó÷åííûå â îäíîé eraging 3.6 pairs/100 km2; and from 0.1 to ÿ÷åéêå, ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü íà ìåñòîîáè- 0.6 pairs/100 km2 of a total area, on average òàíèÿ ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà â ýòîé ÿ÷åéêå 0.3 pairs/100 km2 (Karyakin, 1998; 1999à). (ñì. Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ïîçæå äëÿ êëþ÷å- According to separate calculation for every âûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âèäà â ðåãèîíå â ÃÈÑ district the average breeding density of the áûëè ïîñòðîåíû ñõåìû ðàçìåùåíèÿ ïî- Imperial Eagle in the region has made 0.28 òåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ê 2009 pairs/100 km2 of a total area (table 1). ã. ñõåìàìè áûëà ïîêðûòà âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ The average nearest neighbour dis- Þæíîãî Óðàëà, íà êîòîðîé óñòàíîâëåíî tance in breeding groups is 7.57±3.63 km ïðåáûâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðè- (n=340; range 400 m – 20 km; median

îä. Ïîäðîáíî ìåòîäèêà ïîñòðîåíèÿ ñõåì =7.04 km, Åõ=0.34) (fig. 3, table 2). Cor- ðàçìåùåíèÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ relation between distances and nesting ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ èçëîæå- habitats allows to conclude, that the range íà â îòäåëüíîé ñòàòüå (ñì. Êàðÿêèí, 2010) of distances at 3–5 km is typical almost íà ïðèìåðå Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé only for breeding groups in pine forests âîçâûøåííîñòè (Áàøêèðèÿ). of Cis-Ural, Southern Ural Mountains and  õîäå ìîíèòîðèíãà â 2000–2010 ãã. Trans-Ural as well as coniferous-broad- áûëî ïðîâåðåíî 87% èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ leaved forests of Cis-Ural; and the range ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ò.å. ïðàêòè÷åñêè of distances at 6–8 km – for birch forests âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè â îñíîâíûõ ãíåç- in hilly landscapes of Cis- and Trans-Ural, äîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Íå between breeding groups of the Imperial ïîñåùàëèñü âîîáùå äâà äåñÿòêà ãíåçäîâûõ Eagles nesting on pines. ó÷àñòêîâ â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå, à òàêæå ðÿä Number of the Imperial Eagle in the core ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà ñåâåðíîì ïðåäåëå territories of the species population in the ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âèäà, îäíàêî èõ ñîñòîÿ- Ural region – in Bashkiria and Chelyabinsk íèå íå ïðèíöèïèàëüíî äëÿ îöåíêè òðåíäà district and poor surveyed Orenburg district, ïîïóëÿöèé âèäà â ðåãèîíå â öåëîì. Íå is estimated as 790–880 breeding pairs, on ïîñåùàâøèåñÿ â ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò ó÷àñò- average 835 pairs, that makes about 90% êè ìû ñ÷èòàåì çàíÿòûìè, äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà of the species number in the entire region. íå áóäåò ïîäòâåðæäåíî îòñóòñòâèå íà íèõ Now a total of 873–987 breeding pairs, on ìîãèëüíèêà â õîäå áóäóùèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. average 930 pairs, are projected to breed Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãè- throughout the Ural region (within the bor- îíå âû÷èñëÿëàñü èñõîäÿ èç ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ders of the region, that we consider in this ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàä- article). êàõ â êëþ÷åâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ â By the end of 1990-s, the positive trend 1990–2000 è 2000–2010 ãã. of the Imperial Eagle population numbers Äëÿ äîëãîñðî÷íîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîïó- and distribution had been noted almost in ëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â all territory of the region. In 1970–80-s, 2000 ã. áûëà âûáðàíà òåððèòîðèÿ íà ñòûêå the breeding range of the Imperial Eagle Áàøêèðèè, Îðåíáóðãñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé was expanded into foothills of the Middle îáëàñòåé, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ áîðîâûå ãíåçäî- Ural Mountains to the north of the range âûå ãðóïïèðîâêè Ïðèñàêìàðüÿ è Óðàëî- of the Russet Souslik (Spermophilus ma- Óéñêîãî âîäîðàçäåëà, è ãðóïïèðîâêè jor) that is the main prey species of eag- õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ ñòåïåé ñ ëèñòâåííû- les. However degradation of all Soviet in-

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà è ïòåíöû â í¸ì íà Þæ- íîì Óðàëå. Áàøêèðèÿ, 31.07.2009 ã. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Nest of the Imperial Eagle and nestlings in it in the Southern Ural mountains. Bashkiria, 31/07/2009. Photos by R. Bekmansurov. 132 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ìè ëåñàìè, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûå ìåæäó áî- frastructure of agriculture, especially the ðîâûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè. Òðè grazing livestock industry, has affected ïëîùàäêè íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïðåäìåò- negatively, and, since 2000, the species íî îáñëåäîâàëàñü â 1995–1996 ãã.  2000, began to vanish in northern parts of the 2003–2006 ãã. îíè áûëè åù¸ ðàç ïîëíî- range in the region. However at the same ñòüþ îáñëåäîâàíû ñ êîíòðîëåì âñåõ èç- time the increase in numbers of the Impe- âåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ rial Eagle was recorded in southern forest- è ïîèñêîì íîâûõ (ñì. ãëàâó «Ìîíèòîðèíã steppe and steppe zones – the species þæíîóðàëüñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè»). began to inhabit a forest-field landscape Ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû îòíîñèì òåð- where it had vanished during the upturn ðèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, of virgin soil. During 2000–2010, the âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè, ïàðû ïòèö ñ òîêîâûì population number of the Imperial Eagle ïîâåäåíèåì, ëèáî áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ ïòèöû. has increased in a zone of birch forests in  õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé íàèáîëåå äîñòóï- the Bashkirian Trans-Ural. íûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ îñìàòðèâàëèñü In general the population trend of the Im- äëÿ ïîäñ÷¸òà êîëè÷åñòâà ÿèö â êëàäêàõ è perial Eagle in the region can be estimated êîëè÷åñòâà ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ. Óñïåõ as stable – reduction of number of northern ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ðàññ÷èòûâàëñÿ êàê êîëè÷å- groups is completely compensated by in- ñòâî ñë¸òêîâ íà çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî. crease in southern ones. Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü ïóò¸ì èäåíòèôèêà- öèè îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ â îñòàíêàõ ïèùè è Nesting habitats, nests, breeding habits â ïîãàäêàõ, ñîáðàííûõ ïîä ãí¸çäàìè è íà In the Ural region, as well as within the ïðèñàäàõ. Ïîãàäêè ïòåíöîâ è âçðîñëûõ entire breeding range the species is in the ïòèö íå ðàçäåëÿëèñü â àíàëèçå ïèòàíèÿ. habit of nesting in pine forests. Wherever high forests on terraces or mountain woods Ðåçóëüòàòû being, the Imperial Eagle prefers to nest on Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå elevated elements of relief and builds its Ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà nests under two required conditions: good ìîãèëüíèêà â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â íà÷à- approach from above and a view of the pas- ëå – ñåðåäèíå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ïðîâîäèëàñü ture from the nest. ÷åðåç óñòüå Êàìû â Ïðåäóðàëüå, âåðõîâüÿ In flat forest-steppes of Cis- and Trans- ð. Óðàë íà Óðàëå è ßëóòîðîâñê â Çàóðàëüå Ural eagles nest, as a rule, on the edges of (Øòåãìàí, 1937; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Ñâåäå- forests. Outside of pine forests the Impe- íèÿ î ïðåáûâàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäîâîé rial Eagle nests in small forests surrounded ïåðèîä çíà÷èòåëüíî ñåâåðíåå èíòåðïðåòè- by pastures. In a zone of southern forest- steppe and steppe eagles are noted nesting in different depressions of relief, frequently in flood-lands of rivers, or in flat steppe on large trees. Now we found nests in 436 breeding territories (69.32%) out of 629. According to our data (n=556) generally the Impe- rial Eagle use to nest several tree species in the Ural region, with pine (44.6%), birch (35.07%) and poplar (12.41%) predominat- ing, other tree species were unusual (fig. 4, table 3). The average clutch size in the region was 2.37±0.57 eggs (n=70; range 1–3 eggs). However in the “pine-nesting” groups in the Bugulma-Belebey upland and the Sak- mara river region the average clutch size was 2.19±0.47 eggs (n=32; range 1–3), while in the groups, nesting mainly on birches and poplars (in this sample single Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. trees surrounded by steppe), in the Bugul- Íóìåðàöèÿ îáëàñòåé ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1. ma-Belebey upland, Belaya river region and Fig. 1. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Ural region. steppe Trans-Ural the average clutch size Numbers of districts are the same as in table 1. was 2.53±0.60 eggs (n=38; range 1–3). Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 133

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. Íóìåðàöèÿ îáëàñòåé ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 1. Population numbers of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Ural region. Numbers of districts are the same as in fig. 1.

Êîëè÷åñòâî çàíÿòûõ Êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ Îöåíêà âûÿâëåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïî Ïëîòíîñòü, ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ñîñòîÿíèþ ïàð/100 Îöåíêà â 1999 ã., ó÷àñòêîâ â íà 2010 ã. êì2 îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè Ïëîùàäü ïàðû 1990–2010 ãã. Number of ïëîùàäè â 2010 ã., ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, Estimated Number of occupied Density, ïàðû êì2 population found breed- breeding pairs/100 Estimated Äèíàìèêà Îáëàñòü Area of habitats, in 1999, ing territories territories km2 of population in ÷èñëåííîñòè ¹ District km2 pairs in 1990–2010 as of 2010 total area 2010, pairs Trend 1 Ïåðìñêèé êðàé Ñòàáèëüíàÿ Perm Kray 15256.4 5–7a 6 2 0.04 6 (5–7) Stable 2 Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü Sverdlovsk Ñòàáèëüíàÿ district 13421.9 8–10a 8 6 0.07 9 (8–10) Stable 3 Êóðãàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü Ñòàáèëüíàÿ Kurgan district 54709.7 10–20b 38 37 0.15 80 (70–90) Stable 4 ×åëÿáèíñêàÿ îáëàñòü Chelyabinsk Ñòàáèëüíàÿ district 65138.1 150a 164 158 0.31 200 (190–210) Stable 5 Ðåñïóáëèêà Áàøêîðòîñòàí Republic of Ñòàáèëüíàÿ Bashkortostan 95322.3 300a 337 299 0.44 415 (400–430) Stabled 6 Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü Orenburg Ñòàáèëüíàÿ district 93051.2 50–70c 76 73 0.24 220 (200–240) Stable Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí Ñòàáèëüíàÿ Ural region 336899.6 523–557 629 575 0.28 930 (873–987) Stable a Êàðÿêèí, 1999 / Karyakin, 1999. b À.Â. Ìîøêèí, óñòíîå ñîîáùåíèå / A.V. Moshkin, pers. com. c ×èáèë¸â, 1995; Áåëèê, 1999; Äàâûãîðà, 1999 / Chibilyov, 1995; Belik, 1999; Davygora, 1999. d ñèëüíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ñåâåðå ïîëíîñòüþ êîìïåíñèðóåòñÿ ðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè â þæíîé ïîëîâèíå ðåñïóáëèêè sharp decline in numbers in the north is completely compensated by the increase in numbers in the south part of the republic.

ðîâàëèñü êàê çàë¸òû.  ÷àñòíîñòè îðëû íà- The average brood size was 1.78±0.54 áëþäàëèñü îêîëî Ïåðìè (Øåïåëü, 1992), nestlings per successful nest (n=175; range Åêàòåðèíáóðãà (Ñàáàíååâ, 1874; Äàíèëîâ, 1–3 nestlings). 1969), Òþìåíè (Ëàðèîíîâ, 1926) è çàëå- The breeding success of the Impe- òàëè äàæå â íèçîâüÿ Îáè â 1978 ã. – äî rial Eagle in Bashkiria in 1996–1999 was 66,70° ñ.ø. (Ðûæàíîâñêèé, 2003). Ëèøü â 60%: there were 1.5 fledglings out of 2.6 êîíöå âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ áûëè hutched eggs per pair in 22 cases of breed- ïîëó÷åíû ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ìî- ing. In different years the breeding success ãèëüíèêà â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñåâåðíåå varied from 35% in 1997 to 77% in 1998 ëèíèè, î÷åð÷åííîé Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì: â (Karyakin, 1999à). àâãóñòå 1980 ã. â Ïåðìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåí- Generally in the region, considering íûé óíèâåðñèòåò (ÏÃÓ) ïîñòóïèë ïòåíåö the number of empty nests in the end of ìîãèëüíèêà, ïîéìàííûé 20 àâãóñòà áëèç summer the breeding success constitutes ñ. Îðäà (öåíòð Êóíãóðñêîé ëåñîñòåïè) è 63.3%, varying from 79.8% in breeding âïîñëåäñòâèè íåïðàâèëüíî îïðåäåë¸í- groups, being in the habit of nesting on íûé ñîòðóäíèêàìè êàôåäðû çîîëîãèè ïî- pines, to 45.4% in breeding groups, nest- çâîíî÷íûõ ÏÃÓ êàê ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila ing mainly on deciduous trees in the open nipalensis) (Øåïåëü è äð., 1981; Øåïåëü, landscapes. 134 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

1992). Ñ 1976 ã. ìîãèëüíèê íà÷àë ãíåçäèòü- Thus, the groups, nesting mainly on de- ñÿ þæíåå ã. Ñâåðäëîâñêà – áëèç ïîñ. Äâó- ciduous trees, are characterized by the ðå÷åíñê Ñûñåðòñêîãî ð-íà, ãäå åãî ðàç- greater average clutch size, than in the ìíîæåíèå íàáëþäàëîñü âïëîòü äî 1995 ã. “pine-nesting” groups, but the breeding (Êîðîâèí, 1983; 2004). success is lower.  êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ìîãèëüíèê áûë ïðîñëå- æåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê ñåâåðó äî 57,28° Diet ñ.ø. â Êóíãóðñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (Ïåðìñêèé In 1990-s, Rooks (Corvus frugilegus) dom- êðàé), à îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü inated in the diet of the Imperial Eagle in the âïëîòü äî 58° ñ ø.: 10 èþíÿ 1995 ã. îäè- north of a forest-steppe zone and cultivated íî÷íûé ìîãèëüíèê âñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ×ó- lands in the south of forest zone, constitut- ñîâîé áëèç ïîñ. Ñòàðîóòêèíñê Øàëèíñêîãî ing 10–20% of individual prey numbers. ðàéîíà Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáë., 5 àâãóñòà 1997 Besides, small mammals were recorded in ã. îäíó îñîáü íàáëþäàëè áëèç ñò. Ôåðìà the diet of eagles in the forest-steppe zone: Ïåðìñêîãî ð-íà Ïåðìñêîãî êðàÿ (Êàðÿêèí, Russet Souslik (Spermophilus major) (0%– 1998; 1999à).  2000 ãã. ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ 33.3%), European Water Vole (Arvicola ter- çàãíåçäèëàñü íà ð. Ñûëâà ó ñ. Ãóñåëüíèêîâî restris) (0%–19%) and Common Hamster Ïåðìñêîãî êðàÿ, íà ó÷àñòêå, äëèòåëüíîå (Cricetus cricetus) (0%–6.9%). Among birds âðåìÿ çàíèìàâøåìñÿ áåðêóòàìè (Aquila were Rook (7.9%–35%), Jackdaw (Corvus chrysaetos). monedula) (2.8%–28.1%), Hooded Crow Äî 2000 ã. â Ïåðìñêîì êðàå áûëî âû- (Corvus cornix) (1.7%–10.3%), Rock Dove ÿâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Columba livia) (0%–7.9%) and Lapwing – äâà íà ãðàíèöå ñ Áàøêèðèåé è äâà – â (Vanellus vanellus) (0%–7.9%). Êóíãóðñêîé ëåñîñòåïè; åù¸ íà 2-õ ó÷àñò- Three species predominated in the diet êàõ ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà.  of the Imperial Eagle in the south of the Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè â ýòîò æå ïåðèîä Ural region: Russet Souslik (8.3%–59.7%), áûëî èçâåñòíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ: 4 – â Rook (7.9%–24.2%) and Jackdaw (4.8%– Êðàñíîóôèìñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, 2 – â ïðåä- 31.4%) with hedgehogs (Erinaceus sp.), ãîðüÿõ Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà â áàññåéíå Èñåòè Hooded Crows and carrion being con- (áëèç Äâóðå÷åíñêà è Ïîêðîâñêîãî), 1 – â stantly in the diet. Çàóðàëüå â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Äåðíåé (ïðèòîê The diet of the Imperial Eagle in the South- Ïûøìû) áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Êóðãàíñêîé îáëà- ern Ural mountains consisted of Hooded ñòüþ è 1 – íà ð. ×óñîâàÿ áëèç Ñòàðîóòêèí- Crow (5.5%–45.7%), West European Hedge- ñêà, ãäå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü äâàæäû â 1995 hog (Erinaceus europaeus) (1.8%–25.5%), è 2000 ãã. (â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå âñòðå÷åíà carrion (0%–12.7%), Jackdaw (0%–33.8%), ïàðà). Rook (0%–33.3%) and Hares (Lepus sp.)  Çàóðàëüå ìîãèëüíèê íåìíîãî÷èñëåí, (0%–11.4%), while the Hooded Crow and ïðè ýòîì ïî Òîáîëó è äàëåå ïî Èðòûøó hedgehogs were recorded in the diet of Im- ïðîíèêàåò î÷åíü äàëåêî â òàéãó, ãäå ãíåç- perial Eagle in the Southern Ural mountains äèòñÿ â êðóïíûõ ìàññèâàõ Êîíäèíñêèõ in all breeding territories, which the diet had áîëîò. Ñ 90-õ ãã. è ïî íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ been studied in (Karyakin, 1999à). íàèáîëåå ñåâåðíîå ìíîãîëåòíåå ãíåçäî Now the feeding habits of the species have áûëî èçâåñòíî áëèç ä. Ñîñíîâêà íåäàëå- not almost changed. Only as a result of sharp êî îò ßëóòîðîâñêà Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè.  decline in population of Russet Sousliks in ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò ïîÿâèëàñü èí- the Northern Cis-Ural, this species has not ôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà çíà- registered in the diet of eagles and has been ÷èòåëüíî ñåâåðíåå ßëóòîðîâñêà. Ìíîãî- changed by Water Voles and Hamsters. ëåòíèé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ âûÿâëåí â ìàññèâå Êîíäî-Àëûìñêèõ áîëîò Conclusions (59,06° ñ.ø.) íà òåððèòîðèè Òþìåíñêîé Surveys of last years show the sufficient- îáëàñòè, ãäå ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàðû íàáëþäà- ly stable numbers and distribution of the åòñÿ ñ 1997 ã. (Ñîðîêèí, 2009). Åù¸ ñå- Imperial Eagle in the entire Ural region. âåðíåå ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â äîëèíå ð. Some negative trends are noted only in Èðòûø, à â íèçîâüÿõ Êîíäû íà òåððèòîðèè north parts of the breeding range out of the Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà breeding range of the Russet Souslik, but (60,50° ñ.ø.) 17 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. âñòðå÷åíà they are compensated by positive trends ïàðà ñî ñë¸òêîì íåäàëåêî îò ãíåçäà (Ìîø- in the south part of the region, where the êèí, 2009). Ó÷èòûâàÿ 3 âñòðå÷è, âêëþ÷àÿ Imperial Eagle breeds within the range of íàõîäêè 2-õ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, ìîæíî Russet Souslik. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 135

ïðåäïîëàãàòü äîâîëüíî øèðîêîå çàñåëå- ÷òî ïîäêðåïëÿåòñÿ íàõîäêàìè ýòîãî âèäà íèå ìîãèëüíèêîì áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâîâ êàê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ñîñåäíåé òåððèòîðèè ìèíèìóì íà çàïàäå áàññåéíà Îáè. Ñåâåðî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè Êàçàõñòàíà Ñ 1990 ã. ïî 2010 ã. â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ â ãðàíèöàõ Ïåðìñêîãî êðàÿ, Ñâåðäëîâñêîé, (Ãóáèí è äð., 2009; Çóáàíü è äð., 2009). Âî ×åëÿáèíñêîé, Êóðãàíñêîé, Îðåíáóðãñêîé âñåé çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Îðåíáóðæüÿ âåðîÿò- îáëàñòåé è Ðåñïóáëèêè Áàøêîðòîñòàí âû- íî ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â òàêîì æå êîëè÷å- ÿâëåíî 629 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëü- ñòâå, êàê è âî âñåé ëåñîñòåïè Ïðåäóðàëüÿ. íèêîâ (ðèñ. 1, òàáë. 1), ïîëîâèíà èç êîòî- Îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíè- ðûõ (53,58%) – â Áàøêèðèè è ïðàêòè÷åñêè êà â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ëåæàò â çîíå ëå- òðåòü (26,07%) – â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. ñîñòåïè þæíåå äîëèíû Áåëîé â Ïðåäóðà- Åù¸ êàê ìèíèìóì î 30 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- ëüå è þæíåå äîëèíû Ìèàññà â Çàóðàëüå êàõ, îïðåäåë¸ííî íå ïåðåñåêàþùèõñÿ ñ íà òåððèòîðèè Áàøêèðèè, ×åëÿáèíñêîé, âûÿâëåííûìè íàìè, óïîìèíàåòñÿ â ïóáëè- Îðåíáóðãñêîé è Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòåé. êàöèÿõ äðóãèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ è èíôîðìàöèÿ  ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå Þæíîãî Óðàëà ìî- î 60 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîëó÷åíà â õîäå ãèëüíèê äîñòàòî÷íî ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäèòñÿ îïðîñíûõ äàííûõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïî ñî- â äîëèíàõ êðóïíûõ ðåê (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î 719 â äîëèíå Áåëîé) áëèç íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ. ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, èçâåñò- Äî êîíöà 90-õ ãã. äîâîëüíî êðóïíàÿ ãíåç- íûõ â ðåãèîíå ñ òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíüþ äîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ìîãèëüíèêà ñîõðàíÿ- äîñòîâåðíîñòè. ëàñü íà Ïðèàéñêîé ðàâíèíå, ãäå âèä ãíåç- Èç îáíàðóæåííûõ íàìè 629 ãíåçäîâûõ äèëñÿ ïî âñåé å¸ ïåðèôåðèè è â öåíòðå â ó÷àñòêîâ, ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò çàíèìàåòñÿ äîëèíàõ ðåê Þðþçàíü è Àé è íà áåçëåñ- 575. Ôàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåõ òåððèòîðèÿõ íûõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ, íî ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðå- ïðåêðàùåíèå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëîâ íà ñòà- ìåíè ýòà ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà äîñòàòî÷- ðûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êîìïåíñèðîâà- íî ñèëüíî äåãðàäèðîâàëà, êàê ñîáñòâåííî ëîñü ïîÿâëåíèåì íîâûõ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ãðóïïèðîâêà â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Áåëîé â íåñêîëüêèõ òåððèòîðèé ïðèðîäíûõ ðàéî- Ïðåäóðàëüå. íîâ, ðå÷ü î êîòîðûõ ïîéä¸ò íèæå. Äî ïî- Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáëàñòü îñíîâíîãî ãíåç- ñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îñòàþòñÿ íåîáñëåäîâàí- äîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà îïîÿñûâàåò Þæíûé íûìè âîñòîê Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè, à òàêæå Óðàë, ïðè ýòîì ïî âñåé ïåðèôåðèè Þæ- öåíòð è çàïàä Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. Íà íîãî Óðàëà ôîðìèðóþòñÿ êðóïíûå ãíåçäî- þãî-âîñòîêå Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæíî âûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ýòîãî âèäà, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â íå êîòîðûõ äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíà, íåñìîòðÿ ìåíüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå, ÷åì íà þãî-çàïàäå, íà íåêîòîðîå ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäÿ- ùèõñÿ ïàð îðëîâ â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå. Äàëåå íà âîñòîê è íà çàïàä îò Óðàëüñêèõ ãîð íàèáîëåå ïëîòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïè- ðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà ôîðìèðóþòñÿ â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áîðîâ (íàãîðíûõ è òåð- ðàñíûõ) è ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ â õîëìèñòî- óâàëèñòîì ëàíäøàôòå, ïðè÷¸ì îñíîâíûå î÷àãè ÷èñëåííîñòè ôîðìèðóþòñÿ â áîðî- âûõ ìàññèâàõ.

×èñëåííîñòü Ïî äàííûì ìàðøðóòíûõ è ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà â îñíîâíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ (ðèñ. 2) âàðüèðó- åò îò 0,5 äî 8 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ó÷¸- òà, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 3,6 ïàð/100 êì2. Ïðè ïåðåñ÷¸òå íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü (âêëþ- ÷àÿ ñïëîøíûå ëåñíûå ìàññèâû, àêâàòîðèè è ïîëíîñòüþ îñâîåííûå òåððèòîðèè) ïî- êàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè âàðüèðóþò îò 0,1 äî 2 Ðèñ. 2. Íàáëþäàåìàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Óðàëüñêîì ðå- 0,6 ïàð/100 êì , ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 0,3 2 ãèîíå. Íóìåðàöèÿ îáëàñòåé ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1. ïàð/100 êì (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; 1999à). Ðàç- Fig. 2. Observed density of breeding pairs of the Imperial Eagle in the Ural region. äåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò ïî îáëàñòÿì ïîçâîëÿåò Numbers of districts are the same as in table 1. ãîâîðèòü î ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâà- 136 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè ðàç- íûõ ïàð íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè ñîñòàâèëà 420 ì, íà Þæ- íîì Óðàëå â äîëèíå ð. Ñàêìàðà – 1,26 êì, â ×åëÿáèíñêîì Çàóðàëüå â Áðåäèíñêîì áîðó – 2,35 êì, â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè â Òîáîëüñêèõ áîðàõ – 2,13 êì. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëîâèíà äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøè- ìè ñîñåäÿìè (43,53%) ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå îò 3 äî 7 êì è îêîëî òðåòè (26,76%) – â äèàïàçîíå îò 7 äî 10 êì. Êîððåëÿöèÿ äèñ- òàíöèé ñ áèîòîïîì ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü çà- êëþ÷åíèå, ÷òî äèàïàçîí äèñòàíöèé â 3–5 êì õàðàêòåðåí ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëü- íî äëÿ áîðîâ Ïðåäóðàëüÿ, Þæíîãî Óðàëà è Çàóðàëüÿ è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Ïðåäóðàëüÿ, à äèàïàçîí äèñòàíöèé 6–8 êì – äëÿ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ â õîëìèñòî- Ðèñ. 3. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäñòâóþùèìè ïàðàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ â óâàëèñòûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ Ïðåäóðàëüÿ è Çàó- Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. ðàëüÿ, ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè Fig. 3. Distance between the nearest neighbors of the Imperial Eagle in the Ural ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñîñíàõ. region. Äëÿ òåððèòîðèè þãî-âîñòîêà Åâðîïåé- ñêîé Ðîññèè, óñëîâíî îãðàíè÷åííîé ñ çà- íèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå 0,28 ïàð/100 ïàäà Âîëãîé, ñ ñåâåðà – Êàìîé, ñ âîñòîêà êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (òàáë. 1). – Áåëîé è ãîðíûì Óðàëîì, à ñ þãà – ð. Áîë. Áëèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ìîãèëü- Èðãèç è øèðîòíûì îòðåçêîì ð. Óðàë (ïðè- íèêà äëÿ Ïðåäóðàëüÿ è Þæíîãî Óðàëà ìåðíàÿ ïëîùàäü 200–250 òûñ. êì2) îöåí- ïðèâîäèò Â.Ï. Áåëèê (1999à) – 0,2–0,4 êà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà áûëà ñäåëàíà ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè, à äëÿ ñòåï- Â.Ï. Áåëèêîì (1999à). Îí ïðåäïîëîæèë, íîãî Çàóðàëüÿ Â.À. Êîðîâèí (2004) – 0,4– ÷òî ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ 3,0 ïàðû/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ó÷¸òà. 0,5 ïàð/100 êì2 ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ íà êðó- Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿ- ãîâûõ ïëîùàäêàõ, çäåñü ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ ìè â ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ âàðüèðóåò îêîëî 1000 ïàð, íî ïîñ÷èòàë ýòó îöåíêó îò 400 ì äî 20 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ÷èñëåííîñòè çàâûøåííóþ, ïðåäïîëîæèâ (n=340) 7,57±3,63 êì (ìåäèàíà=7,04 êì, å¸ ðåàëüíûå ïðåäåëû îò 400 äî 800 ïàð.

Åõ=0,34) (ðèñ. 3, òàáë. 2). Ìèíèìàëüíàÿ ×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè

Òàáë. 2. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. Table 2. Distance between the nearest neighbors of the Imperial Eagle in the Ural region.

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (êì) Distance between the nearest neighbors (km) (n) M±SD

Ðàéîí / Region (Lim) Ex

Ïðèàéñêàÿ ðàâíèíà / Ay river valley (n=27) 8.15±4.33 (3.05–19.86) Ex=0.75 Ñåâåðíîå Ïðåäóðàëüå (Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèáåëüå)

North Cis-Ural (North of the Belaya river region) (n=13) 10.56±5.25 (4.84–20.60) Ex=-1.04 Þæíîå Ïðåäóðàëüå (Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêàÿ âîçâûøåííîñòü, Þæíîå Ïðèáåëüå, Áóçóëóêñêèé áîð) South Cis-Ural (Bugulma-Belebey Upland, South of the Be-

laya river region, Buzuluk pine forest) (n=67) 6.68±2.93 (0.42–12.32) Ex=-0.96 Þæíûé Óðàë (õð. Ìàë. Íàêàñ, Ïðèñàêìàðüå, Èðåíäûê) Southern Ural (Maly Nakas ridge, Sakmara river valley,

Irendyk ridge) (n=109) 5.49±2.33 (1.26–10.99) Ex=-0.85 ×åëÿáèíñêîå Çàóðàëüå / Trans-Ural within the Chelyabinsk

district (n=104) 9.37±3.20 (2.35–16.77) Ex=-0.46

Êóðãàíñêîå Çàóðàëüå / Trans-Ural within the Kurgan district (n=20) 9.76±3.00 (2.13–16.89) Ex=-0.98

Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí / Ural region (n=340) 7.57±3.63 (0.42–20.60) Ex=0.34 Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 137

â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå áåç Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà (Êîðîâèí, 1983; 2004), Îðåíáóðãñêîé è Êóðãàíñêîé ïðîíèê â Êóíãóðñêóþ ëåñîñòåïü è â äî- îáëàñòåé ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà ëèíó ð. ×óñîâàÿ (Øåïåëü è äð., 1981; Øå- 1998–1999 ã. áûëà îöåíåíà â ïåëü, 1992; Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ò.å. ñåâåð- 450–500 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; íåå ïðåäåëîâ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áîëüøîãî 1999à).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus major), ñ êîòîðûì ìîæíî äîñòàòî÷íî óâåðåííî òåñíî ñâÿçàí òðîôè÷åñêè íà áîëüøåé ÷à- ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî îíà áûëà çàíè- ñòè ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà â ðåãèîíå. Îäíà- æåíà, òàê êàê çà ïðîøåäøèé êî ðàçðóøåíèå âñåé ñîâåòñêîé èíôðà- 10-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä èññëåäî- ñòðóêòóðû ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà, îñîáåííî âàíèé êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ïàñòáèùíîãî æèâîòíîâîäñòâà, ñêàçàëîñü Ìîãèëüíèê. ó÷àñòêîâ îðëîâ, âûÿâëåííûõ â Áàøêèðèè è íåãàòèâíî, è, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2000 ã., âèä ñòàë Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè, íà 37 è 14 ñîîòâåò- èñ÷åçàòü â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ãíåçäîâîãî àðå- Imperial Eagle. ñòâåííî ïðåâûñèëî îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè àëà â ðåãèîíå. Íàèáîëåå ñèëüíî ñîêðàòè- Photo by A. Pazhenkov. äëÿ ýòèõ ðåãèîíîâ (÷èñëåííîñòü â Áàøêè- ëèñü ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà ðèè îöåíèâàëàñü â 300 ïàð, â ×åëÿáèí- â ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáåëüå è íà Ïðèàéñêîé ñêîé îáëàñòè – 150 ïàð). Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ðàâíèíå, íî âèä âñ¸-òàêè íå âûïàë îêîí- ÷òî ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ìîãèëüíèêà ÷àòåëüíî è ïðîäîëæàåò çäåñü ãíåçäèòüñÿ. â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè è Òàòàðèè (ñì. íàñò. Ïðè ýòîì ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ äåãðàäàöèåé ñå- ñáîðíèê), òàêæå ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ÷èñëåí- âåðíûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê â þæíîé ëåñîñòåïè íîñòü ýòîãî îðëà óæå íà ïåðèîä 1999 ã. è ñòåïíîé çîíå ø¸ë ïðîöåññ óâåëè÷åíèÿ íåäîîöåíèâàëàñü, ïîýòîìó íà 1999 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà – îí ñòàë, âèäèìî îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè â 1000 ïàð, ñäåëàí- ïîâòîðíî, îñâàèâàòü ëåñî-ïîëåâîé ëàíä- íàÿ Â.Ï. Áåëèêîì (1999à) äëÿ þãî-âîñòîêà øàôò, ãäå èñ÷åç â ïåðèîä ïîäíÿòèÿ öåëè- Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè íà îñíîâàíèè ðàñ÷¸- íû. Ýòîìó ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî ñòàðåíèå êîë- òà ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ, áûëà áîëåå áëèçêàÿ ê êîâ, ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ñðåäè ïîëåé, à òàêæå ðåàëüíîé, ÷åì ïðèíÿòàÿ èì æå ýêñïåðòíàÿ ëåñîïîëîñ. îöåíêà â 400–800 ïàð.  ïåðèîä ñ 2000 ïî 2010 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàìè îñòàþòñÿ íå- ìîãèëüíèêà âûðîñëà â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðà- îáñëåäîâàííûìè íå ìåíåå òðåòè ïëîùàäè íåíèÿ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ â Áàøêèðñêîì ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ìîãèëüíèêà â Áàøêèðèè è Çàóðàëüå. Íà ôîíå ýòîãî, ÷èñëåííîñòü ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè, îäíàêî îñíîâíûå ìîãèëüíèêà îñòà¸òñÿ ñòàáèëüíîé â áàññåé- ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè â îáîèõ ðåãèî- íå Òîáîëà, ãäå ñ êîíöà 90-õ ïî íàñòîÿùåå íàõ âûÿâëåíû, à òàêæå âûÿâëåíà è îñíîâ- âðåìÿ íå ïðîèçîøëî èçìåíåíèé ÷èñëåí- íàÿ ìàññà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (äîëÿ ïðî- íîñòè âèäà. ïóñêà ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò íå áîëåå 20%  öåëîì ñèòóàöèþ ñ äèíàìèêîé ÷èñëåí- äëÿ îñíîâíûõ î÷àãîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà). íîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå ìîæíî îõà- Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ðàêòåðèçîâàòü êàê ñòàáèëüíóþ – ñîêðàùå- ãíåçäîâàíèè â îñíîâíûõ ðåçåðâàòàõ âèäà â íèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåâåðíûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – â Áàøêèðèè è ×åëÿ- êîìïåíñèðóåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèåì þæíûõ. áèíñêîé îáëàñòè, à òàêæå â ïëîõî îáñëå- Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî íàèáîëüøèé ðîñò äîâàííîé Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, îïðåäå- ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà çà ïîñëåäíåå ëåíà â 790–880, â ñðåäíåì 835 ïàð, ÷òî äåñÿòèëåòèå ïðîèçîø¸ë íà çàïàäå Îðåí- ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 90% îò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà áóðæüÿ, îäíàêî çäåñü äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïðî- âî âñ¸ì ðåãèîíå.  Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â âåäåíî ïîâòîðíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ìîäåëü- öåëîì (â ãðàíèöàõ ðåãèîíà, ïðèíÿòûõ íûõ òåððèòîðèé, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü íà íàìè â ýòîé ñòàòüå) â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ þãî-çàïàäå, ãäå â 90-õ ãã. âèä äîñòîâåðíî ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå 873–987, â íå áûë îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. ñðåäíåì 930 ïàð. Âîçìîæíî è ýòà îöåí- êà ÷èñëåííîñòè íåñêîëüêî íèæå ðåàëüíîé Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåí- ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â Óðàëüñêîì ðå- íîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ãèîíå, íî îíà âñ¸ æå áëèæå ê íåé, ÷åì òà,  Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, êàê è â öåëîì ïî êîòîðàÿ áûëà ñäåëàíà â 1999 ã. àðåàëó âèäà, ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûì ãíåçäîâûì Âïëîòü äî êîíöà 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ áèîòîïîì ÿâëÿþòñÿ áîðû. Âî âñåõ áîðàõ, îòìå÷àëàñü ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ äèíàìèêà ÷èñ- ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ ïàñòáèùàìè â àðåàëå ìîãèëü- ëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà, è ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè íèêà, ýòîò îð¸ë íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. íàáëþäàëñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåé òåððè- Âåçäå ãäå ïðîèçðàñòàþò âûñîêîñòâîëü- òîðèè ðåãèîíà.  70–80-õ ãã. ìîãèëüíèê íûå ëåñà íà òåððàñàõ èëè íàãîðíûå ëåñà, ïðîäâèíóëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïðåäãîðüÿ ìîãèëüíèê ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà âîç- 138 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû ìîãèëüíèêà â Áàøêèðèè è âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëî- æåíèÿ ãí¸çä: íà îëüõå â ïîéìå ðåêè (ââåðõó), íà ñîñíå íà ñêëîíå äîëèíû (â öåíòðå), íà äóáå íà âåðøèíå âîç- âûøåííîñòè (âíèçó). Ìàé 1998 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting habitats of the Imperial Eagle in Bashkiria and different nest locations: on alder in flood-lands of a river (upper), on pine on a slope of valley (center), an oak on the top of upland (bottom). May, 1998. Photos by I. Karyakin.

âûøåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ ðåëüåôà, óñòðàèâàÿ âûøåííûì ýëåìåíòàì ðåëüåôà. Íî â çîíå ãí¸çäà òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ê íèì áûë þæíîé ëåñîñòåïè è ñòåïè âñòðå÷àåòñÿ è õîðîøèé ïîäë¸ò ñâåðõó è ñ íèõ îòêðûâàë- äðóãîé ñòåðåîòèï – ãíåçäîâàíèå â ïîíè- ñÿ âèä íà ïàñòáèùà. æåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ ðåëüåôà, ÷àñòî â ïîé-  ðàâíèííûõ ëåñîñòåïÿõ Ïðåäóðàëüÿ è ìàõ ðåê, ëèáî â ðîâíîé ñòåïè íà êðóïíûõ Çàóðàëüÿ îðëû ãíåçäÿòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ íà êðàþ êîëêîâ, èëè îïóøêàõ. Âíå áîðîâ ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ íåñêîëüêî îáîñîáëåííî îò êîëêîâ, ðåæå â íåáîëüøèõ êîëêàõ ñðåäè ïàñòáèù, ÷àñòî íà îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ.  ïîñëåäíåì ñëó- óñòðàèâàÿ ãí¸çäà íà äîìèíèðóþùèõ (áîëü- ÷àå îïðåäåë¸ííîå ïðåäïî÷òåíèå îòäà¸òñÿ øåé ÷àñòüþ îäèíî÷íûõ) ñîñíàõ, ðàñòóùèõ òîïîëÿì. ñðåäè ëèñòâåííîãî ìåëêîëåñüÿ. Ïðè îòñóò-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíè- ñòâèè õâîéíûõ äåðåâüåâ, ìîãèëüíèê óñòðà- êîâ âûÿâëåíû íà 436 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ èâàåò ãí¸çäà íà ëèñòâåííûõ, ïðè÷¸ì â ýòîì (69,32%) èç 629. Îñòàëüíûå ó÷àñòêè âû- ñëó÷àå íàáëþäàåòñÿ òàêæå òÿãîòåíèå ê âîç- ÿâëåíû ïî âñòðå÷àì ñë¸òêîâ è âçðîñëûõ Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 139

99 ó÷àñòêàõ (22,71%), ïî 3 ãíåçäà – íà 18 ó÷àñòêàõ (4,13%), ïî 4 ãíåçäà – íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ (0,46%) è 5 ãí¸çä – íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå (0,23%). Íàëè÷èå àëüòåðíàòèâ- íûõ ãí¸çä îêàçàëàñü ìàêñèìàëüíûì ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ (71,43% ïðè n=7) è ñîñíàõ (42,53% ïðè n=174). Íàìè çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Óðàëü- ñêîì ðåãèîíå îáíàðóæåíî 556 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î ðàñïîëîæåíèè 22-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê íå âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â íàøó áàçó äàííûõ èìå- åòñÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå (×èáèë¸â, 1995; Áåëèê, 1999á; Êàðÿêèí, Êîçëîâ, 1999; Ìîðîçîâ, Êîðíåâ, 2002; Êîðîâèí, 2004; Ãàøåê, 2006) è îïèñàíèÿ 57 ãí¸çä ïîëó÷åíû â õîäå îïðîñà. Ïî íàøèì äàííûì (n=556) îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè äåðåâüÿìè ìî- Ðèñ. 4. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ, ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûå ìîãèëüíèêàìè â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ãèëüíèêà â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. ñîñíà (44,6%), áåð¸çà (35,07%) è òîïîëü Fig. 4. Nesting trees used by Imperial Eagles for nesting in different parts of the (12,41%), îñòàëüíûå âèäû äåðåâüåâ íå Ural region. èãðàþò îñîáî âàæíîé ðîëè â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ (ðèñ. 4, òàáë. 3). Ïî îäíîìó ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïðåèìóùåñòâåí- ãíåçäó îáíàðóæåíî íà îñèíå, âÿçå, âåð- íî â êîíöå ëåòà â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ øèíå ñêàëüíîãî îñòàíöà è ìåòàëëè÷åñêîì ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, ãäå ïîèñê ãí¸çä îñëîæ- òðèãîïóíêòå. Ãíåçäî íà òðèãîïóíêòå, îáíà- í¸í, ïîêà íà äåðåâüÿõ ãóñòàÿ ëèñòâà. ðóæåííîå â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Òîáîë â Îðåí- Íà 316 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíè- áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, çàíèìàëîñü îðëàìè êîâ âûÿâëåíî ïî îäíîìó ãíåçäó (72,48%). îäíîêðàòíî. Ãíåçäî íà âåðøèíå ñêàëüíîãî Íåñêîëüêî ãí¸çä íàéäåíî íà 120 ãíåçäî- îñòàíöà èçíà÷àëüíî ïîìåùàëîñü íà áåð¸- âûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (27,52%): ïî 2 ãíåçäà – íà çå, êîòîðàÿ çàâàëèëàñü íà ñêàëó, ïîäãîðåâ

Òàáë. 3. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ, ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûå ìîãèëüíèêàìè â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. Table 3. Nesting trees used by Imperial Eagles for nesting in the Ural region.

Äàííûå ñ ïðèâëå÷åíèåì ïóáëèêàöèé è îïðîñíûõ äàííûõ Data including published information Ãíåçäîâîé ñóáñòðàò Äàííûå àâòîðîâ / Authors’ data and data of questionnaires Nesting substrate Êîëè÷åñòâî / Obs. Äîëÿ / Portion, % Êîëè÷åñòâî / Obs. Äîëÿ / Portion, % Ñîñíà / Pine 248 44.60 265 41.73 Ëèñòâåííèöà / Larch 12 2.16 12 1.89 Áåð¸çà / Birch 195 35.07 202 31.81 Òîïîëü / Poplar 69 12.41 120 18.90 Îëüõà / Alder 10 1.80 10 1.57 Äóá / Oak 16 2.88 18 2.83 Èâà / Willow 2 0.36 4 0.63 Îñèíà / Aspen 1 0.18 1 0.16 Âÿç / Elm 1 0.18 1 0.16 Âåðøèíà ñêàëüíîãî îñòàíöà Top of rock 1 0.18 1 0.16 Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé òðèãîïóíêò Metal geodetic triangle 1 0.18 1 0.16 Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí Ural region 556 100 635 100 140 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

èëè áîêîâîé âåòâè â êðîíå íà âåðøèííîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå â ìóòîâêå èëè ïðåäâåð- øèííîé ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà.  8 ñëó÷àÿõ íà ð. ĸìà è ð. Óðàë íàáëþäàëîñü ïåðåìåùåíèå îðëîâ èç ïîéìû (â 7 ñëó÷àÿõ ñ òîïîëåé è â 1 ñëó÷àå ñ îëüõè) â ñòåïíûå ëîãà ñêëîíîâ äî- ëèíû íà áåð¸çû, ïðè÷¸ì õàðàêòåð óñòðîé- ñòâà ãíåçäà, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñîõðàíÿëñÿ – â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà â öåíòðå êðîíû. Ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà âåðøèíå äå- ðåâà îïðåäåë¸íî äîìèíèðóåò â ðåãèîíå – ïîëîâèíà âñåõ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðå- âüÿõ (52,16%), ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â âåðøèííûõ ìóòîâêàõ, ëèáî â ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèë- êàõ. Èç 290 ãí¸çä íà âåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóþò ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåí- íûå íà ñîñíå – 73,10% (85,48% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñîñíàõ). Áîëåå òðåòè ãí¸çä (37,23%) ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â ðàçâèëêàõ â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà è ëèøü 10,61% ãí¸çä óñòðîåíî â ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà (â ñåðåäèíå èëè íèæíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû äå- ðåâà). Ïîäîáíûé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â ñòåïíîé çîíå Îðåíáóðãñêîé è þãà ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëà- ñòåé, õîòÿ îòäåëüíûå ãí¸çäà âûÿâëåíû è â Ïðèáåëüå è íà Ïðèàéñêîé ðàâíèíå (â ïîé- ìå ð. Àé).  êëàäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà (n=70) 1–3 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì 2,37±0,57 ÿèö. Òðè êëàäêè èç îäíîãî ÿéöà áûëè äîñòîâåðíî ïîëíûìè (èç îäíîãî øëî âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöà â ìîìåíò îñìîòðà ãíåçäà) è âñå áûëè ëîêàëèçîâàíû â Çàóðàëüå íà ãðàíèöå Îðåíáóðãñêîé è Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà õâîéíûõ äåðåâüÿõ: â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè íà ëèñòâåííè- ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòåé â 2004 è 2006 ãã. öå â ïîäíîæèè õð. Ìàë. Íàêàñ (ââåðõó ñëåâà) è íà ñîñíå íà îïóøêå Áóçóëóêñêî-  öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç ãî áîðà (ââåðõó ñïðàâà), íà ñîñíàõ íà îïóøêàõ áîðîâ â Çàóðàëüå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. 2-õ ÿèö, îïðåäåë¸ííî äîìèíèðóþò. Ýòî çàêëþ÷åíèå âûòåêàåò èç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñðàâ- Nests of the Imperial Eagle on coniferous trees: on larch in foothills of the Maly Nakas mountains in the Orenburg district (upper left) and on pine at the edge íåíèÿ ðàçìåðîâ êëàäîê â ïëîòíûõ ãíåçäî- of the Buzuluk pine forest (upper right), on pines at the edges of pine forests in âûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà, ãíåçäÿùèõ- Trans-Ural (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin. ñÿ íà ñîñíàõ, è â ðàçðåæåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ, ãäå îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä óñòðàèâàåòñÿ íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ.  âî âðåìÿ íèçîâîãî ïîæàðà, ïîñëå ÷åãî ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ Áóãóëüìèíñêî- îðëû ñòàëè äîñòðàèâàòü ãíåçäî íà ñêàëå. Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è Ïðèñàê- Ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü íà ñêàëå 4 ãîäà, ïîñëå ìàðüÿ â ãí¸çäàõ, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñîñíàõ, ÷åãî ïîñòðîèëà íîâîå ãíåçäî íà áåð¸çå â â 1996–1999, 2007 è 2009 ãã. êëàäêè ñî- 50 ì îò ïðåæíåãî. ñòîÿëè èç 1–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=32) 2,19±0,47 Ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â îñíîâíûõ ÿèö. Íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîç- î÷àãàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà äîñòàòî÷- âûøåííîñòè, â Ïðèáåëüå è ñòåïíîì Çàóðà- íî ñòàáèëüíû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â íåêîòîðûõ ëüå (ñòûê Áàøêèðèè, ×åëÿáèíñêîé è Îðåí- ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ îðëû ìîãóò ìå- áóðãñêîé îáëàñòåé) â ãí¸çäàõ, óñòðîåííûõ íÿòü ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ, ìåíÿ è ñòåðåîòèïû íà áåð¸çàõ è òîïîëÿõ (â äàííîé âûáîðêå óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçäà.  16 ñëó÷àÿõ, ïðåèìóùå- ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îäèíî÷íî ðàñòóùèõ ñòâåííî ïî ïåðèôåðèè õð. Ìàë. Íàêàñ è íà ñðåäè ñòåïè), â 1997–1998, 2003–2004 è Ïðèàéñêîé ðàâíèíå íàáëþäàëîñü ïåðåñå- 2007 ãã. êëàäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–3, â ñðåä- ëåíèå îðëîâ ñ òîïîëÿ íà ñîñíó è ëèñòâåí- íåì (n=38) 2,53±0,60 ÿèö. Ïî äàííûì Â.À. íèöó, ïðè÷¸ì â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ õàðàêòåð Êîðîâèíà (2004) íà þãå ×åëÿáèíñêîé îá- óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçäà èçìåíÿëñÿ ñ ðàçâèëêè ëàñòè â 8 ïðîâåðåííûõ èì ãí¸çäàõ áûëè Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 141

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â ñòåïíîì Çàóðàëüå (Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îá- ëàñòü). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle in the steppe Trans-Ural (Orenburg district). Photos by I. Karyakin.

êëàäêè èç 1–3 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì 2,0 ÿèö. äîìèíèðóåò ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ñî-  âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà (n=175) îò 1 äî ñíàõ, äî 45,4% â ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ, 3 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì 1,78±0,54 ïòåíöà íà ñ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííûì ñòåðåîòèïîì ãíåç- óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. äîâàíèÿ íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ ñðåäè îò- Óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Áàø- êðûòûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ. êèðèè â 1996–1999 ãã. (ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ãðóïïèðîâêàõ, ãäå ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà Ñàêìàðå çà 3–7 ãí¸ç- îðëû ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ëè- äàìè) ñîñòàâèë 60%: â 22 ñëó÷àÿõ ðàçìíî- ñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ, êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â æåíèÿ ïðè ñðåäíåé êëàäêå 2,6 ÿèö âûëóïè- êëàäêå âûøå, ÷åì â «ñîñíîâûõ» ãíåçäîâûõ ëîñü è âûëåòåëî 1,5 ïòåíöà; â ðàçíûå ãîäû ãðóïïèðîâêàõ, íî ïðè ýòîì óñïåõ ðàçìíî- óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âàðüèðîâàë îò 35% â 1997 ã. äî 77% – â 1998 ã. è îñíîâíîé ïðè- ÷èíîé áåçóñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó íà- áëþäàåìûõ ïàð ÿâèëàñü ãèáåëü êëàäîê ïî ïðè÷èíå áåñïîêîéñòâà ëþäüìè (2 ãíåçäà íà áåð¸çàõ è îäíî ãíåçäî íà ñîñíå) (Êàðÿ- êèí, 1999à). Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì Â.À. Êîðî- âèíà (2004) íà þãå ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè çà ïðåäåëàìè çàïîâåäíèêà «Àðêàèì» èç 6 ïîïûòîê ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà òîëüêî 1 îêàçàëàñü óäà÷íîé, ïðè ýòîì ïîñëå íå- óäà÷íîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð îñòàâèëî ñâîè ó÷àñòêè.  öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó, ñóäÿ ïî äîëå ïó- ñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä â êîíöå ëåòà, óñïåõ ðàç- ìíîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 63,3%, èçìåíÿÿñü îò 79,8% â ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ, ãäå

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà ñ êëàäêîé (ââåðõó) è ïåðâûì âûëóïèâøèìñÿ ïòåíöîì (âíèçó). 26 ìàÿ 2004 ã. Çàóðàëüå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle with the clutch (upper) and the first hutched nestling (bottom). May, 26, 2004ã. Trans-Ural. Photos by I. Karyakin. 142 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

æåíèÿ íèæå. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ çàìåòíîñòüþ ãí¸çä íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàä- êè, êîãäà íà äåðåâüÿõ íåò ëèñòâû.  ðåçóëü- òàòå ìåñòíûå æèòåëè ÷àñòî ïîñåùàþò èõ è ðàçîðÿþò áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ íåîñîçíàííî. Îáû÷íî âñïóãèâàþò ïòèöó ñ ãíåçäà ïðè íèçêèõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ èëè ïëîõèõ ïîãîä- íûõ óñëîâèÿõ.

