Netizens: an Anthology Part IV - Contributions Towards Developing a Theoretical Framework
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UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben an Interview with John Lions
Winter/Spring 1994 Celebrating 25 Years of UNIX Volume 6 No 1 "I believe all significant software movements start at the grassroots level. UNIX, after all, was not developed by the President of AT&T." Kouichi Kishida, UNIX Review, Feb., 1987 UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben An Interview with John Lions [Editor's Note: This year, 1994, is the 25th anniversary of the [Editor's Note: Looking through some magazines in a local invention of UNIX in 1969 at Bell Labs. The following is university library, I came upon back issues of UNIX Review from a "Work In Progress" introduced at the USENIX from the mid 1980's. In these issues were articles by or inter- Summer 1993 Conference in Cincinnati, Ohio. This article is views with several of the pioneers who developed UNIX. As intended as a contribution to a discussion about the sig- part of my research for a paper about the history and devel- nificance of the UNIX breakthrough and the lessons to be opment of the early days of UNIX, I felt it would be helpful learned from it for making the next step forward.] to be able to ask some of these pioneers additional questions The Multics collaboration (1964-1968) had been created to based on the events and developments described in the UNIX "show that general-purpose, multiuser, timesharing systems Review Interviews. were viable." Based on the results of research gained at MIT Following is an interview conducted via E-mail with John using the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Lions, who wrote A Commentary on the UNIX Operating AT&T and GE agreed to work with MIT to build a "new System describing Version 6 UNIX to accompany the "UNIX hardware, a new operating system, a new file system, and a Operating System Source Code Level 6" for the students in new user interface." Though the project proceeded slowly his operating systems class at the University of New South and it took years to develop Multics, Doug Comer, a Profes- Wales in Australia. -
Allan Unix Newsletter
allan Unix User Gro Newsletter ~folume 5 rnber 1 The Australian UNIX* Users Group Newsletter Volume V Number i CONTENTS Editorial 2 Survey Responses 2 New Newsletters 3 Next AUUG Meeting 3 Books 4 Book Review 6 Nets 8 AUNET Directory Ii Netnews 28 Clippings 34 Symposium on UNIX 38 Review of August 1983 AUUG Meeting 39 From the EUUG Newsletter 49 From ;login: 61 USENIX Technical Sessions at UNIFORUM 65 Letters 95 February 1984 AUUG Meeting Details 102 Copyright (c) 1984. AUUGN is the journal of the Australian UNIX User Group, Copying without fee is permitted provided that copies are not made or distributed for commercial advantage and credit to the source is given. Abstracting with credit is permitted, No other reproduction is permitted without the prior permission of the Australian UNIX User Group, * UNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories, AUUGN Vol V No i Editorial Do you have the feeling you have missed something in the last few years? Have your doors been blowing closed more often because you cannot find those old AUUGN issues? Well, have no fear, the editor who brought you volumes two and three has returned to bring you volume five. I would like to take this opportunity to apologise to all our regular subscribers for the problems they may have experienced in dealing with the editors of AUUGN during 1982 and 1983. Particular apologies must go to subscribers like the CSIRO, who paid for volume IV and received nothing. Well, enough of problems, on to the good stuff! In This Issue You will notice the appearance of a few new departments in this volume. -
User-Level Window Managers for UNIX