Ïèòàíèå Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1897), â Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè ïèùó ìîãèëüíèêà ñî- ñòàâëÿëè áîëüøèå ñóñëèêè (Spermophilus major), çàéöû-ðóñàêè (Lepus europaeus) è Ñë¸òîê ìîãèëüíèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ðàçëè÷íûå ïòèöû, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî óòêè, Fledgling of the Imperial Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin. à òàêæå ïàäàëü è ñåðûå âîðîíû (Corvus cornix), êîòîðûõ îí ëîâèë íà ïàäàëè. Ñî âðåìåí Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà â Áàøêèðèè çàéöû (îò 1,7 äî 10,3%), ñèçûé ãîëóáü (Columba è óòêè ñòàëè ñëó÷àéíûìè æåðòâàìè, à âðà- livia) (îò 0 äî 7,9%) è ÷èáèñ (Vanellus íîâûå âûøëè íà ïåðâîå ìåñòî è çàíÿëè vanellus) (îò 0 äî 7,9%).  þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ äîìèíèðóþùåå ïîëîæåíèå â ïèòàíèè ìî- Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà ãèëüíèêà. Åäèíñòâåííîå, ÷òî îñòàëîñü íå- ÿâíî äîìèíèðîâàëè 3 âèäà (â ïîðÿäêå óáû- èçìåííûì – ýòî áîëüøèå ñóñëèêè, â îñíîâ- âàíèÿ): áîëüøîé ñóñëèê (îò 8,3 äî 59,7%), íîì îïðåäåëÿþùèå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ãðà÷ (îò 7,9 äî 24,2%) è ãàëêà (îò 4,8 äî ýòîãî îðëà.  90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ íà ñåâå- 31,4%) è ïîñòîÿííî ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè â ðà- ðå ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû è â àãðîöåíîçàõ þãà öèîíå åæè (Erinaceus sp.), ñåðûå âîðîíû ëåñíîé çîíû â ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà ÿâíî è ïàäàëü.  ãîðíûõ ðàéîíàõ Þæíîãî Óðà- ïðåîáëàäàëè ãðà÷è, ñîñòàâëÿÿ îáû÷íî 10– ëà â ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà äîìèíèðîâàëè (â 20% äîáûòûõ æåðòâ. Èç ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â ïîðÿäêå óáûâàíèÿ): ñåðàÿ âîðîíà (îò 5,5 öåëîì ïî ëåñîñòåïè â ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà äî 45,7%), îáûêíîâåííûé ¸æ (Erinaceus ïðåîáëàäàëè (â ïîðÿäêå óáûâàíèÿ) áîëü- europaeus) (îò 1,8 äî 25,5%), ïàäàëü (îò 0 øîé ñóñëèê (îò 0 äî 33,3%), âîäÿíàÿ ïî- äî 12,7%), ãàëêà (îò 0 äî 33,8%), ãðà÷ (îò ë¸âêà (Arvicola terrestris) (îò 0 äî 19%) è 0 äî 33,3%) è çàéöû (Lepus sp.) (îò 0 äî îáûêíîâåííûé õîìÿê (Cricetus cricetus) (îò 11,4%), ïðè÷¸ì ñåðàÿ âîðîíà è ¸æ âñòðå- 0 äî 6,9%). Èç ïòèö îòìå÷åíû: ãðà÷ (Corvus ÷àëèñü â ðàöèîíå ìîãèëüíèêà â ãîðàõ Þæ- frugilegus) (îò 7,9 äî 35%), ãàëêà (Corvus íîãî Óðàëà íà âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íà monedula) (îò 2,8 äî 28,1%), ñåðàÿ âîðîíà êîòîðûõ àíàëèçèðîâàëîñü ïèòàíèå (Êàðÿ- êèí, 1999à).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ïðèíöè- ïèàëüíî íå èçìåíèëàñü. Ëèøü â ñåâåðíîì Ïðåäóðàëüå, ãäå ÷èñëåííîñòü ñóñëèêà êàòà- ñòðîôè÷åñêè ñîêðàòèëàñü, îí âûïàë ïîë- íîñòüþ èç ðàöèîíà ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ïàð è çàìåíÿåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì âîäÿíîé ïîë¸âêîé è õîìÿêîì.  Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè â ñâÿçè ñ òÿãîòåíè- åì ìíîãèõ ïàð íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê êðóïíûì îç¸ðíî-áîëîòíûì êîìïëåêñàì èëè ïîéìå Òîáîëà, â ïèòàíèè âàæíóþ ðîëü èãðàþò ïòèöû âîäíî-áîëîòíîãî êîìïëåêñà, â ïåð- âóþ î÷åðåäü óòêè è ïàñòóøêîâûå, îäíàêî îñíîâó ðàöèîíà âñ¸ æå ñîñòàâëÿþò ñóñëè- êè è âðàíîâûå.  öåëîì æå ìîãèëüíèê äîñòàòî÷íî ïëà- ñòè÷åí è â ñòîëü îáøèðíîì ðåãèîíå êàê Óðàëüñêèé, íàáëþäàåòñÿ ëîêàëüíàÿ ñïåöè- àëèçàöèÿ ïàð âî ìíîãèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóï- Ðèñ. 5. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëîùàäêàõ. ïèðîâêàõ íà íàèáîëåå ìàññîâûõ è äîñòóï- Fig. 5. Breeding territories of Imperial Eagles on study plots. íûõ îáúåêòàõ. Òàì ãäå èìåþòñÿ êðóïíûå Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 143

 òå÷åíèå ëåòà äîëÿ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö â ðàöèîíå ìîãèëüíèêà ìåíÿåòñÿ íå- ñêîëüêî ðàç. Íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ ðàçìíîæå- íèÿ îðëû ïèòàþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷è- òåëüíî ïòèöàìè è ìåëêèìè ìûøåâèäíûìè ãðûçóíàìè, îäíàêî ïîñëå âûõîäà èç íîð ñóñëèêîâ è ñóðêîâ, ïåðåõîäÿò íà àêòèâíóþ äîáû÷ó ýòèõ çâåðüêîâ, íî ïîñëå ìàññîâîãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñë¸òêîâ âðàíîâûõ (â ñåðåäèíå ëåòà) íà÷èíàþò äîáûâàòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ- êëþ÷èòåëüíî èõ. Òàê æå ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ îáú- åêòû äîáû÷è ñàìöà è ñàìêè. Íà îäíîì èç ãí¸çä íà ð. Ñàêìàðà â èþëå (ïðè êðóïíûõ ïòåíöàõ) â ðåçóëüòàòå 12-÷àñîâîãî âèäåî- íàáëþäåíèÿ ïî 6 ÷àñîâ â äåíü óäàëîñü óñòà- íîâèòü ðàçíèöó â äîáû÷å îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ñàìöîì è ñàìêîé: ñàìåö ïðèí¸ñ 5 ñóñëè- êîâ, âîäÿíóþ ïîë¸âêó è ïîðøêà ñåðîé êó- ðîïàòêè (Perdix perdix), ñàìêà – çàé÷îíêà, ãðà÷à è îíäàòðó (Ondatra zibethica).

Ìîíèòîðèíã þæíîóðàëüñêîé ãíåçäî- âîé ãðóïïèðîâêè Ñòðóêòóðà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê íà òð¸õ ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëîùàäêàõ ïî ñî- ñòîÿíèþ íà 2003–2006 ã. ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñ. 5. Çäåñü ê 2006 ã. âûÿâëåíî 113 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 85 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, à íà 28 âñòðå÷åíû ñë¸òêè, ëèáî ïàðû ïòèö. Çà øåñòèëåòíèé ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé ïî- ñëå 2000 ã. íà êîíòðîëüíîé ïëîùàäêå íà õð. Èðåíäûê ïîÿâèëîñü 7 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, à ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âû- ðîñëà ñ 4,49 äî 6,15 ïàð/100 êì2 (ñ 0,62 äî 0,85 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè). Îáîçíà÷èëàñü áîëüøàÿ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ Òèïè÷íûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ (òîïîëü, áåð¸çà) â Çàóðà- 90-ìè ãîäàìè êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ìîãèëüíè- ëüå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. êà âîêðóã ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé Typical nests of the Imperial Eagle on deciduous trees (poplar, birch) in Trans-Ural. ñêîòà. Îòìå÷åíî ïåðåìåùåíèå îðëîâ íà Photos by I. Karyakin. 1–2 êì ê ëåòíèì ëàãåðÿì ñêîòà ñî ñáëè- æåíèåì äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñ 7 äî ïîñåëåíèÿ ñóñëèêîâ äîëÿ ýòèõ çâåðüêîâ â 5–6 êì è ñ 4 äî 2,5 êì â îäíîì ñëó÷àå. ðàöèîíå îðëîâ äîñòèãàåò 80%, ó ïàð, ãíåç- Ïðè ýòîì íà Óðàëî-Óéñêîì âîäîðàçäåëå äÿùèõñÿ áëèç êðóïíûõ ïîñåëåíèé ñóðêà ÷èñëåííîñòü îñòàâàëàñü ñòàáèëüíîé, îáî- (Marmota bobak), ýòè çâåðüêè ñîñòàâëÿþò çíà÷èëñÿ ëèøü íåêîòîðûé îòòîê ìîãèëü- ïîëîâèíó ðàöèîíà, ïàðû æå ãíåçäÿùèå- íèêà èç ïîéìû ð. Óðàë. Çäåñü â 90-õ ãã. ñÿ áëèç êîëîíèé ãðà÷åé èëè ÷àåê (Larus áûëè èçâåñòíû 9 ãí¸çä íà òîïîëÿõ íà 6 sp.) ïèòàþòñÿ íà 30–50% ýòèìè ïòèöàìè. ó÷àñòêàõ, èç êîòîðûõ ê 2000 ã. ñîõðàíè- Ó ìíîãèõ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ áëèç ïòèöåî- ëîñü ëèøü îäíî ãíåçäî, à â 2003 ã. óïàëî è ïàñíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è, â ïèòàíèè îíî, ïðè ýòîì ó÷àñòêè îðëîâ ñîõðàíèëèñü äîìèíèðóþò ïòèöû, â îñíîâíîì âðàíîâûå è íà 4-õ èç íèõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, è õèùíûå, êîòîðûå ãèáíóò íà ýòèõ ËÝÏ îò óñòðîåííûå íà áåð¸çàõ â ëîãàõ â ïðÿìîé ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Íà ð. Çèëàèð ó âèäèìîñòè ñ êðàÿ òåððàñû.  2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ïàðû, ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ áëèç ñ. Óðàçáàåâî, äîëÿ ñìåíà ñòåðåîòèïà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áûëà âû- ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö â ðàöèîíå ñîñòàâè- çâàíà ñìåíîé ïàðòí¸ðîâ, ïðè÷¸ì â îäíîé ëà äî 60%, ïðè÷¸ì èõ äîáû÷à èç ïîä ËÝÏ ïàðå îáîèõ – è ñàìåö è ñàìêà â âîçðàñòå è ñàìöîì è ñàìêîé èç ïàðû ïîäòâåðæäåíà 4–5 ëåò ïîñòðîèëè íîâîå ãíåçäî è óñïåø- âèäåîíàáëþäåíèåì. íî ðàçìíîæàëèñü â í¸ì.  îñòàëüíûõ ñëó- 144 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òèâíûå òåíäåíöèè ïðîñëåæèâàþòñÿ ëèøü íà ñåâåðå àðåàëà âèäà çà ïðåäåëàìè îá- ëàñòè îáèòàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ñóñëèêà, íî îíè êîìïåíñèðóþòñÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíûìè òåíäåí- öèÿìè â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â þæíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà, ãäå ìîãèëü- íèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â àðåàëå áîëüøîãî ñóñëèêà. Ìîãèëüíèê îêàçàëñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ïëàñòè÷- íûì, è â îòâåò íà ñîêðàùåíèå ïàñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêè è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè è ñíèæåíèå äîñòóïíîñòè ÷à- ñòè îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ äîáû÷è (ñóñëèêè, ñóðêè) ñòàë ïåðåðàñïðåäåëÿòüñÿ íà ãíåçäî- âàíèè, áîëåå àêòèâíî îñâàèâàÿ äîñòóïíûé êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûé íà òåððèòîðèè ôåðì, íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ è â ïðèäîðîæíîé ïîëîñå àêòèâíî èñïîëüçó- À. Ïàæåíêîâ è È. Êàðÿêèí îñìàòðèâàþò îêðåñòíîñòè ñ öåëüþ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä åìûõ àâòîìîáèëüíûõ äîðîã.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì ìîãèëüíèêà. Áàøêèðèÿ, àâãóñò 1998 ã. Ôîòî È. Ïàæåíêîâîé. íàìåòèëàñü òåíäåíöèÿ áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíî- A. Pazhenkov and I. Karyakin search for nests of the Imperial Eagle. Republic of ãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ îðëîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Bashkortostan. August, 1998. Photo by I. Pazhenkova. àãðîöåíîçàõ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ñóáîïòèìàëüíû- ìè äëÿ ýòîãî âèäà. Çäåñü ìîãèëüíèê èìååò ÷àÿõ â äîëèíå ð. Óðàë âèäèìûõ èçìåíåíèé áîëåå âûñîêèå ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòå- ñðåäè ïàðòí¸ðîâ íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Íà 4-õ ëè ïî ïðè÷èíå áîëüøåãî îáèëèÿ äîñòóï- ó÷àñòêàõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ çàïîâåäíèêà «Àð- íîé ïèùè, íî íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ñòðàäàåò îò êàèì» è íà õð. Èðåíäûê òàêæå ðåãèñòðè- ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà, òàê êàê âûíóæäåí ðîâàëàñü ñìåíà ïàðòí¸ðîâ (â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ. Íà ñàìêè è â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ñàìöà), íî íà âñåõ íèõ åãî êðóïíûå ãí¸çäà ïðèâëåêàþò âíè- 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ îðëû ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ñâîèõ ìàíèå ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé âåñíîé, ÷òî ÷àñòî ñòàðûõ ãí¸çäàõ. ïðèâîäèò ê ãèáåëè êëàäîê îðëîâ. Ìíîãèå ïàðû àäàïòèðîâàëèñü èñïîëüçîâàòü ïòèöå- Çàêëþ÷åíèå îïàñíûå ËÝÏ, êàê èñòî÷íèê äîïîëíèòåëü- Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïîêàçûâàþò íûõ êîðìîâ, ïðè ýòîì ýòè ëèíèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íóþ ñòàáèëüíîñòü ÷èñëåííîñòè è îïàñíûìè è äëÿ ñàìèõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ìàñøòàáàõ êîòîðûõ îðëû ãèáíóò äîñòàòî÷íî ÷àñòî. È Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Îïðåäåë¸ííûå íåãà- êàê ðàç èìåííî â àãðîöåíîçàõ ïëîòíîñòü ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ ìàêñèìàëüíà. Ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè îðëîâ íà ËÝÏ â ìàñ- øòàáàõ ðåãèîíà ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èçó÷åíà è òðåáóåò öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî èçó÷åíèÿ êàê ñ íàó÷íîé, òàê è ñ ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé òî÷åê çðåíèÿ. Òåíäåíöèÿ çàñåëåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîì ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ (èëè ñòîêîâûõ) ìåñòîîáè- òàíèé â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, îáîçíà÷èâ- øàÿñÿ â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå, î÷åâèäíà, è å¸ èçó÷åíèþ ñëåäóåò òàêæå óäåëèòü îñî- áîå âíèìàíèå.

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðÿò âñåõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ýêñ- ïåäèöèé, â îñîáåííîñòè Ñ. Áàêêó, Î. Áàäî- íîâó, Ñ. Áûñòðûõ, Â. Ãàøåê, Ñ. Ãîëîâêîâà, À. Ãðèøèíà, È. Äþæàåâó, È. Åðåìåíêî, Ä. Èëüèíó, Á. Êèñëèöûíà, Ì. Êîæåâíèêîâà, Ä. Êîðæåâà, À. Êîçëîâà, À. Êîòåëüíèêîâà, Ð. Ëàïøèíà, Ñ. Ëàïøèíó, À. Ìàëûãèíà, À. Ò. Áàðàáàøèí ñî ñë¸òêîì ìîãèëüíèêà, âûïàâøèì èç ãíåçäà. Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îá- ëàñòü, àâãóñò 2000 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Ìîøêèíó, À. Ìîõèíà, Î. Ìóðàâü¸âó, Ë. Íàóìåíêî, È. Íîãîâèöûíó, À. Îðëåíêî, Ä. T. Barabashin with a fledgling of the Imperial Eagle, fell out of the nest. Orenburg district, August, 2000. Photo by I. Karyakin. Ïàâëîâè÷à, È. Ïàæåíêîâó, Ì. Ïàòîâó, Å. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 145

Ïåïåëÿåâó, À. Ïîíèìàòêî, À. Ïðåñíÿêîâà, ïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåð- À. Ðûáåíêî, À. Ñåäèíèíà, À. Ñåì¸íîâà, È. ñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heli- Ñìåëÿíñêîãî, Ò. Òðîôèìîâó, Å. ×èáèë¸âà, aca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ì. Øàðàïîâó, À. Øåñòàêîâó. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., 1999á. Ñ. 96–104. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷å- Ëèòåðàòóðà ñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàç- Áåëèê Â.Ï. Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ ãíåçäîâèé îðëà- íûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä: Èçä- ìîãèëüíèêà è îöåíêà åãî îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â âî «Ïîâîëæüå». 2004. 351 ñ. Çàâîëæüå è íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Î âîçìîæíîñòÿõ ÃÈÑ â îöåíêå ó÷¸òîâ 1997 ãîäà). – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñ- ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèè ðàçìåùåíèÿ ïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåð- ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: àïðîáàöèÿ ìåòî- ñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heli- äèê íà ïðèìåðå àíàëèçà ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî aca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà è áåðêóòà â Âîëãî- Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- Ì., 1999à. Ñ. 30–40. íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ¹19. C. 97–135. Áåëèê Â.Ï. Íåêîòîðûå ýëåìåíòû ýòîëîãèè Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîçëîâ À.À. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûé è ýêîëîãèè îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâ- êàäàñòð ïòèö ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñè- ðîïå. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, áèðñê, 1999. 421 ñ. ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû Êîðîâèí Â.À. Ê ýêîëîãèè ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñå- îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû âåðíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà. – Îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèêà. Ì., 1999á. ïòèö: Ìàòåðèàëû 1-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè Ñ. 30–40. è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì., 1983. Ñ. 123–124. Ãàøåê Â.À. Íîâîñòè îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî Êîðîâèí Â.À. Ïòèöû â àãðîëàíäøàôòàõ Óðà- ñåçîíà 2006 ãîäà íà þãå ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëà- ëà. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2004. 504 ñ. ñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Ëàðèîíîâ Â.Ô. Ïåðå÷åíü ïòèö Òþìåíñêî- Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè: Ñá. ãî îêðóãà. – Èçâåñòèÿ Òîìñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 1926. Ò. 77. Âûï. 2. Ñ. 185–197. 2006. Ñ. 44–45. Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â., Êîðíåâ Ñ.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî Ãóáèí Ñ.Â., Âèëêîâ Â.Ñ., Çóáàíü È.À., Êðàñ- ôàóíå ïòèö ëåñîñòåïíîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû ðåêè íèêîâ À.Â., Ãàéäèí Ñ.Â. Âñòðå÷è õèùíûõ ïòèö Òîáîë. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðà- â Ñåâåðî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Êàçàõñòàí- íà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé ñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2008. Àëìà- Ðîññèè. Âûï. 4. Ì., 2002. Ñ. 108–133. òû, 2009. Ñ 238–240. Ìîøêèí À.Â. Ðåãèñòðàöèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Òþ- Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàçìåùåíèå ìåíñêîé îáëàñòè è Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñêîì îêðó- è îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà ãå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. â ñòåïÿõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 127–128. ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåð- Ðûæàíîâñêèé Â.Í. 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TheImperialEagleintheRepublicofAltaiandAltaiKray,Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ АЛТАЙ И АЛТАЙСКОМ КРАЕ, РОССИЯ VazhovS.V.(AltaiStateUniversity,Barnaul,Russia) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ Ëèòåðàòóðíûé îáçîð î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â 659300, Ðîññèÿ, Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé è Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ïîäãîòîâëåí àâòîðîì íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà äîñòóïíûõ åìó ïóáëèêàöèé. Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ñäåëàí âûâîä, ÷òî íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ãíåçäèòñÿ 858–996 ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ÷òî ã. Áèéñê, à/ÿ 25 ñîñòàâëÿåò 24,5–33,2% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Ðîññèè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ðåñïóáëèêå è êðàå âûÿâëåíî òåë.: +7 963 534 81 07 395 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (39,7–46,0% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè).  öåëîì ñèòóàöèÿ ñ çàíÿòîñòüþ ãíåçäîâûõ [email protected] ó÷àñòêîâ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ è íà ðàâíèíàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ îñòà¸òñÿ ñòàáèëüíîé, ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëþ÷åâîé äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ìàñøòàáàõ àðåàëà âèäà. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåí- Contact: íîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé. Sergey Vazhov Abstract P.O. Box 25, Based on the analysis of the publications available, the review on the distribution, population and breeding biology Biysk, Altai Kray, of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Altai Republic and Altai Kray is prepared by the author. He concluded Russia, 659300 that 858–996 breeding pairs of the Imperial Eagle, which makes 24.5–33.2% of its total population in Russia, tel.: +7 963 534 81 07 inhabit the territory of the Altai Republic and Altai Kray. Currently in the mentioned territories 395 breeding ter- [email protected] ritories (39.7–46.0% of the estimated population) are found. Generally the occupancy of breeding territories in the Altai Mountains as well as in the flat part of the Altai Kray remains stable, while this area being very important for the Imperial Eagle surviving within the total breeding range of the species. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Republic of Altai, Altai Kray.

Ââåäåíèå Distribution and population number Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) – îäèí Until recently, there has been no actual èç ñàìûõ ðåäêèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â data on the number of the Imperial Eagles Åâðîïå, ñîñòîÿíèå åãî ïîïóëÿöèé îöå- (Aquila heliaca) in the Altai mountains and íèâàåòñÿ êàê âûçûâàþùåå òðåâîãó â ãëî- the plains of the Altai Kray. áàëüíîì ìàñøòàáå. Åãî ñòàòóñ â Êðàñíîì The first data on about breeding of the ñïèñêå ÌÑÎÏ (IUCN Red List, 2010) – VU Imperial Eagle in the Altai Kray, mainly in (ãëîáàëüíî óÿçâèìûé). Ýòîò îð¸ë âíåñ¸í â the foothills, was obtained by Averin and Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ (2001) ñ êàòåãîðèåé 2 Lavrov (1911), Selevin (1928), A. and G. (âèä ñ ñîêðàùàþùåéñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ) è â Velizhanin (1929), I. and P. Zalesky (1931). Êðàñíûå êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (2007) Sushkin (1938) was the first, who reported è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (2006) ñ òîé æå êàòå- about the Imperial Eagle distribution in the ãîðèåé ðåäêîñòè. Îäíàêî, èññëåäîâàíèÿ Altai in detail. According to him the Impe- ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â ãîðàõ Àë- rial Eagle was a common breeding species òàÿ ìîãèëüíèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì ìíîãî÷èñ- in the less fragmented forest-steppe parts of ëåííûì è øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûì èç the North-Western, Western, and Southern íàñòîÿùèõ îðëîâ, à â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ óñòóïàåò ïî ÷èñëåííî- ñòè òîëüêî áîëüøîìó ïîäîðëèêó (Aquila clanga) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Àëòàéñêàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íå òîëüêî êðóïíåé- øàÿ â Ðîññèè, íî è îäíà èç êðóïíåéøèõ íà òåððèòîðèè âñåé Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, è ñðàâíèìà ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè òîëüêî ñ ïîïó- ëÿöèåé, íàñåëÿþùåé Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðå- ãèîí â Ðîññèè è Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèå ïåñêè â

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. 03.06.2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. The Imperial Eagle. (Aquila heliaca). Foothills of the Altai Mountains. 03/06/2010. Photo by S. Vazhov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 147

Altai as well as in the forest-steppe part of the foothills of the North-Eastern Altai; it was found neither in the taiga of the North-East- ern Altai nor in the North-Western Mongolia, and rarely recorded in the South-Eastern Al- tai. Also he reported the eagle habit to nest on elevation not above 1300–1400 m, and noted commonness of the species through- out the steppes of Western Siberia, adjacent to the Altai Kray (i.e. the modern territory of the flat part of the Altai Kray). After Sushkin’s survey, there was a gap in the study of the eagles in the Altai until the 1950-s. In 1950–80-s, Kuchin carried out special surveys of the species and found several breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle in Ñë¸òîê ìîãèëüíèêà. Êàçàõñòàíå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Î÷åâèä- the Biya-Chumysh upland and in the Central Ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. íà îáùåìèðîâàÿ öåííîñòü Àëòàÿ äëÿ ñî- Altai (Kuchin, 1976, 2004). However, the au- 24.07.2009. thor did not provide its population estimates. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. õðàíåíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà ýòîãî îðëà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á). From the late 1980-s to the late 1990-s Fledgling of the there were only a few records of adults and Imperial Eagle. Foothills of the Altai Mountains. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü nests (Petrov et al., 1992; Petrov, Irisov, 24/07/2009. Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè êàêèå-ëèáî 1995; Red Book ..., 1998) being not com- Photo by S. Vazhov. ôàêòè÷åñêèå äàííûå î ÷èñëåííîñòè ìî- prehensive to estimate the species distribu- ãèëüíèêà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ è íà ðàâíèíàõ Àë- tion and abundance. òàéñêîãî êðàÿ îòñóòñòâîâàëè. The targeted studies of the mentioned Ïåðâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ è ãíåç- raptors resumed in the Altai many years äîâàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, later – at the beginning of the 21st century ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðåäãîðüÿõ, èìåþòñÿ by the groups of researchers led by Karyakin ó Â.Ã. Àâåðèíà è À.Í. Ëàâðîâà (1911), and Smelyansky. Â.À. Ñåëåâèíà (1928), À.Ï. è Ã.À. Âåëè- In 2004 the field teams led by Karyakin æàíèíûõ (1929), È.Ì. è Ï.Ì. Çàëåññêèõ (Center of Field Studies), Bakka (Ecocenter (1931). Âïåðâûå äîñòàòî÷íî ïîäðîáíî ðàñ- “Dront”) and Petrov (Altai State University) ïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà íà Àëòàå îõà- surveyed the Altai pine forests. ðàêòåðèçîâàë Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938): ìîãèëü- Petrov (2004) found 21 nests and conclud- íèê îáûêíîâåíåí íà ãíåçäîâüÿõ â ìåíåå ed that the Imperial Eagles moved into the èçðåçàííûõ è íîñÿùèõ ëåñîñòåïíîé õàðàê- forests over the past 8–10 years (i.e. 1990-s). òåð ÷àñòÿõ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî, Çàïàäíîãî è The most complete results of surveys, Þæíîãî Àëòàÿ è â ëåñîñòåïíîé ÷àñòè ïðåä- carried out in 2001–2005 in the Altai Kray, ãîðèé Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ; îòñóòñòâó- were published in 2005 (Karyakin et al., åò â òà¸æíîì Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, 2005). The authors, analyzing a large number â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ èñ- of publications (A. Velizhanin, G. Velizhanin, êëþ÷èòåëüíî ðåäêî ëèøü áðîäÿ÷èå ïòèöû, 1929; I. Zalesky, P. Zalesky, 1931; Averin, â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè îòñóòñòâóåò; Lavrov, 1911; Selevin, 1928; Yurlov, 1974; âåðòèêàëüíîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íà ãíåçäî- Petrov et al., 1992; Petrov, Irisov, 1995; âüå äî 1300–1400 ì, íà îõîòå èçðåäêà äî Petrov, Merkushev, 1999; Red Book ..., 2000 ì. Òàêæå Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) õàðàê- 1998) and comparing them with the re- òåðèçóåò ìîãèëüíèêà êàê ñàìîãî îáû÷íîãî sults of their own research, have concluded èç îðëîâ è âîîáùå îáûêíîâåííóþ ïòèöó that the Imperial Eagle “used to be and re- äëÿ ñòåïåé Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïðèìûêàþ- mains a distinctive, widespread raptor of ùèõ ê Àëòàþ (ò.å., íà ñîâðåìåííîé òåððè- the Altai Kray” as in the days of Sushkin. òîðèè ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ). For 2001–2004, in the Altai Kray Karyakin Ïîñëå ðàáîòû Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà íàáëþäàåòñÿ and his colleagues (2005) found 107 breed- ïðîâàë â èçó÷åíèè îðëîâ íà Àëòàå âîîáùå ing territories of the Imperial Eagle: 28 – in âïëîòü äî 50-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. the foothills of the Altai and 79 – in the flat  50–80-õ ãã. XX âåêà À.Ï. Êó÷èí íà- part of the left bank of the Ob river. On the ÷èíàåò ïðîâîäèòü ñïåöèàëüíûå èññëåäî- right bank of the Ob the Imperial Eagle was âàíèÿ, ïîñâÿù¸ííûå èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ not found. The authors estimated the total ïòèö Àëòàÿ, â õîäå êîòîðûõ óñòàíàâëèâà- number of the species in the Altai Kray at 148 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà åòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â îñòðîâíûõ 461–498 pairs, while 38% of them breed- ëèñòâåííèöàõ. Ñåâåð- áîðàõ Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, ing in the flat part plains and 62% – in the íûé è Öåíòðàëüíûé â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ó ßáîãàíà è â mountains. Àëòàé. 07–09.06.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Òåíüãèíñêîé ñòåïè (Êó÷èí, 1976; 2004). The first mention about the largest in Rus- Nests of the Imperial Îäíàêî, êàêèõ-ëèáî îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè sia population of the Imperial Eagles in the Eagles on larches. ýòîò àâòîð íå ïðèâîäèò. Altai Mountains was made in the report of Northern and the Ñ êîíöà 80-õ ãã. è äî êîíöà 90-õ ãã. Nikolenko (Karyakin et al., 2008) at the 6th Central Altai. âñòðå÷è ìîãèëüíèêà íà Àëòàå, òàêæå, êàê è International Conference on the Conserva- 07–09/06/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov. äî èññëåäîâàíèé Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà è À.Ï. Êó- tion of the Eastern Imperial Eagle which was ÷èíà, íîñÿò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð: èçâåñòíî held in Topolovgrad (Bulgaria) in Septem- âñåãî íåñêîëüêî âñòðå÷ è íàõîäîê ãí¸çä ber 2008. (Ïåòðîâ è äð., 1992; Ïåòðîâ, Èðèñîâ, The results of the Imperial Eagle surveys 1995; Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà …, 1998), íå ïîçâî- in the Altai Mountains carried out in 2000– ëÿþùèõ ñîñòàâèòü îáùóþ êàðòèíó î ðàñ- 2008 were published in 2009 (Karyakin et ïðîñòðàíåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà.  1999 al., 2009a). Analyzing a large number of ã. Â.Þ. Ïåòðîâ è Î.À. Ìåðêóøåâ (1999) publications (Sushkin, 1938; Kashchenko, ïóáëèêóþò ñîîáùåíèå, â êîòîðîì ïèøóò, 1900; Kuchin, 1976; Tsybulin, 1999; Iriso- ÷òî äî íà÷àëà 90-õ ãã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëü- va, Bochkareva, 2008; Ravkin, 1973; Sta- íèêà íà Ïðèîáñêîì ïëàòî íå îòìå÷àëîñü. kheev, 2000; Maleshin, 1987; Irisov, 1974; Àâòîðàìè îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäà ìîãèëü- Grabovsky et al., 2000; Te, Ignatenko, 2006) íèêîâ â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ and comparing them with their own data (â Êóëóíäèíñêîé ëåíòå â 1991 ã. è áëèç the authors have come to the conclusion Ìàëèíîâîãî îçåðà â 1997 ã.) è âñòðå÷åíà that the situation with the Imperial Eagle has ïàðà ïòèö â Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíòå. not greatly changed in the Altai for the last Öåëåíàïðàâëåííîå èçó÷åíèå õèùíûõ hundred years. During the period of study ïòèö âîçîáíîâèëîñü íà Àëòàå ëèøü ñïó- from 2000 to 2008 in the Altai Mountains ñòÿ ìíîãî ëåò – â íà÷àëå XXI âåêà ãðóï- Karyakin and his colleagues have identified ïàìè èññëåäîâàòåëåé ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì 171 breeding territories. The total number È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà è È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Íà- of the species in the Russian part of the Altai ÷èíàÿ ñ 2000 ã. ïîëåâûìè îòðÿäàìè Öåí- is estimated at 683–811, on average of 747 òðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî breeding pairs (Karyakin et al., 2009a). ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà áûëà îáñëåäîâà- The study on the Imperial Eagles in the Altai íà çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü òåððèòîðèé Ðå- Mountains was continued in 2009 (Karyakin ñïóáëèêè Àëòàé è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. et al., 2009b). 122 new breeding territories  2004 ã., â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî èí- were found from May, 15 to July, 21 2009. âåíòàðèçàöèè êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷å- In addition, 36 previously known breeding ñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, íà territories were visited. Taking into consid- òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ â ëåíòî÷- eration the new data on the distribution and íûõ áîðàõ ðàáîòàëè ãðóïïû ïîä ðóêî- population number of the species, Karyakin âîäñòâîì È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ with colleagues consider their previous as- èññëåäîâàíèé), Ñ.Â. Áàêêè (Ýêîëîãè÷å- sessment of the species number in the Rus- ñêèé öåíòð «Äðîíò») è Â.Þ. Ïåòðîâà (Àë- sian part of the Altai Mountains reliable. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 149

òàéñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò). A field team the Altai State University vis- Ïåðâûå ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé âûøåó- ited 26 previously known breeding areas of êàçàííûõ àâòîðîâ áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû â the Imperial Eagles and found 13 new ones 2004 ã. Â.Þ. Ïåòðîâ (2004) â õîäå öåëå- in April, 3 – July, 17 2010 (Vazhov et al., âîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ áîðîâ îáíàðóæèë 21 2010). Currently there are 79 breeding ter- ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêîâ è íà òîì îñíîâàíèè, ritories of the Imperial Eagle (25.6–27.6% ÷òî âñòðå÷è îðëîâ â 90-õ ãã. çäåñü áûëè of the estimated population number in the ðåäêè, ñäåëàë âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî ìîãèëüíèê foothills and low mountains) known in the âñåëèëñÿ â áîðû çà ïîñëåäíèå 8–10 ëåò foothills and low mountains of the Altai (ò.å., â 90-å ãîäû). È.Â. Êàðÿêèí è Ñ.Â. Áàê- (within the Altai Kray) (Vazhov et al., 2010). êà (2004) ñîîáùàþò î íàõîäêàõ 85 ãíåç- The field teams of the Center of Field Stud- äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ òîëüêî â Êàñ- ies and the Altai State University surveyed ìàëèíñêîé è Áàðíàóëüñêîé ëåíòàõ, ãäå èì 27 previously know breeding territories and áûëî èçâåñòíî 79 ãí¸çä åù¸ â 2003 ã., è found 5 new ones in the Republic of Altai 4-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – â Êóëóíäèíñêîé on June, 30 – July, 14 2010 (Vazhov et al., ëåíòå. this issue). Currently a total number of 235 Íàèáîëåå ïîëíûå ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâà- breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle íèé ïîëåâûõ îòðÿäîâ Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëå- are known in the Republic of Altai, that is äîâàíèé è Ñèáýêîöåíòðà â 2001–2005 ãã. íà 46.4–55.4% of the estimated population in òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ îïóáëèêîâà- the Republic. íû â 2005 ã. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Àâòîðû Thus, the studies in 2000–2010 have iden- ýòîé ðàáîòû, àíàëèçèðóÿ áîëüøîå ÷èñëî tified the key habitats of the Imperial Eagles

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà áåð¸çàõ. Ëåñîñòåïíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. Ìàé 2009 è èþíü 2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Nests of the Imperial Eagles on birches. Forest-steppe foothills of the Altai Mountains. May 2009 and June 2010. Photos by S. Vazhov. 150 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Êëàäêà ìîãèëüíèêà. in the Altai Mountains: low-mountain steppe Ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. depressions and valleys of the central, north- 04.05.2010. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. ern and north-western Altai as well as forest- steppe and steppe foothills. the Ulagansky Clutch of the Imperial Eagle. Foothills of plateau and the huge territory of the Altai the Altai Mountains. Nature Reserve, where special research of 04/05/2010. the birds of prey was not carried out, has not Photo by R. Bachtin. been surveyed yet. The number of the spe- cies in the mountain part of Altai is estimated as 683–811, on average 747 pairs (Karyakin et al., 2009a; Karyakin et al., 2009b), 424– 506 (59.7–62.2%) of them breeding in the Republic of Altai and 286–308 (37.8–40.3%) pairs – in the Altai Kray. In the flat part of the Altai Kray, the Im- ïóáëèêàöèé, â êîòîðûõ èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ perial Eagle is noted to breed in the pine î âñòðå÷àõ ìîãèëüíèêà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå forests (125–130 pairs) and probably in the (Âåëèæàíèí À.Ï., Âåëèæàíèí Ã.À., 1929; Çà- small-leaved fragmented forests of the left ëåññêèé È.Ì., Çàëåññêèé Ï.Ì., 1931; Àâå- bank of the Ob river (50–60 pairs) (Karyakin ðèí, Ëàâðîâ, 1911; Ñåëåâèí, 1928; Þðëîâ, et al., 2005). During the second half of XX 1974; Ïåòðîâ è äð., 1992; Ïåòðîâ, Èðèñîâ, century the Imperial Eagle seems to vanish 1995; Ïåòðîâ, Ìåðêóøåâ, 1999; Êðàñíàÿ in the right bank of the Ob River due to the êíèãà …, 1998), è ñðàâíèâàÿ èõ ñ ðåçóëü- extinction of the Red-Cheeked Souslik (Sper- òàòàìè ñâîèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, äåëàþò âûâîä, mophilus erythrogenys), dominating its diet. ÷òî ìîãèëüíèê «áûë è îñòà¸òñÿ õàðàêòåð- The total number of the Imperial Eagle in the íûì, øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûì õèùíè- flat part of the Altai Kray is estimated as 175– êîì Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ», êàê è âî âðåìåíà 185 breeding pairs (Karyakin et al., 2005). Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà. Çà 2001–2004 ãã. È.Â. Êà- In the Altai Mountains (including the foot- ðÿêèíûì ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) â Àëòàéñêîì hills), 314 breeding territories of Imperial Ea- êðàå ëîêàëèçîâàíî 107 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ gles are currently identified: 235 in the Altai ìîãèëüíèêîâ: 28 – â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ è 79 Republic and 79 in the Altai Kray (Karyakin – â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ. et al., 2009a; Karyakin et al., 2009b; Vazhov Ïðè ýòîì, àâòîðàìè ìîãèëüíèê íå íàéäåí et al., 2010; Vazhov etc., this volume) that â ñàìîé ñåâåðíîé ëåíòå àëòàéñêèõ áîðîâ – is 38.7–46.0% of the estimated population Áóðëèíñêîé, ãäå â 2005 ã. ãíåçäî ýòîãî îðëà in the Altai Mountains. In the flat part of the áëèç ñ. Ïðûãàíêà Êðóòèõèíñêîãî ðàéîíà Altai Kray 81 breeding territories have been îáíàðóæèëè Â.Ï. Áåëèê è Â.Â. Íèêîëàåâ found (Karyakin et al., 2005, Karyakin et al., (2006).  Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå È.Â. Êà- 2009v), i.e. 43.8–46.3% of the estimated ðÿêèíûì ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) ìîãèëüíèê íà population in the flat part of the Altai. ãíåçäîâàíèè íå îáíàðóæåí, íå ñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â 2004 ã. èìè îáñëåäîâàíû âñå ðà- Breeding Biology íåå èçâåñòíûå ìåñòà åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Ýêñ- In the steppe valleys of the Altai Repub- òðàïîëèðóÿ ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå íà îáùóþ ïëî- lic almost all known nests of the Imperial ùàäü (èëè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü) ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ Eagles are placed on larches (Larix sibirica). áèîòîïîâ àâòîðû îöåíèâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü The birches (Betula sp.) are used for the ea- ìîãèëüíèêà â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ Àëòàéñêîãî gle nesting in the foothills and low moun- êðàÿ â 125–130 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, â êîëî÷- tains (mainly in the Altai Kray), where there íûõ ìåëêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Îáñêîãî ëåâî- are no larches. In the steppe foothills of the áåðåæüÿ âíå áîðîâ – 50–60 è â ãîðíîé ÷à- Altai Mountains, in the areas where there ñòè Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ – 286–308 ïàð. are neither larches nor birches, the Imperial Îáùóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäî- Eagles nest on poplars (Populus sp.) and âàíèè â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå àâòîðû îöåíèâàþò willows (Salix sp.) (Karyakin et al., 2009a; â 461–498 ïàð, èç êîòîðûõ 38% ãíåçäèòñÿ â Vazhov et al., 2010). ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè è 62% – â ãîðíîé. In the flat part of the Altai Kray the Impe- Ïåðâîå óïîìèíàíèå î òîì, ÷òî â Ãîð- rial Eagle builds its nests in the pine trees íîì Àëòàå ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà êðóïíåé- (Pinus sylvestris) on the edges of the for- øàÿ â Ñèáèðè, äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíàÿ, ests (Karyakin et al., 2005). The part of the ïîïóëÿöèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà, ïðîçâó÷àëî â population probably nests on birches in the ñåíòÿáðå 2008 ã. íà VI Ìåæäóíàðîä- small-leaved fragmented forests (Karyakin Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 151

íîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî îõðàíå âîñòî÷íîãî et al., 2005) but the mentioned area within îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â ã. Òîïîëîâãðàäå (Áîëãà- the Altai Kray has not been surveyed yet. ðèÿ) â äîêëàäå Ý.Ã. Íèêîëåíêî (Êàðÿêèí è In the mountains and foothills of the Al- äð., 2008). tai the average clutch size is 2.08±0.67 Ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ãîðàõ eggs (n=12; range 1–3 eggs) (Karyakin et Àëòàÿ ýêñïåäèöèîííûìè ãðóïïàìè Öåíòðà al., 2009b). All clutches, known in the flat ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêî- part of the left bank of the Ob river in the ëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà ñ 2000 ïî 2008 ãã. îïó- Altai Kray, contained two eggs (Karyakin et áëèêîâàíû â 2009 ã. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à). al., 2005). In the mountainous part of Altai Àíàëèçèðóÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ëèòåðà- broods range from 1 to 3 chicks, on aver- òóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ (Ñóøêèí, 1938; Êàùåí- age (n=89) 1.6±0.58 chicks. The broods of êî, 1900; Êó÷èí, 1976; Öûáóëèí, 1999; 2 chicks were observed in 50.56% of pairs, Èðèñîâà, Áî÷êàð¸âà, 2008; Ðàâêèí, 1973; of one – in 44.94%, of 3 – in 4.49% of pairs Ñòàõååâ, 2000; Ìàëåøèí, 1987; Èðèñîâ, (Karyakin et al., 2009b). In the flat part of 1974; Ãðàáîâñêèé è äð., 2000; Òå, Èãíàòåí- Altai the known broods consisted of 1–2 êî, 2006), è ñðàâíèâàÿ èõ ñ ñîáñòâåííûìè chicks (Karyakin et al., 2005; Karyakin et äàííûìè, àâòîðû ïðèõîäÿò ê çàêëþ÷åíèþ, al., 2009c). Only one brood of 3 chicks was ÷òî «íà Àëòàå çà ïîñëåäíèå ñòî ëåò ñè- found in 2005 (Belik, Nikolaev, 2006). òóàöèÿ ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íå The dates of the Imperial Eagles breed- èçìåíèëàñü, õîòÿ âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XX ing in Altai are typical for the species (Kar- âåêà èíôîðìàöèÿ î ìîãèëüíèêå íà Àëòàå yakin et al., 2009b). Egg-laying takes place ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò, íî ýòî ñâÿçàíî from March, 31 to May, 1 mostly between áîëüøå íå ñ êàêèì-ëèáî ñîêðàùåíèåì åãî 10 and 20 April. The period of incubation is ÷èñëåííîñòè, à ñî ñïåöèôèêîé îðíèòîëî- 43–46 days. The chicks hatch on May, 15 – ãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, îñóùåñòâëÿâøèõñÿ June, 14. The nestlings fledged at the age â ýòîò ïåðèîä». Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé about 60–70 days. Thus the fledgling dates ãîðíûõ ðàéîíîâ Àëòàÿ (âêëþ÷àÿ òåððè- are July, 15 – August, 15 (Karyakin et al., òîðèþ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ) ñ 2000 ïî 2008 2009a; Vazhov, 2009). ãîäû È.Â. Êàðÿêèíûì ñ ñîàâòîðàìè âñòðå- The diet of the Imperial Eagles varies in ÷åíû 357 ìîãèëüíèêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ 37 îñî- different parts of the Altai Republic and Altai áåé áûëè âçðîñëûìè ëèáî ïîëóâçðîñëûìè Kray. In the steppe valleys of the Republic ïòèöàìè, íå ïðèâÿçàííûìè ê ãíåçäîâûì Long-Tailed Souslik (Spermophilus undula- ó÷àñòêàì è 24 – ñë¸òêè ïðîøëûõ ëåò; âû- tus) predominates, as well as other animal ÿâëåí 171 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ, species being insignificant in the diet (Kuch- îáíàðóæåíî 148 ãí¸çä íà 122 ãíåçäîâûõ in, 1976; 2004; Karyakin et al., 2009a). ó÷àñòêàõ. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà In the foothills of the Altai Mountains the íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàÿ, Red-Cheeked Souslik and Altai Zokor (My-

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà áåð¸çàõ. Ñòåïíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. Èþëü 2009 è èþíü 2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Nests of the Imperial Eagles on birches. Steppe foothills of the Altai Mountains. July 2009 and June 2010. Photos by S. Vazhov. 152 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ðàñ÷¸ò êîòîðîé ïðîèçâåä¸í â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ ospalax myospalax) predominate the diet (ArcView GIS 3.3 ESRI), îöåíåíà â 683–811, (Karyakin et al., 2009a; Karyakin et al., 2009b; â ñðåäíåì 747 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à). Vazhov, 2009; Vazhov et al., 2010). The es- Íà îñíîâàíèè ñâîèõ èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðû sential parts of the diet are also birds, mostly äåëàþò âûâîä, ÷òî «Àëòàé ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëþ÷åâîé fledglings of Rooks (Corvus frugilegus) and òåððèòîðèåé äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà, Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus). êàê â ìàñøòàáàõ Ðîññèè, òàê è â ìàñøòàáàõ The Red-Cheeked Souslik is the main prey àðåàëà âèäà» (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à). of the Imperial Eagle on the flat part of the Ðàáîòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, Altai Kray (Kuchin, 1976, 2004; Karyakin et ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ìîãèëü- al., 2005). Under conditions of the decline in íèêà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ ïðîäîëæåíà â ñåçîí population numbers of the mentioned spe- 2009 ã. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á). Ñ 15 ìàÿ cies, birds usually rooks and magpies (Pica ïî 21 èþëÿ 2009 ã. âûÿâëåíî 122 íîâûõ pica), etc. can take an important place in the ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ (35 â Àë- diet of the raptors (Karyakin et al., 2009c). òàéñêîì êðàå è 87 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé). Íà 109 ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíî 154 ãíåçäîâûõ Conclusion ïîñòðîéêè îðëîâ, ó÷òåíî 212 âçðîñëûõ Studies of the recent years allow to as- ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå 19 ïòèö â âîçðàñòå 4–5 sess the total member of the Imperial Eagle ëåò, ó÷àñòâóþùèõ â ðàçìíîæåíèè, 18 ïòèö breeding in the territory of the Altai Repub- â âîçðàñòå 3–4-õ ëåò, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê lic and Altai Kray as 858–996 pairs, which ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì è 19 ñë¸òêîâ ïðîøëîãî makes 24.5–33.2% of their total population ãîäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëèñü íà ó÷àñò- in Russia, estimated at 3000–3500 pairs êàõ ñ ðàçìíîæàþùèìèñÿ âçðîñëûìè ïòèöà- (Karyakin et al., 2008). Currently 395 breed- ìè. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, â ðàìêàõ ìîíèòîðèíãà, ing territories of the species (39.7–46.0% of ïðîâåðåíî 36 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ the estimated population) are identified in ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (25 â Àëòàéñêîì the Republic and the Altay Kray. Generally êðàå è 11 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé), âñòðå÷åíî the occupancy of breeding territories in the 58 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è Altai Mountains as well as in the flat part 11 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê êàêîé- of the Altai Kray remains stable (Karyakin et ëèáî òåððèòîðèè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á). al., 2009b; Karyakin et al., 2009c; Vazhov et Ó÷èòûâàÿ íîâûå äàííûå ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíå- al., 2010), while this area being very impor- íèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà, È.Â. Êàðÿ- tant for the Imperial Eagle surviving within êèí ñ ñîàâòîðàìè ñ÷èòàþò ñâîþ ïðåæíþþ the total breeding range of the species. îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè (683–811, â ñðåäíåì 747 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð) ýòîãî îðëà â ðîññèé- ñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêèõ ãîð äîñòîâåðíîé. Ñ 22 ïî 27 èþëÿ 2009 ã. òîé æå ýêñïå- äèöèîííîé ãðóïïîé ïðîâåä¸í ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà â ëåí- òî÷íûõ áîðàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, êîòîðûé ïîêàçàë å¸ ñòàáèëüíîñòü è îòíîñèòåëüíîå áëàãîïîëó÷èå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009â). Ïî- ñåùàëèñü Áàðíàóëüñêàÿ è Êàñìàëèíñêàÿ áîðîâûå ëåíòû, ïðîâåðåíî 12 ðàíåå èç- âåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, 2 èç êîòîðûõ ïðåêðàòèëè ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå, îáíàðó- æåíî 2 íîâûõ, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêà è íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå äåðæàëàñü îäèíîêàÿ ïòèöà ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè ïàðòí¸ðà íà ïòè- öåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ. Äëèòåëüíîñòü ñóùåñòâî- âàíèÿ ìíîãîëåòíèõ ãí¸çä îêàçàëàñü íåâû- ñîêîé: çà ïÿòèëåòíèé ïåðèîä ðàçðóøèëèñü ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà íà 41,7% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-

Ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû ìîãèëüíèêà. Ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. Ìàé–èþíü 2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. The chicks of the Imperial Eagles. Foothills of the Altai Mountains. May–June 2010. Photos by S. Vazhov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 153

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà òîïîëå (ñëåâà) è èâå (ñïðàâà). Ñòåïíûå ïðåä- ãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. Ìàé 2009 è èþíü 2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Nests of the Imperial Eagles on a poplar (left) and a willow (right). Steppe foothills of the Altai Mountains. May 2009 and June 2010. Photos by S. Vazhov.

êîâ, òî åñòü, ôàêòè÷åñêè, ïîëîâèíà ãíåç- è Ñåâåðíîì Àëòàå â ïðåäåëàõ Ðåñïóáëèêè äîâîãî ôîíäà (îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà – ñèëü- Àëòàé (Âàæîâ è äð., íàñòîÿùèé ñáîðíèê). íûå âåòðà) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009â). Ïðîâåðåíî 27 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ Ñ 3 àïðåëÿ ïî 17 èþëÿ 2010 ã. ýêñïåäè- ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ è âûÿâëåíî 5 íîâûõ, öèîííîé ãðóïïîé Àëòàéñêîãî ãîñóíèâåð- ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ. Íà òð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ, ëî- ñèòåòà ïîñåùàëèñü ñåâåðíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ êàëèçîâàííûõ ïî âñòðå÷àì òåððèòîðèàëü- Àëòàÿ, ïðåäãîðíàÿ àêêóìóëÿòèâíàÿ ðàâ- íûõ ïòèö, ãí¸çä îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü íèíà, ïðèìûêàþùàÿ ñ ñåâåðà ê Àëòàéñêèì èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè. Íà 7 ó÷àñòêàõ èç- ãîðàì, è íèçêîãîðüÿ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî âåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ðàçðóøèëèñü, ëèáî, âîç- Àëòàÿ ñ öåëüþ ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ìîæíî, áûëè ðàçîáðàíû ïòèöàìè. Íà òð¸õ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíè- èç íèõ îáíàðóæåíû íîâûå ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûõ êîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ìîãèëüíèêà (Âàæîâ è äð., ðàíüøå íå áûëî, à íà ÷åòûð¸õ íå óäàëîñü 2010). Ïðîâåðåíî 26 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ íè íàéòè íîâûõ ãí¸çä, íè âñòðåòèòü ïòèö, ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ýòîãî îðëà è âûÿâëå- âîçìîæíî, ýòè ó÷àñòêè ïåðåñòàëè ñóùå- íî 13 íîâûõ, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ. Íà ïÿòè ñòâîâàòü.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çä îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü, íî Àëòàé èçâåñòíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 235 ïîäòâåðæäåíî ïðåáûâàíèå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ÷òî ñî- ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ. ñòàâëÿåò 46,4–55,4% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñëåí- Íà ïÿòè ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè, íà äâóõ íîñòè âèäà â ðåñïóáëèêå. èç íèõ óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ïðåáûâàíèå Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èññëåäîâàíèÿìè 2000– âçðîñëûõ ïòèö (ó÷àñòêè æèëûå), à òðè – âå- 2010 ãã. âûÿâëåíû îñíîâíûå ìåñòà îáèòà- ðîÿòíî ïðåêðàòèëè ñóùåñòâîâàíèå. Îäèí íèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ, êîòîðûìè ó÷àñòîê ïóñòîâàë ïî ïðè÷èíå âûòåñíåíèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ íèçêîãîðíûå îñòåïí¸ííûå êîò- ìîãèëüíèêà áåðêóòîì (Aquila chrysaetos), ëîâèíû è äîëèíû Öåíòðàëüíîé, Ñåâåðíîé êîòîðûé è â ïðîøëîì (2009), è â ýòîì ãîäó è Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé ëàíäøàôòíûõ ïðîâèí- óñïåøíî íà í¸ì ðàçìíîæàëñÿ. Ïðè÷èíû, öèé (Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ, Òåíüãèíñêàÿ, Óðñóëü- ïî êîòîðûì ïóñòóþò äâà äðóãèõ ó÷àñòêà, íå- ñêàÿ, Êóÿãàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíû, äîëèíû Àíóÿ, èçâåñòíû.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Ïåñ÷àíîé, ×àðûøà, Åëî, Êàòóíè è äðóãèõ è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ (â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêî- ðåê), à òàêæå ëåñîñòåïíûå è ñòåïíûå ïðåä- ãî êðàÿ) èçâåñòíî óæå 79 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- ãîðüÿ Ñåâåðî-Ïðåäàëòàéñêîé ïðîâèíöèè. êîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Âàæîâ è äð., 2010), ÷òî Íå îáñëåäîâàííûìè îñòàþòñÿ Óëàãàíñêîå ñîñòàâëÿåò 25,6–27,6% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñ- ïëîñêîãîðüå è îãðîìíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ Àë- ëåííîñòè âèäà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íèçêîãîðüÿõ. òàéñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, ãäå ñïåöèàëüíûõ Ñ 30 èþíÿ ïî 14 èþëÿ 2010 ã. ýêñïå- èññëåäîâàíèé ïî âûÿâëåíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö äèöèîííûìè ãðóïïàìè Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ íå ïðîâîäèëîñü. ×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà èññëåäîâàíèé è Àëòàéñêîãî ãîñóíèâåð- â ãîðíîé ÷àñòè Àëòàÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 683– ñèòåòà ïðîâåä¸í ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ 811, â ñðåäíåì â 747 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîãèëüíèêà â Öåíòðàëüíîì 2009à; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á), èç êîòîðûõ 154 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ìîãèëüíèê. Ïðåäãîðüÿ êðàÿ), òàì, ãäå îòñóòñòâóþò ãíåçäîïðèãîä- Àëòàÿ. 12.04.2010. íûå ëèñòâåííèöû. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïî âñåé Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. ïîëîñå íèçêîãîðèé ñóùåñòâóåò íåøèðî- The Imperial Eagle. êèé (20–30 êì) ðàçðûâ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè Foothills of the Altai Mountains. ãðóïïèðîâêàìè, â êîòîðûõ ïòèöû òÿãîòåþò 12/04/2010. ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ è áåð¸çàõ. Photo by S. Vazhov. Äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêîå ñìåøåíèå ñòåðåîòè- ïîâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ òîëüêî â ñðåäíåì òå÷å- íèè Ïåñ÷àíîé è ×àðûøà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á).  ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ, íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ëèìèò ãíåç- äîïðèãîäíûõ áåð¸ç, ìîãèëüíèêè ãíåçäÿò- ñÿ íà òîïîëÿõ è èâàõ (Salix sp.), ïðåèìó- ùåñòâåííî â ïîéìàõ ðåê (Êàðÿêèí è äð., íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé ãíåçäèò- 2009à; Âàæîâ è äð., 2010). Íà ñîñíå (Pinus ñÿ 424–506 (59,7–62,2%), à íà òåððèòîðèè sylvestris) óñòðîåíî ëèøü îäíî èç èçâåñò- Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ – 286–308 (37,8–40,3%). íûõ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ – â  ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè Àíóÿ, ÷òî ÿâíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ èñêëþ÷åíèåì (Âàæîâ, 2009). (125–130 ïàð) è, âåðîÿòíî, â êîëî÷íûõ  ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ äî- ìåëêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Îáñêîãî ëåâîáå- ìèíèðóåò ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëü- ðåæüÿ (50–60 ïàð) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005).  íèêîâ íà ñòàðûõ ñîñíàõ ïî îïóøêàì ëåí- ïðàâîáåðåæüå Îáè, ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, îí èñ- òî÷íûõ áîðîâ, âäîëü íåðàñïàõàííîé ñòåïè ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè èç-çà èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ òàì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Ãí¸çäà íà ñîñíàõ, âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XX âåêà êðàñíîù¸êîãî òàê æå, êàê è íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ, ïðåèìóùå- ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus erythrogenys), êîòî- ñòâåííî ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â âåðõíèõ ÷àñòÿõ ðûé ÿâëÿëñÿ îñíîâíûì êîðìîâûì ðåñóð- êðîí èëè íà âåðøèíàõ. Âåðîÿòíî, ÷àñòü ñîì. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà â ðàâ- ïîïóëÿöèè ãíåçäèòñÿ íà áåð¸çàõ â îáëà- íèííîé ÷àñòè êðàÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 175–185 ñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êîëî÷íûõ ìåëêîëè- ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). ñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005), îä-  ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ (âêëþ÷àÿ ïðåäãîðüÿ) â íà- íàêî ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ â ïðåäåëàõ êðàÿ äî ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âûÿâëåíî 314 ãíåçäîâûõ ñèõ ïîð íå îáñëåäîâàíà. ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà: 235 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àë-  Ðîññèè ìîãèëüíèêàìè äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà òàé è 79 â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., ãí¸çä ÿâíî ïðåäïî÷èòàþòñÿ õâîéíûå ïîðî- 2009à; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á; Âàæîâ è äð., äû äåðåâüåâ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Îñîáåí- 2010; Âàæîâ è äð., íàñòîÿùèé ñáîðíèê), ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 38,7–46,0% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ.  ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ âûÿâëåí 81 ãíåçäî- âîé ó÷àñòîê (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009â), òî åñòü, 43,8–46,3% îò ðàñ- ÷¸òíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ðàâíèíàõ êðàÿ.

Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ  ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ äîìèíèðóåò ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ (Larix sibirica) ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõ äî- ëèí (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á). Ãí¸çäà ðàñïî- ëàãàþòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â âåðõíèõ ÷à- ñòÿõ êðîí.  ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ óñòðîåíû ïðàêòè- ÷åñêè âñå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Èçâåñòíî ëèøü äâà èñêëþ÷åíèÿ: ãíåçäî íà áåð¸çå (Betula sp.) â Óéìîíñêîé ñòåïè è íà òîïîëå (Populus sp.) – â ×óéñêîé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á). Íà Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ëèñòâåííèöå. Ñåâåðíûé Àëòàé. áåð¸çàõ ìîãèëüíèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ëåñîñòåï- 09.06.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. íûõ è ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Nest of the Imperial Eagle on a larch. Northern Altai. (â îñíîâíîì, íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî 09/06/2009. Photo by S. Vazhov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 155

íîñòè òåððèòîðèàëüíîãî ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåç- ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè êðàÿ èçâåñòíûå âûâîäêè äîâûõ ñòåðåîòèïîâ ìîãèëüíèêà íà Àëòàå òå ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–2 ïòåíöîâ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., æå, ÷òî è â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Êà- 2005; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009â). Åäèíñòâåí- ðÿêèí è äð., 2008): ãðóïïèðîâêà, ãäå îðëû íûé âûâîäîê èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ îáíàðóæåí â ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ëèñòâåííûõ 2005 ã. (Áåëèê, Íèêîëàåâ, 2006). äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ìåæäó äâóìÿ äðó- Ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà Àë- ãèìè ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè, ãäå îðëû òàå äîñòàòî÷íî òèïè÷íû äëÿ âèäà (Êàðÿêèí ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà õâîéíûõ è äð., 2009á). Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò ñ äåðåâüÿõ è ñ áîëåå âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ, 31 ìàðòà ïî 1 ìàÿ, â îñíîâíîì ñ 10 ïî ÷åì â ãðóïïèðîâêå íà ëèñòâåííûõ. 20 àïðåëÿ. Íàñèæèâàíèå äëèòñÿ 43–46 Õàðàêòåðíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ òåððèòîðè- äíåé. Ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ñ 15 ìàÿ ïî àëüíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà 14 èþíÿ. Âûêàðìëèâàíèå äëèòñÿ îêîëî íà Àëòàå ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ê 60–70 äíåé. Âûëåò ìîëîäûõ íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ ëåòíèì ëàãåðÿì ñêîòà è ôåðìàì, ÷òî ðåçêî 15 èþëÿ, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñë¸òêîâ ïîêèäàåò îòëè÷àåò ýòó ïîïóëÿöèþ îò äðóãîé êðóïíîé ãí¸çäà ñ 25 èþëÿ ïî 5 àâãóñòà. Ïòåíöû èç ïîïóëÿöèè, íàñåëÿþùåé Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèå ïîçäíèõ, à âîçìîæíî è ïîâòîðíûõ, êëàäîê ïåñêè (Çàïàäíûé Êàçàõñòàí), ãäå íàáëþ- äàåòñÿ îáðàòíàÿ êàðòèíà, íî ñáëèæàåò ñ ïîïóëÿöèÿìè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà (Êàðÿêèí, 1999; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006). Îñî- áåííî ÿðêî ýòà îñîáåííîñòü ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä âûðàæåíà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ, ãäå ÷èñëî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà ïðàê- òè÷åñêè ðàâíî ÷èñëó ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé ñêîòà è ãí¸çäà ÷àñòî ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â íåïîñðåä- ñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò íèõ. Âûïàñ ñîçäà¸ò áëàãîïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ñóñ- ëèêîâ è îáåñïå÷èâàåò èõ äîñòóïíîñòü äëÿ îðëîâ.  ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè êðàÿ è â ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ ðåñïóáëèêè òàêîå òÿãîòåíèå ìå- íåå âûðàæåíî, ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, îáóñëîâëåíî ìåíüøèì ðàçâèòèåì òðàâîñòîÿ è áîëüøåé äîñòóïíîñòüþ êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà. Ñë¸òêè ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäå. Ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ. 24.07.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ñ äðóãèìè êðóïíûìè Fledglings of the Imperial Eagle in the nest. Foothills õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè, êðîìå áåðêóòà è, âå- of Altai Mountains. 24/07/2009. Photo by S. Vazhov. ðîÿòíî, ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo), ïîñòðîåíû ïî ïðèíöèïó äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíè- êà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005; Êàðÿêèí è äð., ìîãóò çàäåðæèâàòüñÿ â ãí¸çäàõ äî 15 àâãó- 2009â). Áåðêóò, êàê áîëåå ñèëüíûé êîí- ñòà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à; Âàæîâ, 2009). êóðåíò, ìîæåò âûòåñíÿòü ìîãèëüíèêà ñî Õàðàêòåðíî, ÷òî ñðîêè âûëåòà ñë¸òêîâ â ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ, êàê ïðà- 2009á).  2003 ã. â ãíåçäå ôèëèíà îáíà- âèëî, çàïàçäûâàþò íà íåäåëþ ïî ñðàâíå- ðóæåíû îñòàíêè ìîãèëüíèêà (Êàðÿêèí è íèþ ñî ñðîêàìè âûëåòà â ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ äð., 2005), ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåò, êàê ìèíè- Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, õîòÿ â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû ìóì, ïåðèîäè÷åñêîå õèùíè÷åñòâî ôèëè- ìîæåò íàáëþäàòüñÿ è îáðàòíàÿ êàðòèíà íà íà ãí¸çäàõ ýòîãî îðëà. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á).  ãîðàõ è ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ êëàäêè ìî- Ïèòàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà ñóùåñòâåííî ðàç- ãèëüíèêîâ ñîñòîÿò èç 1–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=12) ëè÷àåòñÿ â ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ Ðåñïóáëèêè Àë- 2,08±0,67 ÿèö (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á). Âñå òàé è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ.  ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ êëàäêè, èçâåñòíûå â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Îá- ðåñïóáëèêè â ïèòàíèè àáñîëþòíî äîìèíè- ñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, ñî- ðóåò äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus äåðæàëè ïî 2 ÿéöà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). undulatus). Òàêæå îòìå÷åíû àëòàéñêèé  âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà (ñ ó÷¸òîì ë¸òíûõ öîêîð (Myospalax myospalax), ñèáèðñêèé âûâîäêîâ, äåðæàâøèõñÿ áëèç ãíåçäà) â êðîò (Talpa altaica), ëèñÿòà (Vulpes vulpes), ãîðíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà íàáëþäàëîñü îò 1 çàéöû (Lepus sp.), óòêè (Anas sp.), ïðûòêàÿ äî 3-õ, â ñðåäíåì (n=89) 1,6±0,58 ïòåí- ÿùåðèöà (Lacerta agilis), ñèçûé ãîëóáü (Co- öà. Âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàþòñÿ ó lumba livia), ãîðíîñòàé (Mustela erminea), 50,56% ïàð, èç îäíîãî – ó 44,94%, èç 3-õ ìîëîäàÿ êîñóëÿ (Capreolus pygargus), òåòå- – ó 4,49% ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á).  ðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), ïåðåïåëÿòíèê 156 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

(Accipiter nisus), êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) è äðóãèå æèâîòíûå, êîòîðûå èãðàþò íåçíà- ÷èòåëüíóþ ðîëü â ðàöèîíå (Êó÷èí, 1976; Êó÷èí, 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à). Ïî ìåðå ïðèáëèæåíèÿ ê ïåðåäîâûì ñêëàäêàì Àëòàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâî- ñòîãî ñóñëèêà ñîêðàùàåòñÿ, è îí ïåðå- ñòà¸ò äîìèíèðîâàòü â ðàöèîíå ìîãèëü- íèêà.  ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ ïðåîáëàäàþò â ïèòàíèè, çàíèìàÿ ïðèìåðíî ðàâíûå äîëè, êðàñíîù¸êèé ñóñëèê è àëòàéñêèé öîêîð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á; Âàæîâ, 2009; Âàæîâ è äð., 2010), ñóùåñòâåííóþ ÷àñòü ðàöèîíà ñîñòàâëÿþò ïòèöû, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñë¸òêè ãðà÷åé Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ëèñòâåííèöå. Ñåâåðíûé Àëòàé. (Corvus frugilegus), è îáûêíîâåííûé õî- 09.06.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. ìÿê (Cricetus cricetus). Îòìå÷åíû òàêæå â Nest of the Imperial Eagle on a larch. Northern Altai. ðàöèîíå ìîãèëüíèêà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ ñåðûé 09/06/2009. Photo by S. Vazhov. ñóðîê (Marmota baibacina), âîäÿíàÿ ïî- ë¸âêà (Arvicola terrestris), ñåðûå ïîë¸âêè ñòâåííîå ìåñòî â ðàöèîíå ìîãóò çàíè- (Microtus sp.), êîëîíîê (Mustela sibirica), ìàòü ïòèöû (ãðà÷, ñîðîêà, ñåðûé æóðàâëü ãîðíîñòàé, ñèáèðñêèé êðîò, ñîðîêà (Pica Grus grus, ÷àéêè Larus sp. è äð.) è îíäàòðà pica), ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus corone), ñå- (Ondatra zibethica) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009â). ðàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus cornix), ãàëêà (Corvus monedula), òåòåðåâ (Tetrao tetrix), äðîçä Çàêëþ÷åíèå ðÿáèííèê (Turdus pilaris), ïåðåïåë (Cotur- Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïîçâîëÿþò nix coturnix), ñåðàÿ êóðîïàòêà (Perdix per- ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïó- dix), âîðîí (Corvus corax), êîðîñòåëü (Crex áëèêè Àëòàé è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ãíåçäèòñÿ crex), ÷åðíîçîáûé äðîçä (Turdus atrogu- 858–996 ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò laris), êîðøóí, îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà 24,5–33,2% îò îáùåé åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè â (Falco tinnunculus), êàíþê (Buteo buteo), Ðîññèè, êîòîðàÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 3000–3500 õîõëàòûé îñîåä (Pernis ptilorhynchus), òå- ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008).  íàñòîÿùåå Ïðîâåðêà ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà áåð¸çå. òåðåâÿòíèê, ïåðåïåëÿòíèê, óøàñòàÿ ñîâà âðåìÿ â ðåñïóáëèêå è êðàå âûÿâëåíî 395 Ëåñîñòåïíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ (Asio otus), áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus) ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (39,7– Àëòàÿ. 02.04.2009. è äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis) 46,0% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè).  öåëîì Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. (Âàæîâ, 2009; Âàæîâ è äð., 2010). ñèòóàöèÿ ñ çàíÿòîñòüþ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ Survey of an Imperial Íà ðàâíèííîé òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ è íà ðàâíèíàõ Àëòàéñêîãî Eagle nest on the birch. êðàÿ îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ïèòàíèÿ ìîãèëü- êðàÿ îñòà¸òñÿ ñòàáèëüíîé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., Forest-steppe foothills of the Altai Mountains. íèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ êðàñíîù¸êèé ñóñëèê (Êó÷èí, 2009á; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009â; Âàæîâ è äð., 02/04/2009. 1976; Êó÷èí, 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005), 2010) è ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëþ÷åâîé Photo by S. Vazhov. ïðè íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè êîòîðîãî ñóùå- äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ìàñøòàáàõ àðåàëà âèäà.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Àâåðèí Â.Ã., Ëàâðîâ À.Í. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷å- íèþ ôàóíû ïòèö Òîìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Çàïèñêè Ñåìèïàëàò. ïîäîòä. Çàï. Ñèá. îòä. ÐÃÎ. Âûï. 5. Òîìñê, 1911. Ñ. 1–36. Áåëèê Â.Ï., Íèêîëàåâ Â.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ëåò- íåé ôàóíå è ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö â ñòåï- íîé Êóëóíäå è ëåñîñòåïíîé Áàðàáå. – Ñòðåïåò. 2006. Ò. 4, âûï. 2. Ñ. 28–35. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â. Ê ýêîëîãèè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca Sav.) â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ. – Àëòàéñêèé çîîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë. 2009. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 51–55. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â. Ðå- çóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ â 2010 ãîäó, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- íà. 2010. ¹19. Ñ. 186–199. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 157

Âåëèæàíèí À.Ï., Âåëèæàíèí Ã.À. Ñïèñêè ïòèö âîòíûõ. Áàðíàóë, 1998. 238 ñ. Áàðíàóëüñêîãî îêðóãà. – Uragus. 1929. Êí. 9. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ðåäêèå è íà- ¹1. Ñ. 5–15. õîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäû æè- Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. âîòíûõ. Áàðíàóë, 2006. 211 ñ. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ è ÷èñ- Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè (æè- ëåííîñòü ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè âîòíûå). Ì., 2001. 863 ñ. Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé: Æèâîòíûå. ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè- Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, 2007. 399 ñ. ÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Âûï. 2. Ìàòåðèàëû Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Áàðíàóë, 1976. ñîâåùàíèé ïî ïðîãðàììå «Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòî- 231 ñ. ëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè» (1998–2000). Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, Ì., 2000. Ñ. 85–93. 2004. 778 ñ. Çàëåññêèé È.Ì., Çàëåññêèé Ï.Ì. Ïòèöû þãî- Ìàëåøèí Í.À. Íîâûå äàííûå î ðåäêèõ ïòè- çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. – Áþëë. ÌÎÈÏ. 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TheImperialEagleintheRepublicofKhakassiaandKrasnoyarsk Kray,Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В ХАКАСИИ И КРАСНОЯРСКОМ КРАЕ, РОССИЯ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí  ñòàòüå îáîáùåíû äîñòóïíûå ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå î ìîãèëüíèêå (Aquila heliaca) íà òåððèòîðèè Õàêàñèè è Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ ñ íà÷àëà ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, à òàêæå ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ â 2000–2010 ãã. Îöåíêà èññëåäîâàíèé ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â ÃÈÑ (ArcView GIS 3.3 ESRI). Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé íàìè 603000, Ðîññèÿ, âñòðå÷åíû 215 ìîãèëüíèêîâ èç êîòîðûõ 19 îñîáåé áûëè âçðîñëûìè, ëèáî ïîëóâçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè, íå ïðè- Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, âÿçàííûìè ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì è 8 – ñë¸òêè ïðîøëûõ ëåò; âûÿâëåíî 109 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 (95 – â Õàêàñèè è 14 – â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå), îáíàðóæåíî 108 ãí¸çä íà 90 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåí- òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 íîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â [email protected] 279–345, â ñðåäíåì 312 ïàð. Èçó÷åíû ïàðàìåòðû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä, õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ, ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè, ôåíîëîãèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïèòàíèå.  êëàäêàõ (n=15) 1–3, â ñðåäíåì 2,13±0,64 ÿèö, â âûâîäêàõ (n=17) 1–3, â ñðåäíåì 1,82±0,73 ïòåíöîâ. Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåí- ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé íîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090, Ðîññèÿ, Abstract Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Paper based on data of researches of authors in 2000–2010 and analyzed publications before 2000. While survey- [email protected] ing the mountainous regions of Altai we found 215 Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca), 19 of which were adults or subadults, not connected to breeding territories, and 8 immature birds. We discovered 109 Imperial Eagle breed- ing territories (95 – in the Republic of Khakassia, 14 – in the Krasnoyarsk Kray), including 108 nests in 90 territories. Contact: A total of 279–345 pairs, (on average 312 pairs) of the Imperial Eagle are estimated to breed in the Russian part of Igor Karyakin Altai. Parameters of spatial distribution of nests, characteristics of nesting trees, reproductive parameters, breeding Center of Field Studies rate and diet are surveyed. The average clutch size was 2.13±0.64 eggs (n=15; range 1–3). The average brood size Korolenko str., 17a–17, was 1.82±0.73 nestlings (n=17; range 1–3). Nizhniy Novgorod, Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, distribution, population status, breeding biology. Russia, 603000 tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] Ââåäåíèå Methods Elvira Nikolenko Ñðåäíÿÿ Ñèáèðü îñòàâàëàñü äî ïîñëåäíåãî The territory of the Republic of Khakassia NGO Siberian Environ- âðåìåíè «áåëûì ïÿòíîì» â àðåàëå ìîãèëü- and Krasnoyarsk Kray were visited in 2000– mental Center P.O. Box 547, íèêà (Aquila heliaca), íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî î 2002, 2004–2005, 2008 and 2010. Surveys Novosibirsk, Russia, åãî ãíåçäîâàíèè çäåñü èçâåñòíî äàâíî. were carried out on May, 20 – July, 15. Only 630090  êîíöå ÕIÕ – íà÷àëå XX ââ. â Çàïàäíîé è in 2010, the Chulym depression was visited [email protected] Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë ìîãèëü- on August, 30 – September, 3. We set up íèêà îõâàòûâàë ñòåïíûå ðàéîíû Òîìñêîé 8 study plots (fig. 1). A total area of study ãóáåðíèè (Èîãàíçåí, 1907), Êóçíåöêóþ plots by 2010 has been 11,278.59 km2. ñòåïü è Ñàëàèð (Õàõëîâ, 1937) íà ñåâåð äî In the course of the research, all notes of Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî óåçäà (Òóãàðèíîâ, Áóòóð- eagles were fixed visually and, when possi- ëèí, 1911). Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1914; 1938) îá- ble, all their nests were searched out. Find- íàðóæèë ìîãèëüíèêà â èþíå 1912 ã. áëèç ing nests typical for Imperial Eagle (Aquila Òàøòûïà. Ïî åãî äàííûì ýòîò îð¸ë ÿâëÿë- heliaca) research group traveled by ve- ñÿ ñàìûì îáû÷íûì èç îðëîâ â ëåñîñòåïè, hicle along the steppe within a zone that ïðèìûêàþùåé ê Àëòàþ ñ ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà was deemed good for a survey of forested è âî âñåé Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, âñòðå- mountain slopes. On stops every 200–400 ÷àëñÿ è â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. m the forested slopes were inspected with  ñåðåäèíå – êîíöå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ âèä èñ÷åç binoculars with the aim of discovering íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Êóçíåöêîé êîòëîâèíå ïî nests or birds sitting on perches (Karyakin, ïðè÷èíå òîòàëüíîãî âûìèðàíèÿ êðàñíîù¸- 2004). Inspection of small depression was êîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus erythrogenys) carried out from dominating elevations or (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2004; Ñêàëîí, Ãàãèíà, 2004), from mountain passes in the course of 30 íî ïðîäîëæàë îñòàâàòüñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì min to 1.5 hours. For the survey binoculars ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëî- of 12–60x were used. Records of bird and âèíû (Êóñòîâ, 1981; 1982).  ïðåäãîðüÿõ nest locations were fixed with a GPS Garmin Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 159

Êîñèíñêîãî õðåáòà â 1997–98 ãã. ÿâëÿëñÿ and entered into a database (Novikova, Kar- ñàìûì îáû÷íûì èç îðëîâ è ðåãóëÿðíî îò- yakin, 2008). ìå÷àëñÿ âî âñåõ òèïàõ îòêðûòûõ óãîäèé, Numbers of breeding pairs were calcu- îáíàðóæåíî îäíî ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå íà lated within GIS-software (ArcView GIS áåð¸çå (Áàéêàëîâ è äð., 1999). Íà ñåâåð 3.3 ESRI): breeding range maps were cre- ìîãèëüíèê áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í äî À÷èí- ated using data of satellite image (Landsat ñêîé, Êðàñíîÿðñêîé è Êàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïåé ETM+) verification, analyzing topographic (Þäèí, 1952; Êèì, 1988; Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé maps (scale 1:200000) and digital mod- è äð., 2000; Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2004). Ãíåçäî els of relief, created by processing of radar ñ äâóìÿ íàñèæåííûìè ÿéöàìè íàéäåíî 3 topographic images. Based on the data of ìàÿ 1973 ã. â ñîñíîâî-áåð¸çîâîì ëåñó â Imperial Eagle breeding we used a method Êðàñíîÿðñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, ñë¸òîê äîáûò 14 of GIS-modeling. ñåíòÿáðÿ 1974 ã. ó ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû Êàí- ñêîé ëåñîñòåïè áëèç ñ. Äçåðæèíñêîå (Êèì, Results and discussion 1988).  Íàçàðîâñêîé ëåñîñòåïè â ðàéîíå Distribution and numbers Áîæüåãî îçåðà ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â While surveying the mountainous regions 1990, 1998 è 1999 ãã. (Åêèìîâ è äð., 2000; of Altai we found 215 Imperial Eagles, 19 of Áàðàíîâ, 2003).  ×óëûìî-Åíèñåéñêîé ëå- which were adults or subadults (3–4 years), ñîñòåïè ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà îáíàðóæåíî not connected to breeding territories, and 8 îêîëî ñ. Òîëñòûé Ìûñ 24 èþëÿ 2003 ã., êî- immature birds. We discovered 109 Impe- òîðîå áûëî íåâåðíî îïðåäåëåíî àâòîðà- rial Eagle breeding territories, including 108 ìè êàê ãíåçäî áåðêóòà (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, nests in 90 territories. 2004). Èç îêðåñòíîñòåé Êðàñíîÿðñêà ìî- The average distance between near- ãèëüíèêè ðåãóëÿðíî äîñòàâëÿëèñü â æèâîé est neighbors in breeding groups in the óãîëîê çàïîâåäíèêà «Ñòîëáû» (Ïîëóøêèí, Minusinsk and Usinsk depressions was 1988).  Êàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè äâå âçðîñëûå è 4.63±2.39 km (n=68; range 3–13.1 km;

îäíà ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü íà ðåêàõ Ex=1.4; median=4.25). The majority of Ïåçî è Êàí (Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé è äð., 2000), breeding pairs were located at the dis- 24 àâãóñòà 1985 ã. ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ tance of 3–6 km from each other (51.47% áëèç ñ. Ìîêðóøà (Æóêîâ, 2006). Ñî ñòîðî- of registrations) (fig. 4). In 1980s, the íû Õàêàñèè ìîãèëüíèê ðåãóëÿðíî çàëåòàë density of the Imperial Eagle on the left íà âîñòî÷íóþ ñòîðîíó Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó, bank of the Yenisey river in the Minusinsk ãäå íàáëþäàëñÿ íà õð. Ñàðãàÿ (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, depression (according to data of accounts 1999), ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëñÿ íà çàïàäå Íà- on the Batenev ridge) was 2.5 breed- çàðîâñêîé ëåñîñòåïè: â 1999 ã. – â îêðåñò- ing pairs/100 km2 of a total area or 6.5 íîñòè Øåñòàêîâñêèõ áîëîò, â 2001 ã. – breeding pairs/100 km2 of woodlands, áëèç ñ. Ñåðåáðÿêîâî â Òèñóëüñêîì ðàéîíå, on the right bank of the Yenisey river – â 2002 ã. – â ñ. Ñîëäàòêèí (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 1 record/100 km of a route along edges 2003; 2004).  Ñàÿíàõ êàê è â ïåðèîä èñ- of forests or 0.5 pairs/100 km2 (Kustov, ñëåäîâàíèé Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà ãíåçäîâàíèå ìî- 1981; 1982). According to data of our ac- ãèëüíèêà óñòàíîâëåíî â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâè- counts on study plots in 2000–2010 the íå (Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé, Áåçáîðîäîâ, 1987), à density of the Imperial Eagle ranges from âñòðå÷è èçâåñòíû â Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêîì çà- ïîâåäíèêå (Ñòàõååâ è äð., 1985).  ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé îïóáëèêîâàííîé èíôîðìàöèè î ìîãèëüíè- êå â ðåãèîíå êðàéíå ìàëî. Èìååòñÿ ëèøü ñêóäíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ, ïîëó÷åííàÿ â ðàì- êàõ ïðîåêòà ïî èíâåíòàðèçàöèè êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé ìåæäó- íàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ (ÊÎÒÐ) â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ãðóïïîé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëå- äîâàíèé â 2004 ã. ïîñåùàëñÿ ðÿä òåððè-

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin. 160 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåç- äîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿð- ñêîì êðàå. Ôîòî. È. Êàðÿêèíà. Typical nesting habitats of the Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray. Photos by I. Karyakin.

òîðèé â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå è Õàêàñèè: â 0.08 to 6.49 breeding pairs/100 km2 of a Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå îáíàðóæåíî 2 íîâûõ total area, on average 0.95 pairs/100 km2 æèëûõ ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé of a total area (table 1). The average den- êîòëîâèíå è ïðîâåðåíî 2 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ sity of the Imperial Eagle on the on the left ãíåçäà â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, îäíî èç êî- bank of the Yenisey river in the Minusinsk òîðûõ îêàçàëîñü æèëûì (âñå ãí¸çäà áûëè depression is 1.18 breeding pairs/100 ðàñïîëîæåíû íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ), â Õàêàñèè km2 of a total area, on the right bank – îñìîòðåíî 4 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ 0.55 pairs/100 km2 of a total area. It is ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ è íàéäåí 1 íîâûé these values of density are the basis for (âñå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ëèñòâåííè- our assessment of population numbers of öàõ è â ìîìåíò ïîñåùåíèÿ áûëè æèëûìè, the species that, according to our data, is â òîì ÷èñëå 2 ãíåçäà ñîäåðæàëè âûâîäêè 279–345, on average 312 pairs (table 2). ïî 2 ïòåíöà) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). In the Batenev ridge we accounted Impe-  äàííîé ñòàòüå îïèñàíà ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ìî- rial Eagles in 2000–2010, with the density ãèëüíèêîì â Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè (íà òåððèòî- being 1.44 pairs/100 km2 of a total area, ðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Õàêàñèÿ è Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî the territory including completely the area êðàÿ) íà îñíîâàíèè ðåçóëüòàòîâ öåëåâûõ of the field station, where Kustov had car- ðàáîò ïî ýòîìó âèäó â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ ried out surveys and accounts of birds of Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèð- prey in 1980-s. In 2000, we with Kustov ñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà â ïåðèîä ñ surveyed completely his study plot on 2000 ïî 2010 ãã. the Batenev ridge, where the Imperial Ea- gle number had decreased in 2.5 times, Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà comparing to 1980-s. The decreasing of  2000 ã. ãðóïïîé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èñ- the Imperial Eagle numbers had been ñëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî noted throughout the Minusinsk depres- öåíòðà áûëà âïåðâûå îáñëåäîâàíà îñíîâ- sion probably until 2000, because we íàÿ ÷àñòü Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû è çàëî- managed to observe the destroyed nests Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 161

æåíû ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè â ×óëûìñêîé âïà- of Imperial Eagles that were abandoned äèíå (ðèñ. 1, ¹2), íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå è between 1995 and 1999, in hilly areas Êîññèíñêîì õðåáòå (ðèñ. 1, ¹3), â ëåâîáå- of the Askizsk region and in the Chulym ðåæüå Àáàêàíà â ìåæäóðå÷üå ðåê Àñêèç è depression (Jirim ridge, Kopyevsky Kupol Óéáàò (ðèñ. 1, ¹4–5), â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Ìè- upland) in 2000. Considering this fact íóñèíñêà (ðèñ. 1, ¹7).  2001 ã. ïðåäìåòíî we can project that the number of Impe- îáñëåäîâàíà Óñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà (ðèñ. 1, rial Eagles decreased in 2 times at least ¹8), ðàñøèðåíà ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü â ëåâî- throughout the west part of the Minusinsk áåðåæüå Àáàêàíà (ðèñ. 1, ¹4) è â äîëèíå depression in 1990-s. We believe that the Åíèñåÿ áëèç Ìèíóñèíñêà (ðèñ. 1, ¹7).  population number of the Imperial Eagle 2002 è 2004 ãã. ïîñåùàëàñü â îñíîâíîì in Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray could ×óëûìñêàÿ âïàäèíà (ðèñ. 1, ¹2) è îá- be at least 500–600 pairs in 1980-s. ñëåäîâàíû îêðåñòíîñòè Áîëüøîãî îçåðà For last 10-year period of monitoring of (ðèñ. 1, ¹1).  2005 è 2010 ãã. ïðîéäåíû the Imperial Eagle population in the Mi- ìàðøðóòàìè Êðàñíîÿðñêàÿ è Êàííñêàÿ ëå- nusinsk depression no serious negative ñîñòåïè.  2008 ã. ñóùåñòâåííî ðàñøèðåíà trends have been noted, however the obvi- ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå è ous recovering the population numbers also Êîññèíñêîì õðåáòå (ðèñ. 1, ¹3) è îáñëå- has been not recorded. äîâàíà òåððèòîðèÿ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Àáàêàíà â ìåæäóðå÷üå ðð. Àñêèç è Áîë. Åñü (ðèñ. 1, Breeding biology ¹6).  2010 ã. â¸ëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäî- The most preferred nesting habitats of the âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Imperial Eagle are sparse small larch forests Áîëüøîãî îçåðà, â ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå in much dissected steppe landscape. è íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå è Êîññèíñêîì The range of elevation, in which Imperial õðåáòå (ðèñ. 1, ¹1–3). Ðàáîòà îñóùåñò- Eagle nests, varies from 293 to 829 m, on av-

âëÿëàñü â ïåðèîä ñ 20 ìàÿ ïî 15 èþëÿ. erage (n=108) 601.85±105.32 m (Ex=-0.34). Ëèøü â 2010 ã. ×óëûìñêàÿ âïàäèíà ïîñå- Majority (62.96%) of birds nest within the ùàëàñü 30 àâãóñòà – 3 ñåíòÿáðÿ. Çà 10 ëåò elevation range of 500–700 m (fig. 5). ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ Nests are mainly located on forested íà 8 ïëîùàäêàõ (ðèñ. 1). Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü mountain slopes (70.37%, n=108), more ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ê 2010 ã. ñîñòàâèëà seldom on peaks of forested ridges that cut 11278,59 êì2. into the steppe valleys, or on ridges that  õîäå ðàáîòû âèçóàëüíî ôèêñèðîâàëèñü separate valleys (18.52%) and single trees âñå âñòðå÷è ñ îðëàìè, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè in mountain-steppe areas on slopes of ridg- èñêàëèñü è èõ ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè. Ìå- es (9.26%). Only two nests were located in òîäèêà ïîèñêà ãí¸çä áûëà îðèåíòèðîâàíà flood-lands of a river and a stream in the íà ïîèñê òèïè÷íûõ ïîñòðîåê ìîãèëüíèêà: Usinsk depression (1.85%). Ðèñ. 1. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëî- ãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü íà àâòîìîáèëå ïî In the forest, nests are located no further ùàäêè. ñòåïè â ïðåäåëàõ çîíû õîðîøåãî îáçîðà than 350 m from the forest edge that adjoins Fig. 1. Study plots. îáëåñåííûõ ñêëîíîâ ãîð, íà îñòàíîâêàõ the steppe. All in all in the region the aver- age distance from the nest to the forest edge was 25.55±42.2 m (n=108; range 0–318 m;

Ex=1.33). Majority of nests are located on trees that grow directly on the edge. In connection to the fact that the south- ern mountain slopes of the steppe depres- sions are covered by grass vegetation and there are no forests of them, most of Im- perial Eagles build nests on the northern slopes (fig. 6). In the Republic of Khakassia and Kras- noyarsk Kray most of the nests are found on larch (Larix sibirica) (n=108, 79.63%), whereas 10.19% are found on pine (Pinus sylvestris) and 9.26% birch (Betula pendula). There is only known nest on poplar (Populus sp.), that was located in a dry river bed in the Usinsk depression. Most nests are built on the top part of trunk (fig. 9). 162 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òèïè÷íûå âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäî- âûõ äåðåâüåâ ìîãèëü- íèêà â íèçêîãîðüÿõ Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó: ââåðõó – â íèæíåé ÷àñòè ñêëîíà, âíèçó – â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñêëîíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nesting tree locations of the Imperial Eagle in the hills of the Kuznetsk Alatau mountain range: upper– in the bottom part of a slope, bottom – in the upper part of a slope. Photos by I. Karyakin.

÷åðåç êàæäûå 200–400 ì ñêëîíû îñìà- The average height of the nest location in òðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ a tree 13.22±5.13 m (n=108; range 4–25 m;

ãí¸çä èëè ïòèö, ñèäÿùèõ íà ïðèñàäàõ (Êà- Ex=-1.06; median=14 m; mode=18 m) (fig. ðÿêèí, 2004). Íàáëþäåíèå çà íåáîëüøèìè 10), and strongly depends on the height of êîòëîâèíàìè îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ñ äîìèíè- trees, being minimal when the nest is built ðóþùèõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé èëè ïåðåâàëîâ â on a birch and pine that grows on the top of òå÷åíèå 30 ìèí. – 1,5 ÷àñîâ. Äëÿ íàáëþ- a rocky ridge. äåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áèíîêëè 12–60x. In region on most of the breeding territo- Ìåñòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïòèö è èõ ãí¸çä ôèê- ries (75.56%, n=108) Imperial Eagles have ñèðîâàëèñü ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íàâè- only a nest construction. Two constructions ãàòîðîâ Garmin è âíîñèëèñü â áàçó äàííûõ were found on only 24.44% of territories. (Íîâèêîâà, Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Íàõîäêè çàíÿ- This is possibly connected to the fact that òûõ ãí¸çä, âñòðå÷è íåðàñïàâøèõñÿ âûâîä- nests quite often get destroyed. We found êîâ, ïàð è îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö ñ î÷åâèäíûì 3 nests in one territory, 4 – in another. We ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì (áåñïîêîéñòâî, repetitiously visited 70 breeding territories òîê) ïðèðàâíèâàëèñü ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñò- during 2004–2010; 25.71% of the nests êàì (ðèñ. 2). Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ìîíèòîðèí- found were destroyed and eagles had built ãà èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âñòðå÷è new ones. âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà íèõ ñ÷èòàëèñü ïîâòîð- Laying of eggs takes place from 31 March íûìè, è â ó÷¸ò âñòðå÷ íå âõîäèëè, åñëè íå to 25 April. Nestlings hatched from 15 May ïðîèñõîäèëà î÷åâèäíàÿ ñìåíà ïàðòí¸ðîâ, to 10 June. We know of four instances of êîòîðóþ ìû ìîãëè ïîäòâåðäèòü ïî ôîòî, repetitive clutches. Fledglings are noted âèäåî èëè îïèñàíèÿì ïòèö, çàíèìàâøèõ from 15 July onwards. Most of the juveniles ðàíåå äàííûé ó÷àñòîê. leave the nest after 25 July and by 15 Au- Ðàñ÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð gust. Nestlings from repetitive clutches can ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ (ArcView GIS stay in the nest until 25 August. 3.3 ESRI) íà îñíîâå êàðòû ãíåçäîâîãî Clutches (n=15) consisted of 1–3 eggs, on àðåàëà ìîãèëüíèêà (ðèñ. 3). Ýòà êàðòà ïîä- average 2.13±0.64 eggs. The average brood Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 163

ãîòîâëåíà ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì äåøèôðîâêè size was 1.82±0.73 nestlings (n=17; range êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat ETM+, àíàëèçà òî- 1–3). Broods of 2 nestlings predominated ïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò Ì 1:200000 è öèô- (47.06%), despite the majority of nests with ðîâîé ìîäåëè ðåëüåôà, ïîëó÷åííîé â nestlings were inspected 2–3 weeks before ðåçóëüòàòå îáðàáîòêè ðàäàðíîé òîïîãðà- fledging. ôè÷åñêîé ñú¸ìêè. Îñíîâîé äëÿ äåøèô- ðîâêè ñëóæèëè òî÷êè ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ è Diet áóôåðíûå çîíû âîêðóã íèõ, ïîñòðîåííûå The main prey species of the Impe- ïî ñðåäíåé äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøè- rial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia and ìè ñîñåäÿìè. Íà êàðòà ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà Krasnoyarsk Kray is the Long-Tailed Sous- âûäåëåíî 3 òèïà ïîëèãîíîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþ- lik (Spermophilus undulatus). This species ùèå îáëàñòè óñòàíîâëåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ predominated in prey remains collected ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå; îáëàñòè ïðåäïîëà- in and under nests, comprising 79.11% of ãàåìîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèî- all items (n=216). Alternative preys were íå è îáëàñòè ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ãäå Hares (Lepus sp.) and birds. Among the íàõîäêè ãí¸çä è âñòðå÷è âûâîäêîâ èìåëè birds several unusual species were noted: ìåñòî â 40–90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (ðèñ. 3). Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Greylag (Anser anser) and Great Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå ichthyaetus). Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé Õàêàñèè è Conclusion Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ íàìè âñòðå÷åíû 215 The Minusinsk depression is a very im- ìîãèëüíèêîâ (áåç ó÷¸òà ïîâòîðíûõ ðåãè- portant territory for the Imperial Eagle ñòðàöèé òåõ æå ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- conservation within Russia and the entire êàõ ïðè èõ ïîâòîðíîì ïîñåùåíèè), èç êî- breeding range of the species. The second òîðûõ 19 îñîáåé áûëè âçðîñëûìè, ëèáî largest population of the species (after Al- ïîëóâçðîñëûìè (3–4-õ ëåòíèìè) ïòèöàìè, tai) in the Altai-Sayan region as well as in íå ïðèâÿçàííûìè ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì the Middle Siberia is located there. Unlike è 8 – ñë¸òêè ïðîøëûõ ëåò; âûÿâëåíî 109 to the Altai population, with the number ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (95 – â increasing last decades (Karyakin et al., Õàêàñèè è 14 – â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå), 2009b), the Minusinsk one degraded in Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îáíàðóæåíî 108 ãí¸çä íà 90 ãíåçäîâûõ 1990-s, and the recovering of the Impe- èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà ó÷àñòêàõ. Íà 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çä rial Eagle population has not noted in the (Aquila heliaca) â Õà- îáíàðóæåíî íå áûëî, â îñíîâíîì ïî ïðè- region. êàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì ÷èíå ñëîæíûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ èõ âûÿâëåíèÿ Unfortunately the Imperial Eagle in Kha- êðàå. (íèçêàÿ îñâåù¸ííîñòü â íåïîãîäó è ñóìåð- kassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray is protected Fig. 2. Distribution êè), ëèáî â ïåðèîä ïîñëå âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ. insufficiently. Less than 2% of known pairs of the Imperial Eagle Íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ èç ýòèõ 19 íàáëþäàëèñü inhabit the federal protected areas; and it is (Aquila heliaca) in the Republic of Khakassia ñë¸òêè âìåñòå ñî âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè, íà projected that 1.6% out of a total number and Krasnoyarsk Kray. 9 – ïàðû ïòèö, íà 5 – îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû ñ of the Minusinsk population are conserved in the federal protected areas. The hazard- ous power lines are going through many breeding territories of eagles in the south and north of Khakassia. However the prob- lem of bird electrocution has been not studied yet in the region and no attempts to solve this problem has undertaken until now. For 10 years of surveys there were 3 cases of chick removing from nests by herders for falconry (in all cases eagles, re- moved from nests, were erroneously rec- ognized as Golden Eagles), nests of 6 pairs suffered during ground fires, that awfully regular occur in Khakassia and Nazarovsk forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Kray in spring. Nevertheless whilst the structure of grazing livestock industry remains, the prospects of the Imperial Eagle surviving in the region are rather positive. 164 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

øèðèíà êîòîðûõ áîëåå 1,5 êì ìîãèëüíèêè ïðîíèêàþò âãëóáü îáëåñåííûõ ãîð íà ðàñ- ñòîÿíèå äî 20–30 êì îò îáøèðíûõ ñòåïíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ.  öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíó- ñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû ìîãèëüíèê íà ãíåçäî- âàíèè íå îáíàðóæåí.  ñòåïíûõ ìåëêîñî- ïî÷íèêàõ ýòîò îð¸ë ïîëíîñòüþ çàìåùàåòñÿ ñòåïíûì îðëîì (Aquila nipalensis). Îñíîâíàÿ îáëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëü- íèêà â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå ëåæèò â çîíå âûñîòíîé ëåñîñòåïè ïî âñåé ïåðè- ôåðèè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, îäíàêî ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèä äîñòèãàåò îïðåäåë¸ííî íà âîñòî÷íîì ìàêðîñêëî- íå Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó, ãäå ñîñðåäîòî÷å- íî ÿäðî ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà (ðèñ. 2, 3). Íà ñåâåðå çîíàëüíîé ëåñîñòå- ïè (À÷èíñêàÿ, Êðàñíîÿðñêàÿ è Êàíñêàÿ) â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ãíåçäîâàíèå ìî- ãèëüíèêà íå óñòàíîâëåíî è âðÿä ëè çäåñü â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èìåþòñÿ ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ýòîãî âèäà. Ñêîðåå âñåãî, íà Ðèñ. 3. Ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë è îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíî- ñåâåðå çîíàëüíîé ëåñîñòåïè ñåé÷àñ ãíåç- ÿðñêîì êðàå. äÿòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñïîðàäè÷íî îòäåëüíûå Fig. 3. Breeding range and estimated population number of the Imperial Eagle in ïàðû ìîãèëüíèêîâ óäàë¸ííûå äðóã îò äðó- the Republic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray. ãà íà äåñÿòêè êèëîìåòðîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ÿâíûì ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì (áåñïîêîé- â ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ â Ìèíóñèí- ñòâî, äåìîíñòðàöèîííîå ïîâåäåíèå ïðè ñêîé è Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò â âèäå äðóãîãî îðëà, òîê). ñðåäíåì (n=68) 4,63±2,39 êì, âàðüèðóÿ

Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå îò 1,3 äî 13,1 êì (Ex=1,4; ìåäèàíà=4,25). ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëüíèêà ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ñêëî- Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð äèñòàí- íàì ãîð, îáðàù¸ííûì â ñòåïíûå äîëèíû, öèðóåòñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 3–6 êì (51,47% øèðèíà êîòîðûõ ïðåâûøàåò 0,5 êì, ò.å. ê ðåãèñòðàöèé) (ðèñ. 4). Âåðîÿòíî â ðÿäå çîíå âûñîòíîé ëåñîñòåïè. Ïî óçêèì äîëè- ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì íàì ìîãèëüíèê ïðîíèêàåò â îáëåñåííûå êðÿæå è â ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå â 80–90-õ ãîðû íå ãëóáîêî – íå äàëåå 7 êì îò îá- ãã. ìîãèëüíèêè ãíåçäèëèñü áîëåå ïëîòíî è øèðíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ ñòåïè. Ïî äîëèíàì, ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿ- ìè ïðèáëèæàëèñü ê òàêîâûì íà Ñåâåðî- Çàïàäíîì Àëòàå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à; 2009á), â îïòèìóìå – 1,5–3,5 êì. Îäíàêî ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â 90-õ ãã. (ïîäðîáíî îá ýòîì ñêàçàíî íèæå) ïðèâåëî ê ðàçðåæåíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïè- ðîâîê, â îñíîâíîì ïî ïðè÷èíå èñ÷åçíîâå- íèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â óçêèõ ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ â ïîÿñå ëåñíûõ íèçêîãîðèé. Ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ëåâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëî- âèíû (ïî ó÷¸òàì íà Áàòåíåâñêîì êðÿæå) â 80-õ ãã. ñîñòàâëÿëà 2,5 ïàð/100 êì2 îá- ùåé ïëîùàäè, èëè 6,5 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñíûõ óãîäèé, â ïðàâîáåðåæüå – 1 âñòðå÷à/100 êì ìàðøðóòà ïî îïóøêàì áîðîâ, èëè 0,5 ïàðû/100 êì2 (Êóñòîâ, 1981; 1982).  îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Áîëüøîå (Øàðûïîâñêèé ðàéîí) ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà ñîñòàâëÿëà Ðèñ. 4. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ. 2 ïàðû íà 100 êì2 (Áàðàíîâ, 2000; 2003). Fig. 4. Distances between the nearest neighbor nests of the Imperial Eagle. Â.Ñ. Æóêîâ (2006) íà îñíîâàíèè îäíîé Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 165

Òàáë. 1. Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ. Ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. ïî äàííûì íàøèõ ó÷¸òîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ Table 1. Values of density of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) on study plots. âàðüèðóåò îò 0,08 äî 6,49 ïàð/100 êì2 Numbers of plots are the same as in fig. 1. îáùåé ïëîùàäè, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 0,95 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (òàáë. Èçâåñòíûå 1). Ìèíèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâûå 2 ó÷àñòêè Ïëîòíîñòü, (0,08 ïàð/100 êì ) õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ áîðîâ Known ïàð/100 êì2 ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû è Íàçâàíèå ïëîùàäêè Ïëîùàäü, êì2 breeding Density, pairs äîëèíû Åíèñåÿ çà ñ÷¸ò âêëþ÷åíèÿ â ó÷¸ò- ¹ Name of plots Area, km2 territories per 100 km2 íóþ ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèé ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ 1 Áîëüøîå îçåðî äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà è óðáàíèçè- Bolshoe Lake 300.091 4 1.33 ðîâàííûõ òåððèòîðèé. Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü 2 ×óëûìñêàÿ âïàäèíà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà äëÿ ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Chulym depression 5922.6 50 0.84 Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,18 3 Áàòåí¸âñêèé êðÿæ ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè, äëÿ ïðàâî- Batenev ridge 1876.234 27 1.44 áåðåæüÿ – 0,55 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëî- 4 Ãîðû Ñàõñàð ùàäè. Èìåííî ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè Sakhsar mountains 231.98 7 3.02 ëåæàò â îñíîâå íàøåé îöåíêè ÷èñëåí- 5 Ãîðû Òåðòòàã íîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå, êîòîðàÿ ïî íàøèì Terttag mountains 123.195 8 6.49 äàííûì ñîñòàâëÿåò 279–345, â ñðåäíåì 6 Ãîðû Òîðòòèáå 312 ïàð (òàáë. 2). ×èñëåííîñòü îñíîâíîãî Torttibe mountains 353.92 6 1.70 ïîïóëÿöèîííîãî ÿäðà, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííîãî 7 Îêðåñòíîñòè â ëåñîñòåïè âîñòî÷íîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Êóç- Ìèíóñèíñêà íåöêîãî Àëàòàó, îöåíèâàåòñÿ 206–244, â Vicinities of Minusinsk 2358.848 2 0.08 ñðåäíåì 225 ïàð, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 72,18% 8 Óñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Âî Usinsk depression 111.721 3 2.69 âñåé çîíàëüíîé ëåñîñòåïè ìû ïðåäïî- Âñåãî / Total 11278.59 107 0.95 ëàãàåì ãíåçäîâàíèå 40–50, â ñðåäíåì 45 ïàð èëè îêîëî 140–175, â ñðåäíåì âñòðå÷è ìîãèëüíèêà â Êàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè 157 îñîáåé ïîñëå ñåçîíà ðàçìíîæå- ðàññ÷èòàë åãî ïëîòíîñòü â ñðåäíåì çà ëåòî â íèÿ, ÷òî â 6 ðàç ìåíüøå îöåíêè ÷èñëåí- 0,05 îñîáåé/êì2 äëÿ Êàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè è â íîñòè Â.Ñ. Æóêîâà (2006). 0,02 îñîáåé/êì2 äëÿ ëåñîñòåïåé âñåé Ñðåä- Íàìè â 2000–2010 ãã. íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì íåé Ñèáèðè, îöåíèâ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíè- êðÿæå ìîãèëüíèê ó÷èòûâàëñÿ ñ ïëîòíî- êà â çîíàëüíîé ëåñîñòåïè Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè ñòüþ 1,44 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè, (À÷èíñêàÿ, Êðàñíîÿðñêàÿ, Êàííñêàÿ, Íàçà- ïðè÷¸ì òåððèòîðèÿ ïîëíîñòüþ âêëþ÷àëà ðîâñêàÿ è ×óëûìî-Åíèñåéñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü) â ñòàöèîíàð, íà êîòîðîì ñâîè ó÷¸òû ïðîâî- 400–2200, â ñðåäíåì 1000 îñîáåé. äèë Þ.È. Êóñòîâ â 80-õ ãã.  2000 ã. íàìè

Òàáë. 2. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå. Table 2. Estimated population numbers of the Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray.