User-LevelWindowManagers for UNIX Robert J.K. Jacob NavalResearch Laboratory Washington, D.C. 20375 ABSTRACT Wm manages a collection of windows on a display terminal. Each windowhas its ownshell or other interactive program, running in parallel with those in the other win- dows. This permits a user to conduct several interactions with the system in parallel, each in its own window. The user can move from one windowtoanother,re-position a window, orcreate or delete a windowatany time without losing his or her place in anyof the windows. Windows can overlap or completely obscure one another; obscured win- dows can be "lifted" up and placed on top of the other windows. This paper describes howsuch a windowmanager for UNIX† is implemented as a set of user processes, without modifications to the UNIX kernel. It shows howthe sim- ple, but well-chosen facilities provided by the original (Version 6) UNIX kernel are suffi- cient to support wm.Inaddition, subsequent versions of wm exploit features of the kernel introduced into newer versions of UNIX to provide faster and more sophisticated window operations, still implemented entirely at the user level. Introduction This paper describes the design of a display windowmanager for UNIX implemented entirely as a set of user processes, without modifications to the UNIX kernel. It shows howthe simple facilities provided by the original (Version 6) UNIX kernel are sufficient to support such a windowmanager.Inaddition, more recent versions of the windowmanager exploit features of the kernel introduced into newer versions of UNIX to provide faster and more sophisticated operations in windows, still implemented entirely outside the kernel. -
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TOP SECRET OJalUOCDOJallb ~l!CBC!JWOU~ UJl]l!OJCB~ ll~WU l]l!~~l]l! l]f,J Wl5£ill!ll5 ~ W(lJ~~l1WllJC!l CBCE"1Jum11m(] CD~CBUl1 iJ0D~ 86-36 PARTIAL MACHINE TRANSLATION: FINAL REPORT (U) .. J . ~ .•• 1 TRACKS IN THE SANDS OF TIME (U)•••••••••••••••••Fred Mason •••••••• 0 ••••••••• 12 NSA-CROSTIC NO. 39 (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• David H. Willimas.~.•• •••••· •• 14 REVIEW: THE AMERICAN MAGIC (U) ...... _.......... ·I V··· . .; ......... 16 SHELL GAME (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• w. E. s ••••.•• ,/ .• .,,,~ ••... i ••. 20 WORD PROCESSING IN A4 (U)................... •.• • t ••• • ••..•• •i ••• • 22 BOOKBREAKERS' FORUM ON MACHINE AIDS (U)........ I••••••• •• •••• 27 PERSONAL COMPUTER APPLICATION (U) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t ••••• 28 THIS 9QCUAIENT CQNT.~INS CQ9EWQR9 l\ft.:F8RIAb Sln\SSIFIEB BY NS1t/eSSM 123•2 TOP SECRET ItEVImf 6'M 16 Apt 2612 DP=classifiect and Approyeci for RP-lease o ... ..- t;JSA on 1 0-1 ?-201? pursuant to EC) 135 -:;- o M O R C::asR # $4 7 'j %"") DOCID: 4033690 Published by Pl. Techniques and Standards. for the Personnel of Operations Editorial VOL. IX. No. 4 APRIL 1982 By now it seems safe to announce that :.., J ~ · CRYPTOLOG is once again coming out on a '•;:. PUBLISHER monthly schedule. That was our objective bac~ in October, but there were a lot of questions BOARD OF EDITORS about whether it could be done. Editor-in-Chief • ._I______ _. (7119/8322s) Production ••••••••••• ~... ________I (3369s) We decided at the outset not to make any promises about publication schedules. These days there are so many people promising so Collection ...................l ___ .....,_~I (8555s) much, and yesterday's promises have a way of fading unfulfilled beneath the flood of ever Cryptanalysis ••••••••••• ~.. -
Network Driver for Micro Os Xv6
NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of Computer Science California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Computer Science by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu SPRING 2020 © 2020 Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 A Project by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Jinsong Ouyang __________________________________, Second Reader Dr. Jingwei Yang ____________________________ Date iii Student: Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and this thesis is suitable for electronic submission to the library. Credit is awarded for the Project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Dr. Jinsong Ouyang Date Department of Computer Science iv Abstract of NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu The network driver is one of the primary requirements for any operating system. Xv6 is a micro-operating system based on version 6 Unix. The latest version of xv6 does not have support for the ethernet driver or the four-layer UDP/IP model. Our work extends the xv6 operating system to support a functioning network driver with the capability of handling a packet burst. This Project also adds support for UDP/IP and Ethernet protocol to the xv6 operating system. _______________________ Committee Chair Dr. Jinsong Ouyang _____________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to Dr. Ouyang for providing me the opportunity to learn new skills in the field of driver development. Dr. Ouyang showed trust in me in carrying out this Project. -
How Modern Is the French Revolution?