Ïëîòíîñòü, ïàð/100 êì2 Îöåíêà ×àñòü ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà Ïëîùàäü, êì2 Density, ÷èñëåííîñòè ¹ Part of breeding range Area, km2 pairs/100 km2 Estimated number 1 Îáëàñòü ïîäòâåðæäåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (âîñòî÷íûé ìàêðîñêëîí Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó, Ìèíóñèíñêèå áîðû, Óñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà) / Area of confirmed breeding (east slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau mountain range, Minusinsk pine forests, Usinsk depression) 19147.67 1.18 225 (206–244) 2 Îáëàñòü ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (ïðàâîáåðåæíàÿ ÷àñòü Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, ×óëûìî-Åíèñåéñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü) Area of projected breeding (Minusinsk depression in the right bank of the Yenisey river, Chulym-Yenisey forest-steppe) 13611.17 0.55 75 (63–87) 3 Îáëàñòü ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, ýêñïåðòíàÿ À÷èíñêàÿ, Êðàñíîÿðñêàÿ, Êàííñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïè) / Area of îöåíêà former breeding (Minusinsk depression, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, expert estima- Kannsk forest-steppes) tion 12 (10–14) Âñåãî / Total 312 (279–345) 166 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ìàé 2001 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle in the Usinsk Depression. May 2001. Photos by I. Karyakin.

âìåñòå ñ Þ.È. Êóñòîâûì áûëà ïîëíîñòüþ âïëîòü äî 2000 ã. è äîâîëüíî øèðîêî ïî îáñëåäîâàíà åãî ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà íà Áà- Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, òàê êàê â 2000 ã. òåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå, ãäå ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëü- íàì óäàëîñü çàñòàòü â íèçêîãîðüÿõ Àñêèç- íèêà ñîêðàòèëàñü â 2,5 ðàçà, ïî ñðàâíå- ñêîãî ðàéîíà è â ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå (õð. íèþ ñ 80-ìè ãîäàìè ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Èç ýòîãî Äæèðèì, Êîïü¸âñêèé êóïîë) ðàçðóøàþ- ìîæíî ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå, ÷òî ÷èñëåí- ùèåñÿ ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ïîêèíóòûå îð- íîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà êàê ìèíèìóì â ãíåçäî- ëàìè îðèåíòèðîâî÷íî â ïåðèîä ñ 1995 ïî âîé ãðóïïèðîâêå íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå 1999 ãã. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëà- ñîêðàòèëàñü â 2,5 ðàçà çà 15–20 ëåò. Ïðè ãàòü, ÷òî â 90-õ ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíè- ýòîì íåãàòèâíûå òåíäåíöèè â ïîïóëÿöèè êà êàê ìèíèìóì â 2 ðàçà ñîêðàòèëàñü âî ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè ïðîÿâèëèñü îïðåäå- âñåé çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëî- ë¸ííî òîëüêî â 90-õ ãã., òàê êàê íà ïðîòÿ- âèíû. Ïðè ýòîì â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ïîêàçà- æåíèè 30–40 ëåò â 60–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ òåëè ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà ÷èñëåííîñòü è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà îñòàþòñÿ ñòàáèëüíûìè (0,5 ïàð/100 êì2 íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå îñòàâàëèñü ñòàáèëü- ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ Þ.È. Êóñòîâà è 0,55 íûìè, ÷òî îáúÿñíÿëîñü óñòîé÷èâîñòüþ åãî ïàð/100 êì2 ïî íàøèì ó÷¸òíûì äàííûì), êîðìîâîé áàçû (äëèííîõâîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ õîòÿ ïî ïðàâîáåðåæüþ êðàéíå ìàëî èí- Spermophilus undulatus), òðóäíîäîñòóï- ôîðìàöèè è â îñíîâíûõ ðàéîíàõ ïðåäïî- íîñòüþ ãí¸çä è ÷ðåçâû÷àéíîé îñòîðîæ- ëàãàåìîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (âäîëü íîñòüþ îðëîâ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó Åíèñåÿ) íå âåäóòñÿ ìîíèòîðèíãîâûå èñ- (Êóñòîâ, 1981). Ïðîöåññ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñ- ñëåäîâàíèÿ. Îïåðèðóÿ âûøåïðèâåä¸ííû- ëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íàáëþäàëñÿ, âèäèìî, ìè öèôðàìè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 167

80-õ ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè ÿâëåíî, õîòÿ è î÷åâèäíîãî âîññòàíîâëå- è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå ñîñòàâëÿëà ìèíèìóì íèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè òàêæå íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ. 500–600 ïàð. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ïîñëå íåêîòî- Çà ïîñëåäíèé 10-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä ìîíè- ðîãî ïàäåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè â 90-õ ãã. îíà òîðèíãà ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíè- ñòàáèëèçèðîâàëàñü.  îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ïðî- êà â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå êàêèõ-ëèáî èçîøåäøåãî â 90-õ ãã. ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåí- ñåðü¸çíûõ íåãàòèâíûõ òåíäåíöèé íå âû- íîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà, î÷åâèäíî ëåæèò ðåçêîå Âàðèàíòû ðàñ- ïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿð- ñêîì êðàå. Ìàé 2008 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nesting trees locations of the Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray. May 2008. Photos by I. Karyakin. 168 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ ìî- ãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå. Ìàé 2008 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nesting tree locations of the Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray. May 2008. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ñíèæåíèå ïàñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêè íà ñòåïü â óçêèõ ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ â íèçêîãîðüÿõ Êóç- íåöêîãî Àëàòàó. Íà ýòî óêàçûâàþò íàáëþ- äåíèÿ íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå. Ìîãèëüíèê èñ÷åç èìåííî íà òåõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå â íà÷àëå 90-õ ãã. ïðåêðàòèëñÿ âûïàñ è ëåòíèå ëàãå- ðÿ ñêîòà áûëè ëèêâèäèðîâàíû èëè çàáðî- øåíû. Òàì æå ãäå âûïàñ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ, ïðîäîëæàþò ñîõðàíÿòüñÿ ìíîãîëåòíèå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëüíèêà, êîòîðûå áûëè èçâåñòíû åù¸ Þ.È. Êóñòîâó â 80-õ ãã. Êóäà äåëàñü òà ìàññà ïòèö, ïîòåðÿâøèõ â 90-õ ãã. êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ, íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíî, òàê êàê íèêàêîãî ïåðåðàñïðåäå- ëåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ìè- íóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Ìå- ðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî áîðüáå ñ ïîë¸âêîé Áðàíäòà (Microtus brandtii) â 2001–2003 ãã. â Ìîí- ãîëèè íà ïîïóëÿöèþ ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå íèêàê íå ïîâëèÿëè, â îòëè÷èå îò ãðóïïèðîâîê Òóâû, ÷òî, âèäè- ìî, ñâÿçàíî ñ èíûìè ïóòÿìè ìèãðàöèè îð- ëîâ èç Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû.

Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, ìîãèëüíèê â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå òÿãîòååò ê øèðîêèì ñòåïíûì äîëèíàì çîíû íèçêîãî- ðèé è ãîðíî-ñòåïíûì ìàññèâàì ïåðèôå- ðèè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Îòäåëüíûå ïàðû ãíåçäÿòñÿ è â óçêèõ äîëèíàõ íèçêî- ãîðèé, íî ýòî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîðìîé. Íàèáî- ëåå ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûìè ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçðåæåííûå ëèñòâåííè÷íûå êîëêè â ñèëüíî ïåðåñå÷¸ííîì ñòåïíîì ëàíäøàôòå.  ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå ìîãèëü- íèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ íà êóý- ñòîâûõ ãðÿäàõ, îáðàìëÿþùèõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå îç¸ðíûå äîëèíû è äîëèíû ðåê Áåëûé è ׸ðíûé Èþñ. Âûñîòíûé äèàïàçîí, â êîòîðîì ãíåçäèò- ñÿ ìîãèëüíèê â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå, âàðüèðóåò îò 293 äî 829 ì íàä óðîâ- íåì ìîðÿ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=108)

601,85±105,32 ì (Ex=-0,34). Ìèíèìàëüíûå

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ ìî- ãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå. Ìàé 2008 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nesting tree locations of the Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray. May 2008. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 169

Ðèñ. 5. Âûñîòíûé äèàïàçîí ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà. Fig. 5. Elevations of the Imperial Eagle’s nest locations.

âûñîòû õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Åíè- ñåÿ, ìàêñèìàëüíûå (807–829 ì) – äëÿ íèç- êîãîðèé Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó (Áàòåí¸âñêèé êðÿæ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ êëàñòåðà «Õîëë-Áîãàç» Õàêàññêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, õð. Ñàõñàð â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ïóëàíêîëü, ãîðíî-ñòåïíîé ìàññèâ â ìåæäóðå÷üå ðð. Áîë. Åñü è Àñêèç). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ìîãèëüíèêîâ (62,96%) ãíåçäèòñÿ â âûñîòíîì äèàïàçîíå 500–700 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ (ðèñ. 5). Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèê óñòðàèâàåò ïðåèìó- ùåñòâåííî íà îáëåñåííûõ ñêëîíàõ ãîð – 70,37% (n=108), ðåæå íà âåðøèíàõ îá- ëåñåííûõ ñîïîê, èëè ãðåáíåé, âðåçàþ- ùèõñÿ â ñòåïíûå äîëèíû, ëèáî íà õðåáòàõ, ðàçäåëÿþùèõ äîëèíû – 18,52%, åù¸ ðåæå íà îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ â ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõ ìàññèâàõ íà ñêëîíàõ ñîïîê – 9,26%. Îäíî ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî â ïîéìå âðåìåííî- ãî âîäîòîêà è îäíî íà îïóøêå ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà (ïî 0,93%), îáà â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâè- íå. Ïîñëåäíèé òèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áûë õàðàê- òåðåí äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â êîò- ëîâèíàõ Òóâû, è âèäèìî ïòèöû, èìåþùèå òàêîé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ïðîíèêëè â Óñèíñêóþ êîòëîâèíó ñ þãà – èç Òóâû. Ãí¸çäà óñòðàèâàþòñÿ â ëåñó íå äàëåå 350 ì îò îïóøêè, êîòîðàÿ ïðèìûêàåò ê ñòåïíî- ìó ïðîñòðàíñòâó.  öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó äèñ- òàíöèÿ îò ãíåçäà äî îïóøêè âàðüèðóåò îò 0 äî 318 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=108)

25,55±42,2 ì (Ex=1,33). Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòó- ùèõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà îïóøêå, ëèáî íà îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ â íåñêîëü- êèõ ìåòðàõ îò îïóøêè.  ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî â ëåñîñòåïè þæ- íûå ñêëîíû ãîð, êàê ïðàâèëî, îñòåïíå- íû è íà íèõ îòñóòñòâóåò äðåâåñíàÿ ðàñ- òèòåëüíîñòü, áîëüøèíñòâî ìîãèëüíèêîâ óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà íà ñêëîíàõ ñåâåðíûõ ýêñïîçèöèé. Ñðåäíÿÿ ýêñïîçèöèÿ ãíåçäî-

âûõ ñêëîíîâ 185,58°±130,75; Ex=-1,73; ìåäèàíà=215,34°; ìîäà=345,96°, ïðè- ÷¸ì äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ òÿãî- òåíèå ê ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîìó – ñåâåðíîìó – ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîìó ñåêòîðó – 69,44% ãí¸çä (ðèñ. 6).

Ðèñ. 6. Ýêñïîçèöèÿ ñêëîíîâ ãîð, íà êîòîðûõ ðàñ- ïîëàãàþòñÿ ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà. Fig. 6. Expositions (aspect) of mountain slopes with nests of the Imperial Eagle. 170 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ ìîãèëüíèêà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå. Fig. 7. Distribution of different nesting trees of the Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray.

Ëèñòâåííèöà (Larix sibirica) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíûì âèäîì äåðåâüåâ, íà êîòîðûõ ìîãèëüíèêè óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå (ðèñ. 7, 8). Íà äîëþ ëèñòâåííèöû ïðèõîäèòñÿ 79,63% èç 108 èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä. Ãí¸çäà íà ñîñíàõ (Pinus sylvestris) è áåð¸çàõ (Betula pendula) îðëû óñòðàèâàþò â óçêîé ïîëîñå ïåðåäîâûõ ñêëàäîê îáëåñåííûõ ãîð, ëèáî â ñòåïíûõ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêàõ, ãäå ëèñòâåííèöà îáû÷- íî îòñóòñòâóåò (10,19 è 9,26% ñîîòâåò- ñòâåííî). Ïðè÷¸ì áåð¸çà êàê ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî â òàêèõ áèîòîïàõ ÿâíî äîìèíèðóåò íà ñåâåðå Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, à ñî- ñíà – íà þãå è â ïðàâîáåðåæüå. Íà òîïîëå (Populus sp.) èçâåñòíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåç- äî, óñòðîåííîå îðëàìè â ðóñëå ïåðåñû- õàþùåãî âîäîòîêà â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ò.å. íà ñàìîì þãå ðåãèîíà áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Òóâîé, ãäå ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà òîïî- ëÿõ â ïîéìàõ ðåê áûë ðàíåå øèðîêî ðàñ- ïðîñòðàí¸í. Ìîãèëüíèê îïðåäåë¸ííî ñòðåìèòñÿ óñòðàèâàòü ãí¸çäà íà âåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ (30,56% èç 108), îäíàêî ñòðóêòóðà êðîí ëèñòâåííèö, à òåì áîëåå áåð¸ç, êðàéíå ðåäêî ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò, îòñþäà âñåãî ëèøü òðåòü òàêèõ ãí¸çä â îáùåé âûáîðêå è äî- Ðèñ. 8. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ, ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûå ìîãèëüíèêàìè â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíî- ìèíèðîâàíèå ñðåäè âåðøèííûõ ãí¸çä ïî- ÿðñêîì êðàå ñòðîåê íà îäèíî÷íûõ ëèñòâåííèöàõ ñ ôëà- Fig. 8. Trees that Imperial Eagles prefer to nests on in the Republic of Khakassia ãîâûìè êðîíàìè, ëèáî íà ñëîìàõ ñòâîëà. and Krasnoyarsk Kray.  ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ óñòðàèâàåòñÿ 25,93% ãí¸çä è 39,81% ãí¸çä óñòðàèâàåòñÿ â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà (ðèñ. 9), â îñíîâ- íîì â ðàçâèëêàõ (79,07% èç 43), ðåæå â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé ó ñòâîëà (20,93% èç 43).  ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿð- ñêîì êðàå óñòðîåíî ëèøü 3,70% ãí¸çä èç 108, ïðè÷¸ì ïîëîâèíà èç íèõ â ðàçâèëêàõ ñòâîëà, ïîëîâèíà – â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé ó ñòâîëà. Ñòðîèòü ãí¸çäà íà âåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ ìîãèëüíèê ñòàðàåòñÿ àáñîëþòíî îäèíàêî- âî êàê íà ëèñòâåííûõ, òàê è íà õâîéíûõ äåðåâüÿõ è âñ¸ çàâèñèò îò àðõèòåêòóðû êðîíû. Íà áåð¸çàõ 30% èç 10 ãí¸çä áûëè óñòðîåíû íà âåðøèíàõ, íà ëèñòâåííè- öàõ – 29,07% èç 86, íà ñîñíàõ – 41,67% èç 12 ãí¸çä. Êðîíà ñîñíû ÷àùå ïîçâîëÿåò óñòðàèâàòü ìîãèëüíèêó ãí¸çäà íà âåðøèíå äåðåâà, ïîýòîìó íà ñîñíå òàêîé ñòåðåîòèï Ðèñ. 9. Õàðàêòåð óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà äåðåâüÿõ. óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçäà äîìèíèðóåò. Fig. 9. Character of the Imperial Eagle’s nest location on different species of trees. Ýêñïîçèöèÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ â êðî- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 171

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæå- íèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñîñíàõ è ëèñòâåííè- öàõ. Ìàé, èþëü 2008 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nest locations of the Imperial Eagle on pines and larches. May and July 2008. Photos by I. Karyakin.

íå, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñêëîíà. Òàêèå ãí¸çäà çàêðûòû ñòâîëîì è ýêñïîçèöèè ñêëîíà, íà êîòîðîì ðàñò¸ò ïðè íàáëþäåíèè èç äîëèíû ìîãóò áûòü ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî. Ìîãèëüíèê óñòðàèâàåò íåçàìå÷åíû. ãí¸çäà, êàê ïðàâèëî, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî- Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò áû ñ íèõ áûë ñë¸ò â äîëèíó. Òåì íå ìå- îò 4 äî 25 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=108)

íåå, èçâåñòíî 6,5% ãí¸çä, îðèåíòèðîâàí- 13,22±5,13 ì (Ex=-1,06; ìåäèàíà=14 ì; íûõ íå â äîëèíó, à â ñòîðîíó îáëåñåííîãî ìîäà=18 ì) (ðèñ. 10). Îíà ñèëüíî çàâèñèò îò âûñîòû äåðåâüåâ: ìèíèìàëüíà ó ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñîñíàõ è áåð¸çàõ, ðàñòóùèõ íà ñêàëüíûõ ãðÿäàõ, ìàêñèìàëüíà – íà ëè- ñòâåííèöàõ, ðàñòóùèõ â íèæíåé ÷àñòè ñêëî- íîâ ãîð íà ñêëîíàõ ñåâåðíûõ ýêñïîçèöèé. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà ëèñòâåííè- öàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì (n=86) 14,11±5,02 ì, íà ñîñíàõ (n=12) – 10,04±4,74 ì, íà áå- ð¸çàõ (n=10) – 9,40±3,24 ì. Òàê èëè èíà- ÷å, âûñîòà óñòðîéñòâà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå 12–20 ì (62,96%). Âûñòèëêà â ãíåçäå ñîñòîèò èç ñóõîé òðàâû è õâîè, ÷àñòî ñ ïðèìåñüþ íàâîçà. Âûñòèë-

Ðèñ. 10. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà. Fig. 10. Heights of the Imperial Eagle’s nests. 172 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ïðèñóòñòâèå àíòðîïîãåííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â âûñòèëêå æèëûõ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ ìû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè ëèøü â 1,81% ñëó÷àåâ è â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ýòî áûëè îäèíî÷íûå êóñêè øêóð îâåö, ëèáî êóñêè ñèíòåòè÷å- ñêîé ìåøêîâèíû. Ïî äàííûì Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951) ó ìîãèëüíèêà íà ó÷àñòêå èìååòñÿ 2–3 ãíåç- äà.  Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå íà ïîäàâëÿþùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (75,56%, n=108) îáíàðóæåíà îäíà ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà. Äâå ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè âûÿâëåíû ëèøü íà 24,44% ó÷àñòêîâ. Íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîé- êè, íà äðóãîì – 4. Âîçìîæíî, ýòî ñâÿ- çàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ãí¸çäà äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî ðàçðóøàþòñÿ, à èíîãäà è ðàçáèðàþòñÿ è ïåðåíîñÿòñÿ íà äðóãèå äåðåâüÿ ñàìèìè ïòèöàìè.  ÷àñòíîñòè ïðè ïîâòîðíûõ ïî- ñåùåíèÿõ 70 ó÷àñòêîâ (â 2004–2010 ãã.) íà 25,71% èç íèõ ãí¸çäà áûëè ðàçðóøåíû, è îðëû âûñòðîèëè íîâûå, ïðè÷¸ì â ïî- ëîâèíå ñëó÷àåâ î áûëîì ðàñïîëîæåíèè ãíåçäà ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëè ëèøü íåñêîëü- êî âåòîê, âèñÿùèõ íà äåðåâå è ëåæàùèõ ïîä íèì, êîòîðûå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ïðè áëèçêîì îñìîòðå.  4-õ ñëó÷àÿõ èç 18 ãí¸çäà áûëè âîññòàíîâëåíû íà ïðåæíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüÿõ. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ìîãèëüíèêàìè ïðîèñõîäèò c 31 ìàðòà ïî 25 àïðåëÿ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà îðëîâ ïðè òèïè÷íîì õîäå âåñíû îòêëà- äûâàåò ÿéöà â ïåðèîä ñ 10 ïî 20 àïðåëÿ. Íàñèæèâàíèå äëèòñÿ 43–46 äíåé. Ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ñ 15 ìàÿ ïî 10 èþíÿ. Âîç- ìîæíî è áîëåå ïîçäíåå âûëóïëåíèå ïòåí- öîâ, îäíàêî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îíî Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà áåð¸çàõ. Ìàé 2000 ã. ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì ïîâòîðíûõ êëàäîê Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. âçàìåí ïîãèáøèõ. Íàì èçâåñòíû 2 òàêèõ Different nest locations of the Imperial Eagle on birches. May 2000. ñëó÷àÿ. Âûêàðìëèâàíèå ïòåíöîâ äëèòñÿ Photos by I. Karyakin. îêîëî 60–70 äíåé. Ñë¸òêè íàáëþäàþòñÿ ñ 15 èþëÿ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòåíöîâ ïîêè- êà íà ñòàäèè êëàäêè, à çàòåì è âî âðåìÿ äàåò ãí¸çäà ìåæäó 25 èþëÿ è 15 àâãóñòà. âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ ïîñòîÿííî ïîïîë- Ïòåíöû èç ïîâòîðíûõ êëàäîê ìîãóò çàäåð- íÿåòñÿ ñâåæåé çåëåíüþ (âåòêàìè õâîéíûõ æèâàòüñÿ â ãí¸çäàõ âïëîòü äî 25 àâãóñòà, è ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüåâ). Àíòðîïîãåííûå îäíàêî ýòî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîðìîé. ìàòåðèàëû â âûñòèëêå ãíåçäà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ Çàíÿòîñòü ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿ- êðàéíå ðåäêî, â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷à- åò 76,25%. Èç 160 ñëó÷àåâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ÿõ. Êàê ïðàâèëî, îíè çàíîñÿòñÿ â ãí¸çäà ëèøü 23,75% ãí¸çä ïóñòîâàëè, ïðè÷¸ì â 10 ìîãèëüíèêà êîðøóíàìè (Milvus migrans) èç íèõ äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëè êëàäêè. èëè ìîõíîíîãèìè êóðãàííèêàìè (Buteo Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ïðåäìåò èõ ñîäåð- hemilasius) â ãîäû, êîãäà ïîñòðîéêè ïóñòó- æèìîãî îñìàòðèâàëèñü òîëüêî â Õàêàñèè. þò ëèáî âåñíîé äî ïðèë¸òà ìîãèëüíèêîâ.  Òàê êàê ðàáîòà âåëàñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå îðëû èçãîíÿþò êîðøó- ìàå, òî ïòèö íà ãí¸çäàõ ñòàðàëèñü íå áåñ- íîâ è êóðãàííèêîâ è îòêëàäûâàþò ÿéöà â ïîêîèòü.  êëàäêàõ (n=15) 1–3, â ñðåäíåì âûñòèëêó, ñäåëàííóþ èìè èç àíòðîïîãåí- 2,13±0,64 ÿéöà.  âûâîäêàõ (n=17) 1–3, íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ (òðÿïêè, êóñêè øåðñòè), â ñðåäíåì 1,82±0,73 ïòåíöîâ. Âûâîäêè íåçíà÷èòåëüíî ïîäíîâèâ å¸ ñóõîé òðàâîé. èç 2 ïòåíöîâ äîìèíèðóþò (47,06%), íå- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 173

Êëàäêè ìîãèëüíèêà. Ìàé 2000, 2001 ãã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutches of the Imperial Eagle. May 2000, 2001. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Âûâîäêè ìîãèëüíèêà. Èþíü 2000 è 2001 ãã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Imperial Eagle. June 2000 and 2001. Photos by I. Karyakin. 174 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âûâîäêè ìîãèëüíèêà. Èþíü, 2001 è 2004 ãã., èþëü 2008 ã. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Imperial Eagle. June 2001, 2004, July 2008. Photos by E. Nikolenko and I. Karyakin.

ñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä íèêà êàê â ìàñøòàáàõ Ðîññèè, òàê è â ìàñ- ñ ïòåíöàìè ïðîâåðÿëàñü â ïåðèîä çà 2–3 øòàáàõ àðåàëà âèäà. Íàðÿäó ñ àëòàéñêîé íåäåëè äî âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ. ïîïóëÿöèåé, ìèíóñèíñêàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ âòîðîé Îòë¸ò ìîãèëüíèêîâ ïðîèñõîäèò â ñåíòÿ- êðóïíåéøåé êàê â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèî- áðå, õîòÿ ïòèöû ïîòåðÿâøèå êëàäêè ïîêè- íå, òàê è âî âñåé Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè.  îòëè- äàþò ó÷àñòêè åù¸ â àâãóñòå è, âèäèìî, óæå ÷èå îò àëòàéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè, ÷èñëåííîñòü â ýòî âðåìÿ íà÷èíàþò ìèãðàöèþ. êîòîðîé â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ðàñò¸ò (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á), ìèíóñèíñêàÿ äå- Ïèòàíèå ãðàäèðîâàëà â 90-õ ãã. è âîññòàíîâëåíèå Îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ðåñïó- ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå íå íà- áëèêå Õàêàñèÿ è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå ñî- áëþäàåòñÿ. ñòàâëÿþò äëèííîõâîñòûå ñóñëèêè. Ñðåäè Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ìîãèëüíèê â Õàêàñèè è îñòàíêîâ, ñîáðàííûõ â ãí¸çäàõ è ïîä íèìè Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå îõðàíÿåòñÿ òîëüêî äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê ÿâíî äîìèíèðîâàë «íà áóìàãå». Íà ôåäåðàëüíûõ ÎÎÏÒ ðå- – 79,11% (n=216). Ñðåäè îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ãèîíà ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ ìåíåå 2% èçâåñò- ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü çàéöû (Lepus sp.) è ðàç- íûõ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, íûå ïòèöû, âïëîòü äî ñåðîé öàïëè (Ardea ÷òî íà òåððèòîðèè ôåäåðàëüíûõ ÎÎÏÒ cinerea), ñåðîãî ãóñÿ (Anser anser) è ÷åð- ðåãèîíà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ 1,6% îò îáùåé íîãîëîâîãî õîõîòóíà (Larus ichthyaetus), ÷èñëåííîñòè ìèíóñèíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè. îäíàêî ýòè âèäû íå èãðàþò âàæíóþ ðîëü â ×åðåç ìíîãèå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëü- ðàöèîíå îðëîâ. íèêîâ íà þãå è ñåâåðå Õàêàñèè ïðîòÿ- íóëèñü ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ, íà êîòîðûõ Çàêëþ÷åíèå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíà ãèáåëü îðëîâ, îäíàêî Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëþ÷å- ýòà ïðîáëåìà äî ñèõ ïîð íå èçó÷åíà â âîé òåððèòîðèåé äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìîãèëü- ðåãèîíå è ïîïûòîê å¸ ðåøåíèÿ íå ïðåä- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 175

ïðèíèìàëîñü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè. Çà À. Ïóðåõîâñêîãî, À. Øåñòàêîâó, Ä. Øòîëÿ, 10 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé óñòàíîâëåíî 3 ñëó- ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â ýêñïåäèöèÿõ, à òàêæå Ã. Äå- ÷àÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî èçúÿòèÿ ïòåíöîâ âÿòêèíà è À. Ðàññîëîâà çà ïîìîùü â îðãàíè- ìîãèëüíèêà èç ãí¸çä ïàñòóõàìè ñ öåëüþ çàöèè ýêñïåäèöèé â 2000–2001 ãã. îõîòû ñ íèìè íà çàéöåâ (âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ îðëû èçûìàëèñü èç ãí¸çä â êà÷åñòâå áåð- Ëèòåðàòóðà êóòîâ), ãí¸çäà 6 ïàð ïîñòðàäàëè â õîäå Áàéêàëîâ À.Í., Ðÿáèíèíà Í.À., Áàéêàëîâà Ò.Í. íèçîâûõ ïîæàðîâ, êîòîðûå â Õàêàñèè è Ôàóíà õèùíûõ ïòèö ïðåäãîðèé Êîñèíñêîãî Íàçàðîâñêîé ëåñîñòåïè Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî õðåáòà. – Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ êðàÿ ïðîèñõîäÿò âåñíîé ñ çàâèäíîé ðå- ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáè- ðè. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 1999. Ñ. 8–9. ãóëÿðíîñòüþ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðè ñîõðà- Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heli- íåíèè ñóùåñòâóþùåé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû aca Savigny, 1809. – Ìèð Íàóêè è Êóëüòó- ïàñòáèùíîãî æèâîòíîâîäñòâà ïåðñïåê- ðû. 2000. . Çàêà÷àíî 28 äåêàáðÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ïîçèòèâíûå. 2010 ã. Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ñâåäåíèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè Áëàãîäàðíîñòè ðåäêèõ ïòèö â þæíîé ÷àñòè Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. – Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðÿò Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà, Æèâîòíîå íàñåëåíèå, ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü Ñåâåðî- Ì. Ãðàáîâñêîãî, Þ. Êóñòîâà, Ì. Êîæåâíè- Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè è áîðåàëüíûõ ëåñîâ, ëåñî- ñòåïåé Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Âûï. 2. Êðàñíîÿðñê, êîâà, Ð. Ëàïøèíà, È. Ëþáå÷àíñêîãî, Ë. Íî- 2003. Ñ. 13–30. âèêîâó, À. è Ê. Îðëåíêî, Ñ. Ïðîêîôüåâà, Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ñïèñîê ïòèö çàïîâåäíèêà

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæå- íèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñîñíàõ â ãîðíûõ ñòå- ïÿõ þãà Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Èþíü 2000 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nest locations of the Imperial Eagle on pines in mountains steppes in the south of the Minusinsk depression. May 2000. Photos by I. Karyakin. 176 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Îñìîòð ñîäåðæèìîãî Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñó- ãíåçäà. Ý. Íèêîëåíêî ðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå íà ãíåçäå ìîãèëüíèêà. õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009à. ¹15. C. 66–79. Èþëü 2008 ã. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ: Nest observing. ðåçóëüòàòû 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- E. Nikolenko on the íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009á. ¹16. C. 129–138. nest of the Imperial Êèì Ò.À. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñàÿí, Ïðèñàÿíüÿ è èõ Eagle. July 2008. Photo by I. Karyakin. îõðàíà. – Ðåäêèå íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñè- áèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1988. Ñ. 113–119. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Õàêàñèè: Ðåäêèå è èñ÷åçàþùèå âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2004. 320 ñ. Êóñòîâ Þ.È. Îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè îðëà- ìîãèëüíèêà â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. – Ãíåç- äîâàÿ æèçíü ïòèö. Ïåðìü, 1981. Ñ. 71–74. Êóñòîâ Þ.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. – Ìèãðàöèè è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö Ñèáè- ðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1982. Ñ. 49–59. Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ñáîðó ïîëåâûõ äàííûõ, èõ ââî- äó â áàçû äàííûõ, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé êàìåðàëü- íîé îáðàáîòêå è âûâîäó ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ îò÷å- òîâ è Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2008. 116 ñ. Ïîëóøêèí Ä.Ì. Ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ðåä- êèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â çàïîâåäíèêå «Ñòîëáû» è íà ñìåæíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. – Ðåäêèå íàçåìíûå (õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ðàñïðî- ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1988. ñòðàíåíèå). – Çàïîâåäíèê Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó. Ñ. 170–175. Êåìåðîâî, 1999. Ñ. 145–155. Ñêàëîí Í.Â., Ãàãèíà Ò.Í. Ñïàñàòü ëè êðàñíî- Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö â äðåâ- ù¸êîãî ñóñëèêà â Êóçíåöêîé ñòåïè? – Ñòåïíîé íåé ïîéìå ðåêè Êèÿ (Øåñòàêîâñêèé áîëîòíûé áþëëåòåíü. 2004. ¹15. Ñ. 42–46. ìàññèâ â ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè Êåìåðîâñêîé Ñòàõååâ Â.À., Èðèñîâà Í.Ë., Ïîëóøêèí Ä.Ì. îáëàñòè). – Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòî- Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû çàïîâåäíèêîâ Àëòàÿ è ëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: ìàòåðèàëû Ñàÿí – Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû â çàïîâåäíèêàõ II Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôå- ÐÑÔÑÐ. Ì., 1985. Ñ. 30–45. ðåíöèè (Ðîññèÿ, Óëàí-Óäý, 16–19 ìàÿ 2003 ã.). Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ìèíóñèíñêîãî êðàÿ, Çà- ×. 1. Óëàí-Óäý, 2003. Ñ. 69–72. ïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà è Óðÿíõàéñêîé çåìëè. – Ìàòå- Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ïòèöû Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëà- ðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîñ. Èìïå- ñòè. Êåìåðîâî, 2004. 488 ñ. ðèè. Îòä. çîîë. Ì., 1914. Âûï. 13. Ñ. 1–551. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòè- Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðè- öû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, ëåæàùèõ ÷àñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. 1951. Ò.1. Ñ. 70–341. Ì. – Ë., 1938. Ò. 1. 316 ñ., Ò. 2. 434 ñ. Åêèìîâ Å.Â., Íèêèòåíêî Á.Â., Ñòåïàíîâ À.Ì., Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Áåçáîðîäîâ Â.È. Íîâûå Ìåéäóñ À.Â. Ñâåäåíèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ñâåäåíèÿ ïî îðíèòîôàóíå Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà. – íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ è ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ ïòèö íà Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö è ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ Ñðåä- òåððèòîðèè Øèðèíñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñïóáëèêè íåé Ñèáèðè. Ì., 1987. Ñ. 172–181. Õàêàñèÿ. – Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàç- Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Ðîãà÷åâà Ý.Â., Ñàâ÷åí- íîîáðàçèÿ Ïðèåíèñåéñêîé Ñèáèðè: ìàòåðèàëû êî À.Ï., Ñîêîëîâ Ã.À., Áàðàíîâ À.À., Åìåëüÿ- I ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîí- íîâ Â.È. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. ôåðåíöèè. ×. 1. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 2000. Ñ. 79–80. Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åç- Æóêîâ Â.Ñ. Ïòèöû ëåñîñòåïè Ñðåäíåé Ñèáè- íîâåíèÿ âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 2000. ðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2006. 492 ñ. 248 ñ. Èîãàíçåí Ã.Ý. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîôàóíû Òóãàðèíîâ À.ß., Áóòóðëèí Ñ.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñòåïåé Òîìñêîãî êðàÿ. Òîìñê, 1907. 239 ñ. ïòèöàì Åíèñåéñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Çàï. Êðàñíî- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè- ÿð. ïîäîòäåëà Âîñò.-Ñèá. îòä. ÈÐÃÎ ïî ôèç. ÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîî- ãåîãðàôèè. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1911. Ò. 1, âûï. 24. áðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Ñ. 1–440. 2004. 351 ñ. Õàõëîâ Â.À. Êóçíåöêàÿ ñòåïü è Ñàëàèð (Ïòè- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., öû). ×. 1, 2. – Ó÷¸íûå çàïèñêè Ïåðìñêîãî ïå- Ìîøêèí À.Â., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý. äèíñòèòóòà. Âûï. 1. Ïåðìü, 1937. Ñ. 1–243. Ðåçóëüòàòû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ÊÎÒÐ â Þäèí Ê.À. Íàáëþäåíèÿ íàä ðàñïðîñòðà- Ñèáèðè â 2004 ãîäó. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòî- íåíèåì è áèîëîãèåé ïòèö Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî ðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåð- êðàÿ. – Òð. ÇÈÍ ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. 1952. Ò. 9, âûï. 4. ðèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Âûï. 5. Ì., 2005. Ñ. 67–71. Ñ. 1029–1060. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 177

TheImperialEagleisaVanishingSpeciesintheTyvaRepublic,Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТЫВА – ВИД НА ГРАНИ ВЫМИРАНИЯ, РОССИЯ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Åù¸ íå òàê äàâíî ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) áûë õîòÿ è ðåäêèì, íî âñ¸ æå õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíè- Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ êîì ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà.  1999–2001 ãã. â ðåñïóáëèêå áûëî âûÿâëåíî 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ èññëåäîâàíèé ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íà 13 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà. Îäíàêî â 2002 ã. âèä åäèíîâðåìåííî ïåðåñòàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ 603000, Ðîññèÿ, íà âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çäàõ, à ïîñëåäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à ñ îäèíî÷íîé ïòèöåé â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä äàòèðóåòñÿ 2004 ã. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Ïðè÷èíîé òàêîãî áûñòðîãî è òîòàëüíîãî âûìèðàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóâå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòðàâëåíèå ïòèö óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 áðîìàäèîëîíîì â Ìîíãîëèè â õîäå ìèãðàöèè â 2002 ã. òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü. [email protected] Abstract Not so long ago, the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was an occasional but characteristic breeding raptor in the steppe depressions of the Tyva Republic. In 1999–2001, a total of 16 breeding territories were identified in the Contact: Republic, 13 of them featuring nests. Since 2002, however, the birds were not recorded in any of the known nests Igor Karyakin and the last individual was seen in 2004. Such a rapid and complete dying out of the Imperial Eagle in Tyva was Center of Field Studies most likely caused by bromadiolone poisoning in Mongolia during the migration in 2002. Korolenko str., 17a–17, Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, distribution, population status. Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, 603000 tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] Ââåäåíèå The Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) has never Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà – ñëàáîîñâîåííûé ðå- been common in the Tyva Republic. The first ãèîí Ðîññèè, ëåæàùèé â öåíòðå Àçèè è large-scale count of Imperial Eagles in the ãðàíè÷àùèé ñ Ìîíãîëèåé ïî âñåé þæíîé steppe depressions of Tyva was carried out ãðàíèöå.  ðåñïóáëèêå ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ äðåâ- in 1999 as a part of the Center of Field Stud- íèé óêëàä æèçíè ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, îðè- ies project supported by the Falcon Research åíòèðîâàííûé íà êî÷åâîå ñêîòîâîäñòâî.  Institute (UK). Two Imperial Eagle nests ðåçóëüòàòå â îòêðûòûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ ðåñïó- were found and three young birds recorded áëèêè âåä¸òñÿ ðåãóëÿðíûé âûïàñ, ñïîñîá- 5–8 km from each other in the Sagly de- ñòâóþùèé ïðîöâåòàíèþ ïîïóëÿöèé ðîþ- pression. In June-July, four nests were found ùèõ ãðûçóíîâ, êîòîðûå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, in the Tyva depression and one in the Uyuk îáåñïå÷èâàþò ïðîïèòàíèå ìíîãèõ âèäîâ (Turan) depression. On 17 July, an adult was êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è encountered along the Yenisey river flood- îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca). Êàçàëîñü plain between the villages of Khairakan and áû, â òàêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ïîïóëÿöèè ïåðíàòûõ Iyi-Tal, but its nest was not found. Based on õèùíèêîâ äîëæíû ñòàáèëüíî ñóùåñòâîâàòü the data collected, the Imperial Eagle popu- â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ òûñÿ÷åëåòèé. Îäíàêî èñ- lation number was estimated at 15–20 pairs. ñëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ 10 ëåò ïîêàçûâàþò Five of the pairs inhabited the high altitude êðàéíþþ óÿçâèìîñòü ðåäêèõ ìèãðèðóþùèõ âèäîâ è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü – îðëîâ.  äàííîì ñîîáùåíèè ðå÷ü ïîéä¸ò î äðà- ìàòè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè ñ îðëîì-ìîãèëüíèêîì, ñëîæèâøåéñÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà â ïîñëåä- íåå äåñÿòèëåòèå. Íàäî îòìåòèòü êðàéíå ìàëîå êîëè÷åñòâî èññëåäîâàíèé ýòîãî âèäà â Òóâå íà ïðîòÿæåíèè XX âåêà – â ýòîì îá- çîðå ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà îáîáùèòü âñþ îïó- áëèêîâàííóþ èíôîðìàöèþ, à òàêæå íåî- ïóáëèêîâàííûå äàííûå àâòîðà.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóâå â Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). XX âåêå Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Ìîãèëüíèê â Òóâå íèêîãäà íå áûë îáû÷åí, Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). çäåñü îí íàõîäèòñÿ áëèç þæíîé ãðàíèöû Photo by I. Karyakin. 178 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

steppe inter-mountain valleys of western Tyva, while 10–15 pairs were in the Tyva and Turan steppe depressions of central and northern Tyva (Karyakin, 1999). In 2000, Imperial Eagle nests were found in the west of Tyva in the Mogen-Buren river valley and the upper reaches of the Kargy riv- er. The latter territory has likely been inhab- ited since the 1980s because in 1988 a nest of Imperial Eagles was found there by Victor Popov (pers. comm.). In May 2001, during a special survey in the Elegest and Durgen river valleys, two more Imperial Eagle nests were found in addition to the two found in 1999. In the Turan depression, the nest that had been discovered earlier was found at the same location in 2001. In addition, a new one was located and birds displaying breeding behaviour were encountered at two other sites. As a result of the survey, Imperial Eagle breeding territories were discovered in Tyva by the end of 2001 with 13 of them featur- ing nests (fig. 1). Based on additional stud- ies, the size of the Imperial Eagle breeding population in the Tyva Republic was recon- sidered and estimated to be 30–40 breed- Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñâîåãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà. Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì ing pairs, with around 10 of them breeding ñîñíàõ â Òóðàíñêîé (1914) 100 ëåò íàçàä ìîãèëüíèê áûë íàéäåí in the south-west part of the Republic. Dur- êîòëîâèíå (ââåðõó) è â ëèøü â Òóðàíñêîé ñòåïè.  äðóãèõ ðàéîíàõ ing 1999–2001 studies in Tyva, a total of 16 Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (âíèçó). 25.05.2001 ã. è Òóâû Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí ýòîãî îðëà íå âñòðå÷àë. young birds aged from one to four years old 14.06.2003 ã. À.È. ßíóøåâè÷ (1952) âñòðå÷àë îäèíî÷íûõ were encountered, but these were not clearly Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëèêè, îò- linked to any particular breeding territories. Nests of the Imperial íîñÿ èõ ê çàë¸òíûì. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991) 29 In 2002, all eight re-visited nests in the Eagle on pines in àïðåëÿ 1976 ã. â 10–12 êì âîñòî÷íåå ï. Ñà- Turan, Tyva and Sagly depressions and in the the Turan depression ãëû íàø¸ë ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà ñ êëàäêîé, êî- Mogen-Buren river valley were found to be (upper) and Tyva depression (bottom). òîðîå ðàçìåùàëîñü íà çåìëå, ïîä ïðèêðû- empty. In addition, no non-breeding birds 25/05/2001 and òèåì êóñòà êàðàãàíû, íà íåáîëüøîì óñòóïå were encountered. During a relatively large- 14/06/2003. â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êàìåíèñòî-ùåáíèñòîãî scale survey conducted in 2003 in the Tyva Photos by I. Karyakin. ñêëîíà þæíîé ýêñïîçèöèè, ïîëíîñòüþ ëè- depression, all six earlier-known Imperial ø¸ííîãî äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè. Ïîçæå Eagle nests were re-visited. One nest, to- èç ýòîãî ãíåçäà âûëóïèëèñü 2 ïòåíöà. Îäè- gether with a number of surrounding trees, íî÷íûå ìîãèëüíèêè íàáëþäàëèñü â ìàå was destroyed in a wildfire, while other nests 1979 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Êàäû-Õàëûûí (Ñàãëèí- were occupied by Upland Buzzards (Buteo ñêàÿ äîëèíà), äâàæäû â èþíå 1982 ã. â âåð- hemilasius). The same year in the Kalbak- õîâüÿõ ð. Äåìèð-Ñóã (Óþêñêèé õðåáåò) è Khady nature boundary in the Tyva depres- 12 ìàÿ 1984 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Ìîãåí-Áóðåíü sion, an old nest was found 5.5 kilometres â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ï. Êûçûë-Õàÿ (Áàðàíîâ, from the point where in 1999 an Imperial 1991), íî ãí¸çä, âïëîòü äî 1999 ã., íèêòî Eagle was encountered on the Yenisey river íå íàõîäèë. floodplain. Judging from feathers, this nest was likely to have been occupied by Impe- Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü rial Eagles before 2002, but birds were not ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóâå íà ðóáåæå encountered either. Visiting known nests in XX–XXI âåêîâ 2004 yielded no results either. On 8 June,  1999 ã. â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà Öåíòðà ïî- however, the only young bird seen within ëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîä- a three-year period was encountered in the äåðæêå Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ Turan depression. This raised some hope of (Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ), ïðîâåäåíî ïåðâîå ìàñ- the Imperial Eagle population in Tyva re- øòàáíîå îáñëåäîâàíèå ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí covering. However, over the next five years Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 179

Òóâû íà ïðåäìåò âûÿâëåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà.  (2005–2010), the Imperial Eagle was not re- 2000 ã. áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû íîâûå òåððèòî- corded in the Tyva Republic. During this pe- ðèè íà çàïàäå ðåñïóáëèêè, à ïîçæå åæå- riod, the nest that had been found in 2003 ãîäíî, â 2001–2006 ãã., â 2008 è 2010 ãã., in the Kalbak-Khady nature boundary, along ïðîâîäèëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã ïîïóëÿöèé ðåäêèõ with the adjacent forest, was destroyed by a âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Òóâå, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî wildfire, while the nests in the upper reaches âîçìîæíîñòè, ïðîâåðÿëèñü èçâåñòíûå ãí¸ç- of the Kargy and Uyuk rivers and one of the äà ìîãèëüíèêà è ø¸ë ïîèñê íîâûõ ãí¸çä. two nests within the Elegest river valley had  1999 ã. â öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ Óá- collapsed completely. ñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíû – ëåâîáåðåæüå è Therefore, one can state as a fact that the ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Òåñ-Õåì, þæíûé øëåéô complete disappearance of the Imperial Eag- Òàííó-Îëà – ìîãèëüíèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îá- le from the Tyva Republic took place during íàðóæåí íå áûë, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, íå áûëî just one year, namely 2002. The eagles seem çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî è âñòðå÷ ýòîãî âèäà. to have simply not returned to their breeding Ïåðâûé â 1999 ã. ìîãèëüíèê (ìîëîäàÿ, grounds and probably perished somewhere åù¸ íå ïåðåëèíÿâøàÿ âî âçðîñëûé íàðÿä, on along the way. All of the immature birds ïòèöà) áûë âñòðå÷åí íà ïåðåâàëå â äîëè- recorded in previous years in the steppe de- íó ð. Áîðà-Øàé. Ïîçæå îáñëåäîâàíà Ñà- pressions in Tyva likely died also. ãëèíñêàÿ äîëèíà, ãäå îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäà Such a large-scale dying-out of the Im- ìîãèëüíèêîâ è âñòðå÷åíû 3 ìîëîäûå ïòè- perial Eagle was likely to be related to the öû â 5–8 êì äðóã îò äðóãà.  èþíå – èþëå Brandt’s Vole (Microtus brandtii) eradica- áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 4 ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ â tion programme in Mongolia. From 2001 to Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è 1 – â Óþêñêîé (Òó- 2003, the Mongolian Ministry of Agriculture ðàíñêîé) êîòëîâèíå. Òàêæå 17 èþëÿ áûëà used the second-generation anti-coagulant, âñòðå÷åíà âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà â ïîéìå Åíèñåÿ, bromadiolone, as a rodenticide to kill popu- ìåæäó ñ¸ëàìè Õàéûðàêàí è Èéè-Òàë, íî lations of Brandt’s Vole. Grain treated with ãíåçäî å¸ íå íàéäåíî. Èñõîäÿ èç ïîëó÷åí- 0.5% solution of bromadiolone was scat- íûõ äàííûõ, ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà tered from vehicles and planes and was also ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà áûëà îöå- handed out to local people. In areas that íåíà â 15–20 ïàð, èç êîòîðûõ îêîëî 5 ïàð were treated, the dosage used was 3 kg/ íàñåëÿëè âûñîêîãîðíûå ñòåïíûå äîëèíû ha when applied from planes and 2.5 kg/ha Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíå- çàïàäà Òóâû è 10–15 ïàð – ñòåïíûå êîòëî- from vehicles. During 2002, the rodenticide íèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila âèíû (Òóâèíñêàÿ, Óþêñêàÿ) â öåíòðå è íà was used on 511,000 hectares, including heliaca) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà â 1999–2001 ãã. ñåâåðå ðåñïóáëèêè (Êàðÿêèí, 1999). more than 290,000 hectares from the air  2000 ã. 2 ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ áûëè îáíà- and 204,000 hectares from vehicles on the Fig. 1. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila ðóæåíû íà çàïàäå Òóâû, â äîëèíå ð. Ìîãåí- ground. In those areas that were treated by heliaca) in the Tyva Áóðåí (áëèç óñòüÿ ð. Äóðóã-Ñóã) è â âåðõî- local people, the scale and rate at which the Republic in 1999–2001. âüÿõ ð. Êàðãû.  ïîñëåäíåé òî÷êå ìîãèëüíèê treatment was given is unknown. In total, Labels: 1 – living nest; ãíåçäèëñÿ, âåðîÿòíî, ñ 80-õ ãã., òàê êàê â 36 sums in 7 aimags were treated during 2 – occupied, but empty nest (lost clutch or 1988 ã. ãíåçäî ýòîãî îðëà çäåñü áûëî îáíà- April of that year. The rodenticide-treated brood); 3 – adults. ðóæåíî Â.Â. Ïîïîâûì (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). grain was also applied in both spring and autumn 2001, but data on the scale of that campaign is not available. As the applica- tions were mainly carried out during spring and autumn, they drastically reduced pop- ulations of migrating birds, especially of granivorous and dependent raptor species. The latter died as a result of scavenging on dead voles and granivorous birds that had died from bromadiolone poisoning. Infor- mation on mass bird deaths in Mongolia as a result of bromadiolone poisoning during that period was published (Batdelger, 2002; Tseveenmyadag and Nyambayar, 2002; Karyakin, 2010). Taking the above into account, the Impe- rial Eagle breeding in Tyva might already have begun to die out during the autumn migration of 2001, while their populations probably re- 180 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ceived the final coup de grace in spring 2002. This assumption is confirmed by the fact that, in Southern Siberia during the same period (2002–2003), there was a sharp decline followed by a recovery in popula- tion numbers of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Upland Buzzard, Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), Cinereus Vulture (Aegyp- ius monachus) and Demoiselle Crane (Grus virgo) (Karyakin, 2006; Karyakin and Niko- lenko, 2008; Karyakin et al., 2009; Karyakin, 2010). The numbers of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) also declined consid- erably, while the White-Tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) disappeared complete- ly from the Tyva steppe depressions. Whether the Imperial Eagle population is able recover in Tyva and how many years this would take are big questions. This is be- cause most pairs of Imperial Eagles in Tyva had very different nesting habits to those breeding in the adjacent Altai and Khakas- sia Republics and also to those breeding in the upper reaches of the Tesiyn Gol River in Mongolia. The population in Tyva can only recover if birds immigrate from the Altai and Khakassia ranges where birds nest mostly in larches on mountain slopes. In Tyva, howev- er, these habitats are not ideal for the Impe- rial Eagle. It is likely that the habit of nesting on cliffs, a unique characteristic of Imperial Eagles in south-western Tyva and probably also in north-western Mongolia and south- eastern Altai, has been lost forever. The Imperial Eagle in Tyva was closely Ïóñòóþùèå íåñêîëüêî  ìàå 2001 ã., ïðè öåëåâîì îáñëåäîâàíèè tied to populations of the Long-Tailed Sou- ëåò ãí¸çäà ìîãèëü- äîëèí ðåê Ýëåãåñò è Äóðãåí, áûëî îáíàðó- slik (Spermophilus undulatus), with its nests íèêà íà ëèñòâåííè- öàõ. 22.06.2008 ã. è æåíî åù¸ 2 ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, â äîïîëíå- being almost entirely confined to the wide 09.07.2008 ã. íèå ê 2-ì, îáíàðóæåííûì çäåñü â 1999 ã.  floodplains of meandering rivers. Out of Im- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Òóðàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 2001 ã. áûëî ïðîâå- perial Eagle nests found in the Republic, sev- Nests of the Imperial ðåíî ðàíåå èçâåñòíîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, en were constructed in poplar trees (Populus Eagle on larches îáíàðóæåíî íîâîå è íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå- laurifolia) in river floodplains in steppe de- abandoned during ÷åíû ïòèöû ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì. pressions, two in larch trees (Larix sibirica) in last several years. 22/06/2008 and  èòîãå ê êîíöó 2001 ã. â Òóâå áûëî âûÿâ- island-type thin forests on river valley slopes 09/07/2008. ëåíî 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, in south-western Tyva, two in pine trees (Pi- Photos by I. Karyakin. íà 13 èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíû ãí¸çäà (ðèñ. 1). nus sylvestris) (one was on a mountain slope Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîçâîëè- in the Turan depression while the other was ëè ïåðåñìîòðåòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà in pine forest on sandy soils in the Tyva de- íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà è óâå- pression) and two in pea shrubs (Caragana ëè÷èòü å¸ îöåíêó äî 30–40 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ bungei) growing on cliffs in the mid part of ïàð, èç êîòîðûõ îêîëî 10 ïàð íàñåëÿëè woodless mountain slopes in the Sagly de- þãî-çàïàä Òóâû. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé pression. One nest was located on the top 1999–2001 ãã. â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà â ñóììå of a cliff and was accessible for a human ap- áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 16 ìîëîäûõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ proach from all sides, while another was built â âîçðàñòå îò 1 äî 4-õ ëåò, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ on a small rocky outcrop near the top and ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì. was protected by a wall. Because of its loca-  2002 ã. íè íà îäíîì èç 8 ïðîâåðåííûõ tion on a cliff, the latter resembled a Golden ãí¸çä â Òóðàíñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ, Eagle nest, while the cliff as a nesting site was Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå è íà ð. Ìîãåí-Áóðåí more characteristic of the Steppe Eagle. The Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 181

ìîãèëüíèê íå âñòðå÷åí. Âñå îñìîòðåí- lining of both nests contained some dung íûå ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè. Íå âñòðå÷åíî è mixed with a few green pea shrub and larch íåðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïòèö. Ïðè äîâîëüíî branches and a small amount of dry grass. ìàñøòàáíîì îáñëåäîâàíèè Òóâèíñêîé The nest constructed on the top of the cliff êîòëîâèíû â 2003 ã. áûëè ïðîâåðåíû âñå was discovered by Baranov (1991), also in 6 ðàíåå îáíàðóæåííûõ çäåñü ãí¸çä ìî- the Sagly depression. Its location was typi- ãèëüíèêîâ. Íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå ïîëíîñòüþ cal for the Steppe Eagle and probably initial- âûãîðåë ëåñ âìåñòå ñ ãíåçäîâûì äåðåâîì ly belonged to that species. The occupants è ãíåçäîì, íà îñòàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà were probably chased away by Imperial Ea- áûëè çàíÿòû ìîõíîíîãèìè êóðãàííèêà- gles before laying eggs, because the com- ìè (Buteo hemilasius).  ýòîò æå ãîä â óð. position of the nest lining was very atypical Êàëáàê-Õàäû â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, â 5,5 of the Imperial Eagle (it consisted of rags êì îò òî÷êè âñòðå÷è ìîãèëüíèêà â ïîéìå and pieces of skin) and it is presumed that ð. Åíèñåé â 1999 ã., áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ñòà- the nest was initially built by Steppe Eagles. ðîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, ÿâíî çàíèìàâøåå- Rags in the lining were also found in one of ñÿ ïòèöàìè äî 2002 ã. (ñóäÿ ïî ïåðüÿì), íî the nests built in a poplar tree. In this case, è çäåñü ïòèö âñòðåòèòü íå óäàëîñü. however, it was evident that the nest was  2004 ã. ïðîâåðêà èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä ìî- built by Upland Buzzards before the Impe- ãèëüíèêîâ òàêæå íå ïðèíåñëà ðåçóëüòàòîâ, rial Eagle laid its eggs. The remains of the îäíàêî â Òóðàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå 8 èþíÿ áûë female Buzzard were found on the ground âñòðå÷åí ïåðâûé çà ïîñëåäíèå 3 ãîäà ìîëî- beneath the nesting tree, suggesting that äîé ìîãèëüíèê, ÷òî âñåëèëî îïðåäåë¸ííûå she was killed by the eagles. íàäåæäû íà âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè Five of the seven nests found in poplar âèäà â ðåñïóáëèêå. Îäíàêî â ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû (â 2005–2010 ãã.) ìîãèëüíèêà â Ðåñïó- áëèêå Òûâà âñòðåòèòü íå óäàëîñü. Çà ýòîò ïåðèîä âìåñòå ñ ëåñîì ñãîðåëî ãíåçäî, îá- íàðóæåííîå â 2003 ã. â óð. Êàëáàê-Õàäû, ïîëíîñòüþ ðàçðóøèëèñü ãí¸çäà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàðãû, â äîëèíå ð. Óþê è îäíî èç ãí¸çä â äîëèíå ð. Ýëåãåñò. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ôàêò ïîëíîãî èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, êîòîðîå ïðîèçîøëî â îäèí ãîä – â 2002. Îðëû, âèäèìî, ïðîñòî íå ïðèëåòåëè âåñíîé íà ñâîè ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñò- êè, ïîãèáíóâ ãäå-òî â ïóòè. Ïîãèá, âèäèìî, è âåñü «çàïàñ» íåðàçìíîæàâøèõñÿ íåïîëî- âîçðåëûõ îñîáåé, ðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèõñÿ â ïðåæíèå ãîäû â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Òóâû. Òàêîå ìàñøòàáíîå è ðåçêîå âûìèðà- íèå ìîãèëüíèêà âåðîÿòíî ñâÿçàíî ñ ïðî- ãðàììîé ïî ðåãóëèðîâàíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸âêè Áðàíäòà (Microtus brandtii), ïðî- âîäèâøåéñÿ Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ñåëüñêî- ãî õîçÿéñòâà Ìîíãîëèè â 2001–2003 ãã. Äëÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîëåâêè Áðàíäòà Ìèíèñòåðñòâî ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿé- ñòâà Ìîíãîëèè èñïîëüçîâàëî â êà÷åñòâå ðîäåíòèöèäà àíòèêîàãóëÿíò 2-ãî ïîêîëå- íèÿ – áðîìàäèîëîí. Çåðíî, îáðàáîòàííîå 0,5% ðàñòâîðîì áðîìàäèîëîíà, ðàñïûëÿ- ëîñü ñ àâòîìàøèí è ñ ñàìîë¸òîâ, à òàêæå âûäàâàëîñü ìåñòíûì æèòåëÿì. Ïðè ìåõà- íèçèðîâàííîé îáðàáîòêå òåððèòîðèé äî- çèðîâêà ñîñòàâëÿëà 3 êã/ãà ïðè îáðàáîòêå Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ñêàëå â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå. ñ ñàìîë¸òîâ è 2,5 êã/ãà ïðè îáðàáîòêå ñ Èþíü 1999 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. àâòîòðàíñïîðòà.  2002 ã. ïðåïàðàò èñ- Nest of the Imperial Eagle on a rock in the Sagly ïîëüçîâàëñÿ íà 511 òûñ. ãà, âêëþ÷àÿ îáðà- depression. June 1999. Photos by I. Karyakin. 182 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

trees were built in forks in the upper third of the tree at a height of 9, 10, 11, 13 and 20 metres. One nest was built on a branch close to the trunk in the upper third of a tree at a height of 14 metres, while the other was located at a height of 9 metres on a single tilting poplar tree in the middle of a river floodplain. Both nests in larch trees were built in trees on the outermost edge of a grove. One was located at the top of a 16-metre tree, while the other was set in a fork in the middle of the trunk (lower part of the crown) at a height of 7 metres. Both nests in pine trees were built on the tree tops at a height of 10 and 13 metres. During the early stages of breeding, the lining of most nests is made of dry grass and dung and some green grass, the latter being added as the chicks grow. This is a feature that is not present in Steppe Eagle nests but is present in those of Golden Eagles. Howev- er, Golden Eagle nests do not contain dung. Two clutches of eggs found consisted of two dead and three live eggs. Each of five clutches checked had two chicks in them. The average clutch size was 2.5 eggs, while the average brood size was two chicks. The nest found in the Sagly depression on April, 29 1976 contained one freshly- laid egg. The second egg was laid over- night between 1st and 2nd May. The elder Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà áîòêó ñ ñàìîë¸òà áîëåå ÷åì íà 290 òûñ. ãà è chick hatched on June, 9 (Baranov, 1991). ñêàëå â Ñàãëèíñêîé îáðàáîòêó ñ àâòîòðàíñïîðòà – 204 òûñ. ãà. At the nest on the Elegest river, the older äîëèíå. Èþíü 1999 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Òåððèòîðèè, ïîäâåðãøèåñÿ îáðàáîòêå ìåñò- egg was seen to hatch on May, 26 2001. íûìè æèòåëÿìè, êàê è ìàñøòàáû ýòîé îá- On June, 24 1999, this nest contained Nest of the Imperial Eagle in the Sagly ðàáîòêè, íå ïîääàþòñÿ êîíòðîëþ.  îáùåé chicks with developed primaries and rec- depression. June 1999. ñëîæíîñòè 36 ñîìîíîâ â 7 àéìàêàõ áûëè trices. In late-July 1999, the nests in the Photos by I. Karyakin. îõâà÷åíû îáðàáîòêîé, êîòîðàÿ ïðîâåäåíà â Tyva and Turan depressions contained àïðåëå 2002 ã.  2001 ã. çåðíî, îáðàáîòàí- fledglings. Young fledged during the first íîå ðîäåíòèöèäîì, òàêæå ðàñïûëÿëîñü êàê days of August. âåñíîé, òàê è îñåíüþ, íî äàííûå ïî ìàñøòà- The analysed remains of food and pel- áàì îáðàáîòêè îòñóòñòâóþò. Òàê êàê îáðà- lets collected in 1999 from under nests in áîòêè ïðîâîäèëèñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âåñ- the Sagly depression (n=35) were com- íîé è îñåíüþ, ñåðü¸çíûé óäàð áûë íàíåñ¸í posed of Long-Tailed Sousliks (42.85%), ïî ïîïóëÿöèÿì ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïòèö, ïðè÷¸ì Alpine Pikas (Ochotona alpina) (42.85%) êàê çåðíîÿäíûõ, òàê è õèùíûõ, êîòîðûå and Choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) óìèðàëè, ïîåäàÿ òðóïû ïîë¸âîê è çåðíî- (14.30%). In the Tyva depression (n=111) ÿäíûõ ïòèö, îòðàâèâøèõñÿ áðîìàäèàëîíîì. they were composed of Long-Tailed Sous- Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö ïîäòâåðæäåíà â 2002 ã. liks (67.57%), Voles (Microtus sp.) (9.00%), ïîëåâûìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè, ïðîâîäèâøèìè- Pigeons (Columba sp.) (11.71%) and other ñÿ â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ìîíãîëèè (Batdelger, birds (11.71%) (Karyakin, 1999). In 2001 2002; Tseveenmyadag, Nyambayar, 2002; in the Tyva depression (n=22), remains of Êàðÿêèí, 2010). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîãèëüíèêè, Long-Tailed Sousliks (40.91%) and Daurian ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â Òóâå, ìîãëè íà÷àòü ãèáíóòü Pikas (Ochotona dauurica) (31.82%) domi- óæå íà îñåííåé ìèãðàöèè 2001 ã., à âåñíîé nated. Voles made up 9.09% of the diet, 2002 ã. ïî èõ ïîïóëÿöèÿì áûë íàíåñ¸í ïî- while the rest comprised the Tolai Hare ñëåäíèé óäàð. (Lepus tolai) and Daurian Partridge (Perdix Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â ýòîò æå ïåðèîä (â daurica) with 4.55% each and other birds 2002–2003 ãã.) â Òóâå ðåçêî óïàëà íà ãíåç- (9.09%). Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 183

äîâàíèè ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila (Spermophilus undulatus), ïîýòîìó â êîò- nipalensis), ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, áà- ëîâèíàõ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå áûëî ïðèóðî÷å- ëîáàíà (Falco cherrug), ãðèôà (Aegypiys íî ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ê øèðîêèì monachus), æóðàâëÿ-êðàñàâêè (Grus virgo) ïîéìàì ìåàíäðèðóþùèõ ðåê. Èç 13 ãí¸çä (Êàðÿêèí, 2006; Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, ìîãèëüíèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ðåñïóáëèêå, 7 2008; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009; Êàðÿêèí, 2010), áûëè óñòðîåíû íà òîïîëÿõ (Populus laurifolia) ñèëüíî ñîêðàòèëàñü ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøî- â ïîéìàõ ðåê ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí (Óþê, Ýëå- ãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga), ïîëíîñòüþ ãåñò, Äóðãåí, Óëóã-Øàíãàí, Øàãîíàð è ×à- èñ÷åç â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Òóâû îðëàí- äàí), 2 – íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ (Larix sibirica) â áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ðàçíûå âèäû îñòðîâíûõ ðàçðåæåííûõ ëåñàõ ïî ñêëîíàì ïî-ðàçíîìó ïåðåæèëè ïîñëåäñòâèÿ øèðî- ðå÷íûõ äîëèí þãî-çàïàäà Òûâû, 2 – íà ñî- êîìàñøòàáíîãî îòðàâëåíèÿ. ñíàõ (Pinus sylvestris) (îäíî áûëî óñòðîå- Åñòü ëè øàíñ ó ìîãèëüíèêà âîññòàíî- íî íà ñêëîíå ãîðû â Òóðàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, âèòü ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü â Òóâå? Êàçàëîñü äðóãîå â áîðó íà ïåñêàõ â Òóâèíñêîé êîò- áû, çàïàñû âèäà â ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíàõ – â ëîâèíå), 2 – íà êóñòàõ êàðàãàíû (Caragana Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå, à òàêæå â bungei), ðàñòóùèõ íà ñêàëüíûõ óñòóïàõ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé âïîëíå äîñòàòî÷íû äëÿ ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè áåçëåñíûõ ñêëîíîâ ãîð â Ñà- ðàññåëåíèÿ ïòèö â ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû ãëèíñêîé äîëèíå. Îäíî ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãà- Ãíåçäî (ââåðõó) è Òóâû, îäíàêî äî ñèõ ïîð ýòîò ïðîöåññ íå ëîñü íà âåðøèíå óñòóïà è áûëî îòêðûòî äëÿ âûâîäîê ìîãèëüíèêà (âíèçó) íà ð. Ýëåãåñò. íàáëþäàëñÿ. ×òîáû ïîíÿòü ñèòóàöèþ, îá- ïîäë¸òà ñî âñåõ ñòîðîí, äðóãîå ãíåçäî ðàñ- 24.06.1999. ðàòèìñÿ ê àíàëèçó èçâåñòíîé èíôîðìàöèè ïîëàãàëîñü íà íåáîëüøîì ñêàëüíîì îáíàæå- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. î ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè è óñïåõå ðàçìíîæå- íèè ãðåáíÿ è áûëî çàêðûòî ñòåíîé (ïî ðàñ- Imperial Eagle nest íèÿ âèäà â Òóâå äî 2002 ã. ïîëîæåíèþ íà ñêàëå îíî áûëî áîëåå áëèçêî (upper) and brood ê áåðêóòèíîìó, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñàìà ñêàëà â (bottom) in the Elegest river valley. Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóâå êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâîé áûëà áîëåå õàðàêòåðíà 24/06/1999.  Òóâå ìîãèëüíèê áûë òåñíî ñâÿçàí ñ äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà).  âûñòèëêå îáîèõ ãí¸çä Photos by I. Karyakin. ãðóïïèðîâêàìè äëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñëèêà áûë íàâîç âïåðåìåæêó ñ ðåäêèìè çåë¸íûìè âåòêàìè êàðàãàíû è ëèñòâåííèöû (â îäíîì ãíåçäå è êåäðà) è íåçíà÷èòåëüíûì êîëè÷å- ñòâîì ñóõîé òðàâû. Ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå íà ñêàëå, îáíàðóæåíî À.À. Áàðàíîâûì (1991), ïðè÷¸ì òàêæå â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå. Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü òèïè÷íî äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà è âîçìîæíî è ïðèíàäëåæàëî ñòåïíûì îð- ëàì, êîòîðûå áûëè èçãíàíû ìîãèëüíèêàìè äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, òàê êàê âûñòèëêà ãíåçäà êðàéíå íåòèïè÷íà äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (òðÿïêè, êóñêè øêóð) è ïðåäïîëàãàåò òî, ÷òî ãíåçäî èçíà÷àëüíî ïîäíîâëÿëîñü ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè. Âûñòèëêà èç òðÿïîê áûëà îáíàðóæåíà òàê- æå â îäíîì èç ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà òîïîëå, îäíàêî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå áûëî äîïîäëèííî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè ìîãèëü- íèêîâ ãíåçäî áûëî ïîäíîâëåíî ìîõíîíîãè- ìè êóðãàííèêàìè, ïðè÷¸ì ñàìêà áûëà óáèòà îðëàìè è å¸ îñòàíêè ëåæàëè ïîä ãíåçäîâûì äåðåâîì. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåííûå íà òîïîëÿõ, ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ðàçâèëêàõ â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà (n=5), íà âûñîòå 9, 10, 11, 13 è 20 ì. Îäíî ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðî- åíî â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà, íà âûñîòå 14 ì. Äðóãîå ëåæàëî íà âûñîòå 9 ì íà íàêëîí¸ííîì ñòâîëå îäèíî÷- íî ðàñòóùåãî ñðåäè ïîéìû òîïîëÿ. Íà ëè- ñòâåííèöàõ îáà ãíåçäà áûëè óñòðîåíû íà êðàéíèõ äåðåâüÿõ, íî îäíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà âåðøèíå 16-ìåòðîâîãî äåðåâà, à äðóãîå íàõîäèëîñü â ðàçâèëêå â ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà (â 184 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íèæíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû), íà âûñîòå 7 ì. Îáà øèìèñÿ ìàõîâûìè è ðóëÿìè.  êîíöå èþëÿ ãíåçäà íà ñîñíàõ áûëè óñòðîåíû íà èõ âåð- 1999 ã. â ãí¸çäàõ â Òóâèíñêîé è Òóðàíñêîé øèíàõ, íà âûñîòå 10 è 13 ì. êîòëîâèíàõ íàõîäèëèñü îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû.  âûñòèëêå îñíîâíîé ìàññû ãí¸çä ìî- Âûëåò ìîãèëüíèêîâ, âåðîÿòíî, ïðîèñõîäèë ãèëüíèêà íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ àâãóñòà. ïðèñóòñòâîâàëà ñóõàÿ òðàâà, íàâîç è íåêî- Ñïåöèàëüíî ïèòàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóâå íå òîðîå êîëè÷åñòâî çåëåíè, êîòîðàÿ ïîñòî- èçó÷àëîñü. Ñðåäè îñòàòêîâ ïèùè è ñîäåð- ÿííî ïðèíîñèëàñü ïî ìåðå ðîñòà ïòåíöîâ, æèìîãî ïîãàäîê, ñîáðàííûõ â 1999 ã. ïîä ÷òî èõ õîðîøî îòëè÷àëî îò ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî ãí¸çäàìè â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå (n=35), áûëè îðëà è ñáëèæàëî ñ ãí¸çäàìè áåðêóòà, îò- îñòàíêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ (42,85%), Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ëè÷àÿ îò ïîñëåäíèõ íàëè÷èåì íàâîçà. àëòàéñêèõ ïèùóõ (Ochotona alpina) (42,85%) ðåêàõ Ýëåãåñò (ââåðõó Äâå îñìîòðåííûå êëàäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 2-õ è êëóøèö (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) (14,30%), ñëåâà) è Äóðãåí (ââåðõó (ïîãèáøàÿ) è 3-õ ÿèö.  5 îñìîòðåííûõ âû- â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (n=111) – äëèííîõâî- ñïðàâà) â Òóâèíñêîé âîäêàõ áûëî ïî 2 ïòåíöà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ (67,57%), ïîë¸âîê (Microtus êîòëîâèíå è äâà ÿéöà è ïòåíåö â ãíåçäå ìî- ñðåäíÿÿ êëàäêà ñîñòàâèëà 2,5 ÿéöà, ñðåä- sp.) (9,00%), ãîëóáåé (Columba sp.) (11,71%) ãèëüíèêà íà ð. Ýëåãåñò íèé âûâîäîê – 2 ïòåíöà. è äðóãèõ ïòèö (11,71%) (Êàðÿêèí, 1999).  (âíèçó). 26.05.2001.  ãíåçäå, îáíàðóæåííîì À.À. Áàðàíî- ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî âìåñòå Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. âûì (1991) â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå 29 àïðåëÿ ñ ïîãàäêàìè ìîãèëüíèêà áûëà ïðîàíàëèçèðî- Nests of the Imperial 1976 ã., áûëî îäíî ñâåæåå ÿéöî, à âòîðîå âàíà ÷àñòü ïîãàäîê ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- Eagle in the Elegest and Durgen river îòëîæåíî ñ 1 íà 2 ìàÿ, èíêóáàöèÿ ÿèö ïðî- êà.  2001 ã. â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (n=22), valleys in the Tyva äîëæàëàñü 40 è 41,5 ñóòîê, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, íàðÿäó ñ äëèííîõâîñòûì ñóñëèêîì (40,91%), depression (upper) and âûëóïëåíèå ñòàðøåãî ïòåíöà îòìå÷åíî 9 äîìèíèðîâàëà äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà (Ochotona the nest with 2 eggs èþíÿ.  ãíåçäå íà ð. Ýëåãåñò, ñîäåðæàùåì 3 dauurica) (31,82%), ïîë¸âêè ñîñòàâëÿëè and the nestling in the Elegest river valley. ÿéöà, âûëóïëåíèå ñòàðøåãî ïòåíöà íàáëþ- 9,09% ðàöèîíà, ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè çàÿö-òîëàé 26/05/2001. äàëîñü 26 ìàÿ 2001 ã.  1999 ã. 24 èþíÿ â (Lepus tolai) è áîðîäàòàÿ êóðîïàòêà (Perdix Photos by I. Karyakin. ýòîì ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü ïòåíöû ñ ðàñêðûâ- daurica) – ïî 4,55%, à òàêæå îñòàíêè ïòèö, íåîïðåäåë¸ííûõ äî âèäà (9,09%).

Çàêëþ÷åíèå Êàê ïîêàçûâàþò âûøå ïðèâåä¸ííûå äàí- íûå, íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûå èçâåñòíûå ïàðû ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Òóâå äî 2002 ã. èìåëè äî- ñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíûé è âûñîêèé óñïåõ ðàç- ìíîæåíèÿ: ñðåäíÿÿ êëàäêà 2,5 ÿéöà, âñå âûâîäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ. Ê ïðè- ìåðó, â ÿäðå àëòàéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñðåä- íèé ðàçìåð êëàäîê ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,08 ÿèö, âûâîäêîâ – 1,6 ïòåíöîâ, ïðè ýòîì âûâîä- êè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàþòñÿ ëèøü ó ïîëîâèíû óñïåøíûõ ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè â Òóâå ñîñòàâëÿëî 3,2–9,39 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 6,68±3,26 êì – â ïîéìàõ ðåê Ýëåãåñò è Äóðãåí â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, 8,95–12,4 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 10,69±1,73 êì – â Òó- ðàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ÷òî òàêæå óêàçûâàëî íà âïîëíå áëàãîïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ îáèòà- íèÿ âèäà â ðåñïóáëèêå, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî òóò îí íàõîäèëñÿ íà ãðàíèöå àðåàëà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îñîáåííîñòè ãíåç- äîâàíèÿ è áèîëîãèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóâå îòëè÷àëè åãî îò ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõ- ñÿ â ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíàõ – Õàêàñèè, Êðàñ- íîÿðñêîì êðàå è Ãîðíîì Àëòàå. Âî âñåõ îêðóæàþùèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõ êîòëî- âèí â ãîðàõ, óñòðàèâàÿ ãí¸çäà íà âåðøè- íàõ ëèñòâåííèö íà êðóòîñêëîíàõ èëè âåð- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 185

øèíàõ ãðÿä, ðåæå íà áåð¸çàõ èëè ñîñíàõ Âåðîÿòíî, óíèêàëüíûé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåç- (â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå Õàêàñèè). À äîâàíèÿ íà ñêàëàõ, õàðàêòåðíûé äëÿ ãíåç- â Òóâå íàáëþäàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ïîé- äîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íåêîãäà ìàõ ðåê â öåíòðàëüíûõ ÷àñòÿõ êîòëîâèí, íàñåëÿâøåé þãî-çàïàä Òûâû è, âîçìîæíî, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà òîïîëÿõ (áëèæàéøèé ïîãðàíè÷íûå òåððèòîðèè ñåâåðî-çàïàäà ñòåðåîòèï ïîäîáíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ðàñ- Ìîíãîëèè è Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ, îêîí- ïðîñòðàí¸í íà Ïðåäàëòàéñêîé ðàâíèíå – ÷àòåëüíî óòåðÿí. Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005; Âàæîâ è äð., 2010), à íà þãî-çàïàäå Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà ìîãèëü- Ëèòåðàòóðà íèê ãíåçäèëñÿ äàæå íà ñêàëàõ. Ïîñëåäíèé Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äîñòàòî÷íî óíèêà- Òóâû. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1991. 320 ñ. ëåí äëÿ âèäà è èçâåñòåí ëèøü ïî íåìíîãèì Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â. Ðå- íàõîäêàì, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Êàçàõñòàíå çóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ (Ëîáà÷åâ, 1960; äàííûå àâòîðà). Ëèøü èç è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ â 2010 ãîäó, Àëòàéñêèé Àëòàÿ â þãî-çàïàäíóþ Òóâó è èç Êðàñíî- êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- ÿðñêîãî êðàÿ â Òóðàíñêóþ êîòëîâèíó ïðî- íà. 2010. ¹19. C. 186–199. íèêàëè ïòèöû, êîòîðûå ãíåçäèëèñü â ñîîò- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê â ðåñïóáëèêå âåòñòâèè ñî ñòåðåîòèïàìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â Òûâà. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, Àëòàå è â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå – íà õâîé- ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðà- íûõ äåðåâüÿõ (ëèñòâåííèöà, ñîñíà), ðàñòó- íû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. ùèõ ïî ñêëîíàì õðåáòîâ, îáðàìëÿþùèõ Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â. 1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï. Áåëèê. Ì., 1999. Ñ. ñòåïíûå äîëèíû. 84–86. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Êðèçèñ ïîïóëÿöèé ñòåïíîãî ÷òî â Òóâå îáèòàëà îáîñîáëåííàÿ ïîïóëÿ- îðëà â Òóâå. – Ñòåïíîé Áþëëåòåíü. 2006. ¹20. öèÿ, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç íåñêîëüêèõ ãíåçäîâûõ Ñ. 61–64. ãðóïïèðîâîê, ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ïòèö â êîòîðîé îòâå÷àëè óñëîâèÿì Òóâû. äåðàòèçàöèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì áðîìàäèîëîíà â Âîçìîæíî, ãðàíèöû ýòîé ïîïóëÿöèè óõî- Ìîíãîëèè â 2001–2003 ãã. – Ïåñò-ìåíåäæìåíò. äèëè äàëåêî â Ìîíãîëèþ, îäíàêî ýòî äî- 2010. ¹1. Ñ. 20–26. ïîäëèííî íå èçâåñòíî, òàê êàê îòñóòñòâóþò Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ìîíãîëèè äî Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. 2002 ã. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹3. Âîññòàíîâèòñÿ ëè ïîïóëÿöèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà C. 28–51. â Òóâå è çà ñêîëüêî ëåò – ñîâåðøåííî íå Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ÿñíî, òàê êàê ñâîèìè ñòåðåîòèïàìè ãíåç- ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå- äîâàíèÿ îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïàð îòëè÷àëàñü îò Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2008 ã., Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå òåõ, êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñîñåäíèõ ðåñïó- õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. C. 63–84. áëèêàõ Àëòàé è Õàêàñèÿ, à òàêæå îò òåõ, Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ: êîòîðûå ãíåçäèëèñü â Ìîíãîëèè â âåðõî- ðåçóëüòàòû 2009 ã., Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíè- âüÿõ ð. Òåñèéí-Ãîë. Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîïó- êè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. C. 129–138. ëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóâå âîçìîæíî ëèøü Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., çà ñ÷¸ò ýìèãðàöèè ïòèö èç àëòàéñêîãî è õà- Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ïàäàëüùèêè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî êàññêîãî î÷àãîâ, â êîòîðûõ ïòèöû èìåþò ðåãèîíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ 2009. ¹15. C. 37–65. ïî ñêëîíàì ãîð. Îäíàêî â Òóâå ýòè áèîòî- Ëîáà÷åâ Â.Ñ. Ê áèîëîãèè õèùíûõ ïòèö Çàà- ïû íå ñîâñåì îïòèìàëüíû äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà, ðàëüÿ. – Âòîðàÿ Âñåñîþçíàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ: Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ. ×. 3. Ì., 1959. òàê êàê çäåñü â íèõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâó- Ñ. 31–32. åò äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê, çà êîòîðûì îð- Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ìèíóñèíñêîãî êðàÿ, Çà- ëàì ïðèä¸òñÿ ñîâåðøàòü äëèííûå ïåðåë¸- ïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà è Óðÿíõàéñêîé çåìëè. – Ìàòå- òû â öåíòðàëüíûå ÷àñòè äîëèí. À îáû÷íûå ðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé íà ñêëîíàõ ãîð ïèùóõè âèäèìî íå ìîãóò èìïåðèè. Âûï. 13. Ë., 1914. 551 ñ. â ïîëíîé ìåðå îáåñïå÷èòü ìîãèëüíèêà ßíóøåâè÷ À.È. Ôàóíà ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Òóâèí- ïîëíîöåííûì ïèòàíèåì, ò.ê. äàæå â î÷àãàõ ñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1952. 142 ñ. èõ ïëîòíîñòè, â ïîéìå ð. Ýëåãåñò îñíîâó Batdelger D. Mass mortality of birds in ïèòàíèÿ îðëîâ ñîñòàâëÿëè âñ¸ æå ñóñëèêè, Mongolia. – Falco. 2002. ¹20. P. 4–5. Tseveenmyadag N., Nyambayar.B. The Impacts â òî âðåìÿ êàê ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàííèêè, of Rodenticide Used to Control Rodents on ñòåïíûå îðëû è îðëû-êàðëèêè (Hieraaetus Demoiselle other Animals in Mongolia. A short pennatus) çäåñü ïèòàëèñü, â îñíîâíîì, Report to the International Crane Workshop, èìåííî ïèùóõàìè (äî 90% ðàöèîíà). Beijing, China, August 9–10, 2002. 186 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

TheImperialEagleinMongolia МОГИЛЬНИК В МОНГОЛИИ BukreevS.A.(A.N.SevertsovInstituteofEcologyandEvolutionofRussianAcademy ofSciences,Moscow,Russia) BoldbaatarSh.(InstituteofBiologyofMongolianAcademyofSciences,Ulanbaatar, Mongolia) ZvonovB.M.(A.N.SevertsovInstituteofEcologyandEvolutionofRussianAcademy ofSciences,Moscow,Russia) Букреев С.А. (Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова РАН, Москва, Россия) Болдбаатар Ш. (Институт биологии АН Монголии, Улан-Батор, Монголия) Звонов Б.М. (Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова РАН, Москва, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àáñòðàêò Ñåðãåé Áóêðååâ Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èç íàèáîëåå ðåäêèõ è ñëàáî èçó÷åííûõ ïòèö Èíñòèòóò ïðîáëåì Ìîíãîëèè. Çäåñü ïðîõîäèò þæíàÿ ãðàíèöà åãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà, à òàêæå îñíîâíàÿ ïîëîñà ïðîë¸òà íà ìåñòà ýêîëîãèè è ýâîëþöèè çèìîâêè â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè.  îðíèòîôàóíó Ìîíãîëèè ýòîò âèä âïåðâûå áûë âêëþ÷¸í òîëüêî â 1975 ã.  èì. À.Í. Ñåâåðöîâà ÐÀÍ íàñòîÿùåé ïóáëèêàöèè ñäåëàíà ïåðâàÿ ïîïûòêà îáîáùèòü âñþ èìåþùóþñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè äîñòóïíóþ 117321, Ðîññèÿ, èíôîðìàöèþ î ìîãèëüíèêå â Ìîíãîëèè è â áëèæàéøèõ ñ íåé ðåãèîíàõ. Ìîñêâà, Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü. óë. Îñòðîâèòÿíîâà, 18/3–100 Abstract òåë.: +7 495 338 51 42 The Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809) is one of the most rare and insufficiently studied bird species in Mongolia. There is the southern border of its breeding range and the general route of migration to winter grounds +7 962 956 38 41 in Southeast Asia. For the first time this species was listed in the avifauna of Mongolia only in 1975. In this article [email protected] the authors have tried to compile all the available information on the Imperial Eagle in Mongolia and in the adjoin- ing regions. Áîëäáààòàð Ø. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, distribution, population number. Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè ÀÍ Ìîíãîëèè Ìîíãîëèÿ, Óëàí-Áàòîð [email protected] Ñòàòóñ The southeastern border of the South Sibe- Áîðèñ Çâîíîâ Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) ÿâëÿåòñÿ â rian (Altai-Sayan) geographic population of Èíñòèòóò ïðîáëåì Ìîíãîëèè ïåðåë¸òíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ, ëå- this species goes along north-western Mon- ýêîëîãèè è ýâîëþöèè òóþùèì è ïðîë¸òíûì âèäîì. golia. The southern border of breeding range èì. À.Í. Ñåâåðöîâà ÐÀÍ of the Baikal-Daurian population of the Impe- [email protected] Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå rial Eagle, which has the spotted distribution Â.Å. Ôîìèí è À. Áîëä (1991) â ãíåçäî- within the breeding range, goes along the âîé àðåàë ìîãèëüíèêà âêëþ÷èëè òîëüêî northern and northeastern regions of Mon- ñåâåðíóþ ÷àñòü ñðåäíåãîðíîãî ëåñîñòåï- golia. It may be that these two populations íîãî ðàéîíà â áàññåéíå Ñåëåíãè è Îðõîíà do not contact with each other, since the gap (ñåâåðíåå äîëèíû Ñåëåíãè). Àíàëèç ëèòå- between them within the Russian (major) ðàòóðíûõ, îïðîñíûõ è ñîáñòâåííûõ äàí- part of the range is about 600 km (Ryabtsev, íûõ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ìîãèëüíèê â ãíåçäîâîé 1999), although an explicit narrowing of this ïåðèîä ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â Ìîíãîëèè áî- gap is evident in Mongolia. ëåå øèðîêî (ðèñ. 1).  Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè ïðîõîäèò þãî-âîñòî÷íàÿ ãðàíè- Baikal-Daurian population öà þæíîñèáèðñêîé (àëòàéñêî-ñàÿíñêîé) The Imperial Eagle was first recorded at the ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ýòîãî âèäà. territory of Mongolia on August 18, 1975 Ïî ñåâåðíûì è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûì ðàéî- in the upper reaches of the Uzhig River in íàì Ìîíãîëèè ïðîõîäèò þæíàÿ ãðàíèöà the southern part of the Khovsgol Lake area ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïðèáàéêàëüñêî-äàóðñêîé ïî- (Sumya, Skryabin, 1989). Subsequently, this ïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà, àðåàë êîòîðîé èìååò species was recorded in the northern part of î÷àãîâûé õàðàêòåð. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî ýòè äâå the Khovsgol Lake area during the breeding ïîïóëÿöèè íå êîíòàêòèðóþò äðóã ñ äðó- season in the Khankh river valley (June 11, ãîì, òàê êàê ðàçðûâ ìåæäó íèìè â ïðåäå- 1980 – Sumya, Skryabin, 1989) and in the Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 187

Contact: ëàõ ðîññèéñêîé (îñíîâíîé) ÷àñòè àðåàëà Sergey Bukreev ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 600 êì (Ðÿáöåâ, 1999), A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolu- õîòÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Ìîíãîëèè íàëèöî ÿâíîå tion of Russian Acad- ñóæåíèå ýòîãî ðàçðûâà (ñì. íèæå). emy of Sciences Ostrovityanova str., Ïðèáàéêàëüñêî-äàóðñêàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ 18/3–100, Moscow, Russia, 117321  ïðåäåëàõ Ìîíãîëèè ìîãèëüíèê âïåðâûå tel.: +7 495 338 51 42 áûë çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí 18 àâãóñòà 1975 ã. â +7 962 956 38 41 âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Óæèã â þæíîì Ïðèõóáñóãó- [email protected] ëüå (Ñóìúÿà, Ñêðÿáèí, 1989).  ïîñëåäóþ- Boldbaatar Sh. ùåì â ñåâåðíîì Ïðèõóáñóãóëüå ýòîò âèä Institute of Biology of îòìå÷àëñÿ â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ â äîëèíå ð. Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Áóõ-Ìóðýí-Ãîë. Èþíü Mongolian Academy of Õàíõ (11 èþíÿ 1980 ã. – Ñóìúÿà, Ñêðÿáèí, 2009 ã. Ôîòî Ë. Êîíîâàëîâà. Sciences, 1989) è â äîëèíå ð. Èõ-Õîðîî-Ãîë (28 èþëÿ Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Buh-Muren-Gol river. Ulanbaatar, Mongolia, June 2009. Photo by L. Konovalov. [email protected] 2008 ã. – Ïîïîâ, Òóïèöûí, 2008). Íåìíîãî âîñòî÷íåå åãî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè â êîòëîâèíå Boris Zvonov ðåêè Ýã Ãîë, ê ñåâåðó îò ñóìîíà Ýðäýíýáóë- Ikh-Khoroo-Gol river valley (July 28, 2008 A.N. Severtsov Institute ãàí, ãäå â 2001 ã. âïåðâûå â Ìîíãîëèè áûëî of Ecology and Evolu- – Popov, Tupitsyn, 2008). The species was tion of Russian Acad- íàéäåíî ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà (Áîëäáààòàð, recorded a little eastward in the depression emy of Sciences 2003), è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Àéðõàí, íà ãðà- of the Egiin Gol river to the north from the [email protected] íèöå Áóëãàíñêîãî è Õóáñóãóëüñêîãî àéìà- Erdenebulgan sum, where in 2001 the nest êîâ (25 àïðåëÿ 2001 ã.). Èìåþòñÿ òàêæå of the Imperial Eagle was first found in Mon- áîëåå îáùèå óêàçàíèÿ î ëåòíèõ âñòðå÷àõ golia (Boldbaatar, 2003) and in the neigh- è ãíåçäîâàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà â Ïðèõóáñóãó- bourhood of Ayrhan lake on the border of ëüå (Ñêðÿáèí è äð., 1988; Áîëä è äð., 1991; the Bulgan and Khovsgol aimags (April 25, Bold et al., 1996) è â áàññåéíå ð. Ñåëåí- 2001). There are also more general records ãè (Áîëä è äð., 1991). Èçâåñòíû íàõîäêè â on summer observations and breeding in ñåçîí ðàçìíîæåíèÿ òàêæå â Õýíòýéñêîì the Khovsgol Lake area (Skryabin et al., àéìàêå: 3 èþëÿ 1987 ã. â 20 êì âîñòî÷- 1988; Bold et al., 1991; Bold et al., 1996) íåå ñóìîíà Îìíîäýëãýð (Óìýí-Äýëãåð) è 7 and in the Selenge river basin (Bold et al., èþëÿ 1988 ã. â äîëèíå Õóðõèí-Ãîëà (Õóðã- 1991). The records during the breeding sea- Ãîëà) â áàññåéíå Îíîíà (Ïîïîâ, 1991; Ïî- son were also made in the Khentii aimag: ïîâ è äð., 1998), â ìåæäóðå÷üå Îíîíà è on July 3, 1987, 20 km to the east from the Áàëæà (ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûå îòðîãè Õýíòýÿ) Omnodelger summon (Umen-Delger) and (Nyambayar, Tseveenmyadag, 2009). Ñàìàÿ on July 7, 1988, in the Khurkhin-Gol (Khurg- þæíàÿ ðåãèñòðàöèÿ (â èþíå) áûëà â þæ- Gol) river valley in the basin of the Onon íîì Õàíãàå, ê ñåâåðó îò àéìà÷íîãî öåíòðà river (Popov, 1991; Popov et al., 1998); in Àðâàéõýýð (Êóðî÷êèí, Ìèõàéëîâ, 1994).  the interfluve between the Onon and Balzh êàòàëîãå êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåð- rivers (northeastern branches of the Khentii ðèòîðèé Ìîíãîëèè (Nyambayar, Tseveen- Mountains) (Nyambayar, Tseveenmyadag, myadag, 2009) óêàçûâàåòñÿ (íî áåç ïðèâå- 2009). The most southern record (in June) äåíèÿ êîíêðåòíûõ ñðîêîâ íàáëþäåíèé), ÷òî was made in the southern Khangai Moun- ìîãèëüíèê ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå tains to the north from the aimag center Ar- íà îç¸ðàõ âîçëå ñóìîíà Òýøèã Áóëãàíñêî- vaikheer (Kurochkin, Mikhailov, 1994). It is ãî àéìàêà, íà ìåæãîðíîé ðàâíèíå ê þãó îò stated in the catalogue of the IBAs of Mon- ñóìîíà Òàðèàëàí (Õóáñóãóëüñêèé àéìàê), â golia (Nyambayar, Tseveenmyadag, 2009) Öåíòðàëüíîì Õàíãàå, â ãîðíûõ ñòåïÿõ âîç- that the Imperial Eagle also regularly oc- ëå ñóìîíà Ýðäýíýñàíò Öåíòðàëüíîãî (Òóâ) curs at the lakes near the Teshig sum (Bul- àéìàêà (Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íûé Õàíãàé), â ñå- gan aimag); on the intermontane plain to âåðíîé ÷àñòè Õýíòýéñêîãî õðåáòà, â äîëè- the south from the Tarialan sum (Khovsgol íàõ ðåê Õóðõ è Õóéòýí (Õýíòýéñêèé àéìàê). aimag), in the central Khangai Mountains, Íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè, íà ñîïðåäåëü- in mountain steppes near the Erdenesant íûõ ñ Ìîíãîëèåé òåððèòîðèÿõ, ìîãèëüíèê sum of the Central (Tuv) aimag (northeastern íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îòìå÷åí â ïðèáàéêàëüñêîé Khangai Mountains), in the northern part of ÷àñòè Áóðÿòèè – ïî ìåæãîðíûì êîòëî- the Khentii Mountains, in valleys of the Khur- âèíàì â áàññåéíå ð. Ñåëåíãè (Êåëüáåðã, kh and Khuiten rivers (Khentii aimag); howe- 1988; Åøååâ, 1989; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006), ver, the dates of observation are not given. â ò.÷. åãî íàõîäèëè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ó ãðà- In the near-Baikal part of Buryatia, the Im- íèöû Ìîíãîëèè – â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Êÿõòà perial Eagle breeds in intermountain depres- 188 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíå- íèå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ìîíãîëèè è íà ïðèãðà- íè÷íûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ: 1 – ìåñòà íàõîäîê ãí¸çä, 2 – âñòðå÷è â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (àïðåëü–àâãóñò), 3 – âñòðå÷è â ïåðèîä ïðîë¸òà è ïîñëåãíåç- äîâûõ êî÷¸âîê (ìàðò, ñåíòÿáðü–îêòÿáðü), 4 – âñòðå÷è ñ íåèç- âåñòíûìè ñðîêàìè íà- áëþäåíèé; ïóíêòèðîì âûäåëåíà ïîëîñà îñåí- íåãî ïðîë¸òà ÷åòûð¸õ ïòåíöîâ, ïîìå÷åííûõ ñïóòíèêîâûìè ïåðåäàò- ÷èêàìè â Ïðåäáàéêàëüå (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000); òî÷å÷- íûìè ëèíèÿìè ïîêàçàí êîðèäîð îñåííåé è âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè ïîìå÷åííîé ñïóòíè- (Ìîëëåñîí, 1895 – öèò. ïî: Ãîëîâóøêèí, sions in the Selenge river basin (Kelberg, êîâûì ïåðåäàò÷èêîì Îñèïîâà, 1988) è â äîëèíàõ ðåê Êèðàí è 1988; Esheev, 1989; Karyakin et al., 2006); it íåïîëîâîçðåëîé ñàìêè, ïðîâîäèâøåé ëåòî â ×èêîé (Ñìèðíîâ è äð., 1983). Ãí¸çäà ýòî- was found directly near the Russian–Mongo- Äæóíãàðèè (Meyburg, ãî âèäà íàõîäèëè òàêæå íà ïðèãðàíè÷íûõ lian state border – in the neighbourhood of Meyburg, 2010). ñ Ìîíãîëèåé òåððèòîðèÿõ ×èòèíñêîé îá- Kyakhta (Molleson, 1895 – cited from Golo- Fig. 1. Distribution of ëàñòè, â ò.÷. â äîëèíàõ ðåê Êûðà, Áóêóêóí, vushkin, Osipova, 1988) and in the Kiran and the Eastern Imperial Îíîí (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 1986; Ãîëîâóøêèí, Chikoy river valleys (Smirnov et al., 1983). Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Îñèïîâà, 1988).  Äàóðèè (×èòèíñêàÿ The nests of the species were also found in Mongolia and adjacent regions: 1 – found îáëàñòü) ìîãèëüíèê, âåðîÿòíî, ãíåçäèòñÿ the territories of Chita district having border nests, 2 – records òîëüêî íà ëåâîáåðåæüå Îíîíà (Ðÿáöåâ, with Mongolia, including the Kyra, Bukukun, during the breeding 1999). and Onon river valleys (Vasilchenko, 1986; season (April–August), Íà îñåííåì ïðîë¸òå ìîãèëüíèêè îò- Golovushkin, Osipova, 1988). The Imperial 3 –records during migrations and post- ìå÷àëèñü â ñåíòÿáðå â Âîñòî÷íîé Ãîáè ó Eagle breeds in Dauria (Chita district) only breeding movements ñóìîíà Çàìûí-Óóä Âîñòî÷íî-Ãîáèéñêîãî on the left bank of the Onon river (Ryabtsev, (March, September– (Äîðíîãîâü) àéìàêà (Êóðî÷êèí, Ìèõàé- 1999), i.e., at an appreciable distance from October), 4 – Records ëîâ, 1994), â äîëèíå ð. Áàéäðàã (3 îêòÿáðÿ the Mongolian border. with unknown dates of observations; the 2008 ã., 2 âçðîñëûå ïòèöû è ñåãîëåòîê), During autumn migration the Imperial segmented lines show ñåâåðíåå ñóìîíà Æàðãàëàíò Áàÿíõîíãîð- Eagles were recorded in September in the the zone of autumn ñêîãî àéìàêà (29 îêòÿáðÿ 2007 ã.), â ðàéî- eastern Gobi near the Zamyn-Uud sum of migration of four young íå ñëèÿíèÿ ðåê Ýã-Ãîë è Óóð-Ãîë â Õóáñó- the Dornogovi (East Gobi) aimag (Kurochkin, birds fitted with satellite transmitters in the Cis- ãóëüñêîì àéìàêå (êîíåö ñåíòÿáðÿ 2000 ã.). Mikhailov, 1994); in the Baidrag river valley Baikal region (Ryabtsev, Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ñïóòíèêîâîãî ìå÷åíèÿ (October 3, 2008; 2 adults and a juvenile); 2000); the dotted (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000) áûëî âûÿñíåíî, ÷òî îñåí- to the north from the Jargalant sum, the Bay- lines show the zone íÿÿ ìèãðàöèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ankhongor aimag (October 29, 2007); in the of autumn and spring migration of immature â Ïðåäáàéêàëüå (Ïðèîëüõîíüå, Áðàòñêîå area of junction of the Egiin Gol and Uur-Gol female, spending âîäîõðàíèëèùå), èä¸ò â þãî-âîñòî÷íîì rivers in the Khovsgol aimag (the end of Sep- summer in Dzungaria íàïðàâëåíèè ÷åðåç öåíòðàëüíóþ ÷àñòü tember 2000). It was elucidated on the basis (Meyburg, Meyburg, Ìîíãîëèè (òðàññû ïðîë¸òà ÷åòûð¸õ ïîìå- of the results of satellite tagging (Ryabtsev, 2010). ÷åííûõ ïòèö ïðîõîäèëè îò Ñåëåíãèíñêîãî 2000) that the autumn migration of Impe- àéìàêà íà ñåâåðå äî Âîñòî÷íî-Ãîáèéñêîãî rial Eagles breeding in the Cis-Baikal region è Ñóõýáàòîðñêîãî àéìàêîâ íà þãå, ïåðå- (Priol’khonye, the Bratsk water reservoir) fol- ñåêàÿ íèçîâüÿ Îðõîí-Ñåëåíãèéñêîãî ìåæ- lows the southeastern direction via central äóðå÷üÿ, ñðåäíåãîðüÿ áàññåéíà Ñåëåíãè è Mongolia (the migration routes of four fitted Îðõîíà, çàïàäíóþ ÷àñòü Õýíòýÿ, Ñðåäíå- birds were from the Selenge aimag in the õàëõàññêóþ õîëìèñòóþ ñòåïü è âîñòî÷íóþ north to the Dornogovi and Sukhbaatar aim- ÷àñòü Ñåâåðíîé Ãîáè); òåððèòîðèþ Ìîí- ags in the south, crossing the lower reaches ãîëèè ïòèöû ïðîëåòàëè â îêòÿáðå ïðèìåð- of the Orkhun-Selenge interfluves, midlands íî çà 10 äíåé, ïîñëå ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ ãðàíèö of the Selenge and Orkhun rivers, the west- Ìîíãîëèè îíè ìåíÿëè íàïðàâëåíèå ïðî- ern part of Khentii Mountains, Middle Kha- ë¸òà íà þãî-þãî-çàïàäíîå; ìåñòà çèìîâêè lkha upland steppe, and the eastern part of Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 189

ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â þæíîì Êèòàå (ïðîâèíöèÿ the North Gobi). The birds migrated through Þíüíàíü) è íà ñåâåðå Òàèëàíäà. Ïî âñåé Mongolia in October during approximately âèäèìîñòè, ñõîäíûì îáðàçîì âåäóò ñåáÿ 10 days; after having crossed the border, è ìîãèëüíèêè, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â ñåâåðíîé è they changed the flight direction for south- ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòÿõ Ìîíãîëèè. ern–southwestern; the wintering areas were located in Southern China (Yunnan province) Þæíîñèáèðñêàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ and in northern Thailand. In all likelihood, the  Òóâå ìîãèëüíèê âñåãäà (íà÷èíàÿ ñ íà- Imperial Eagles breeding in the northern and ÷àëà XX âåêà, êîãäà îí âïåðâûå áûë çäåñü northeastern parts of Mongolia behave in a îáíàðóæåí) îòíîñèëñÿ ê î÷åíü ðåäêèì è, similar way. ïî-âèäèìîìó, íåðåãóëÿðíî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäàì, â òîì ÷èñëå îí áûë íàéäåí íà ãíåç- South Siberian population äîâàíèè â ðàéîíå ïîñ. Ñàãëû, íåäàëåêî îò In Tyva, the Imperial Eagle has always ãðàíèöû ñ Ìîíãîëèåé (Áàðàíîâ, 1991).  (starting with the beginning of the XX cen- 1999 ã., ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ñïåöèàëüíîé ýêñ- tury when it was first found here) been con- ïåäèöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ sidered a very rare and, apparently, irregu- ïòèö, â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Óáñóíóð- lar breeding species; particularly, breeding ñêîé êîòëîâèíû (äîëèíà Òåñ-Õåìà/Òýñèéí- Imperial Eagles were found near the Sagly Ãîëà, þæíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ õðåáòà Âîñòî÷íûé settlement not far from the Russian–Mongo- Òàííó-Îëà) ýòîò âèä âñòðå÷åí íå áûë, íî îí lian state border (Baranov, 1991). In 1999, áûë îáíàðóæåí â ãîðàõ è ðå÷íûõ äîëèíàõ during the special surveys of raptor breed- íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé îêðàèíå Óáñóíóðñêîé ing, in the northeastern part of the Uvs Nuur êîòëîâèíû, â ò.÷. 2 ãíåçäà áûëè íàéäåíû depression (the valley of the Tes-Khem and íà þæíûõ áåçëåñíûõ ñêëîíàõ ãîð â äî- Tesiyn-Gol rivers, southern foothills of the ëèíå ð. Ñàãëû; â áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ eastern Tannu-Ola Mountains) this species Òóâû åù¸ 5 ãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíû â Òóâèíñêîé was not recorded; however, it was found in è Óþêñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ (Êàðÿêèí, 1999). mountains and river valleys on the north- Ìîãèëüíèê ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå western margin of the Uvs Nuur depression, â ìîíãîëüñêîé ÷àñòè êîòëîâèíû îçåðà Óá- among those, 2 nests were found on south- ñóíóð (Nyambayar, Tseveenmyadag, 2009; ern woodless mountain slopes of the Sagly êîíêðåòíûå ìåñòà è ñðîêè âñòðå÷ íå óêàçà- river valley; 5 more nests were found in íû).  áàçå äàííûõ Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëå- more northern regions of Tyva, in the Tyva äîâàíèé èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î 4-õ ãí¸çäàõ and Uyuk depressions (Karyakin, 1999). ìîãèëüíèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ñðåäíåì òå- The Imperial Eagle has also been regularly ÷åíèè ð. Òýñèéí-Ãîë íà ñåâåðå Çàâõàíñêîãî recorded in the Mongolian part of the Uvs è çàïàäå Õóáñóãóëüñêîãî àéìàêîâ (ëè÷íîå Nuur depression (Nyambayar, Tseveenmy- ñîîáùåíèå È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà), ýòî ñàìûå âîñ- adag, 2009; no specific dates and places òî÷íûå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå íàõîäêè ïòèö were given). In the database of the Center þæíîñèáèðñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè, êîòîðûå ðàñ- for Field Studies there is information on 4 ïîëîæåíû âñåãî â 300–350 êì îò èçâåñò- nests of the Imperial Eagles that were found íûõ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â áàñ- in the middle reach of the Tesiyn-Gol river ñåéíå Ñåëåíãè (ðèñ. 1). on the north of the Zavkhan aimag and on Âîïðîñ î ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ñåâåðå Ìîí- the west of the Khovsgol aimag (I.V. Kar- ãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ ïîêà îñòà¸òñÿ îòêðûòûì. yakin, pers. comm.); these were the most  àâãóñòå 1990 ã. ìîãèëüíèê íåñêîëüêî ðàç eastern of the known records of birds of the îòìå÷àëñÿ â óðî÷èùàõ Õóäàã Çóí-Ãóëàí è South Siberian population, which are locat- Êîê-Ñàé (îêðåñòíîñòè ñóìîíà Öàãààííóóð ed only 300–350 km away from the known íà ñåâåðå Áàÿí-Óëãèéñêîãî àéìàêà, íåäà- breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle in ëåêî îò ãðàíèöû ñ Ðîññèåé) (Ïîïîâ è äð., the Selenge river basin (fig. 1). 1998). Èìåþòñÿ ñîâðåìåííûå ñâåäåíèÿ The question on breeding in the north of î âñòðå÷å âçðîñëîé ïòèöû îêîëî îçåðà the Mongolian Altai is still open. In August Õààð-Óñ-Íóð 2 èþíÿ 2007 ã. (Malmaeus, 1990, several records of the Imperial Eag- 2007) è íàä äîëèíîé ð. Áóõ-Ìóðýí-Ãîë, ïîä le were made in Khudag Zun-Gulan and ãîðîé Øîâîí-Óëà, 12 èþíÿ 2009 ã. (ëè÷íîå Kok-Sai districts (outskirts of the Tsagaan- ñîîáùåíèå Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâà).  ïîñëåãíåç- nuur sum on the north of the Bayan-Olgii äîâîé ïåðèîä îäèí ðàç ìîãèëüíèê áûë çà- aimag not far from the border with Russia) ðåãèñòðèðîâàí â çàïîâåäíèêå «Õóõ Ñýðõ», (Popov et al., 1998). During post-breeding ðàñïîëîæåííîì íà âîñòî÷íûõ îòðîãàõ season, it was once observed in the “Khukh Ìîíãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ, â ðàéîíå àéìà÷íîãî Serh” nature reserve located on the eastern 190 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

öåíòðà Õîâä (Áîëä, Öýâýýíìÿäàã, 1993). branches of the Mongolian Altai near the Èçâåñòíû òàêæå íàõîäêè ýòîãî âèäà â ïå- Khovd aimag center (Bold, Tseveenmyadag, ðèîä ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðàéî- 1993). The records of this species during íàõ Êàçàõñòàíà (þæíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ the breeding season were also made in the è äîëèíà ð. Áóõòàðìà) (Êîðåëîâ, 1962; adjacent regions of Kazakhstan (southern Áåðåçîâèêîâ, Ðóáèíè÷, 2001; Ñòàðèêîâ, foothills of the Altai and the Bukhtarma river 2005; ×åëûøåâ, 2008) è Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî valley) (Korelov, 1962) and the Southeast- Àëòàÿ (ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Áàð-Áóðãàçû, ern Altai (middle reach of the Bar-Burgazy Êîø-Àãà÷ñêèé ðàéîí Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé) river, Kosh-Agach region, Altai Republic) (Áàðàøêîâà è äð., 2009). (Barashkova et al., 2009). Îñîáíÿêîì ñòîÿò íàáëþäåíèÿ ìîãèëüíè- The observations of the Imperial Eagle in êà â Äæóíãàðñêîé Ãîáè è íà þãî-âîñòîêå the Dzungarian Gobi and on the southeast Ìîíãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ (ìû ñêëîííû îòíîñèòü of the Mongolian Altai stand apart (we in- ýòèõ ïòèö òîæå ê þæíîñèáèðñêîé ïîïóëÿ- cline to refer these birds to the South Sibe- öèè). Íà ïðîë¸òå îí îòìå÷àëñÿ â äîëèíå rian population, as well). Migrating Imperial ðåêè Áóëãàí (ñåâåð Äæóíãàðñêîé Ãîáè, Eagles were recorded in the valley of the ñóìîí Áóëãàí Õîâäñêîãî àéìàêà) (Ôîìèí, Bulgan river (the north of the Dzungarian Áîëä, 1991), çäåñü òàêæå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ Gobi; Bulgan sum, Khovd aimag) (Fomin, åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå (Bold et al., 1996).  êîí- Bold, 1991); it was also assumed to be its öå àâãóñòà 1981 ã. ìîãèëüíèê âñòðå÷åí â breeding territory (Bold et al., 1996). In the õîëìèñòûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ â 10 êì þæíåå ãî- end of August 1981, the Imperial Eagle was ðîäà Àëòàé (Ãîáè-Àëòàéñêèé àéìàê). Îñî- observed in the foothills 10 km to the south áûé èíòåðåñ äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ ðàéîíîâ ïðî- from the Altai town (Govi-Altai aimag). The ë¸òà è çèìîâêè ìîãèëüíèêîâ èç çàïàäíîé following information is of particular inter- ÷àñòè Ìîíãîëèè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñëåäóþùàÿ est for elucidating the migration and win- èíôîðìàöèÿ: íåïîëîâîçðåëàÿ ÷åòûð¸õ- tering grounds of the Imperial Eagles in the ëåòíÿÿ ñàìêà ìîãèëüíèêà, ïîìå÷åííàÿ western Mongolia: immature 4-year-old â ìàðòå ñïóòíèêîâûì ïåðåäàò÷èêîì íà female Imperial Eagle fitted with a satellite transmitter in March during wintering on the southwestern part of the Arabian Penin- sula (the Imperial Eagles from the Southern Urals, Volga–Ural interfluve, and Northern Kazakhstan winter here) spent summer (April 9 – September 6) in Northwestern China (Dzungaria) not far from the border with Mongolia, and flew back to Arabia for winter (Meyburg et al., 1996; Meyburg, Meyburg, 2010). In the late 1990s, the breeding popula- tion of the Imperial Eagle in the Baikal Re- gion (in the Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk and Chita districts) was estimated at 70–90 pairs (Ryabtsev, 1999). In Tyva, this species has always been rare, only nest having been found here over the entire period of ornitho- logical surveys, carried out until the 1990s (Baranov, 1991); in 1999, the number of the species in southwestern regions of Tyva ad- jacent to Mongolia was estimated at 5 pairs (Karyakin, 1999). On the basis of the results of specific counts in 2005 and their extrap- olation to the landscape base, the number

Îäíî èç ïîñëåäíèõ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà, ñîõðàíÿþùåå- ñÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ Òåñèéí-Ãîëà, êîòîðîå óæå äàâíî íå çàíèìàåòñÿ îðëàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. One of last nests of the Imperial Eagle in the upper reaches of the Tesiyn-Gol river, which has been not occupied by eagles for years. Photo by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 191

çèìîâêå íà þãî-çàïàäå Àðàâèéñêîãî ïî- of the Imperial Eagles in the Irkutsk district ëóîñòðîâà (çäåñü çèìóþò ìîãèëüíèêè èç and Buryatia was estimated at 246–288 Þæíîãî Óðàëà, Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ìåæäó- pairs (Karyakin et al., 2006); the authors ðå÷üÿ, Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà), ëåòî (ñ 9 confirmed the negative trend in the number àïðåëÿ ïî 6 ñåíòÿáðÿ) ïðîâåëà â Ñåâåðî- of the species in this region. Therefore, the Çàïàäíîì Êèòàå (Äæóíãàðèÿ), íåäàëåêî discrepancy in the estimations given should îò ãðàíèöû ñ Ìîíãîëèåé, à íà çèìó ñíîâà be accounted only for the fact that the re- óëåòåëà â Àðàâèþ (Meyburg et al., 1996; gion was better surveyed and with different Meyburg, Meyburg, 2010). methods of extrapolation of the initial data. Only single pairs or individuals were Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ commonly recorded in Mongolia during Ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ìîãèëüíèê ïî ëåñîñòåï- the breeding and migrating seasons. On íûì èëè ëåñîëóãîâûì ìåæãîðíûì êîòëî- the basis of the published data and their âèíàì è øèðîêèì äîëèíàì ðåê íà âûñîòå own observations (the data of Sh. Boldbaa- 1000–2300 ì íàä óð. ì. Äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ tar), the number of breeding population in íóæäàåòñÿ â âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ äåðåâüÿõ, íî Mongolia in the early 2000 was estimated ñïëîøíûå ëåñíûå ìàññèâû èçáåãàåò, à ïî- at 40–50 pairs. The number of the species ñåëÿåòñÿ ïî îïóøêàì èëè â ðàçðåæåííûõ has recently considerably decreased. Thus, íàñàæäåíèÿõ. Âòîðîé, íå ìåíåå âàæíûé, in August 2009 in northern Mongolia (the ôàêòîð âûáîðà ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – íàëè- length of the automobile route was 2,300 ÷èå äîñòàòî÷íîãî êîëè÷åñòâà äîñòóïíûõ km), we observed no Imperial Eagles (al- êîðìîâûõ ðåñóðñîâ, îñíîâó êîòîðûõ though several regions were surveyed ñîñòàâëÿþò ãðûçóíû (â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü where it used to be found. No records were – äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê Spermophilus also made in May – June 2008 during the undulatus). expedition in the Northern Khangai Moun- tains and the Great Lakes depressions (the Ñðîêè ïðåáûâàíèÿ Uvs Nuur and Khyargas Nuur depressions)  Ïðèáàéêàëüå ïåðâûå ìîãèëüíèêè ïðè- and in June 2010 in the Mongolian Altai ëåòàþò óæå â òðåòüåé äåêàäå ìàðòà (â þæ- (Govi-Altai, Khovd, Bayan-Olgii, and Uvs íûå ðàéîíû), êîãäà ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ áîëüøèå aimags). According to the data of Karyakin ïðîòàëèíû, è óæå â ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ àïðå- (pers. comm.), all the nests of the Imperial ëÿ íà÷èíàþò äåðæàòüñÿ ó ñâîèõ ãí¸çä; îò- Eagle in Mongolia (Tesiyn-Gol river basin) êëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò â ñåðåäèíå àïðåëÿ and Tyva that are known to him were no – íà÷àëå ìàÿ; ïòåíöû â áîëüøèíñòâå ãí¸çä longer occupied by birds after 2002. íà÷èíàþò âûëóïëÿòüñÿ â ïåðâîé äåêàäå Different explanations are given to an èþíÿ, à ïîêèäàþò ãí¸çäà â íà÷àëå àâãóñòà; abrupt decrease in the number of the Im- ñàìûå ïîçäíèå âûâîäêè îñòàþòñÿ â ãí¸ç- perial Eagle in Mongolia and adjacent ter- äàõ äî êîíöà àâãóñòà; ïîñëå ïîäú¸ìà íà ritories of Cis-Baikal and Tuva over the last êðûëî ñë¸òêè äîëãîå âðåìÿ (äî 1 ìåñÿöà) decade. Ryabtsev (1999, 2000) considers äåðæàòñÿ â ðàéîíå ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà; unfavourable changes in migration and îñåííÿÿ ìèãðàöèÿ ïðîõîäèò â êîíöå ñåí- wintering grounds in China, which resulted òÿáðÿ – ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå îêòÿáðÿ (Ðÿá- from the direct extermination, use of pesti- öåâ, 2000). cides, and deterioration of food potential to  ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ìîíãîëèè ïåðâûå be the main reason for failure of the Baikal- ìîãèëüíèêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â êîíöå àïðåëÿ; Daurian population. Karyakin believes (pers. ñàìûå ïîçäíèå âñòðå÷è â Ìîíãîëèè ðåãè- comm.) that the number of the Imperial ñòðèðîâàëèñü â ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ íîÿáðÿ. Eagles in North Mongolia and Tyva could  ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ î decrease abruptly after the Ministry of Ag- âñòðå÷àõ ìîãèëüíèêà â Ïðèõóáñóãóëüå riculture of Mongolia extensively used bro- â çèìíèé ïåðèîä. Â.Ñ. Ìîëëåñîí (1891) madiolone a rodenticide to abate Brandt’s ñ÷èòàë åãî îñ¸äëûì âèäîì äëÿ îêðåñòíî- Voles (Microtus brandtii) in 2001–2003. In ñòåé ïîñ. Êÿõòà, Ä. Ñóìúÿà è Í.Ã. Ñêðÿáèí our opinion, both these factors took place, (1989) ïèøóò î íàáëþäåíèè ìîãèëüíèêà which could impact differently in different â ÿíâàðå 1981 ã. â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó parts of the breeding range. îêîëî ïîñ. Òóðòó. Íàì ýòè íàáëþäåíèÿ It is necessary to include the Imperial Ea- êàæóòñÿ î÷åíü ñîìíèòåëüíûìè – ïî âñåé gle to the Red Data Book of Mongolia, which âèäèìîñòè, ïðîèçîøëà îøèáêà â îïðåäå- was supposed to be done as early as when ëåíèè âèäà, è çà ìîãèëüíèêîâ áûëè ïðè- the first variant of the Red Data Book was be- íÿòû áåðêóòû (Aquila chrysaetos). ing prepared (Munkhtogtokh, Bold, 1993). 192 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

×èñëåííîñòü áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû íåêîòîðûå ðàéîíû, ãäå  êîíöå 1990-õ ãîäîâ ãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåí- åãî íàõîäèëè ðàíåå). Íå çàðåãèñòðèðî- íîñòü ïðèáàéêàëüñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãèëü- âàí îí íàìè òàêæå â ìàå–èþíå 2008 ã., âî íèêà (â Áóðÿòèè, Èðêóòñêîé è ×èòèíñêîé âðåìÿ ýêñïåäèöèè ïî Ñåâåðíîìó Õàíãàþ îáëàñòÿõ) îöåíèâàëàñü â 70–90 ïàð (Ðÿá- è êîòëîâèíàì Áîëüøèõ îç¸ð (Óáñóíóðñêîé öåâ, 1999). Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ñïåöèàëüíûõ è Õÿðãàññêîé), è â èþíå 2010 ã. íà Ìîí- ïîëåâûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ðàáîò â 2005 ã. è èõ ãîëüñêîì Àëòàå (Ãîáè-Àëòàéñêèé, Õîâäñêèé, ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè íà ëàíäøàôòíóþ îñíîâó, Áàÿí-Óëãèéñêèé è Óáñóíóðñêèé àéìàêè). Ïî ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà â Èðêóòñêîé îá- äàííûì È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), ëàñòè è Áóðÿòèè îöåíåíà â 246–288 ïàð âñå èçâåñòíûå åìó ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â Ìîí- (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006), ïðè ýòîì àâòîðû ãîëèè (áàññåéí Òýñèéí-Ãîëà) è Òóâå ïåðåñòà- ïîäòâåðäèëè îòðèöàòåëüíûé òðåíä ÷èñ- ëè çàíèìàòüñÿ ïòèöàìè ïîñëå 2002 ã. ëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà â äàííîì ðåãèîíå. Ïîýòîìó ðàñõîæäåíèå â ïðèâåä¸ííûõ Áèîëîãèÿ îöåíêàõ íóæíî ñâÿçûâàòü òîëüêî ñ óëó÷-  þæíîé Òóâå îòêëàäêà ÿèö îòìå÷åíà 29 øåíèåì ñòåïåíè îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ðåãèî- àïðåëÿ – 2 ìàÿ (Áàðàíîâ, 1991).  êëàä- íà è ñ ðàçíûìè ìåòîäàìè ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè êå îò 1 äî 4 (÷àùå âñåãî 2) ÿéöà, êîòîðûå èñõîäíûõ äàííûõ, íî íèêàê íå ñ ðåàëüíûì îòêëàäûâàþòñÿ ñ èíòåðâàëîì â 2 äíÿ; èí- óâåëè÷åíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà.  êóáàöèÿ äëèòñÿ 41–44 äíÿ; ïòåíöû íàõî- Òóâå ýòîò âèä âñåãäà áûë ðåäêèì è çà âñþ äÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå äî 75 äíåé (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). èñòîðèþ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé Âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöîâ â þæíîé Áóðÿòèè äî íà÷àëà 1990-õ ãîäîâ çäåñü íàéäåíî âñå- ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü âî âòîðîé äåêàäå ìàÿ ãî 1 ãíåçäî (Áàðàíîâ, 1991); â 1999 ã. ÷èñ- (Ãîëîâóøêèí, Îñèïîâà, 1988).  çàïàäíîì ëåííîñòü âèäà â ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê Ìîíãîëèè Çàáàéêàëüå ïòåíöîâ â ãíåçäå îòìå÷àëè 30 þãî-çàïàäíûõ ðàéîíàõ Òóâû áûëà îöåíåíà èþíÿ (Åøååâ, 1989).  þãî-âîñòî÷íîì Çà- â 5 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1999). áàéêàëüå æèëûå ãí¸çäà íàõîäèëè â ïåðèîä  Ìîíãîëèè ïîâñåìåñòíî â ãíåçäîâîå ñ 16 ìàÿ ïî 14 èþëÿ (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 1986). âðåìÿ è íà ïðîë¸òå îòìå÷àëèñü òîëüêî Ãí¸çäà ÷àùå âñåãî óñòðàèâàåò íà ñîñíàõ åäèíè÷íûå ïàðû èëè îñîáè. Íà îñíîâàíèè è ëèñòâåííèöàõ: èëè íà ñëîìàííûõ âåð- Ìåñòà áûëîãî ãíåç- äîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ëèòåðàòóðíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ è ñîáñòâåííûõ õóøêàõ, èëè íà âåðõíèõ áîêîâûõ âåòêàõ ó äîëèíå ð. Òåñèéí-Ãîë. íàáëþäåíèé (äàííûå Ø. Áîëäáààòàðà), ÷èñ- ñòâîëà, èíîãäà íà âûñîòå äî 30–35 ì (Åøå-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âñå ëåííîñòü ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè â Ìîíãîëèè åâ, 1989). ×àùå âñåãî ãí¸çäà èñïîëüçóþòñÿ èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ìî- â íà÷àëå 2000-õ ãîäîâ îöåíèâàëàñü â 40–50 íå îäèí ãîä. Ìíîãîëåòíèå ïîñòðîéêè áû- ãèëüíèêà çäåñü ïóñòóþò. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ïàð, îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèëàñü â âàþò äèàìåòðîì äî 1,5 ì è âûñîòîé äî 2 Breeding habitats of Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãîëèè (Ïðèõóáñóãóëüå, áàñ- ì; â âûñòèëêå ëîòêà âñåãäà èñïîëüçóþòñÿ the Imperial Eagle in ñåéíû Ñåëåíãè, Îðõîíà è Îíîíà).  íàñòîÿ- ñâåæèå âåòêè ëèñòâåííèöû è ñîñíû (Ðÿá- the Tesiyn-Gol river ùåå âðåìÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîãî âèäà â Ìîí- öåâ, 2000).  þæíîé Òóâå áûëî íàéäåíî valley in the past. Now ãîëèè ñóùåñòâåííî ñíèçèëàñü. Òàê, â àâãóñòå ãíåçäî, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà çåìëå ïîä all the known nests of the Imperial Eagle are 2009 ã. â Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãîëèè (ïðîòÿæ¸í- ïðèêðûòèåì êóñòà êàðàãàíû, íà íåáîëü- empty here. íîñòü àâòîìàðøðóòà ñîñòàâèëà 2,3 òûñ. êì) øîì óñòóïå â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè áåçëåñíîãî Photo by I. Karyakin. ìîãèëüíèê íàìè íå îòìå÷åí íè ðàçó (â ò.÷. êàìåíèñòî-ùåáíèñòîãî ñêëîíà (Áàðàíîâ, Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 193

1991). Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â ýòîì æå ðàéîíå â 1999 ã. áûëî íàéäåíî åù¸ äâà ãíåçäà, êîòî- ðûå òîæå ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íå íà äåðåâüÿõ, à â îñíîâàíèè êóñòîâ êàðàãàíû, ðàñòóùèõ íà óñòóïàõ ãîðíûõ ñêëîíîâ (Êàðÿêèí, 1999). Ñïåêòð ïèòàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà î÷åíü øè- ðîê – îò ìåëêèõ ãðûçóíîâ è ìåëêèõ ïòèö (âåñîì îò 20 ã), è äàæå êðóïíûõ íàñåêî- ìûõ, äî ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ñðåäíåãî ðàçìå- ðà (çàéöû, ñóðêè, ëèñèöû) è êðóïíûõ ïòèö (óòêè, öàïëè, ìîëîäûå ãóñè, æóðàâëè è äðîôû) ìàññîé äî 3–4 êã (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000).  Çàáàéêàëüå ñðåäè ïîåäåé è â ïîãàäêàõ ìî- ãèëüíèêà îáíàðóæåíû êîñòè çàéöà-áåëÿêà (Lepus timidus), îñòàòêè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè (Ochotona daurica), äàóðñêîãî åæà (Eri- Ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ â áàññåéíå Îíîíà. Äàóðèÿ, naceus dauuricus), ÷¸ðíîé âîðîíû (Corvus 5 àâãóñòà 2010 ã. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. corone), êàìåííîãî ãëóõàðÿ (Tetrao parvi- Pair of the Imperial Eagle in the Onon river basin. rostris) (Åøååâ, 1989; Ãîëîâóøêèí, Îñè- Dahuria, 5 August 2010. Photo by E. Nikolenko. ïîâà, 1988). Íî îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì åãî ïèòàíèÿ, êîòîðûé è îïðåäåëÿåò ðàñïðî- íàõ ðåê, êîòîðîå ïîäðûâàåò ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Çàáàéêàëüå, ÿâëÿ- ãðûçóíîâ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, êîðìîâóþ åòñÿ äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê (Ãîëîâóøêèí, áàçó ìîãèëüíèêà, ðîñò ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîé- Îñèïîâà, 1988; Ðÿáöåâ, 1999).  Òóâå â ñòâà â ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà òàêæå äîìèíèðîâàëè Ìîãèëüíèê îõðàíÿåòñÿ â Óáñó-Íóðñêîì äëèííîõâîñòûå ñóñëèêè, ñîñòàâëÿÿ 42,85% è Õàí-Õýíòýéñêîì çàïîâåäíèêàõ, â Îíîí- â ðàöèîíå ó îðëîâ â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå Áàëæñêîì (ãíåçäèòñÿ), Õàíãàéñêîì è Õóá- è 67,57% – â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Êà- ñóãóëüñêîì íàöèîíàëüíûõ ïàðêàõ, â çà- ðÿêèí, 1999). Íå áðåçãóþò ìîãèëüíèêè è êàçíèêå «Áóëãàí Ãîë». Äëÿ äàííîãî âèäà ïàäàëüþ, îñîáåííî ðàííåé âåñíîé, êîãäà â Ìîíãîëèè âûäåëåíû ñëåäóþùèå êëþ- íåò âîçìîæíîñòè äîáûâàòü äðóãèå æåðòâû ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ (Important Bird Areas) (Nyambayar, Tseveenmyadag, Ëèìèòèðóþùèå ôàêòîðû è îõðàíà 2009): «Bulgan River» (MN004), «Uvs Lake» Ðåçêîå ñíèæåíèå â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíå- (MN009), «Khangain Nuruu National Park» ãî äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà (MN030), «Khovsgol Lake» (MN035), «Bul- â Ìîíãîëèè è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððè- gan Tal» (MN036), «Teshigiin Olon Lakes» òîðèÿõ Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ è Òóâû îáúÿñíÿåò- (MN037), «Airkhan Lake» (MN038), «Tari- ñÿ ïî-ðàçíîìó. Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (1999, 2000) alan» (MN039), «Erdenesant Mountains» ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé êðàõà (MN044), «Khan-Khentii strictly protected ïðèáàéêàëüñêî-äàóðñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ÿâëÿ- area» (MN055), «Valley of Khurkh-Khuiten þòñÿ íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûå èçìåíåíèÿ â ìå- Rivers» (MN058), «Valley of Onon-Balj Riv- ñòàõ ïðîë¸òà è çèìîâêè â Êèòàå â ðåçóëü- ers» (MN059). òàòå ïðÿìîãî èñòðåáëåíèÿ, ïðèìåíåíèÿ Íåîáõîäèìî âêëþ÷èòü ìîãèëüíèêà â ïåñòèöèäîâ, óõóäøåíèÿ êîðìîâîé áàçû. Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ìîíãîëèè, ÷òî ïðåäëàãà- Ïî ìíåíèþ È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà (ëè÷íîå ñîîá- ëîñü ñäåëàòü åù¸ ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå ïåðâîãî ùåíèå), ìîãèëüíèêè ðåçêî ñíèçèëè ñâîþ å¸ âàðèàíòà (Ìóíõòîãòîõ, Áîëä, 1993). ÷èñëåííîñòü â Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãîëèè è Òóâå ïîñëå ìàññîâîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ â 2001–2003 Áëàãîäàðíîñòè ãã. Ìèíñåëüõîçîì Ìîíãîëèè äëÿ áîðüáû ñ Ìû ïðèçíàòåëüíû È.Â. Êàðÿêèíó, Å.Ð. ïîë¸âêîé Áðàíäòà (Microtus brandtii) îò- Ïîòàïîâó è Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâó çà ïðåäîñòàâ- ðàâëÿþùåãî âåùåñòâà áðîìàäèîëîí. Ìû ëåííóþ âîçìîæíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàòü ìà- ñ÷èòàåì, ÷òî èìåëè ìåñòî îáà ýòè ôàêòî- òåðèàëû èõ íàáëþäåíèé çà ìîãèëüíèêîì ðà, êîòîðûå â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ àðåàëà ìîãëè â Ìîíãîëèè, õðàíÿùèåñÿ â áàçå äàííûõ ïðîÿâëÿòüñÿ ïî-ðàçíîìó. Ê äðóãèì, ìåíåå Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. çíà÷èìûì ôàêòîðàì, ìîæíî îòíåñòè òàê- æå âûðóáêó ëåñîâ è èõ ãèáåëü èç-çà âñïû- Ëèòåðàòóðà øåê øåëêîïðÿäà è ïîæàðîâ, ëîêàëüíîå Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû óâåëè÷åíèå ïàñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêè â äîëè- Òóâû. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1991. 320 ñ. 194 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Òîìè- ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Õýíòýéñêîì àéìàêå (ÌÍÐ). ëåíêî À.À. Íåêîòîðûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïåðíàòûõ – Ýêîëîãèÿ è ôàóíà ïòèö Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè. õèùíèêàõ ÊÎÒÐ «Ìàññèâ Òàëäóàèð», Þãî- Óëàí-Óäý, 1991. Ñ. 147–151. Âîñòî÷íûé Àëòàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Ïîïîâ Â.Â., Êàðäàø À.È., Âåðæóöêèé Ä.Á. è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 80–89. Ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ýêîëîãèè õèùíûõ ïòèö Áåðåçîâèêîâ Í.Í., Ðóáèíè÷ Á. Îðíèòîëî- è ñîâ íà âîñòîêå è çàïàäå Ìîíãîëèè. Òðóäû ãè÷åñêèå íàõîäêè â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå. – Áàéêàëî-Ëåíñêîãî ãîñ. ïðèðîäí. Çàïîâåäíèêà. Selevinia, 2001. ¹1–4. Ñ. 57–65. Âûï. 1. Ì., 1998. Ñ. 85–89. Áîëä À., Äîðæèåâ Ö.Ç., Þìîâ Á.Î., Öýâýýí- Ïîïîâ Â.Â., Òóïèöûí È.È. Ê ðàñïðîñòðàíå- ìÿäàã Í. Ôàóíà ïòèö áàññåéíà îçåðà Áàéêàë íèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèõóáñóãóëüÿ, (ñïèñîê è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå). – Ýêîëîãèÿ è ôà- Ìîíãîëèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. óíà ïòèö Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè. Óëàí-Óäý, 1991. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 116–117. Ñ. 3–24. Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê â Ñèáèðè. – Áîëä À., Öýâýýíìÿäàã Í. Ê èçó÷åíèþ àâè- Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿ- ôàóíû çàïîâåäíèêà Õóõ-ñýðõ (Ìîíãîëüñêèé íèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà- Àëòàé). Áàðóóí ìîíãîë, òүүíèé õèë çàëãàà íóò- ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ì., 1999. ãèéí áàéãàëèéí íөõöөë, áèîëîãèéí íөөö áàÿ- Ñ. 54–61. ëàã. Èëòãýëèéí õóðààíãóé. Óëààíáààòàð,1993. Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. Îðëû Áàéêàëà. Èðêóòñê, 2000. Ñ. 63–65. 128 ñ. Áîëäáààòàð Ø. Ïòèöû áàññåéíà ðåêè Ýã. – Ñêðÿáèí Í.Ã., Ïûæüÿíîâ Ñ.Â., Ñàäêîâ Â.Ñ., Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ Ñèáèðè è Ñàôðîíîâ Í.Í., Ïîäêîâûðîâ Â.À., Ñóìúÿà Ä. Ìîíãîëèè. Âûï. 3. Óëàí-Óäý, 2003. Ñ. 6–18. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Áàéêàëüñêîé ðèôòîâîé çîíû. – Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö þãî- Ðåäêèå íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñèáèðè. Íîâî- âîñòî÷íîãî Çàáàéêàëüÿ. – Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö ÑÑÑÐ, ñèáèðñê, 1988. Ñ. 198–211. èõ îõðàíà è ðàöèîíàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå: Òåç. Ñìèðíîâ À.Þ., Äóðíåâ Þ.À., Ìîñêîâ- äîêë. ×. 1. Ë., 1986. Ñ. 116–117. ñêèé À.À., Ãîðÿèíîâ Ï.Ï., Ñìèðíîâà Î.Â. 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LocalitiesofSurveysoftheEasternImperialEagle(Aquilaheliaca) MentionedintheArticlesofthe20thIssueof“RaptorsConservation” ГЕОГРАФИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ВОСТОЧНОГО МОГИЛЬНИКА (AQUILA HELIACA), ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ КОТОРЫХ ОПУБЛИКОВАНЫ СТАТЬИ И КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ В №20 ЖУРНАЛА «ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ И ИХ ОХРАНА»

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ShortReports КРАТКИЕСООБЩЕНИЯ MonitoringoftheImperialEagleBreedingGroupinAgricultural LandscapeNearDmitrovgrad,Russia МОНИТОРИНГ ГНЕЗДОВОЙ ГРУППИРОВКИ МОГИЛЬНИКОВ, ГНЕЗДЯЩИХСЯ В АГРОЛАНДШАФТЕ БЛИЗ ДМИТРОВГРАДА, РОССИЯ AdamovS.G.(BirdwatchingCluboftheMiddleVolgaRegion,Dmitrovgrad,Russia) Адамов С.Г. (Средневолжский клуб любителей птиц, Дмитровград, Россия)

Êîíòàêò:  ñåçîí 2010 ã. áûëè ïðîâåäåíû íàáëþäå- The observations over five breeding pairs Ñåðãåé Àäàìîâ íèÿ çà ïÿòüþ ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ïàðàìè îðëîâ- of Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in the Ñðåäíåâîëæñêèé êëóá ëþáèòåëåé ïòèö ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca): òðè ïàðû neighbourhood of Dimitrovgrad were car- [email protected] îðëîâ ãíåçäÿòñÿ â Ìåëåêåññêîì ðàéîíå ried out during the 2010 season. All nests www.volgabirds.ru Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, îäíà ïàðà – â Ñïàñ- of the eagles were located in forest belts ñêîì ðàéîíå Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí, îäíà near the villages, three of those, near busy Contact: ïàðà – â Êîøêèíñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàðñêîé roads. The forest belts were located along Sergey Adamov îáëàñòè. Âñå ãí¸çäà îðëîâ ðàñïîëîæåíû fields, where the agricultural activity is per- Srednevolzhskiy â ëåñîïîëîñàõ íåäàëåêî îò ïîñ¸ëêîâ, òðè formed. Three nests were located on birch Birdwatching Club èç íèõ – âáëèçè îæèâë¸ííûõ àâòîäîðîã. trees and built in the center of crowns; one [email protected] www.volgabirds.ru Ëåñîïîëîñû ðàñïîëîæåíû âäîëü ïîëåé, nest was located on an elm, and another íà êîòîðûõ âåä¸òñÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü. Òðè ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà Ìîãèëüíèêè (Aquila heliaca) íà ãí¸çäàõ â 2010 ã.: áåð¸çàõ è óñòðîåíû â öåíòðå êðîí, îäíî ââåðõó – ãíåçäî íà òîïîëå, âíèçó – íà áåð¸çå. ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà âÿçå è îäíî ãíåç- Ôîòî Ñ. Àäàìîâà. äî – íà òîïîëå. Ïîñëåäíåå ãíåçäî óñòðîåíî Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in the nests in 2010: íà êðóïíîé ñóõîé áîêîâîé âåòâè äåðåâà, â upper – nest on the poplar, bottom – nest on the birch. Ðèñ. 1. Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëü- âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæå- Photos by S. Adamov. íèêà (Aquila heliaca), íèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò îò 10 äî 25 ì è ìàê- ïðîâåðåííûå â 2010 ã. ñèìàëüíà ó ãíåçäà, óñòðîåííîãî íà òîïîëå. Fig. 1. Nests of the Ó âñåõ ïÿòè ïàð îðëîâ â 2010 ã. áûëî Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) checked in ïî îäíîìó ïòåíöó. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî 2010. â 2009 ã. ó ïàðû â Êîøêèíñêîì ðàéîíå Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 197

– on a poplar tree. The latter nest was built on a large dried side branch of the tree, in the upper crown. The height of nest plac- ing varies from 10 to 25 m, the maximum height is for the nest built on a poplar tree. All five pairs had one chick each in 2010. It should be noted that in 2009, three chicks were found in the nest of the pair in the Ko- shkinski region in the Samara district. In some nests in 2010, two-week-old chicks were staying without their parents for a long period. In all likelihood, the lack of food had an effect during the abnormally hot summer, Ïòåíöû ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäå íà âÿçå â Êîøêèíñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàð- which had set in the Middle Volga Region ñêîé îáëàñòè. 08.07.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Àäàìîâà. in the year when the observations were car- Chicks of the Imperial Eagle in the nest on the elm. Koshkinskiy ried out. region, Samara District. 08/07/2009. Photo by S. Adamov. The nest built by the eagles on the poplar tree is almost 2 m by its diameter and 1.5 Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 3 m high. Being located on a high dry branch, ïòåíöà. there was a possibility of it sooner or later  íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çäàõ â 2010 ã. ïòåíöû collapsing. In order the birds could use the â äâóõíåäåëüíîì âîçðàñòå óæå ïîäîëãó nest for a long time, the author with par- îñòàâàëèñü áåç ðîäèòåëåé. Ïî âñåé âè- ticipation of Mikhail Korepov and Mikhail äèìîñòè, ñêàçûâàëàñü íåõâàòêà êîðìà â Shashkin (Ulyanovsk) fastened it on October àíîìàëüíî æàðêîå ëåòî, êîòîðîå óñòàíî- 7, 2010: the branch was rigidly fixed using âèëîñü â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå â ãîä íàáëþ- 10×10 cm pine slabs. äåíèé. Ïðèë¸òû îðëîâ ê ãí¸çäàì ñ ïòåíöà- ìè áûëè î÷åíü ðåäêè, ÷àñòî ÿ íå íàáëþäàë èõ ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñ ðàííåãî óòðà è äî ñóìå- ðåê. Îäíàæäû ÿ íàáëþäàë äàæå íàïàäåíèå ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà ñîáàêó. Áûëî îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè ê ãíåçäó ñåëüõîçòåõíèêè, ðàáîòàþùåé íà ïîëå, ïòèöû ñ íàñèæèâàåìîé êëàäêè, ÷àùå âñåãî, ñëåòàëè. Îäíàæäû, ïðîåçæàÿ ìèìî ëåñîïîëîñû, ÿ óâèäåë ñêîïëåíèå òðàêòî- ðîâ, ìàøèí è ëþäåé â òåíè áîëüøîé áå- ð¸çû, íà êîòîðîé ðàçìåùàëîñü îðëèíîå ãíåçäî. Êëàäêà áûëà ñïàñåíà òîëüêî ïî ñ÷àñòëèâîé ñëó÷àéíîñòè – ðàáî÷èå îòúå- õàëè îò ãíåçäà íà ïðèëè÷íîå ðàññòîÿíèå ëèøü ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ìíå óäàëîñü èõ óáå- äèòü íå ãóáèòü ïîòîìñòâî îðëîâ. Ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå îðëàìè íà òîïîëå, äîñòèãàåò â äèàìåòðå ïî÷òè 2-õ ì, âûñîòû – 1,5 ì. Òàê êàê îíî ðàñïîëîæåíî íà âûñî- êîì ñóõîì ñóêó, òî ðàíî èëè ïîçäíî ìîãëî îáðóøèòüñÿ. Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ãíåçäî åù¸ äîëãî ñëóæèëî ïòèöàì, 7 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. àâòîðîì, ïðè ó÷àñòèè Ìèõàèëà Êîðåïîâà è Ìèõàèëà Øàøêèíà (ã. Óëüÿíîâñê), ïðîèç- âåäåíî åãî óêðåïëåíèå: ñóê áûë æ¸ñòêî çà- êðåïë¸í ñîñíîâûìè áðóñüÿìè 10×10 ñì.

Óêðåïëåíèå ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà. 07.10.2010. Ôîòî Ñ. Àäàìîâà. Fastening of the Imperial Eagle's nest. 07/10/2010. Photos by S. Adamov. 198 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

AdditionalRecordsoftheImperialEagleintheSamaraDistrict, AccordingtoResultsofSurveysCarriedOutinAugust,2010,Russia ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ О МОГИЛЬНИКЕ В САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В АВГУСТЕ 2010 ГОДА, РОССИЯ PazhenkovA.S.(Volga-UralECONETAssistanceCentre,Samara,Russia) Паженков А.С. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия)

Êîíòàêò:  îïóáëèêîâàííîé â ýòîì íîìåðå ñòàòüå Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ «Ìîãèëüíèê â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîñ- Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ ñèÿ» (ñòð. 97) íå áûëè ó÷òåíû äàííûå Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè äâóõ àâãóñòîâñêèõ âûåçäîâ. Ìàòåðèàëû, 443045, Ðîññèÿ, ïîëó÷åííûå â õîäå ýòèõ âûåçäîâ, áûëè Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 îáðàáîòàíû óæå ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ñòàòüÿ [email protected] áûëà íàïèñàíà, ïîýòîìó èìååò ñìûñë ïðåäñòàâèòü èõ â âèäå îòäåëüíîãî ñîîá- Contact: ùåíèÿ.  õîäå ïîëåâûõ âûåçäîâ, öåëüþ Aleksey Pazhenkov êîòîðûõ áûëà ïðîâåðêà ñóùåñòâóþùèõ The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre è ïðîåêòèðóåìûõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ ïðèðîäû, P.O. Box 8001, Samara, ïðîâåðåíû äâà ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäî- Russia, 443045 âûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Íà ýòèõ ó÷àñò- [email protected] êàõ îáíàðóæåíî äâà ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), âûïðûãíóâøèé ãíåçäà îðëîâ, êîòîðûå â 2010 ã. îêàçà- èç ãíåçäà íà òîïîëå. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ëèñü æèëûìè (ðèñ. 1). Fledgling of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) left the Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî íàéäåíî íà òåððèòîðèè nest on a poplar. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. Õâîðîñòÿíñêîãî ðàéîíà, íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê ×àãðà è Áåçåí÷óê. Îíî ðàñïîëàãà- The data obtained during two surveys in ëîñü â òð¸õðÿäíîé ëåñîïîëîñå èç òîïîëåé August, 2010 have not been considered in (Populus sp.) ñ ðåäêèìè êóñòàìè ñìîðîäè- the article published in this issue «The Impe- íû, â 2-õ êì îò äåðåâíè. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîé- rial Eagle in the Samara district, Russia». Un- Ðèñ. 1. Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëü- êà áûëà óñòðîåíà â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà òîïîëÿ fortunately these data have been processed íèêà (Aquila heliaca), íàéäåííûå â 2010 ã. íà âûñîòå 12 ì. Ïîä ãíåçäîì 1 àâãóñòà áûë already after the article has been written. îáíàðóæåí ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸ííûé ïòåíåö Fig. 1. Nests of the Thus this information has been presented as Imperial Eagle (Aquila ñ ñèëüíûìè ïðèçíàêàìè îáåçâîæèâàíèÿ è a short report. During surveys two poten- heliaca) found in 2010. äâà òðóïà ïòåíöîâ òàêîãî æå âîçðàñòà, ïî- tial breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle have been inspected. And two new occu- pied nests of the Imperial Eagle have been discovered in these territories (fig. 1). The first nest was located in an artificial forest-line 2 km from a village and was placed in a fork of a poplar (Populus sp.) at a height of 12 m. The fledgling with signs of severe dehydration was found under the nest on August, 1; also we found two car- casses of fledglings of the same age, died about a week ago. The alive fledgling has been fed meat of chicken during 3 days and returned in the nest on August, 7. Later he has fledged successfully. The second nest was found in a artificial forest-line 2.5 km from a large cottage array. It was placed at the top of 25 m pine tree (Pi- nus sylvestris), growing among young artifi- Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 199

ãèáøèõ îêîëî íåäåëè íàçàä. cial pine forest. Nestlings also as well as in the Æèâîé ïòåíåö áûë îòêîðìëåí previous case have jumped out of the nest, â òå÷åíèå 3-õ äíåé ìÿñîì äî- still not being able to fly and one of them has ìàøíåé ïòèöû è âîçâðàùåí broken a wing. Both of nestlings have been â ãíåçäî 7 àâãóñòà. Ïîçæå îí delivered in the Samara Zoo. The healthy nes- óñïåøíî âñòàë íà êðûëî. tling has been returned in the nest in seven Âòîðîå ãíåçäî íàéäåíî â days on August, 9. We visited one again the Êðàñíîÿðñêîì ðàéîíå, íà nest in three days after the nestling returning âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Êèíåëü è – the nestling was on the nesting tree with the Ñàìàðà, âñåãî â 2,5 êì îò full crop and both adult birds being beside. êðóïíîãî äà÷íîãî ìàññèâà. Both nests were perennial and, according Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â Ãåí- to the nest lining, were occupied by eagles êîâñêîé ëåñîïîëîñå è áûëî during several years. Thus, now a total of 103 óñòðîåíî íà âåðøèíå 25-ì breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle, ñîñíû (Pinus sylvestris), ðà- which are occupied by eagles in 2007–2010, Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà ñòóùåé ñðåäè ìîëîäûõ ïîñàäîê. Èç ýòîãî are known in the Samara district. â ãíåçäå íà òîïîëå ãíåçäà ïòåíöû òàê æå, êàê è èç ïðåäûäóùå- Probably as a result of the anomalous – âîçâðàù¸í ïîñëå ãî, âûïðûãíóëè åù¸ íå óìåÿ ëåòàòü è îäèí drought with high temperatures, which âûõàæèâàíèÿ. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. èç íèõ ñëîìàë êðûëî. Îáà ïòåíöà áûëè started from the beginning of May in the äîñòàâëåíû â Ñàìàðñêèé çîîïàðê. ×åðåç Middle Volga region in the breeding season Fledgling of the Imperial Eagle in the nest on a ñåìü äíåé, à èìåííî – 9 àâãóñòà, çäîðîâûé 2010, there were many fledgling of the Im- poplar – released in the ïòåíåö áûë âîçâðàù¸í â ãíåçäî. ×åðåç òðè perial Eagle were died. Unfortunately, scales wild after rehabilitation. äíÿ ïîñëå âîçâðàùåíèÿ ïòåíöà â ãíåçäî of this disaster could not be established. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. ó÷àñòîê ñíîâà ïîñåùàëñÿ – ïòåíåö ñèäåë íà ãíåçäîâîì äåðåâå ñ ïîëíûì çîáîì, îáå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû äåðæàëèñü ðÿäîì. Îáà ãíåçäà áûëè ìíîãîëåòíèìè è çàíè- ìàþòñÿ îðëàìè, ñóäÿ ïî ñëîÿì âûñòèëêè, íå ïåðâûé ãîä. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè èçâåñòíî 103 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íà êîòî- ðûõ îðëû ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ â 2007–2010 ãã. Âåðîÿòíî â ñåçîí 2010 ã., â ñâÿçè ñ àíî- ìàëüíîé çàñóõîé ñ âûñîêèìè òåìïåðàòóðà- ìè, óñòàíîâèâøåéñÿ â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå ñ ñàìîãî íà÷àëà ìàÿ, íàáëþäàëñÿ î÷åíü áîëü- øîé îòõîä ïòåíöîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ ïåðåä ñà- ìûì âûëåòîì. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ìàñøòàáû ýòî- ãî áåäñòâèÿ ïðîñëåäèòü íå óäàëîñü. Áîëüøîé îòõîä ïòåíöîâ â þæíîé ÷àñòè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áûë âûçâàí åù¸ è òåì, ÷òî âåñíîé íàáëþäàëàñü âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøèõ ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus major) è äî íà÷àëà îïåðåíèÿ, âåðîÿòíî, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïàð âû- êàðìëèâàëà âûâîäêè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç 2–3-õ ïòåíöîâ. Îäíàêî, óæå â èþëå ñóñëèêè (à òàê- æå ñóðêè Marmota bobac) çàëåãëè â ñïÿ÷êó, à áîëüøèíñòâî ãðà÷åé (Corvus frugilegus) îòêî÷åâàëè èç ðàéîíîâ çàñóõè, è êîðìîâàÿ Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà îêîëî ãíåçäà (ââåðõó) è îáùèé âèä ãíåçäà íà ñîñíå (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. áàçà ìîãèëüíèêîâ ðåçêî îñêóäåëà. Íà ôîíå íåäîåäàíèÿ ó÷àñòèëèñü ñëó÷àè îáåçâîæèâà- Fledgling of the Imperial Eagle near the nest (upper) and the nesting tree with nest (bottom). íèÿ. Ìíîãèå îðëû, åù¸ íå óìåÿ ëåòàòü, ïî- Photos by A. Pazhenkov. ïðîñòó ñòàëè âûïàäàòü èç ãí¸çä, íàõîäÿùèõ- ñÿ íà ñàìîì ñîëíöåï¸êå, ïðè íåóêëþæèõ íàõ ñîñåí, ãäå ñïðÿòàòüñÿ îò ñîëíöà îðëÿòàì ïîïûòêàõ ñïðÿòàòüñÿ â òåíè, ñîçäàâàåìîé íåâîçìîæíî, à ïàäåíèå ñ âûñîòû áîëåå 20 ãíåçäîâûìè ñîîðóæåíèÿìè. Ìîæíî ïðî- ì çàêàí÷èâàëîñü íåáëàãîïîëó÷íî â ãîðàçäî ãíîçèðîâàòü, ÷òî íàèáîëåå âñåãî îò àíî- áîëüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, ÷åì ïðè ïàäå- ìàëüíîé æàðû ïîñòðàäàëà ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿöèè íèè ñ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ â êðîíàõ ëèñòâåííûõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ èìåííî íà âåðøè- äåðåâüåâ íà ãîðàçäî ìåíüøèõ âûñîòàõ. 200 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

MigrationsofBirdsofPreyThroughtheBlackandAzovSeas– aretheretheVainEndeavours? МИГРАЦИЯ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ ЧЕРЕЗ ЧЁРНОЕ И АЗОВСКОЕ МОРЯ – БЕЗНАДЁЖНЫЕ ПОПЫТКИ? BarabashinT.O.(PedagogicalInstituteoftheSouthernFederalUniversity,Rostov-na- Donu,Russia) Барабашин Т.О. (Педагогический институт Южного федерального университета, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ìèãðàöèè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ – äîñòàòî÷- Migrations of birds of prey are an apprecia- Òèìîôåé Áàðàáàøèí íî õîðîøî èçó÷åííàÿ ÷àñòü èõ æèçíåííî- bly well studied part of their lifecycle. Many Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé ãî öèêëà. Ìíîãèå âèäû ïðåîäîëåâàþò íå species overcome the distance of several èíñòèòóò Þæíîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îäíó òûñÿ÷ó êèëîìåòðîâ êàæäûé ãîä, ïðî- km each year, when they overfly from the óíèâåðñèòåòà ëåòàÿ ñ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ê ìåñòàì çèìîâêè breeding grounds to the wintering grounds 344065, Ðîññèÿ, è îáðàòíî. Ìàðøðóòû ïåðåë¸òîâ õèùíûõ and back. The migration routes of birds of Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, ïòèö èçó÷àþòñÿ êàê ìíîãîëåòíèìè âèçóàëü- prey have been studied both using long- ïåð. Äíåïðîâñêèé, 118, êâ. 204 íûìè íàáëþäåíèÿìè, òàê è ìåòîäàìè ñïóò- term visual observations and the methods [email protected] íèêîâîé òåëåìåòðèè. Íî â ïîäàâëÿþùåì of satellite telemetry. However, in a vast áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ âñå ïåðåë¸òû õèùíûõ majority of cases all passages of the birds Contact: ïòèö ïðèâÿçàíû ê ñóøå. Ïðè ýòîì õèùíèêè of prey are referred to the land. In addition, Timofey Barabashin ïðåäïî÷èòàþò ëàíäøàôòû, ãäå ôîðìèðó- the raptors prefer the landscapes where Pedagogical Institute þòñÿ óñòîé÷èâûå âîñõîäÿùèå ïîòîêè, êî- stable upstreams are formed, which allow of the Southern Federal òîðûå ïîçâîëÿþò èì ñýêîíîìèòü ýíåðãèþ them to save energy during the flight. Ac- University Dneprovskiy str., âî âðåìÿ ïåðåë¸òîâ. Ñîãëàñíî ïîäàâëÿþ- cording to the vast majority of studies, the 118–204, ùåìó áîëüøèíñòâó èññëåäîâàíèé, ïåðå- passages of the raptors over the extensive Rostov-na-Donu, ë¸òû õèùíèêîâ íàä îáøèðíûìè âîäíûìè water basins are more likely to be an excep- Russia, 344065 ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè – ýòî ñêîðåå èñêëþ÷åíèå, tion than the rule. The birds of prey appre- [email protected] ÷åì ïðàâèëî. Õèùíèêè äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî ciably clearly keep to the land–sea border âî âðåìÿ ïåðåë¸òîâ ïðèäåðæèâàþòñÿ ãðà- during the flight, and fly relatively not far íèöû ñóøà-ìîðå, çàëåòàÿ íà àêâàòîðèþ into the basin territory (Lindal, 1984). In a ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåäàëåêî (Ëèíäàë, 1984).  comprehensive worldwide review on dif- îáøèðíîì ìèðîâîì îáçîðå ðàçëè÷íûõ ferent types of migrations of birds of prey òèïîâ ïåðåë¸òîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö (Bildstein, (Bildstein, 2006), it was directly pointed to 2006) ïðÿìî óêàçûâàåòñÿ íà òî, ÷òî ìîð- the fact that migrations of birds of prey over ñêèå ìèãðàöèè õèùíûõ ïòèö ÿâëÿþòñÿ seas are an exceptionally rare form of their èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ðåäêîé ôîðìîé èõ ïåðå- migrations. An analysis of the direction of ìåùåíèé. Àíàëèç íàïðàâëåíèÿ ìèãðàöèè migrations of raptors in the Caucasus also õèùíèêîâ íà Êàâêàçå òàêæå óêàçûâàåò íà points to the fact that all the main migration òî, ÷òî âñå îñíîâíûå ìèãðàöèîííûå ïîòî- flows are mostly directed along the Black êè âî ìíîãîì íàïðàâëåíû âäîëü ïîáåðå- Sea coastline (Abuladze, 2006). æüÿ ׸ðíîãî ìîðÿ (Àáóëàäçå, 2006). In the course of our observations over the Âî âðåìÿ íàøèõ íàáëþäåíèé ìèãðàöèé migrations of the European Honey-Buzzard îñîåäîâ (Pernis apivorus) è êàíþêîâ (Buteo (Pernis apivorus) and Common Buzzard buteo) âäîëü ×åðíîìîðñêîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ â (Buteo buteo) along the Black Sea coastline 2007–2010 ãã. â ðàéîíàõ Àíàïû è Ãåëåí- in 2007–2010 in the area of Anapa and Ge- äæèêà ëèøü îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû î÷åíü ðåäêî lendzhik, only single birds very seldom flew çàëåòàëè â ìîðå íà ðàññòîÿíèå íå áîëüøå over the sea at the distance of no more than 1 êì, ïðè ýòîì âîçâðàùàÿñü ÷åðåç íåêîòî- 1 km; after some time, they returned to the ðîå âðåìÿ íà ñóøó. Ïðîë¸ò õèùíûõ ïòèö land. The flight of the birds of prey through â Âîñòî÷íîì Ïðèàçîâüå òàêæå ÷¸òêî ïðè- the East Azov region is also explicitly re- âÿçàí ê ñóøå, ÷òî ìû îòìå÷àëè âî âðåìÿ ferred to the land, which was observed in èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìèãðàöèé ïòèö íà ïîáå- the course of studies of bird migrations on ðåæüå Òåìðþêñêîãî çàëèâà (Áàðàáàøèí, the coast of the Temryuk Bay (Barabashin, Áàáêèí, 2007) è äàæå ñðàâíèòåëüíî óçêèé Babkin, 2007). Even when flying through Òàãàíðîãñêèé çàëèâ Àçîâñêîãî ìîðÿ õèù- the narrow Taganrog Bay, the raptors prefer Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 201

íèêè ïðåäïî÷èòàþò îáëåòàòü ïî ñóøå, à íå to fly over the land to flying over the basin ëåòåòü ÷åðåç àêâàòîðèè (ëè÷í. ñîîáùåíèå (A.V. Zabashta, pers. comm.; our observa- À.Â. Çàáàøòû; íàøè íàáëþäåíèÿ). tions). Íàáëþäåíèÿ ìèãðàöèé õèùíûõ ïòèö íàä The observations over migrations of birds îòêðûòûì ìîðåì, ïîìèìî ïðî÷åãî, ñâÿ- of prey over the open sea, among other çàíû ñ ðÿäîì ÷èñòî ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ òðóä- things, are connected with a number of íîñòåé. Íà ñóøå, èñõîäÿ èç îñîáåííîñòåé purely methodological difficulties. The re- ëàíäøàôòà, ìîæíî ñ âûñîêîé äîñòîâåðíî- gions with high and low density of migrat- ñòüþ âûäåëèòü ó÷àñòêè ñ âûñîêîé è íèçêîé ing birds of prey can be distinguished on the ïëîòíîñòüþ ìèãðèðóþùèõ õèùíèêîâ.  land on the basis of landscape features. It is ìîðå, ñ åãî îäíîðîäíîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ, impossible to single out such regions for the òàêèå ó÷àñòêè âû÷ëåíèòü ïðîñòî íåâîç- sea because of its uniform surface; and the ìîæíî è òîò íåáîëüøîé ïîòîê ìèãðàíòîâ small flow of migrants may be spread over ìîæåò ïðîñòî «ðàçìàçûâàòüñÿ» íàä îáøèð- vast areas. íûìè ïëîùàäÿìè. Our observations over the flight of birds Íàøè íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðîë¸òà ïòèö íàä ìî- of prey over the sea were carried out during ðåì ñäåëàíû âî âðåìÿ ìîðñêèõ êîìïëåêñ- marine complex expeditions of the Federal íûõ ýêñïåäèöèé ÔÃÓÏ «Àçîâñêèé ÍÈÈ State Unitary Enterprise “Azov Research In- ðûáíîãî õîçÿéñòâà» â àêâàòîðèÿõ Àçîâñêî- stitute of Fishery” in the basins of the Azov ãî è ׸ðíîãî ìîðåé, à òàêæå Êåð÷åíñêîãî and Black Seas, and in the Kerch Strait in ïðîëèâà ñ 2006 ïî 2009 ã. (ðèñ. 1). Ýêñ- 2006–2009 (fig. 1). The expeditions were ïåäèöèè ïðîõîäÿò åæåãîäíî, êàê ìèíèìóì carried out annually, at least twice per year 2 ðàçà â ãîä â ׸ðíîì ìîðå è 2 ðàçà â ãîä in the Black Sea; and twice per year in the â Àçîâñêîì ìîðå, â ìàå-èþíå è ñåíòÿáðå. Azov Sea in May-June and September. The Íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ áîðòà ñóäíà, observations were performed from the ves- ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñå âñòðå÷è õèùíûõ sel board, all the birds of prey within the ïòèö â ïðåäåëàõ âèäèìîñòè. Ðåçóëüòàòû íà- sight were recorded. The observation re- áëþäåíèé ïðèâîäÿòñÿ â òàáëèöå 1. sults are listed in table 1. Âñåãî çà âðåìÿ íàáëþäåíèé íàä ìîðñêè- A total of 9 species of birds of prey that ìè àêâàòîðèÿìè áûë çàôèêñèðîâàí ïðîë¸ò were recorded to have flown over marine 9 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ìîð- basins. For different marine basins, the most ñêèõ àêâàòîðèé â ïðåäåëàõ ðàéîíà èññëå- typical features of flight of birds of prey were äîâàíèé îòìå÷åíû íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûå noted within the survey area. îñîáåííîñòè ïðîë¸òà õèùíèêîâ. The Azov Sea. Only the birds of prey re- Àçîâñêîå ìîðå. Ó÷èòûâàëèñü ëèøü corded in the central part of the sea appreci- âñòðå÷è õèùíûõ ïòèö â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ably remote from the coast were taken into ìîðÿ, íà çíà÷èòåëüíîì óäàëåíèè îò áåðå- account. All records refer only to small fal- ãà. Âñå âñòðå÷è îòíîñÿòñÿ òîëüêî ê ìåëêèì cons (Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo, Red- ñîêîëàì (÷åãëîê Falco subbuteo, êîá÷èê Footed Falcon Falco vespertinus and Com- Falco vespertinus, îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà mon Kestrel Falco tinnunculus). Some birds even used the vessel as a roost site, where they were having an appreciably long rest. The fact of death of a female Common Kes- trel in the sea was also noted. The Kerch Straight. Regardless of the fact that it does not impose a serious obstacle for the birds of prey in its narrow site, the flight over the straight seems in all likeli- hood to be of random nature, since during the week-long observation over the migra- tion of birds over the basin that we carried out in an anchored vessel, only 3 birds were

Ðèñ. 1. Âñòðå÷è ìèãðèðóþùèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö íàä àê- âàòîðèÿìè ×åðíîãî è Àçîâñêîãî ìîðåé â 2006– 2010 ãã. Íóìåðàöèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òàêîâîé â òàáë. 1. Fig. 1. Encountered birds of prey migrating through the Black and Azov Seas in 2006–2010. Numbers are similar ones in the table 1. 202 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Òàáë. 1. Âñòðå÷è ìèãðèðóþùèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö íàä àêâàòîðèÿìè ×åðíîãî è Àçîâñêîãî ìîðåé â 2006–2010 ãã. Íóìåðàöèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 1. Encountered birds of prey migrating through the Black and Azov Seas in 2006–2010. Numbers are similar ones in the fig. 1.

Íîìåð òî÷êè Ðàññòîÿíèå îò íà ðèñ. 1 áåðåãà, êì Number of Distance to Ïðèìå÷àíèå Âèä / Species Äàòà / Data point on fig. 1 coastal sea, km Note Àçîâñêîå ìîðå / Azov Sea Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà Óòîíóëà â ìîðå (Falco tinnunculus) 7.05.2007 1 50 Was lost in the sea Êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus) 8.05.2008 2 50 Âçðîñëûé ñàìåö / Adult male Êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus) 11.09.2010 3 50 Âçðîñëûé ñàìåö / Adult male 2 ìîëîäûå ïòèöû, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ îêîëî 4 ÷àñîâ îòäûõàëà íà ñóäíå / 2 juveniles, one of them was resting on the ship ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) 11.09.2010 4 50 during 4 hours Êåð÷åíñêèé ïðîëèâ / Kerch strait Ñàìêà, ïåðåëåòàëà ÷åðåç ïðîëèâ Áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus) 17.09.2006 5 5 Female, flew across the strait Ïåðåëåòàë ÷åðåç ïðîëèâ Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) 6.09.2007 5 5 Flew across the strait Ïåðåëåòàëè ÷åðåç ïðîëèâ 2 îñîáè ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû 2 birds of dark morph flew across Îðåë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) 7.09.2007 5 5 the strait ׸ðíîå ìîðå / Black Sea Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) 9.09.2006 9 7 Ñàìêà / Female Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) 23.09.2009 10 160 Ñàìåö / Male Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) 13.09.2010 8 56 Ñàìåö / Male Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) 15.09.2010 6 18 Ñàìåö / Male Ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus pygargus) 12.09.2010 7 11 Ñàìåö / Male Îñîåä (Pernis apivorus) 13.09.2010 8 56 2 ïòèöû / 2 ind.

Falco tinnunculus). Íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû äàæå recorded (Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter èñïîëüçîâàëè ñóäíî â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàäû, nisus and 2 Booted Eagles Hieraaetus pen- íà êîòîðîé îòäûõàëè äîâîëüíî ïðîäîëæè- natus). òåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Òàêæå îòìå÷åí ôàêò ãèáå- The Black Sea. The most remote visual ëè ñàìêè îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè â ìîðå. observation over the birds of prey in the Êåð÷åíñêèé ïðîëèâ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, open sea was recorded here. We recorded ÷òî íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò â ñâîåì óçêîì ìåñòå a male Eurasian Sparrowhawk in 160 km ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü ñåðüåçíîé ïðåãðàäû äëÿ away from the shore. It is notable that in õèùíèêîâ, ïðîë¸ò ÷åðåç ïðîëèâ íîñèò, ïî the course of observations, 4 birds out of âñåé âèäèìîñòè, ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð, òàê 6 recorded in the sea refer to the Hawks, êàê çà íåäåëþ íàáëþäåíèé ìèãðàöèé ïòèö 3 of them – to the Eurasian Sparrowhawk ÷åðåç àêâàòîðèþ, íà ÿêîðíîé ñòîÿíêå ñó- males. An event of unsuccessful chasing of äîâ, íàìè áûëî îòìå÷åíî ëèøü 3 ïòèöû a Eurasian Sparrowhawk over a White Wag- (ïåðåïåëÿòíèê Accipiter nisus è 2 îðëà- tail (Motacilla alba) that was resting in the êàðëèêà Hieraaetus pennatus). vessel. However, the birds never used the ׸ðíîå ìîðå. Çäåñü îòìå÷åíî ñàìîå ship as a roost site. óäàë¸ííîå âèçóàëüíîå íàáëþäåíèå õèùíè- Are the migrations of birds of prey êîâ â îòêðûòîì ìîðå. Ìû çàðåãèñòðèðîâà- through the seas a singular and occasional ëè âñòðå÷ó ñàìöà ÿñòðåáà-ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà â event or do they comprise an important 160 êì îò áåðåãà. Ïðè÷¸ì, çà âðåìÿ íà- part of the migration strategy? Accord- áëþäåíèé èç 6 âñòðå÷ â ìîðå 4 îòíîñÿòñÿ ing to the foreign surveys, under favorable Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 203

ê ÿñòðåáàì è 3 èç íèõ – ê ñàìöàì ïåðåïå- weather conditions, Honey Buzzards cross ëÿòíèêà. Îòìå÷åí äàæå ñëó÷àé íåóäà÷íîé the Mediterranean Sea, digressing from îõîòû ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà íà áåëóþ òðÿñîãóçêó their common migration routes (Agostini (Motacilla alba), êîòîðàÿ îòäûõàëà íà ñóä- et al., 2007). According to the satellite te- íå. Îäíàêî ïòèöû íèêîãäà íå èñïîëüçîâàëè lemetry data, the migrating birds of prey are êîðàáëü â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàäû. capable of covering vast water basins. Thus, ßâëÿþòñÿ ëè ïåðåë¸òû õèùíûõ ïòèö ÷å- the facts of successful migrations over the ðåç ìîðÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûì è ñëó÷àéíûì sea are known: of the Merlin (Falco colom- ÿâëåíèåì èëè æå ñîñòàâëÿþò âàæíóþ ÷àñòü barius), from Iceland to Great Britain; of the ñòðàòåãèè ìèãðàöèé? Ñîãëàñíî çàðóáåæ- Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis), from India íûì èññëåäîâàíèÿì, ïðè áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ to East Africa (Bildstein, 2006), of the Ori- ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ îáûêíîâåííûå îñîåäû ental Honey Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus), ïåðåñåêàþò Ñðåäèçåìíîå ìîðå, îòêëî- from Japan to China (Higuchi et al., 2005). íÿÿñü îò ñâîèõ îáû÷íûõ ìèãðàöèîííûõ One of the most successful non-stop migra- ïóòåé (Agostini et al., 2007). Ïî äàííûì tions over the open sea known for the birds ñïóòíèêîâîé òåëåìåòðèè, âî âðåìÿ ïåðå- of prey is migration of the Eleonora’s Fal- ë¸òîâ õèùíûå ïòèöû ñïîñîáíû ïðåîäîëå- con (Falco eleonorae) between Madagascar âàòü îáøèðíûå âîäíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà. Òàê, and Somalia (1500 km); for this case, it was èçâåñòíû ôàêòû óñïåøíûõ ïåðåë¸òîâ íàä ascertained that the falcons flew over sea ìîðåì äåðáíèêà (Falco colombarius) îò during both day and night time. An impor- Èñëàíäèè äî Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, àìóðñêîãî tant fact is also that during this migration êîá÷èêà (Falco amurensis) îò Èíäèè ê Âîñ- the same birds crossed the Mediterranean òî÷íîé Àôðèêå (Bildstein, 2006), õîõëàòî- Sea (López-López et al., 2010; Mellone et ãî îñîåäà (Pernis ptilorhyncus) îò ßïîíèè al., 2010; Hellenic Ornithological Society, äî Êèòàÿ (Higuchi et al., 2005). Îäíèì èç 2010). However, in all the cases, cross- ñàìûõ óñïåøíûõ èçâåñòíûõ áåçîñòàíî- ing of vast water obstacles by the birds of âî÷íûõ ïåðåë¸òîâ íàä îòêðûòûì ìîðåì prey involves a noticeable risk of increas- äëÿ õèùíèêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìèãðàöèÿ ñîêîëà ing the mortality. Thus, for example, 1300 Ýëåîíîðû (Falco eleonorae) ìåæäó Ìàäà- dead birds of prey were found in Israel on ãàñêàðîì è Ñîìàëè (1500 êì), ïðè÷¸ì, äëÿ the coast of the Mediterranean Sea during ýòîãî ñëó÷àÿ äîñòîâåðíî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî April, 1980 (Zu-Aretz, Leshem, 1983). ñîêîëà ëåòåëè íàä ìîðåì íå òîëüêî äí¸ì, On the basis of the data provided, it is íî è íî÷üþ. Íåìàëîâàæíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ è òîò quite possible that the migration of birds of ôàêò, ÷òî ýòè æå ñàìûå ïòèöû ïåðåñåêàëè prey over the marine basins of the Azov and Ñðåäèçåìíîå ìîðå âî âðåìÿ ýòîé ìèãðà- Black Seas is of nonrandom, but quite reg- öèè (López-López et al., 2010; Mellone et ular character. It is possible that such form al., 2010; Hellenic Ornithological Society, of digression from the common migration 2010). Îäíàêî âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïåðåñå÷å- routes is a sort of innate mechanism that íèå îáøèðíûõ âîäíûõ ïðåãðàä õèùíèêàìè allows inhabiting insular archipelagoes that âëå÷¸ò çà ñîáîé çàìåòíûé ðèñê ïîâûøåíèÿ are considerably remote from the continen- ñìåðòíîñòè. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, â Èçðàèëå íà tal coasts. In all likelihood, this mechanism ïîáåðåæüå Ñðåäèçåìíîãî ìîðÿ çà àïðåëü is typical for many species of birds of prey ìåñÿö 1980 ã. áûëî íàéäåíî 1300 ïî- and shows mainly in an insignificant number ãèáøèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (Zu-Aretz, Leshem, of young individuals that are prevailing in 1983). terms of their number during autumn migra- Èñõîäÿ èç ïðèâîäèìûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, tions, which is indirectly attested by the vast âïîëíå âîçìîæíî, ÷òî ìèãðàöèÿ õèùíûõ majority of autumn records in the open sea. ïòèö íàä ìîðñêèìè àêâàòîðèÿìè Àçîâñêî- ãî è ׸ðíîãî ìîðåé íîñèò íå ñëó÷àéíûé, à âïîëíå çàêîíîìåðíûé, ïóñòü è íå ÿðêî âûðàæåííûé, õàðàêòåð. Âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî òà- êàÿ ôîðìà îòêëîíåíèÿ îò îñíîâíûõ ïóòåé ïåðåë¸òîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñâîåãî ðîäà âðîæ- äåííûì ìåõàíèçìîì, ïîçâîëÿþùèì çàñå- ëÿòü îñòðîâíûå àðõèïåëàãè, çíà÷èòåëüíî

×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo), îòäûõàþùèé íà ñóäíå. Ôîòî Ò. Áàðàáàøèíà. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) resting in the vessel. Photo by T. Barabashin. 204 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

óäàë¸ííûå îò áåðåãîâ êîíòèíåíòîâ. Ïðè- (Pernis apivorus) during spring migration in the ÷¸ì, ýòîò ìåõàíèçì õàðàêòåðåí, ïî âñåé Central Mediterranean basin. – Raptor Res. J. âèäèìîñòè, äëÿ ìíîãèõ âèäîâ õèùíèêîâ è 2007. ¹41. P. 57–61. ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ó íåçíà÷è- Bildstein K.L. Migrating raptors of the world. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 2006. 321 p. òåëüíîãî ÷èñëà ìîëîäûõ îñîáåé, êîòîðûå Hellenic Ornithological Society. Satellite Te- ïðåîáëàäàþò ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè âî âðåìÿ lemetry of Eleonora’s Falcon Migration from îñåííèõ ìèãðàöèé, íà ÷òî êîñâåííî óêà- Greek Islands. – Falco. 2010. ¹35. P. 12–13. çûâàåò ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî îñåííèõ Higuchi H., Shiu H.J., Nakamura H., Uemat- âñòðå÷ â îòêðûòîì ìîðå. su A., Kuno K., Saeki M., Hotta M., Tokita K.I., Moriya E., Morishima E., Tamura M. Migration Ëèòåðàòóðà of honey buzzards Pernis apivorus based on sat- Àáóëàäçå À.Â. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ãðóçèè: Äèññ. ellite tracking. – Ornithological Science. 2005. … êàíä. áèîë. íàóê. Íà ïðàâàõ ðóêîïèñè. Òáè- ¹4. P. 109–115. ëèñè, 2006. 206 ñ. Mellone U., López-López P., Limiñana R., Urios Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Áàáêèí È.Ã. Ïòèöû ïîáåðå- V. Weather conditions promote route flexibil- æüÿ Òåìðþêñêîãî çàëèâà Àçîâñêîãî ìîðÿ. – Çà- ity during open ocean crossing in a long-dis- ùèòà îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû â íåôòåãàçîâîì êîì- tance migratory raptor. – International Journal ïëåêñå. 2007. ¹10. Ñ. 32–41. of Biometeorology. Online First, 29 September Ëèíäàë Ê.Ê. Ïòèöû íàä ñóøåé è ìîðåì. Ãëî- 2010. . Downloaded on 17 No- øâåäñêîãî. Ì., 1984. 264 ñ. vember 2010. Agostini N., Cardelli C., Gustin M. Factors Zu-Aretz S., Leshem Y. The sea – a trap for shaping pathways of European Honey-buzzards gliding birds. Torgos. 1983. ¹5. P. 16–17.

NewDataabouttheGreaterSpottedEagleNestingintheVicinities ofBiysk,AltaiKray,Russia НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ БОЛЬШОГО ПОДОРЛИКА В ОКРЕСТНОСТЯХ Г. БИЙСКА, АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ BachtinR.F.,VazhovS.V.(AltaiStateUniversity,Barnaul,Russia) Бахтин Р.Ф., Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga Pall.) – Ðîìàí Áàõòèí ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèé âèä, èìåþùèé ñòàòóñ 659323, Ðîññèÿ, Áèéñê, ïåð. Öåíòðàëüíûé, 81ã VU (óÿçâèìûé) â Êðàñíîì ñïèñêå ÌÑÎÏ, òåë.: +7 3854 47 31 27 çàíåñ¸ííûé â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Àëòàéñêî- [email protected] ãî êðàÿ (2006) â êàòåãîðèè 3 – óÿçâèìûé, ñïîðàäè÷íî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé âèä. Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ ìîá.: +7 963 534 81 07 Àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî èçâåñòíûõ [email protected] ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå íà- õîäèòñÿ â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ Îáñêîãî ëå- âîáåðåæüÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð. 2005). Ðàíåå Contact: Roman Bachtin î ãíåçäîâàíèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Centralniy lane, 81g, îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà â áîðó ïî ð. Áèÿ ñî- Biysk, Russia, 659323 îáùàë À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976, 2004). Èì ñ 1956 tel.: +7 3854 47 31 27 ïî 1961 ãã. îáíàðóæåíî ïÿòü ãí¸çä. Âñå [email protected] îíè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñîñíàõ, íà âûñîòå Sergey Vazhov 5–14 ì îò çåìëè. Ïîñëå 60-õ ãã. è âïëîòü mob.: +7 963 534 81 07 äî ñîâðåìåííîãî ïåðèîäà èíôîðìàöèÿ [email protected] î áîëüøîì ïîäîðëèêå â áèéñêèõ áîðàõ â äîñòóïíîé íàì ëèòåðàòóðå îòñóòñòâó- åò.  ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî èíâåíòàðèçàöèè êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñè- Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga). Áèéñêèé áîð, 21.05.2010. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. áèðè â 2004 ã. îáñëåäîâàíî ìåæäóðå÷üå Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). Biya pine Áèè è Êàòóíè è ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïî- forest. 21/05/2010. Photo by R. Bachtin. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 205

Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga Pall.) is a global rare species with status VU (vul- nerable) in Red List of IUCN, included in the Red Data Book of Altai Kray (2006) with cat- egory 3 – vulnerable species with dispersed spreading. The majority of known nests of the Great- er Spotted Eagle in Altay territory is located pine forests of the Ob’ left side (Karyakin et al., 2005). Earlier, Kuchin (1976, 2004) reported about the Greater Spotted Eagle breeding in vicinities of Biysk in a pine for- est along the Biya river. He discovered five nests since 1956 to 1961. All of them were on pines at heights of 5–14 m from the ground. After 1960th and up till the modern period the information about the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Biya pine forests has Ðèñ. 1. Èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) â been absent in the available publications. îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèéñêà. The interfluve of the Biya and Katun rivers Fig. 1. Known breeding territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in was surveyed within the project on invento- the vicinities of Biysk. ry of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Western Siberia in 2004. The Greater Spotted Eagle äîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî òîëüêî â áîðàõ âäîëü breeding was revealed in pine forests along Áèè: îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 2-õ ïàð the Biya river only: two nesting pairs of the áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà è åù¸ íà 2-õ ó÷àñò- Greater Spotted Eagle were found and adult êàõ âñòðå÷åíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû (Êàðÿêèí, birds were encountered on 2 sites (Kar- Áàêêà, 2004).  áîëåå ïîçäíåé ïóáëèêàöèè yakin, Bakka, 2004). Later Karyakin (Kar- (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005) ñîîáùàåòñÿ, ÷òî â yakin et al., 2005) reported about one more áîðàõ âäîëü Áèè â 2004 ã. áûë ëîêàëèçî- breeding territory with the nest, discovered âàí îäèí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, íà êîòîðîì in the Biya pine forest in 2004. According íàéäåíî 1 ãíåçäî. Âèäèìî àâòîðû, ñîãëàñ- to the methods of research published in the íî ìåòîäèêå, ïðèâîäèìîé â äàííîé ñòàòüå, paper authors did not recognized single îäíîêðàòíûå ðåãèñòðàöèè ïàð íå ïðè- birds encountered as a breeding territory. ðàâíÿëè ê ãíåçäîâûì, ÷òî áûëî ñäåëàíî â According to surveys carried out in July, áîëåå ðàííåé ïóáëèêàöèè.  áàçå äàííûõ 2004 the database of the Siberian Environ- Ñèáýêîöåíòðà èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î mental Center contains information about a 4-õ ðåãèñòðàöèÿõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â áèéñêèõ nest found near the Usyatskoe settlement, áîðàõ â èþëå 2004 ã.: îáíàðóæåíî îäíî a pair of birds observed near Svetlozerskoe ãíåçäî áëèç ñ. Óñÿòñêîå, âñòðå÷åíà ïàðà lake and 2 single birds encountered near ïòèö áëèç ñ. Ñâåòëîîç¸ðñêîå è äâå îäè- the Semenovod settlement at the southern íî÷íûå ïòèöû áëèç ñ. Ñåìåíîâîä ó þæíîé and northern margins of the pine forest (fig. è ñåâåðíîé îïóøåê áîðà, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 1). A total of 4-6 pairs of the Greater Spot- (ðèñ. 1). ×èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ted Eagle have been estimated to breed in â áèéñêèõ áîðàõ áûëà îöåíåíà â 4–6 ïàð the Biya pine forests (Karyakin et al., 2005). (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). We discovered a probable breeding terri- Íàìè â 2008 ã. ëîêàëèçîâàí âîçìîæíûé tory of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Biya ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ïîäîðëèêà â áîðó ïî pine forest 10 km from the city in 2008. The Áèè, â 10 êì îò ãîðîäà. Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà íå- adult bird bringing a prey flew along a field ñëà äîáû÷ó âäîëü ïîëÿ è ñêðûëàñü â ãëóáèíå and gave the slip in the forest (Vazhov, Ba- ëåñà (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2009). Ïîçäíåå, 22 khtin, 2009). Later, on May, 22, 2010 we ìàÿ 2010 ã., íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå áûëè îáíàðó- found two nests there, belonged one pair at æåíû äâà ãíåçäà, íà ðàññòîÿíèè 203 ì äðóã the distance of 203 m from each other (fig. îò äðóãà, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ îäíîé ïàðå (ðèñ. 1, ¹1). Both nests had similar locations and 1, ¹1). Ãí¸çäà èìåëè îäèíàêîâûé ñòåðåî- sizes. One of nests had been occupied by òèï ðàçìåùåíèÿ è ñõîäíûå ðàçìåðû. Îäíî eagles, and located 1.5 km from the nearest èç ãí¸çä îêàçàëîñü çàíÿòûì ïîäîðëèêàìè margin of the forest. It was placed on a pine è ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â 1,5 êì îò áëèæàéøåé 21 m in height in the bottom part of the îïóøêè. Îíî íàõîäèòñÿ íà ñîñíå, âûñîòîé crown in the base lateral branches, on the 206 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

21 ì, â íèæíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà, â îñíîâàíèè height of 6 m from the ground. The sizes of áîêîâûõ ñó÷üåâ, íà ðàññòîÿíèè 6 ì îò çåì- nest were diameter – 115×140 cm, height – ëè. Ðàçìåðû ãíåçäà: äèàìåòð – 115×140 ñì, 95 cm; cup: diameter – 41 cm; depth – 13 âûñîòà – 95 ñì. Ëîòîê: äèàìåòð – 41 ñì, cm, had lining with fresh pine needles and ãëóáèíà – 13 ñì, èìåë âûñòèëêó èç ñâåæåé dry grass. At the moment of survey the nest ñîñíîâîé õâîè è ñóõèõ òðàâèíîê. Íà ìî- contained the clutch with two eggs died at ìåíò îáíàðóæåíèÿ â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëàñü an initial stage of incubation. The egg sizes êëàäêà èç äâóõ ÿèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà íà÷àëü- were 66.20×50.65 mm and 65.00×50.40 íîé ñòàäèè íàñèæèâàíèÿ. Ðàçìåðû ÿèö – mm; weight – 87.40 and 79.94 g accord- 66,20×50,65 ìì è 65,00×50,40 ìì; ìàññà ingly. One of them had a crack in a shell. The – 87,40 è 79,94 ã, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Îäíî èç female had left the nest when the observer íèõ èìåëî òðåùèíó â ñêîðëóïå. climbed on the tree. During of the nest sur- Ñàìêà ñëåòåëà ñ ãíåçäà ïðè ïîäú¸ìå íà- vey she flew around the nesting tree and sat áëþäàòåëÿ íà äåðåâî. Âî âðåìÿ îñìîòðà down on the next trees. We recorded con-

Ãí¸çäà è êëàäêà (âíèçó ñïðàâà) áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà è Ð. Áàõòèíà. Nests and clutch (bottom at the right) of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photos by S. Vazhov and R. Bachtin. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 207

ñîäåðæèìîãî ãíåçäà ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïðîëå- òàëà íèçêî íàä ãíåçäîâûì äåðåâîì, ñàäè- ëàñü íà äåðåâüÿ â çîíå ïðÿìîé âèäèìîñòè. Íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ó ñàìêè íàáëþäà- ëèñü êîíôëèêòíûå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ òåòåðåâÿò- íèêîì (Accipiter gentilis) è ïîëåâûì ëóí¸ì (Circus cyaneus). Âòîðîé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áîëüøîãî ïî- äîðëèêà îáíàðóæåí 24 ìàÿ 2010 ã. ó ñ. Áîðîâîå, â 3 êì îò Áèéñêà (ðèñ. 1, ¹2). Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëîæåíî íà ñîñíå âûñîòîé 32 ì, â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà, â îñíîâàíèè áî- êîâûõ ñó÷üåâ, è íàõîäèòñÿ â 22 ì îò çåìëè. Îíî àáîíèðîâàëîñü ïòèöàìè, òàê êàê ïîä íèì îáíàðóæåíû ñâåæèå ñëåäû ïîì¸òà. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. Áèéñêèé áîð, 21.05.2010. Óñòàíîâèòü, áûëà ëè ïîïûòêà ðàçìíîæå- Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. íèÿ â ýòîì ãîäó, íå óäàëîñü. Greater Spotted Eagle. Biya pine forest. 21/05/2010. Êðîìå òîãî, áûëè ëîêàëèçîâàíû äâà âåðî- Photo by R. Bachtin. ÿòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áîëüøîãî ïîäîð- ëèêà.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå (ðèñ. 1, ¹3), âçðîñ- flict relations between the female and the ëàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà 18 àïðåëÿ 2010 ã. íàä Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and Hen Har- ïîéìîé Áèè, ìåæäó ñ¸ëàìè Ñåìåíîâîä rier (Circus cyaneus) on the nesting site. è Ìàëîåíèñåéñêîå – ôàêòè÷åñêè â òîì The second breeding territory of the æå ðàéîíå, ãäå îäèíî÷íûé ïîäîðëèê íà- Greater Spotted Eagle was discovered near áëþäàëñÿ ãðóïïîé Ñèáýêîöåíòðà â èþëå the Borovoe settlement 3 km from Biysk on 2004 ã. Õèùíèê êðóæèë â ñîïðîâîæäåíèè May, 24, 2010 (fig. 1, ¹2). The nest was äåñÿòè êðàñàâîê (Grus virgo). Âî âòîðîì placed on a pine 32 m in height in the top ñëó÷àå (ðèñ. 1, ¹4), âçðîñëûé ïîäîðëèê part of tree in the base of lateral branches, îòìå÷åí 21 ìàÿ 2010 ã. â 24 êì âîñòî÷íåå and was about 22 m from the ground. The Áèéñêà. Îí îõîòèëñÿ íàä ïîëåì â 1 êì îò nest seemed to be occupied because we îïóøêè è âïîñëåäñòâèè óëåòåë â ñòîðî- found fresh droppings of eagles under it. íó áîðà ïðèìåðíî â òîò æå ðàéîí, ãäå Unfortunately we could not confirm the fact â èþëå 2004 ã. ãðóïïîé Ñèáýêîöåíòðà of breeding this year. áûëà âñòðå÷åíà ïàðà ïòèö. Also two probable breeding territories of  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â áèéñêèõ áîðàõ èç- the Greater Spotted Eagle have been found. âåñòíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïî- In one case (fig. 1, ¹3) an adult was en- äîðëèêîâ, íà 3-õ èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû countered in the Biya river flood-lands be- ãí¸çäà è íà 2-õ íåîäíîêðàòíî îòìå÷àëèñü tween Semenovod and Maloeniseyskoe âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Îïðåäåë¸ííî ÷èñëåí- settlements on April, 18, 2010. Actually a íîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â áèéñêèõ áî- single eagle was observed by a group of the ðàõ ïðåâûøàåò ïðåæíþþ îöåíêó â 4–6 Siberian Environmental Center in the same ïàð è ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå 6–7 ïàð. area in July, 2004. The bird was flying in circles followed by ten Demoiselle Cranes Ëèòåðàòóðà (Grus virgo). In the second case (fig. 1, Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Âñòðå÷è ðåäêèõ âè- ¹4), an adult Spotted Eagle was noted 24 äîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèé- km to the east of Biysk on May, 21, 2010. ñêà, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- It was hunting above a field 1 km from íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 112–113. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Áàðíàóë, 1976. the margin and later flew to the pine for- 232 ñ. est approximately to the same area where Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, a group the Siberian Environmental Center 2004. 778 ñ. had been observed a pair of birds in July, Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â. Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ 2004. Now there are 5 breeding territories ÊÎÒÐ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ íà þãå Çà- of the Greater Spotted Eagle known in the ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå Biya pine forests, nests were discovered in òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. 2004. ¹2 (20). Ñ. 34–36. 3 of them and adult birds were repeatedly Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., encountered in 2 territories. Definitely the Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ number of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹3. Biya pine forests exceeds previous estima- Ñ. 28–51. tion in 4–6 pairs and is about 6–7 pairs. 208 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

AbouttheGreaterSpottedEagleNestingintheWesternSayan MountainsandAdjacentDepressions,Russia О ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ БОЛЬШОГО ПОДОРЛИКА В ЗАПАДНОМ САЯНЕ И В ПРИЛЕЖАЩИХ МЕЖГОРНЫХ КОТЛОВИНАХ, РОССИЯ RudovskiyV.S.(FacultyofGeography,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity, Moscow,Russia) Рудовский В.С. (Географический факультет МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, Москва, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga Pallas, The first living nest of the Greater Spotted Âëàäèñëàâ Ðóäîâñêèé 1811) – ðåäêèé âèä, ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé â Eagle (Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811) in the 123592, Ðîññèÿ, Ìîñêâà, Ñòðîãèíñêèé ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà íåðàâíîìåðíî. Âèä çàíå- Western Sayan Mountains for the last sev- áóëüâàð, 26/2–250 ñåí â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, â Ïðèëîæåíèå II eral tens years has been discovered in the [email protected] Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ è â ïåðå÷åíü Ðîññèéñêî- Usinskaya depression on June, 23, 2010. èíäèéñêîé êîíâåíöèè îá îõðàíå ïåðåë¸ò- The nest was located in a boggy birch forest Contact: íûõ ïòèö. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðàçúÿñíèòåëüíóþ in the Us river flood-lands about 2.3 km from Vladislav Rudovskiy ðàáîòó ñðåäè íàñåëåíèÿ, ýòè ïòèöû äî ñèõ the Verhneusinskoe settlement. The nested Stroginskiy ave., ïîð îòñòðåëèâàþòñÿ, à èõ ãí¸çäà çà÷àñòóþ tree was about 300 m from the margin of 26/2–250, Moscow, ðàçîðÿþòñÿ. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ïî òðîôè- the forest and 220 m from a road. Boggy Russia, 123592 [email protected] ÷åñêîé öåïè âîçäåéñòâèå ÿäîõèìèêàòîâ, sites both in the birch forest and on the ad- ïðèìåíÿåìûõ â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå, îò- jacent meadow dry up during hot summer ðàçèëîñü è íà âîñïðîèçâîäñòâå áîëüøîãî and are filled with water during flood-time ïîäîðëèêà, îïðåäåëèâ åãî ðåäêîñòü (Ñû- on the Us river. ðîå÷êîâñêèé è äð., 2000). The nest of the Greater Spotted Eagle was Íà þãå Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ áîëüøîé found precisely in that place, where the ïîäîðëèê âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ëåñîñòåïè è ëåñî- Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa) had nested ïîëüíîì ëàíäøàôòå ñî çíà÷èòåëüíûì ó÷à- in 2004 (Karyakin I.V., pers. comm.). The ñòèåì ëåñà, â îñíîâíîì – ïî äîëèíàì ðåê. nest was placed on a detached larch tree at Ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ðàçðåæåííûå âûñîêîñòâîëü- height about 9 m (height of a tree was 12 íûå ëåñà, îáû÷íî ïî ñîñåäñòâó ñ îòêðûòû- m) in a fork of the trunk. The nest was rather ìè ó÷àñòêàìè, âîäîåìàìè èëè áîëîòàìè. large (up to 110 cm in diameter). Çàñåëÿåò â ïîäõîäÿùèõ ìåñòàõ ïðåäãîðüÿ At the moment of discovering of the nest è íèçêîãîðüÿ (Ñóøêèí, 1938).  öåëîì ïî there was the nestling at the age of several àðåàëó âèä èçáåãàåò ãîðíûå ëåñà, è ïîýòîìó days. We inspected that nest 3 times, and the â ãîðíûõ ðàéîíàõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðå- last survey was on July, 21, 2010 when the ãèîíà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿìè ïîäîðëèêà ÿâëÿþò- nestling had primaries and rectrices in pins. ñÿ ëåñî-áîëîòíûå êîìïëåêñû â ìåæãîðíûõ Many remains of Voles (Microtus sp.) and êîòëîâèíàõ (Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Long-Tailed Sousliks (Spermophilus undula-  íà÷àëå XX âåêà ïîäîðëèê íà þãå Êðàñ- tus) were recorded in the nest during the íîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ áûë ðàñïðîñòðàíåí ñïî- first check on June, 23. Thus food for the ðàäè÷íî, íî ìåñòàìè ñ÷èòàëñÿ îáû÷íûì, nestling was obviously in abundance. How- ever last check on July, 21, has shown only Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Voles being delivered in the nest. (Aquila clanga) îêîëî ãíåçäà â Óñèíñêîé During last check of the nest the nestling êîòëîâèíå. was rather aggressive, trying to strike the Ôîòî Â. Ðóäîâñêîãî. observer with wings and claws. Unlike it, Greater Spotted Eagle parents during all checks of the nest were (Aquila clanga) near the very cautious. It was interesting, that the nest in the Usinskaya plumage of an adult from the pair has many Depression. Photo by V. Rudovskiy. light spots, indicating its age as less than 4 years. Considering “young” coloring of plumage of one of parents and absence of Spotted Eagles, recorded in the territory earlier, we can assume that the species has started to nest here after 2008. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 209

Âèä íà ñ. Âåðõíå- óñèíñêîå â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ôîòî Â. Ðóäîâñêîãî. Landscape of the Usinskaya Depression near the Verhneusinskoe village. Photo by V. Rudovskiy.

îäíàêî óæå â 1940–1950-õ ãîäàõ ñòàë ðå- ïîäîðëèêà. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1983) íà ìîäåëü- äîê (ßíóøåâè÷, Þðëîâ, 1950). Ñåé÷àñ âñþ- íûõ ïëîùàäêàõ íà 1514 êì2 ëåñîâ îáíàðó- äó â êðàå î÷åíü ðåäîê, à äëÿ Ìèíóñèíñêîé æèë ëèøü 3 ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ. Äëÿ Âîñ- êîòëîâèíû ñ÷èòàåòñÿ èñ÷åçàþùèì âèäîì òî÷íîé Òûâû áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ (Ïðîêîôüåâ, 1987). Ïî äàííûì Ñ.Ì. Ïðî- â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà â äîëèíàõ ð. êîôüåâà ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2000), âèä î÷åíü Àçàñ è å¸ ïðèòîêîâ â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ðåäêî â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â Ìè- (Ìîëîêîâà, Êàðòàøîâ, 1999).  íàñòîÿùåå íóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âðåìÿ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Òóâû èçâåñòíî 3 íà Åíèñåå è Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå, íî ãíåç- ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ, äâà èç êîòî- äîâàíèÿ åãî, âïëîòü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìå- ðûõ ðàñïîëîæåíû â áîëîòàõ Òóâèíñêîé êîò- íè, çäåñü íå áûëî îòìå÷åíî. È.Â. Êàðÿêèí ëîâèíû ó ïîäíîæèÿ ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà (2008) íàø¸ë åãî íà ãíåçäîâàíèè òîëüêî â Âîñòî÷íîãî Òàííó-Îëà, à òðåòüå – â ïîéìåí- áàññåéíå ×óëûìà, à îáùóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü íûõ ëåñàõ ðåê ó ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Çà- äëÿ Õàêàñèè îöåíèë â 10–15 ïàð. ïàäíîãî Òàííó-Îëà (Êàðÿêèí, 2008).  Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå ïîäîðëèê â 40–50-õ ãã. Âîçìîæíî, ïåðâàÿ çà ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëü- ÕÕ âåêà îòìå÷àëñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ðåäêîãî âèäà êî äåñÿòêîâ ëåò íàõîäêà æèëîãî ãíåçäà áîëü- (ßíóøåâè÷, Þðëîâ, 1950). Îí óïîìèíàåòñÿ øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå ïðîèçî- êàê ðåäêèé âèä òðåõ ãðóïï áèîòîïîâ Ñàÿíî- øëà 23 èþíÿ 2010 ã. â Óñèíñêîé ìåæãîðíîé Øóøåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, íåõàðàêòåðíûõ êîòëîâèíå. Ãíåçäî íàéäåíî â çàáîëî÷åííîì äëÿ ýòîãî âèäà: ãîðíûõ ñòåïåé, ñêàë è ðîññû- áåðåçíÿêå â ïîéìå ð. Óñ, ïðèìåðíî â 2,3 êì ïåé, ñòåïåé è ëóãîâ íà òåððàñàõ Åíèñåÿ. Ïî îò ñåëà Âåðõíåóñèíñêîå (ðèñ 1). Ãíåçäîâîå îäíèì ñâåäåíèÿì îí çäåñü ãíåçäèòñÿ (Ñîêî- äåðåâî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü ïðèìåðíî â 300 ì îò ëîâ è äð., 1983; Ïåòðîâ, Ðóäêîâñêèé, 1985), îïóøêè è â 220 ì îò äîðîãè, ñîåäèíÿþùåé ïî äðóãèì – òîëüêî ëåòóåò (Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé, ñ¸ëà Âåðõíå- è Íèæíåóñèíñêîå ñ ãëàâíîé Ðîãà÷¸âà, 1995), ïî òðåòüèì – âñòðå÷àåòñÿ Ñàÿíñêîé òðàññîé Àáàêàí – Êûçûë. Äîðîãà òîëüêî íà ïðîë¸òå (Ñòàõååâ è äð., 1999). äí¸ì â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä ïî ìåñòíûì ìåðêàì Ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü îêîëî ïîñ. äîâîëüíî îæèâë¸ííàÿ – íåñêîëüêî ìàøèí â Óñèíñê â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 1982 ã. (Ñû- ÷àñ. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû îò ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà ðîå÷êîâñêèé, Áåçáîðîäîâ, 1987), íî ãíåçäà ðàñïîëîæåí çàáîëî÷åííûé êî÷êàðíûé ëóã. òîãäà íàéäåíî íå áûëî. Îäíàêî, íåñìîòðÿ Çàáîëî÷åííûå ó÷àñòêè è â áåðåçíÿêå, è íà íà íàëè÷èå ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ëóãó ïåðåñûõàþò âî âðåìÿ æàðêîãî ëåòà è áèîòîïîâ, ãðóïïå èññëåäîâàòåëåé ïîä ðó- íàïîëíÿþòñÿ âîäîé âî âðåìÿ ïàâîäêîâ è êîâîäñòâîì È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà â 2001–2004 ãã. ïîëîâîäüÿ íà ð. Óñ. ïîäîðëèêà â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå âñòðå- Ñàìî ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà áûëî òèòü íå óäàëîñü. Àâòîð ñîîáùàåò î âñòðå÷å îáíàðóæåíî íàìè òî÷íî â òîé òî÷êå, ãäå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Ñàÿíàõ â âåðõîâüÿõ áûëî îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå áîðîäàòîé íå- ð. Èäæèì 24 ìàÿ 2001 ã., äâàæäû ïîäîðëè- ÿñûòè (Strix nebulosa) â 2004 ã. è, êàê ïîçæå êè ñ ÿâíûì ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì íàáëþ- âûÿñíèëîñü ïî ôîòîãðàôèè, èìåííî â ýòîì äàëèñü íàä ëåñî-áîëîòíûìè êîìïëåêñàìè â ãíåçäå íåÿñûòè è ðàçìíîæàëèñü 6 ëåò íàçàä ïðåäãîðüÿõ Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà: íà ð. Êåáåæ (È.Â. Êàðÿêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ãíåç- è íàä áîëîòîì â ëåâîáåðåæüå ð. Àìûë (Êà- äî ïîìåùàëîñü íà îäèíî÷íîé ëèñòâåííèöå ðÿêèí, 2008). ñðåäè áåð¸çîâîãî ëåñà, è áûëî óñòðîåíî íà Þæíåå Ñàÿí, â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, èçâåñò- âûñîòå îêîëî 9 ì (ïðè âûñîòå äåðåâà – 12 ì) íû åäèíè÷íûå ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî â ìóòîâêå ñòâîëà. Ðàçìåðû ãíåçäà äîâîëüíî 210 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Buteo hemilasius è äð.). Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, äëÿ êàíþêà è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà ãîä áûë óäà÷íûé â ïëàíå óñïåøíîñòè ãíåçäîâà- íèÿ. Ïî÷òè âñå íàáëþäàåìûå íàìè ïòåíöû êàíþêà è âñå ïòåíöû ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- íèêà áëàãîïîëó÷íî ïîêèíóëè ãí¸çäà. Ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïîñåùàëîñü íàìè 3 ðàçà, è ïîñëåäíÿÿ ïðîâåðêà áûëà 21 èþëÿ 2010 ã., êîãäà ó ïòåíöà óæå íà- ÷àëè ðàñêðûâàòüñÿ òðóáî÷êè ìàõîâûõ è ðóëåâûõ ïåðüåâ.  ýòîò äåíü íà åãî ëåâóþ ëàïó áûëî íàäåòî êîëüöî MOSKVA BS 003723. Ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, äî âûëåòà èç ãíåç- äà îñòàâàëñÿ åù¸, êàê ìèíèìóì, ìåñÿö, íî äîæäàòüñÿ ýòîãî ìîìåíòà íàì íå óäàëîñü. Âî âðåìÿ ïåðâîé ïðîâåðêè, 23 èþíÿ, â ãíåçäå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå îñòàíêè ïîë¸âîê (Microtus sp.) è äëèííîõ- âîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus undulatus), âî ìíîæåñòâå îáèòàþùèõ â ñòåïè è ëå- ñîñòåïè, îêðóæàþùåé ïîéìåííûå ëåñà è ëóãà. Ïðè ýòîì, ïèùè äëÿ ïòåíöà áûëî ÿâíî â èçáûòêå. Îäíàêî ïîñëåäíÿÿ ïðîâåðêà 21 èþëÿ ïîêàçàëà íàëè÷èå â ãíåçäå òîëüêî ïîë¸âîê. Ñ öåëüþ çàùèòû ïòåíöà îò áîëåç- íåòâîðíûõ ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ è ïàðàçèòîâ ðîäèòåëè ðåãóëÿðíî ïðèíîñèëè â ãíåçäî çåë¸íûå âåòâè áåð¸çû è ëèñòâåííèöû. Âî âðåìÿ ïîñëåäíåé ïðîâåðêè ãíåç- äà ïòåíåö â¸ë ñåáÿ äîâîëüíî àãðåññèâíî, ïûòàÿñü óäàðèòü íàáëþäàòåëÿ êðûëüÿìè è êîãòÿìè.  îòëè÷èå îò íåãî, ðîäèòåëè âî âðåìÿ âñåõ ïðîâåðîê ãíåçäà áûëè î÷åíü îñòîðîæíû – òèõî ñëåòàëè ñ ãíåçäà (íà ðàññòîÿíèè íå ìåíåå 50 ì îò íàáëþäàòå- ëÿ) è ëèáî íàáëþäàëè îòêóäà-òî ñ ñîñåä- Ðèñ. 1. Ìåñòî ãíåçäî- âíóøèòåëüíûå (äî 110 ñì â äèàìåòðå). íåãî äåðåâà, ëèáî áåñøóìíî ïðîëåòàëè âàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîð- Íà ìîìåíò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãíåçäà áîëü- ëèêà (Aquila clanga) â øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â í¸ì íàõîäèëñÿ ïòåíåö Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. âîçðàñòîì âñåãî íåñêîëüêî ñóòîê. Ñëåäó- Fig. 1. Breeding territory of the åò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî êëèìàòè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ Greater Spotted Eagle äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ñàÿíàõ (Aquila clanga) in the äîâîëüíî ñóðîâûå.  ìàå åù¸ âîçìîæíû Usinskaya Depression. ñíåãîïàäû è çàìåòíûå íî÷íûå çàìîðîçêè. Ïî äàííûì ìåòåîñòàíöèè â ñ. Íèæíåóñèí- ñêîå è ðàññêàçàì ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé, âåñíà â 2010 ã. áûëà î÷åíü çàòÿæíàÿ, ñ ÷àñòûìè ìàéñêèìè ñíåãîïàäàìè. Íàïðèìåð, ñðåä- íÿÿ òåìïåðàòóðà ìàÿ ñîñòàâèëà +8,6°Ñ, ÷òî íà 0,7°Ñ íèæå ñðåäíåìíîãîëåòíèõ ïîêàçà- òåëåé.  ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ìàÿ îòìå÷àëîñü ïàäåíèå àáñîëþòíîé òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà äî -7,5°Ñ. Ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, çàòÿæíàÿ âåñíà òàêæå ñäâèíóëà ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ãðûçó- íîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñóñëèêîâ, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâî- âàëî èçîáèëèþ ïèùè â ïåðèîä âûêàðìëè- âàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ ðÿäîì âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö (â Ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî Â. Ðóäîâñêîãî. òîì ÷èñëå, áîëüøèì ïîäîðëèêîì, êàíþêîì The nest of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Buteo buteo, ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì Photo by V. Rudovskiy. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 211

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå: 23 èþíÿ 2010 ã. – ñëåâà è 21 èþëÿ 2010 ã. – ñïðàâà. Ôîòî Â. Ðóäîâñêîãî. Nestling of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the nest in the Usinskaya Depression: 23 June 2010 – left and 21 July 2010 – right. Photos by V. Rudovskiy.

íàä ãíåçäîâûì äåðåâîì. Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê â Àëòàå- îêðàñêå îäíîé îñîáè èç ïàðû ãíåçäÿùèõ- Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà áîëü- ñÿ ïòèö áûëè ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ñâåòëûå ïå- øîãî è ìàëîãî ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: ñòðèíû, óêàçûâàþùèå íà òî, ÷òî å¸ âîçðàñò Ìàòåðèàëû V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ìåíüøå 4 ëåò. Âòîðàÿ ïòèöà èç ïàðû áûëà ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî, 2008. Ñ. 165–184. òèïè÷íîé «âçðîñëîé» îêðàñêè. Ìîëîêîâà Í.È., Êàðòàøîâ Í.Ä. Çàïîâåäíèê  2001–2004 ãã. â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå «Àçàñ». – Çàïîâåäíèêè Ñèáèðè. Ò. 1. Ì., 1999. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íè ðàçó íå îòìå÷àë- Ñ. 128–146. ñÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Ó÷èòûâàÿ «ìîëîäóþ» Ïåòðîâ Ñ.Þ., Ðóäêîâñêèé Â.Ï. Ëåòíÿÿ îðíè- îêðàñêó îäíîãî èç ðîäèòåëåé è îòñóòñòâèå òîôàóíà ïðèåíèñåéñêîé ÷àñòè Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿ- âñòðå÷ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè íà. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. 1985. Âûï. 20. Ñ. 76–83. ðàíåå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ýòîò âèä Ïðîêîôüåâ Ñ.Ì., Êóñòîâ Þ.È., Äåâÿòêèí Ã.Â. Íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå æèâîòíûå ãîñóäàð- íà÷àë ãíåçäèòüñÿ çäåñü ïîñëå 2008 ã. Ïðàâ- ñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Õàêàñ- äà îñòà¸òñÿ íåÿñíûì íàëè÷èå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñêèé» (àííîòèðîâàííûé ñïèñîê). – Íàçåìíûå áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâè- ïîçâîíî÷íûå åíèñåéñêèõ çàïîâåäíèêîâ. Øó- íå â öåëîì â ïåðèîä ñ 2005 ïî 2009 ãã.  øåíñêîå, 2000. Ñ. 27–76. ïðîöåññå èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðîâîäèìûõ íàìè Ïðîêîôüåâ Ñ.Ì. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ìèíóñèí- â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 2008 è 2009 ãã., ñêîé êîòëîâèíû è å¸ èçìåíåíèÿ çà 80 ëåò – Ôà- áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê òàêæå íå îòìå÷àëñÿ íè óíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö è ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ Ñðåäíåé ðàçó. Íî ýòî íå çíà÷èò, ÷òî åãî òàì íå áûëî. Ñèáèðè. Ì., 1987. Ñ. 151–172. Ñîêîëîâ Ã.À., Ïåòðîâ Ñ.Þ., Áàëàãóðà Í.Ï., Ïðîñòî ìû ïî÷òè íå ïîñåùàëè ïðèãîäíûå Ñòàõååâ Â.À., Çàâàöêèé Á.Ï. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïû, â òîì ôàóíèñòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà è ýêîëîãèè íåêîòî- ÷èñëå è ó÷àñòîê, ãäå áûëî íàéäåíî ãíåçäî ðûõ ôîíîâûõ âèäîâ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö. â 2010 ã., äà è íàéòè ãíåçäî ñòîëü ðåäêîé – Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêèé ãîñ. çàïîâåäíèê. Êðàñíî- è ñêðûòíîé ïòèöû – áîëüøàÿ óäà÷à. Áóäåì ÿðñê, 1983. Ñ. 30–54. íàäåÿòüñÿ, ÷òî íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê Ñòàõååâ Â.À., Ñîííèêîâà À.Å., Çàâàöêèé Á.Ï., áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûé â Çà- Æèòëóõèíà Ò.È., Ðàññîëîâ À.Ã., Êóâàåâ Â.Á., ïàäíîì Ñàÿíå, ïðîñóùåñòâóåò íå îäèí ãîä. Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Øòèëüìàðê Ô.Ð. Ñàÿíî- Øóøåíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê. – Çàïîâåäíèêè Ñèáè-  çàêëþ÷åíèå õî÷åòñÿ ïîáëàãîäàðèòü ðè. Ò. 1. Ì.: ËÎÃÀÒÀ. Ñ.116–127. È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà è Ý.Ã. Íèêîëåíêî çà ïðåäî- Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Áåçáîðîäîâ Â.È. Íîâûå ñòàâëåíèå òî÷åê èç áàçû äàííûõ Öåíòðà ñâåäåíèÿ ïî îðíèòîôàóíå Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà. – ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáýêîöåíòðà è Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö è ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ Ñðåä- âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîâåñòè ìîíèòîðèíã ðàíåå íåé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1987. Ñ. 172–181. âûÿâëåííûõ â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ãíåçäî- Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Ðîãà÷¸âà Ý.Â. Êðàñíàÿ âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Òàêæå êíèãà Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1995. õî÷ó âûñêàçàòü ñâîþ áëàãîäàðíîñòü Èâàíó 408 ñ. Äçþáàêó, êîòîðûé ïîìîãàë â ïðîâåäåíèè Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Ðîãà÷¸âà Ý.Â., Ñàâ÷åí- êî À.Ï., Ñîêîëîâ Ã.À., Áàðàíîâ À.À., Åìåëüÿ- ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â Ñàÿíàõ ëåòîì íîâ Â.È. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. 2010 ã. Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâå- íèÿ âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 2000. 248 ñ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ. Ì.; Ë.: Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ñîâðåìåííîå ðàçìåùåíèå è ñî- Èçä-âî ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, 1938. Ò. 1. 316 ñ.; Ò. 2. 434 ñ. ñòîÿíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö â ÒóâÀÑÑÐ. – ßíóøåâè÷ À.È., Þðëîâ Ê.Ò. Âåðòèêàëüíîå Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû I Ñîâåùàíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö â Çà- ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì., 1983. ïàäíîì Ñàÿíå. – Èçâ. Çàï.-Ñèá. ôèë. ÑÎ ÀÍ Ñ. 101–105. ÑÑÑÐ. Ñåð. áèîë. 1950. Ò. 3, âûï. 2. Ñ. 3–33. 212 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

FemaleReplacementinaPairoftheSteller'sSeaEagle ЗАМЕНА САМКИ В ПАРЕ БЕЛОПЛЕЧИХ ОРЛАНОВ NaumenkoN.V.(FarEasternFederalUniversity,Vladivostok,Russia) Науменко Н.В. (Дальневосточный федеральный университет, Владивосток, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àâòîð â 2006–2009 ãã. ïðîâîäèë íàáëþäåíèÿ The author was carrying out the observations Íèêîëàé Íàóìåíêî çà ãí¸çäàìè áåëîïëå÷èõ îðëàíîâ (Haliaeetus over Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ôåäå- ðàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, pelagicus) â ðàéîíå Ëóíüñêîãî çàëèâà íà near the Lun’skii bay in the northeast Sakhalin 690091, Ðîññèÿ, ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Ñàõàëèíà. Îäíî èç ãí¸çä in 2006–2009. One of the nests was being ob- Âëàäèâîñòîê, (L-1-1) íàáëþäàëîñü â òå÷åíèå ÷åòûð¸õ ñå- served during four seasons, from mid-March óë. Àâðîðîâñêàÿ, 24–38 òåë.: +7 4232 43 04 84 çîíîâ, â 2006–2008 ãã. ñ ñåðåäèíû ìàðòà äî till the end of August in 2006–2008, and from [email protected] êîíöà àâãóñòà, à â 2009 ã. ñ 20 ìàðòà ïî 29 March 20 till June 29, in 2009. On June 13, èþíÿ.  2010 ã. äëèòåëüíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà 2010 during the observation over the feeding Contact: ýòèì ãíåçäîì íå ïëàíèðîâàëèñü, íåîáõîäè- of a chick we managed to examine well the Nikolay Naumenko ìî áûëî ëèøü îïðåäåëèòü, çàãíåçäèëèñü ëè female. It emerged that the female feeding Far Eastern Federal îðëàíû â ýòîì ãîäó è åñòü ëè â ãíåçäå ïòåí- the chick is not the one that was present in University Avrorovskaya str., 24–38, öû.  õîäå êðàòêîâðåìåííûõ íàáëþäåíèé the nest in 2006–2009 (female ¹1). The new Vladivostok, 3, 4, 7 è 12 èþíÿ ñàìåö äâàæäû ïðèíîñèë female (female ¹2) had the bill of an unusual Russia, 690091 íà ãíåçäî ðûáó, îäíàêî êîðìëåíèÿ ïòåíöà shape. The distinction between the bills of fe- tel.: +7 4232 43 04 84 íå áûëî. Ñàìêà âî âðåìÿ ýòèõ íàáëþäåíèé male ¹1 and female ¹2 is particularly well [email protected] ëèáî íàõîäèëàñü â ëîòêå, ëèáî âñòàâàëà è noticeable when the bill is open (fig. 1). More- óëåòàëà ñ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà, â òàêèõ ñëó- over, female ¹1 had a characteristic white ÷àÿõ íà ãíåçäå îñòàâàëñÿ ñàìåö. Ïðèíîñ íà spot behind the white “shoulder strap” on her ãíåçäî äîáû÷è ó áåëîïëå÷èõ îðëàíîâ, êàê left wing. Female ¹2 had no such spot (fig. ïðàâèëî, óêàçûâàåò íà ïðèñóòñòâèå â ãíåçäå 2). Without doubt, the male on the nest was ïòåíöà. Ïðè íàáëþäåíèè çà ýòèì ãíåçäîì â the same. As during the previous seasons, he òå÷åíèå ÷åòûð¸õ ñåçîíîâ íå áûëî çàôèêñè- sat down on the perch 20 m away from the ðîâàíî íè îäíîãî ñëó÷àÿ ïðèíîñà äîáû÷è observation point and confidently took the íà ãíåçäî âî âðåìÿ ðåìîíòà ãíåçäà è èí- fish. From the distance of 20 m even without êóáàöèîííîãî ïåðèîäà. Îäíàêî ñîìíåíèÿ using the optical devices, it was possible to îñòàâàëèñü, òàê êàê Â.Ì. Ìàòþøèí (ëè÷íîå discern the little characteristic white spot on Èçó÷àåìàÿ ñîîáùåíèå) íàáëþäàë â ðàéîíå çàëèâà ×àé- the right side of the forehead above the main òåððèòîðèÿ. âî (Ñàõàëèí) äâà ñëó÷àÿ, êîãäà ñàìåö ïðèíî- spot (fig. 3). Surveyed territory. ñèë íàñèæèâàþùåé ñàìêå íà ãíåçäî äîáû- In the published data, we found only one ÷ó, îáà ðàçà äîáû÷åé áûëè ïòèöû ñ ÷¸ðíûì îïåðåíèåì.  íàøåì ñëó÷àå áåññïîðíûì äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì ïðè- ñóòñòâèÿ â ãíåçäå ïòåí- öà ìîãëî áûòü òîëüêî íàáëþäåíèå ïðîöåññà êîðìëåíèÿ. Áûëî ðå- øåíî ïðîâåñòè áîëåå äëèòåëüíîå íàáëþäå- íèå çà ãíåçäîì è èñ- ïîëüçîâàòü ïîäêîðì- êó.  ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû ïîäêîðìêà ýòîé ïàðû ïðèìåíÿëàñü â ïåðèîä âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåí- öîâ. Íàáëþäåíèå 13 Ðèñ. 1. 1 – ñàìåö è ñàìêà ¹1 (ñïðàâà); èþíÿ áûëî íà÷àòî â 2 – ñàìêà ¹2. 10:30, ñàìêà ëåæàëà â Fig. 1. 1 – male and female ¹1 (right); ëîòêå, ñàìåö íàõîäèë- 2 – female ¹2. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 213

ñÿ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. Ñ 10:36 äî 10:52 record of partner replacement in a pair of Stel- ñàìåö ïåðåí¸ñ íà ãíåçäî äâå êðàñíîï¸ðêè, ler’s Sea Eagles. A nest on the Kava river in the ïðåäëîæåííûõ â êà÷åñòâå ïîäêîðìêè, à â Magadan District was being observed during 10:55 ñàìêà âñòàëà èç ëîòêà è ïðèñòóïèëà ê 14 years (1989–2003). In 1999 the remains of êîðìëåíèþ. Âî âðåìÿ êîðìëåíèÿ, êîòîðîå an adult Steller’s Sea Eagle were found near äëèëîñü 14 ìèíóò, óäàëîñü õîðîøî ðàññìî- the nest (as may be supposed, one of the òðåòü ïòèöó. Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî ïòåíöà êîðìèò pair), another Steller’s Sea Eagle remaining in ñîâåðøåííî íå òà ñàìêà, êîòîðàÿ ïðèñóò- the breeding territory. In 2000, Steller’s Sea ñòâîâàëà íà ãíåçäå â 2006–2009 ãã. (ñàì- Eagles brought out two nestlings in this nest; êà ¹1). Ïåðâîå, ÷òî áðîñàëîñü â ãëàçà âî another bird took place of the dead partner âíåøíåì îáëèêå íîâîé ñàìêè (ñàìêà ¹2), (Utekhina, 2004; pers. comm.).

Ðèñ. 3. Õàðàêòåðíîå áåëîå ïÿòíûøêî ó ñàìöà íà ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå ëáà âûøå îñíîâíîãî ïÿòíà. Fig. 3. There is the characteristic white little spot of the male on the right side of the forehead above the main spot.

öèè áåëîïëå÷èõ îðëàíîâ ïî îêðàñêå è ôîð- Ðèñ. 2. 1–3 – ñàìêà ýòî êëþâ íåîáû÷íîé ôîðìû.  íîðìå ó áå- ìå êëþâà, à òàêæå ïî íåáîëüøèì îòëè÷èÿì ¹1 â 2007–2009 ãã. ëîïëå÷èõ îðëàíîâ íåò ðåçêîãî ïåðåõîäà îò â îêðàñêå îïåðåíèÿ, ñîîáùàë Å.Ã. Ëîáêîâ (ñòðåëêîé óêàçàíî âîñêîâèöû ê ðîãîâèöå. Ó ñàìêè ¹2 âîñêî- (2008à, 2008á). õàðàêòåðíîå ïÿòíî íà ëåâîì êðûëå); âèöà èìåëà øàðîîáðàçíóþ ôîðìó, âûñîòà  ëèòåðàòóðå ìû íàøëè ëèøü îäíî óïî- 4 – ñàìêà ¹2. ðîãîâèöû áûëà, ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî, â äâà ðàçà ìèíàíèå î ñìåíå ïàðòí¸ðà â ïàðå áåëî- Fig. 2. 1–3 – female ¹1 ìåíüøå, ÷åì âûñîòà âîñêîâèöû. Îñîáåííî ïëå÷èõ îðëàíîâ. Ãíåçäî íà ð. Êàâà â Ìà- in 2007–2009 (arrow õîðîøî âèäíà ðàçíèöà â ôîðìå êëþâà ó ãàäàíñêîé îáëàñòè íàáëþäàëîñü â òå÷åíèå shows the characteristic ñàìêè ¹1 è ñàìêè ¹2 ïðè îòêðûòîì êëþ- 14 ëåò (1989–2003 ãã.).  1999 ã. ðÿäîì ñ white spot on the left ãíåçäîì áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè âçðîñ- wing); 4 – female ¹2. âå (ðèñ. 1). Êðîìå òîãî, ñàìêà ¹1 èìåëà õàðàêòåðíîå áåëîå ïÿòíî ïîçàäè áåëîãî ëîãî îðëàíà (ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî, îäíîãî èç «ïîãîíà» íà ëåâîì êðûëå, ïî ýòîìó ïÿòíó ïàðû), åù¸ îäèí îðëàí äåðæàëñÿ íà ãíåçäî- â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû ìû îòëè÷àëè ñàìêó îò âîì ó÷àñòêå.  2000 ã. íà ýòîì ãíåçäå îð- ñàìöà.  òå÷åíèå ñåçîíà îíî ñòàíîâèëîñü òî ëàíû âûâåëè äâóõ ïòåíöîâ, âåðîÿòíî ìåñòî áîëüøå, òî ìåíüøå, íî íèêîãäà íå èñ÷åçàëî ïîãèáøåãî ïàðòí¸ðà çàíÿëà äðóãàÿ ïòèöà âîâñå. Ó ñàìêè ¹2 òàêîå ïÿòíî îòñóòñòâîâà- (Óòåõèíà, 2004; ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). ëî (ðèñ. 2).  òîì, ÷òî ñàìåö íà ãíåçäå îñòàëñÿ ïðåæ- Ëèòåðàòóðà íèé, ñîìíåíèé íå áûëî. Êàê è â ïðåäûäóùèå Ëîáêîâ Å.Ã. Èçìåí÷èâîñòü ïðèæèçíåííîé ñåçîíû, âî âðåìÿ ïîäêîðìêè îí ñàäèëñÿ íà îêðàñêè êëþâà ó áåëîïëå÷èõ îðëàíîâ Haliaee- tus pelagicus íà Êàì÷àòêå ïî ôîòî- è âèäåîìà- ïðèñàäó â 20 ì îò íàáëþäàòåëüíîãî ïóíêòà è òåðèàëàì. – Áèîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ïòèö Êàì÷àòêè, óâåðåííî çàáèðàë ðûáó, êîòîðàÿ âûêëàäû- 2008à. ¹8. Ñ. 75–78. âàëàñü íà ñïåöèàëüíûé ñòîëèê. Íà ðàññòîÿ- Ëîáêîâ Å.Ã. Ìîíèòîðèíã áåëîïëå÷èõ îðëà- íèè 20 ì, äàæå áåç èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îïòèêè, íîâ Haliaeetus pelagicus â çèìîâî÷íîì ñêîïëå- ó ñàìöà ìîæíî áûëî ðàçãëÿäåòü õàðàêòåð- íèè íà îçåðå Êóðèëüñêîì (Þæíàÿ Êàì÷àòêà) íîå áåëîå ïÿòíûøêî íà ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå ëáà ïî ôîòîìàòåðèàëàì. – Áèîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ïòèö âûøå îñíîâíîãî ïÿòíà (ðèñ. 3). Ïî ôîðìå Êàì÷àòêè, 2008á. ¹8. Ñ. 79–82. Óòåõèíà È.Ã. Áåëîïëå÷èé îðëàí Haliaeetus íàëîáíûõ ïÿòåí ìû òàêæå îòëè÷àëè ñàìöà pelagicus (Pallas, 1811) íà ñåâåðíîì ïîáåðå- îò ñàìêè ¹1, ó êîòîðîé ïÿòíî íà ëáó áûëî æüå Îõîòñêîãî ìîðÿ: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñ- êðóïíåå, ïðàâèëüíîé ôîðìû è ãðÿçíî- ëåííîñòü, ýêîëîãèÿ, ìèãðàöèè. – Äèññ. êàíä. áåëîãî öâåòà. Î âîçìîæíîñòè èäåíòèôèêà- áèîë. íàóê. Ì., 2004. Ñ. 63. 214 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ïîòåðè íàóêè

Obituary ПОТЕРИ НАУКИ

RobinChancellor(1921–2010) РОБИН ЧАНСЕЛЛОР (1921–2010)

Ðîáåðò Äàô (Ðîáèí) ×àíñåëëîð óìåð 27 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. â ìåñòå÷êå ïîä íàçâàíèåì ×èàíãìàé, Òàèëàíä, ïîñëå íåäîëãîé áîëåçíè. Åìó áûëî 89 ëåò.  ×èàíã- ìàå 2 íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã. ó íåãî ïðîøëè áóääèñòñêèå ïî- õîðîíû. Åãî ïåïåë áóäåò âîçâðàù¸í â Àíãëèþ äëÿ ïî- õîðîí íà êëàäáèùå Ñòîê Áðóýðíå, ÷òî íåäàëåêî îò ñ. Ñòîê Ïàðê â Íîðòõåìïòîíøèðå, ãäå îí æèë ìíîãî ëåò Ðîáèí ×àíñåëëîð â Òóðöèè, ìàðò 2004 ã. â áîëüøîì çàãîðîäíîì äîìå, ïåðåøåäøåì åãî ïëå- Ôîòî Á. Ìåéáóðãà. ìÿííèêó ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî äåñÿòü ëåò íàçàä. Îí êóïèë Robin Chancellor in Turkey, March 2004. äâà îñòàâëåííûõ ïàâèëüîíà, ïðèíàäëåæàâøèõ Èíèãî Photo by Bernd Meyburg. Äæîíñó â 1630 ã., à â 1954 ã. âîññòàíîâèë èõ. Ðîáåðò Robert (Robin) Duff Chancellor died on 27 October 2010 æèë â îäíîì èç ïàâèëüîíîâ, áûâøåé ÷àñîâíå ãëàâíîãî in Chiang Mai, Thailand, after a short illness. He was äîìà, ðàçðóøåííîãî îãí¸ì â 1886 ã. aged 89. He had a Buddhist funeral in Chiang Mai on 2 Ðîáèí ðîäèëñÿ â Ëîíäîíå 24 îêòÿáðÿ 1921 ã. è ïî- November 2010. His ashes will be returned to England ëó÷èë îáðàçîâàíèå â Èòîíå è Òðèíèòè-Êîëëåäæå Êåì- for burial in the churchyard at Stoke Bruerne, the village áðèäæà. Îí áûë ñûíîì ëåéòåíàíòà-ïîëêîâíèêà ñýðà near Stoke Park in Northamptonshire where he lived Äæîíà Ðîáåðòà ×àíñåëëîðà, ãëàâû ñåìüè øîòëàíäöåâ for many years in a large ‘listed’ country house, passed èç Øûëåäõèëëà â Ëàíàðêøèðå, è Ìýðè Ýëèçàáåò Ãî- to his nephew about ten years ago. He purchased two âàðä (äî÷åðè Ãåîðãà Ðîäè Òîìïñîíà, ÷üÿ ñåìüÿ èç Íàí- derelict 1630 Inigo Jones pavilions in 1954 and restored âèê Õîëë, ÷òî âáëèçè îò Ïåíðèñà â Êóìáðèè). Äîì, â them. He lived in one of the pavilions, a former chapel, êîòîðîì æèë åãî îòåö, íàçâàëè Øèëåäõèë â Ëàíàðêøè- the main house having been destroyed by fire in 1886. ðå, – îí ïðèíàäëåæàë ñåìüå ×àíñåëëîðîâ 15 ñòîëåòèé. Robin was born in London on 24 October 1921 and Áðàòîì Ðîáèíà áûë ñýð Êðèñòîôåð ×àíñåëëîð, ìíîãî was educated at Eton and Trinity College Cambridge. ëåò ðóêîâîäÿùèé òåëåãðàôíûì àãåíòñòâîì Ðåéòåð, êî- He was the son of Lt-Col Sir John Robert Chancel- òîðûé áûë ïîñâÿù¸í â ðûöàðè â 1951 ã. lor, sometime head of that Scots family of Shieldhill, Äèïëîìàòè÷åñêèå äîëæíîñòè åãî îòöà âêëþ÷àëè íà- Lanarkshire, and Mary Elisabeth Howard (daughter of çíà÷åíèÿ ïåðâûì ãóáåðíàòîðîì ñàìîóïðàâëÿþùåéñÿ George Rodie Thompson of that family of Nunwick Hall, êîëîíèè Þæíàÿ Ðîäåçèÿ (1923–1928 ãã.) è Âåðõîâíûì near Penrith in Cumbria). The house in which his father êîìèññàðîì è ãëàâíîêîìàíäóþùèì Ïàëåñòèíû è Òðàíñ- lived had been in the Chancellor family since the 15th èîðäàíèè (1928–1931 ãã.). Þíîñòü Ðîáèíà ïðîøëà â century. Robin’s brother was Sir Christopher Chancel- ýòèõ áûâøèõ êîëîíèÿõ, ïîñëå ÷åãî îí íà âñþ æèçíü lor, for many years managing director of Reuters News ïîëþáèë ò¸ïëûé êëèìàò. Îí òåðïåòü íå ìîã àíãëèéñêèå Agency, who was knighted in 1951. çèìû. Âñïîìèíàÿ ñâî¸ ïðîøëîå, åìó íðàâèëîñü ðàñ- His father’s diplomatic posts included the appointments ñêàçûâàòü îäíó ñìåøíóþ èñòîðèþ. Âî âðåìÿ ïîñåùå- of First Governor of the Self-Governing Colony of South- íèÿ Èçðàèëÿ îí èçó÷àë äâîðåö ïðåæíåãî ãóáåðíàòîðà ern Rhodesia (1923–1928) and High Commissioner and âïëîòü äî âñåõ åãî çàêîóëêîâ è áûë, íàêîíåö, îñòàíîâ- Commander in Chief for Palestine and Transjordan (1928– ëåí ïîëèöåéñêèì, ê ÷åìó îí áûë ãîòîâ. Îí îòâåòèë ñóõî: 1931). Robin’s youth was spent in these former colonies «ß ïðîâ¸ë ÷àñòü ñâîåé þíîñòè â ýòèõ çäàíèÿõ – ìîé îòåö from which his love for warm climates undoubtedly de- áûë ãóáåðíàòîðîì Ïàëåñòèíû». Òîãäà åãî ïðèãëàñèëè rived. He detested the English winters. Recollecting his âíóòðü, è îí ñìîã îñìîòðåòü âñ¸ ïîäðîáíåå. Èìåííî â past, he liked recounting an anecdote. During a visit to Èåðóñàëèìå, â âîçðàñòå âîñüìè ëåò, îí çàáîëåë êîðüþ, Israel he studied the former Governor’s palace from all an- ÷òî ïðèâåëî ê óõóäøåíèþ åãî çðåíèÿ. gles and was finally asked by a policeman what he was Ðîáèí ñäåëàë êàðüåðó èçäàòåëÿ (ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì up to. He replied dryly “I spent part of my youth in these õóäîæåñòâåííûõ ôàêñèìèëå), a ïîñëå îòñòàâêè ñìîã buildings – my father was the Governor of Palestine.” He ïîñâÿòèòü âñ¸ ñâî¸ âðåìÿ îõðàíå ïòèö – äðóãîé èç åãî was then invited inside and allowed to look around. It was ñòðàñòåé. Åãî ñèëüíàÿ áëèçîðóêîñòü ïðåïÿòñòâîâàëà in Jerusalem, at eight years old, that he contracted mea- òîìó, ÷òîáû îí áûë àêòèâíûì ïîëåâûì îðíèòîëîãîì, sles, causing his eyesight to be permanently damaged. ïîýòîìó îí íàïðàâëÿë âñþ ñâîþ îãðîìíóþ ýíåðãèþ â Robin followed a career as a publisher (mainly art fac- Obituary Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 215

àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå çàäà÷è îõðàíû ïòèö è ðåäàêòèðî- similes), but after retirement, was able to devote himself âàíèå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïóáëèêàöèé. full time to bird conservation, another of his passions. Ðîáèí áûë íàçíà÷åí ïîìîùíèêîì Ïî÷¸òíîãî Ñåêðå- His extreme short-sightedness prevented him from be- òàðÿ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîâåòà ïî îõðàíå ïòèö (ICBP) ing an active field ornithologist so that he channelled â ìàðòå 1974 ã., â òî âðåìÿ êàê Ïî÷¸òíûì Ñåêðåòà- his entire energies into administrative bird conservation ð¸ì áûëà Ôèëëèñ Áàðêëà-Ñìèò. Îíè ñîòðóäíè÷àëè â tasks and the editing of ornithological publications. áðèòàíñêîì ìóçåå åñòåñòâåííîé èñòîðèè â Ëîíäîíå. Robin was appointed Assistant Honorary Secretary of Ïîñëå óõîäà Ôèëëèñ â 1978 ã. Ïî÷¸òíûì Ñåêðåòàðåì ICBP (International Couincil for Bird Preservation, now áûë íàçíà÷åí Ðîáèí. Çäåñü îí, òàêæå âïåðâûå, ââ¸ë BirdLife International) in March 1974, whilst Phyllis Barclay- â äîëæíîñòü ïåðâîãî äèðåêòîðà BirdLife International Smith continued as Honorary Secretary. They worked to- äîêòîðà Êðèñòîôà Èìáîäåíà. gether in the British Natural History Museum in London. Åãî îñîáûé èíòåðåñ áûë ê õèùíûì ïòèöàì, è îí Robin was appointed Honorary Secretary in 1978 when çàíèìàëñÿ ïóáëèêàöèÿìè ñëóøàíèé ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ Phyllis retired, and served in this position until 1987. Here êîíôåðåíöèé ïî õèùíèêàì. Îí çàíèìàëñÿ â ICBP, è he also introduced the first Director of ICBP (later BLI), Dr. âïîñëåäñòâèè â BirdLife International ðåäàêòèðîâàíè- Christoph Imboden, to his new tasks and responsibilities. åì ïåðâûõ äâóõ ñáîðíèêîâ ïî âñåìèðíûì êîíôåðåí- His special interest was birds of prey and he busied öèÿì â Âåíå (1975 ã.) è Ñàëîíèêàõ (1982 ã.). himself with the publication of the proceedings of inter- Ïîñëå óõîäà ñ äîëæíîñòè Ïî÷¸òíîãî Ñåêðåòàðÿ â national raptor conferences. He was entrusted by ICBP 1982 ã. Ðîáèí ñòàë Êàçíà÷ååì Âñåìèðíîé ðàáî÷åé and subsequently BirdLife International with the editing ãðóïïû ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì è ñîâàì (WWGBP).  ýòîé of the first two volumes of the Vienna (1975) and Thes- ðîëè îí áûë ðåäàêòîðîì èëè ñîðåäàêòîðîì âñåõ øå- salonica (1982) world conferences. ñòè ñáîðíèêîâ, èçäàííûõ WWGBP ïî ìàòåðèàëàì âñå- From 1982 until shortly before his death Robin was ìèðíûõ êîíôåðåíöèé ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì è äðóãèì Hon. Secretary and Treasurer of the World Working ìåæäóíàðîäíûì âñòðå÷àì: «Õèùíèêè â ñîâðåìåííîì Group on Birds of Prey and Owls (WWGBP). In this role ìèðå», 1989, 612 ñòð. (3-ÿ Âñåìèðíàÿ êîíôåðåí- he was editor or co-editor of all further six comprehen- öèÿ â Ýéëàòå, Èçðàèëü); «Îõðàíà õèùíèêîâ ñåãîäíÿ», sive conference volumes published by the WWGBP for 1994, 799 ñòð. (4-ÿ Âñåìèðíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ â Áåð- several bird of prey world conferences and other inter- ëèíå, Ãåðìàíèÿ); «Èññëåäîâàíèÿ îðëîâ», 1996, 549 national meetings: Raptors in the Modern World, 1989 ñòð. (ìàòåðèàëû íåñêîëüêèõ êîíôåðåíöèé ïî îðëàì); (3rd World Conference in Eilat), Israel, Raptor Conserva- «Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ãîëàðêòèêè», 1998, 680 ñòð. (Ìåæäó- tion Today, 1994 (4th World Conference in Berlin), Ea- íàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ â Áàäàõîñå, Èñïàíèÿ); «Õèù- gle Studies, 1996 (several eagle conferences), Holarctic íèêè â îïàñíîñòè», 2000, 895 ñòð. (5-ÿ Âñåìèðíàÿ Birds of Prey, 1998 (International Conference in Bada- êîíôåðåíöèÿ â Ìèäðàíäå, Þæíàÿ Àôðèêà); «Õèù- joz, Spain), Raptors at Risk, 2000 (5th World Conference íèêè âî âñ¸ì ìèðå», 2004, 867 ñòð. (6-ÿ Âñåìèðíàÿ in Midrand, South Africa) and Raptors Worldwide, 2004 êîíôåðåíöèÿ â Áóäàïåøòå, Âåíãðèÿ). (6th World Conference in Budapest, Hungary). Ýòè òðóäû, ïîòðåáîâàâøèå ìíîãî âðåìåíè, èçäàí- This time-consuming occupation – the proceedings íûå ñ 1989 ã. ïî 2004 ã. ñîäåðæàò â ñóììå áîëüøå published from 1989 to 2004 alone comprised altogether 4400 ñòðàíèö, â äîïîëíåíèå ê äðóãèì ïóáëèêàöèÿì more than 4,400 pages, in addition to other bird of prey ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì îñòàþòñÿ åãî ñàìûì çíà÷èìûì volumes – remains his most significant ornithological leg- îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèì íàñëåäèåì. Òîìà ñîäåðæàò òîëü- acy. The volumes contained original work only, and are êî àâòîðñêèå ðàáîòû è äî ñèõ ïîð èíòåíñèâíî öè- still extensively cited. He had to substantially rewrite a òèðóþòñÿ. Îí äîëæåí áûë ñóùåñòâåííî ïåðåïèñàòü great part of most of the articles because English was not áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ñòàòåé, òàê êàê àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê íå the mother tongue of many authors – an immense task, áûë ðîäíûì ÿçûêîì ìíîãèõ àâòîðîâ – ýòî îãðîìíàÿ but one which he set about with relish. He had a great çàäà÷à, ê êîòîðîé îí îòí¸ññÿ ñî âñåé òùàòåëüíî- command of English, and excelled at reducing a mass of ñòüþ. Îí îòëè÷íî âëàäåë àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì è âèð- impenetrable verbiage into a few simple sentences. Read- òóîçíî ïðåâðàùàë ìàññó òåêñòà â íåñêîëüêî ïðî- ing French and German easily he also translated many pa- ñòûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé. Ëåãêî ÷èòàþùèé ôðàíöóçñêèé pers from these languages into English. While working è íåìåöêèé ÿçûêè, îí òàêæå ïåðåâ¸ë ìíîãî ñòàòåé on manuscripts, he smoked more or less non-stop, and è òåçèñîâ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ðàáîòàÿ íàä ðóêî- battered out the revised texts on an ancient typewriter. ïèñÿìè, îí ìíîãî êóðèë, ïî÷òè áåç îñòàíîâîê, è During 1996–2001, Robin was an Editorial Board Mem- ïå÷àòàë îòðåäàêòèðîâàííûå òåêñòû íà äðåâíåé ïå- ber of the journal Buteo, a specialist raptor publication of ÷àòíîé ìàøèíêå. the Czech and Slovak Working Groups on Protection and Ðîáèíà î÷åíü ïðèâëåêàëà Âåíãðèÿ, êîòîðóþ îí Research on Birds of Prey and Owls. During 2007–2010, ÷àñòî ïîñåùàë è ãäå ó íåãî áûëè íåêîòîðûå î÷åíü he continued as a Board Member of the Slovak Raptor áëèçêèå äðóçüÿ (íàïðèìåð, Äåíåñ Äæàíîññè, Àíäîð Journal, published by Raptor Protection of Slovakia. Òàáà è Æîçåô Ôèäëîöêèé). Îí áûë ïî÷¸òíûì ÷ëåíîì Robin was very attracted to Hungary, which he frequent- Âåíãåðñêîãî îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà è îáùå- ly visited and where he had some very close friends (Dénes ñòâà îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû (ÌÌÅ) (BirdLife Âåí- Jánossy, Andor Taba, József Fidlóczky, László Haraszthy, 216 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ïîòåðè íàóêè

György Kállay, János Bagyura and Tamás Péchy). He was an honorary member of the Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conser- vation Society (MME) (BirdLife Hungary) since 1982. He supported financially a conservation project on the Meadow Viper, about which he was interviewed by Hungarian television in Thailand shortly before his death. Robin possessed at least 12 valuable paint- ings by József Rippl-Rónai, a painter of the late Impressionism and Symbolism schools, who was a forerunner of modern painting in Hungary. He inherited them in 1973 from a journalist and art collector, András Révai, a Hungarian emigrant living in London. One of these paintings, presented by Robin to the MME, was taken to Budapest by the Art historian Tamás Kiesebach. Hungarian nature conservation projects were funded from the proceeds of the sale. One of these projects was the purchase of a house for a Meadow Viper conservation station. In addition the Somogyfajsz Meadows (more than 10 hec- tares) in the Boronka nature reserve were Ñáîðíèêè WWGBP, â êîòîðûõ Ðîáèí ×àíñåëëîð áûë áåññìåííûì ðåäàêòîðîì. acquired. Finally a house in Tömörd in West- Volumes published by WWGBP, where Robin Chancellor was editor or co-editor. ern Hungary was bought and furnished and equipped as an ornithological field station. ãðèÿ) ñ 1982 ã. Îí îêàçûâàë ôèíàíñîâóþ ïîääåðæêó ïðîåêòó ïî He spent a lot of time in Africa with Les- îõðàíå çìåé, î ÷¸ì íåçàäîëãî äî ñìåðòè îí ðàññêàçàë â ñâî¸ì lie Brown, who described Robin as one of the èíòåðâüþ äëÿ âåíãåðñêîãî òåëåâèäåíèÿ â Òàèëàíäå. few people he could stand to be with for more Îí ïðîâ¸ë ìíîãî âðåìåíè â Àôðèêå ñ Ëåñëè Áðàóíîì, êîòî- than a few days at a time. After Leslie’s death ðûé îïèñàë Ðîáèíà êàê îäíîãî èç íåìíîãèõ ëþäåé, ñ êîòîðûìè he accompanied several WWGBP members îí ìîã íàõîäèòüñÿ â ïîåçäêàõ áîëåå ÷åì íåñêîëüêî äíåé. Ïî- (Bernd Meyburg, Jean-Marc Thiollay, Bas van ñëå ñìåðòè Ëåñëè Ðîáèí ñîïðîâîæäàë íåñêîëüêî ó÷àñòíèêîâ Balen and Joachim Matthes) on several bird WWGBP (Áåðíäà Ìåéáóðãà, Æàí-Ìàðêà Òèîëëý, Áàñ âàí Áààëåíà of prey research expeditions to Latvia, Turkey, è Äæîàêèìà Ìýòçýñà) â íåñêîëüêèõ ýêñïåäèöèÿõ ïî èññëåäîâà- Zambia, South Africa, Namibia and Indonesia. íèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ëàòâèþ, Òóðöèþ, Çàìáèþ, Þæíóþ Àôðèêó, Despite his already advanced age, he demon- Íàìèáèþ è Èíäîíåçèþ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà åãî óæå ïðåêëîííûé âîç- strated his remarkable resistance to heat and ðàñò, îí ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàë óäèâèòåëüíîå óñåðäèå è ñâîþ çà- exertion. He spent the last few years of his life ìå÷àòåëüíóþ ñòîéêîñòü ê æàðå. Ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò ñâîåé predominantly in Thailand. æèçíè Ðîáèí ïðîâ¸ë, â îñíîâíîì, â Òàèëàíäå. Robin was a low-profile lovable individual Ðîáèí áûë ñäåðæàííûì ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûì ÷åëîâåêîì, êîòî- who did not seek fame or recognition. Yet he ðûé íå èñêàë èçâåñòíîñòü èëè ïðèçíàíèå. Ïðè ýòîì, îí áûë was tremendously good company, full of joy- ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî õîðîøèì ñîáåñåäíèêîì, ïîëíûì ðàäîñòíûõ ful anecdotes about influential people he had àíåêäîòîâ î âëèÿòåëüíûõ ëþäÿõ, êîòîðûõ îí çíàë è ñ êîòî- known and travelled with. He was always ðûìè ïóòåøåñòâîâàë. Îí áûë âñåãäà äðóæåëþáåí, òåðïåëèâ è friendly, helpful and patient, but with firm ãîòîâ ïîìî÷ü, îäíàêî ñ íåïðåêëîííîé òî÷êîé çðåíèÿ íà ñ÷¸ò views on some of the less amiable members íåêîòîðûõ ìåíåå ëþáåçíûõ ÷ëåíîâ ñîîáùåñòâà õèùíèêîâå- of the raptor community with whom he had äîâ, ñ êîèìè åìó ïðèõîäèëîñü âçàèìîäåéñòâîâàòü. Áóäåò èñ- to interact. It will be exceptionally difficult êëþ÷èòåëüíî òðóäíî çàìåíèòü åãî â êà÷åñòâå ðåäàêòîðà ðàáîò to replace him as editor of raptor proceed- ïî ïåðíàòûì õèùíèêàì! ings. In remembrance of Robin WWGBP has  ïàìÿòü î Ðîáèíå âñå ñòàòüè èç îòðåäàêòèðîâàííûõ èì ìàòå- started to digitise the bird of prey volumes ðèàëîâ êîíôåðåíöèé WWGBP áóäóò ïåðåâåäåíû â öèôðîâóþ and to provide them free of charge for all ôîðìó íàñòîëüêî ïîëíî, íàñêîëüêî ýòî âîçìîæíî, è âûëîæå- interested persons on the WWGBP website íû â ñâîáîäíîì äîñòóïå â ôîðìàòå PDF íà âåá-ñàéòå WWGBP (www.Raptors-International.org); indeed, (www.Raptors-International.org) äëÿ âñåõ èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿ. Eagle Studies, Holarctic Birds of Prey and others are already available. Áåðíä Ìåéáóðã è Éåí Íüþòîí. Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê Ñâåòëàíû Ãîëîâîé. Bernd Meyburg & Ian Newton. New Publications and Videos Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 217

NewPublicationsandVideos НОВЫЕПУБЛИКАЦИИИФИЛЬМЫ Journals ЖУРНАЛЫ

 2010 ã. âûøåë â ñâåò ïåðâûé íîìåð The first issue of Far-Eastern Journal of Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêî- Ornithology have published in 2010, ãî æóðíàëà, â êîòîðîì îïóáëèêîâàíî with reference book Gluschenko Yu.N., ñïðàâî÷íîå èçäàíèå Ãëóùåíêî Þ.Í., Nechaev V.A. and Gluschenko V.P. “Birds Íå÷àåâà Â.À. è Ãëóùåíêî Â.Ï. «Ïòèöû of Primorsky Krai: fauna, distribution, pro- Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ: ôàóíà, ðàçìåùåíèå, tection and bibliography” (in Russian)20. ïðîáëåìû îõðàíû, áèáëèîãðàôèÿ»20. Far-Eastern Journal of Ornithology is found- Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé ed by NGO Amur-Ussuri Center for Avian æóðíàë ó÷ðåæä¸í Àìóðî-Óññóðèéñêèì Biodiversity and Institute of Biology and Soil Öåíòðîì Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Ïòèö è Áèî- Sciences FEB RAS. Editor-in-Chief – Direc- ëîãî-ïî÷âåííûì èíñòèòóòîì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ â tor of IBSS FEB RAS, Academic RAS Yu.N. (8) Êîíòàêò 2010 ã. Ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð – äèðåêòîð Zhuravlev. Editorial Group: O.A. Burkovsky, Òàòüÿíà Â. Ãàìîâà V.N. Chernobaeva, T.V. Gamova (executive Îòâåòñòâåííûé ÁÏÈ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, àêàäåìèê ÐÀÍ Þ.Í. Æó- ñåêðåòàðü ðàâë¸â. Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ: Î.À. Áóð- secretary), Yu.N. Gluschenko, A.P. Kryukov, [email protected] êîâñêèé, Î.Ï. Âàëü÷óê, Ò.Â. Ãàìîâà (îò- A.B. Kurdyukov, A.A. Nazarenko, V.A. Ne- âåòñòâåííûé ñåêðåòàðü), Þ.Í. Ãëóùåíêî, chaev, Yu.V. Shibaev, S.G. Surmach (deputy (8) Contact À.Ï. Êðþêîâ, À.Á. Êóðäþêîâ, À.À. Íàçà- editor), A.M. Trukhin, O.P. Valchuk. Tatiana V. Gamova ðåíêî, Â.À. Íå÷àåâ, Ñ.Ã. Ñóðìà÷ (çàì. ãëàâ- The Journal is planned as a “two-format” Executive secretary íîãî ðåäàêòîðà), À.Ì.Òðóõèí, Â.Í. ×åðíî- (online/hard copy), periodical peer-reviewed [email protected] áàåâà, Þ.Â. Øèáàåâ. regional journal for ornithology, publishing Æóðíàë çàäóìàí êàê «äâóôîðìàòíîå» materials covering all aspects of modern or- (ýëåêòðîííî-áóìàæíîå) ðåöåíçèðóåìîå nithology. The region of focus is the Russian ðåãèîíàëüíîå èçäàíèå, ïóáëèêóþùåå ìàòå- Far East and adjacent territories. Russian is ðèàëû ïî âñåì àñïåêòàì ñîâðåìåííîé îð- the primary language, though selected pub- íèòîëîãèè. Îõâàòûâàåìûé ðåãèîí – Äàëüíèé lications will be fully translated into English Âîñòîê Ðîññèè è ñîïðåäåëüíûå òåððèòî- by the publisher. Two or more issues will be ðèè. Îñíîâíîé ÿçûê – ðóññêèé. Ïåðèîäè÷- published annually. Submitted and accepted íîñòü èçäàíèÿ – ìèíèìóì äâà âûïóñêà â ãîä. papers get the status of online publication Ïðèíÿòûé ê ïå÷àòè ìàòåðèàë ïðèîáðåòàåò just after the paper has been uploaded to the ñòàòóñ öâåòíîé ýëåêòðîííîé ïóáëèêàöèè ñ official journal’s website in PDF. When the to- ìîìåíòà åãî ðàçìåùåíèÿ íà îôèöèàëüíîì tal number of online publications reaches a ñàéòå æóðíàëà â pdf-ôîðìàòå. Ïî ìåðå íà- sum of about 100 pages, these publications êîïëåíèÿ ýëåêòðîííûõ ïóáëèêàöèé ìàòåðè- will be printed in traditional hard copy (black àë èçäàåòñÿ â âèäå òðàäèöèîííîé áóìàæíîé and white) version. Hard copies of publica- (÷¸ðíî-áåëîé) âåðñèè. tions will be unchanged and will be the ex- Îäíîé èç öåëåé äàííîãî èçäàíèÿ ÿâëÿåò- act same publications as their online counter- ñÿ äîñòèæåíèå îïåðàòèâíîé ïóáëèêàöèè parts. The monographs exceeding 80 journal ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïîëåâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ pages will bee published as a special issue. èññëåäîâàíèé. One of aims of this Journal is the publishing Èíñòðóêöèÿ äëÿ àâòîðîâ îïóáëèêîâàíà of results of recent ornithological surveys. íà ñàéòå æóðíàëà21, à òàêæå ïðèâîäèòñÿ â Instructions for authors are shown at the êàæäîì âûïóñêå. last pages of each Issue and web site21. Ðóêîïèñè ïðèíèìàþòñÿ ïî ýëåêòðîííîé Manuscripts and editorial correspondence ïî÷òå íà èìÿ îòâåòñòâåííîãî ñåêðåòàðÿ should be addressed to executive secretary Ãàìîâîé Òàòüÿíû Âëàäèìèðîâíû. Tatiana V. Gamova. Êîíòàêò (8). Contact (8).

20 http://birdland.ru 21 http://birdland.ru/ru/node/143 218 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ñîäåðæàíèå Contents

Îò ðåäàêöèè ...... 3 Editorial ...... 3 Ñîáûòèÿ ...... 6 Events ...... 6 Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ...... 20 Reviews and Comments ...... 20 Äæåéìñ Ôåðãóñîí-Ëèéç è Äýâèä Õðèñòè – ñîàâòîðû James Ferguson-Lees and David Christie – Coauthors âòîðîé ìèðîâîé ñâîäêè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì. of the Second World Review on Raptors. Øåðãàëèí Å.Ý...... 20 Shergalin J.E...... 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè â õîçÿéñòâå ...... 25 Raptors in Economy ...... 25 Ëîâ÷èå ÿñòðåáà ïðîòèâ ãîëóáåé. Trained Goshawks Against Pigeons. Ðûæîâ Ñ.Ê., Ìóðñååâ Ì.Ð...... 25 Ryzhov S.K., Mursejev M.R...... 25 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ...... 35 Raptor Conservation ...... 35 Îöåíêà ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ Estimating the Efficiency of Bird Protection ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà ÂË 6–10 ê â Íàöèîíàëüíîì Activities on Power Lines 6–10 kV in the National ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé», Ðîññèÿ. Ìàöûíà À.È., Park of “Smolny”, Russia. Matsyna A.I., Ìàöûíà Å.Ë., Ìàöûíà À.À., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Matsyna E.L., Matsyna A.A., Grishutkin G.F., Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í...... 35 Spiridonov S.N...... 35 Èòîãè ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ãèáåëè The Outcomes of Preliminary Monitoring for ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è äðóãèõ âèäîâ ïòèö îò Death of Raptors and Other Bird Species ïîðàæåíèÿ òîêîì íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è Through Electrocution in the Eastern Orenburg â Âîñòî÷íîì Îðåíáóðæüå, Ðîññèÿ. District, Russia. Barbazyuk E.V., Bakka S.V., Áàðáàçþê Å.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Barashkova À.N., Semenov À.R., Ñåì¸íîâ À.Ð., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý...... 40 Smelansky I.E...... 40 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ...... 48 Raptor Research ...... 48 Ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîãèëüíèêà The Monitoring of the Nesting Groups of Imperial íà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ Eagles in the “Privolzhskaya Forest-Steppe” and «Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü» è «Áàññåéí Ìàëîé “Watershed of Malaya Sviyaga River” Important Ñâèÿãè» â 2010 ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., Bird Areas in 2010, Russia. Korepov M.V., Áîðîäèí Î.Â...... 48 Borodin O.V...... 48 Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê Monitoring Results of Raptor Breeding Groups in êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé the Republic of Altai in 2010, Russia. â 2010 ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Vazhov S.V., Bachtin R.F., Makarov A.V., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á. .54 Karyakin I.V., Mitrofanov O.B...... 54 Ýêîëîãèÿ ñèíàíòðîïíîé ïîïóëÿöèè ÷¸ðíîãî Ecology of Synanthropic Populations of the Black êîðøóíà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà, Àëòàéñêèé Kite in the Vicinities of Biysk, Altai Kray, Russia. êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Bachtin R.F., Vazhov S.V., Makarov A.V...... 68 Ìàêàðîâ À.Â...... 68 The Imperial Eagle in the Nizhniy Novgorod District, Ìîãèëüíèê â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Russia. Bakka S.V., Kiseleva N.Yu., Karyakin I.V. .... 84 Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â...... 84 Results Distribution and Number of the Imperial Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà Eagle in the Republic of Chuvashiya at the òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè â íà÷àëå XXI âåêà, Ðîññèÿ. Beginning of XXI Century, Russia. ßêîâëåâ À.À., Èñàêîâ Ã.Í...... 89 Yakovlev A.A., Isakov G.N...... 89 Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà Modern Population Status of the Imperial Eagle â Ðåñïóáëèêå Ìîðäîâèÿ, Ðîññèÿ. in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í...... 93 Lapshin A.S., Spiridonov S.N...... 93 Ìîãèëüíèê â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. The Imperial Eagle in the Samara District, Russia. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ...... 97 Karyakin I.V., Pazhenkov A.S...... 97 Contents Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 219

Ìîãèëüíèê â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òàòàðñòàí, Ðîññèÿ. The Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Tatarstan, Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Russia. Bekmansurov R.H., Karyakin I.V., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã...... 119 Pazhenkov A.S., Nikolenko E.G...... 119 Ìîãèëüíèê â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. The Imperial Eagle in the Ural Region, Russia. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Ìîøêèí À.Â., Karyakin I.V., Pazhenkov A.S., Moshkin A.V., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Barabashin T.O., Korolkov M.A., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ...... 128 Bekmansurov R.H...... 128 Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê Monitoring Results of Raptor Breeding Groups êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â Ðåñïóáëèêå in the Republic of Altai in 2010, Russia. Àëòàé â 2010 ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. Vazhov S.V., Bachtin R.F., Makarov A.V., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â., Karyakin I.V., Mitrofanov O.B...... 146 Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á...... 146 The Imperial Eagle in the Republic of Khakassia Ìîãèëüíèê â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå, and Krasnoyarsk Kray, Russia. Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã...... 158 Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G...... 158 Ìîãèëüíèê â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà – âèä íà ãðàíè The Imperial Eagle is a Vanishing Species in âûìèðàíèÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â...... 177 the Tyva Republic, Russia. Karyakin I.V...... 177 Ìîãèëüíèê â Ìîíãîëèè. Áóêðååâ Ñ.À., The Imperial Eagle in Mongolia. Bukreev S.A., Áîëäáààòàð Ø., Çâîíîâ Á.Ì...... 186 Boldbaatar Sh., Zvonov B.M...... 186 Ãåîãðàôèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà Localities of Surveys of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì êîòîðûõ îïóá- (Aquila heliaca) Mentioned in the Articles of the ëèêîâàíû ñòàòüè è êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ â ¹20 20th Issue of “Raptors Conservation” ...... 195 æóðíàëà «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ...... 195 Short Reports ...... 196 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ...... 196 Monitoring of the Imperial Eagle Breeding Group Ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêîâ, in Agricultural Landscape Near Dmitrovgrad, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â àãðîëàíäøàôòå áëèç Äìèòðîâãðàäà, Russia. Adamov S.G...... 196 Ðîññèÿ. Àäàìîâ Ñ.Ã...... 196 Additional Records of the Imperial Eagle in the Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ìîãèëüíèêå â Samara District, According to Results of Surveys Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé Carried Out in August, 2010, Russia. â àâãóñòå 2010 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ...... 198 Pazhenkov A.S...... 198 Ìèãðàöèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ÷åðåç ׸ðíîå è Migrations of Birds of Prey Through the Black and Àçîâñêîå ìîðÿ – áåçíàä¸æíûå ïîïûòêè? Azov Seas – are there the Vain Endeavours? Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î...... 200 Barabashin T.O...... 200 Íîâûå äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà New Data About the Greater Spotted Eagle Nesting â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèéñêà, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, in the Vicinities of Biysk, Altai Kray, Russia. Ðîññèÿ. Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â...... 204 Bachtin R.F., Vazhov S.V...... 204 Î ãíåçäîâàíèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîì About the Greater Spotted Eagle Nesting in Ñàÿíå è â ïðèëåæàùèõ ìåæãîðíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, the Western Sayan Mountains and Adjacent Ðîññèÿ. Ðóäîâñêèé Â.Ñ...... 208 Depressions, Russia. Rudovskiy V.S...... 208 Çàìåíà ñàìêè â ïàðå áåëîïëå÷èõ îðëàíîâ. Female Replacement in a Pair of the Steller's Sea Íàóìåíêî Í.Â...... 212 Eagle. Naumenko N.V...... 212

Ïîòåðè íàóêè ...... 214 Obituary...... 214 Ðîáèí ×àíñåëëîð (1921–2010). Robin Chancellor (1921–2010). Á. Ìåéáóðã, É. Íüþòîí ...... 214 B. Meyburg, I. Newton ...... 214 Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ...... 217 New Publications and Videos ...... 217

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «Ïîâîëæüå» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà 603006, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Àêàäåìèêà Áëîõèíîé È.Í., 4/43–4