Review Essay Paradigms and Paranoia: How Modern Is the French Revolution? REBECCA L. SPANG It is a truth, widely acknowledged, that the study of history has changed dramatically 1 since the end of World War II. Cliometrics has come and gone; the new social history has become old hat; narrative has been revived. Structuralist approaches associated, at least in part, with the Annales school, have been superseded by the notionally poststructuralist turns of the linguistic screw; total history has yielded to micro history; we all recognize Eurocentrism when we see it. How surprising it is, then, to note how remarkably constant textbooks have been in 2 assessing the import of the French Revolution. From classics of Cold War "Western" historiography to recent efforts to write history within a global framework, the fundamental message remains the same: the Revolution of 1789 is the turning point of the modern world. 1 The wording may vary, but the substance does not. Said to mark "the beginning of modern history," the French Revolution is deemed "a decisive event in world history" that initiated a "century of rapid and tremendous change"; after the events of 1789–1815, "the clock could not really be set back." 2 Authors may emphasize different aspects of this modern period—political Liberalism, triumphant individualism, nationalistic militarism—but their accounts coincide in treating the revolution as an identifiable period of rapid, irreversible change. An evocative but, in this non-geological context, far from precise word—watershed—has provided one popular metaphor for conveying some sense of the revolution's relation to modernity. -
The Unacknowledged Revolution
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. xxi + 794 pp. $54.95, paper, ISBN 978-0-521-29955-8. Reviewed by Shannon E. Duffy Published on H-Ideas (June, 2000) [Note: This review is part of the H-Ideas Ret‐ Ancient and Medieval scribes had faced tremen‐ rospective Reviews series. This series reviews dous difficulties in preserving the knowledge that books published during the twentieth century they already possessed, which, despite their best which have been deemed to be among the most efforts, inevitably grew more corrupted and frag‐ important contributions to the feld of intellectual mented over time. With the establishment of history.] printing presses, accumulation of knowledge was Elizabeth Eisenstein's comprehensively-re‐ for the frst time possible. Rather than spending searched 1979 book is a study of the frst century most of their energies searching for scattered of printing, particularly the period from 1460 to manuscripts and copying them, scholars could 1480, when printing presses went from rare to now focus their efforts on revision of these texts common, and as a consequence changed the way and the gathering of new data. New observations knowledge was preserved and conveyed. It is pri‐ from a widely scattered readership could be in‐ marily a work of synthesis, although Eisenstein cluded in subsequent editions. According to Eisen‐ displays a masterful knowledge of the relevant stein, the shift to printing reversed the whole ori‐ primary materials. Her goal is to show how intel‐ entation of attitudes towards learning. -
A Quantitative Study of History in the English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC), 1470–18001
Vol. 25, no. 2 (2015) 87–116 | ISSN: 1435-5205 | e-ISSN: 2213-056X A Quantitative Study of History in the English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC), 1470–18001 Leo Lahti Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands [email protected] Niko Ilomäki Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Finland [email protected] Mikko Tolonen Department of Modern Languages, University of Helsinki, Finland [email protected] Abstract This article analyses publication trends in the field of history in early modern Britain and North America in 1470–1800, based on English Short- Title Catalogue (ESTC) data.2 Its major contribution is to demonstrate the potential of digitized library catalogues as an essential scholastic tool and part of reproducible research. We also introduce a novel way of quantita- tively analysing a particular trend in book production, namely the publish- ing of works in the field of history. The study is also our first experimental analysis of paper consumption in early modern book production, and dem- onstrates in practice the importance of open-science principles for library and information science. Three main research questions are addressed: 1) who wrote history; 2) where history was published; and 3) how publishing changed over time in early modern Britain and North America. In terms This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Uopen Journals | http://liber.library.uu.nl/ | URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-117388 Liber Quarterly Volume 25 Issue 2 2015 87 A Quantitative Study of History in the English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC), 1470–1800 of our main findings we demonstrate that the average book size of history publications decreased over time, and that the octavo-sized book was the rising star in the eighteenth century, which is a true indication of expand- ing audiences. -
Sustainable Socialism: William Morris on Waste Elizabeth C
The Journal of Modern Craft Sustainable Socialism: Volume 4—Issue 1 William Morris on March 2011 pp. 7–26 Waste DOI: 10.2752/174967811X12949160068974 Elizabeth C. Miller Reprints available directly from the publishers Photocopying permitted by Elizabeth Carolyn Miller is Associate Professor of English at licence only the University of California, Davis. She is currently working © Berg 2011 on a book titled Slow Print: Print Culture and Late-Victorian Literary Radicalism. Her first book, Framed: The New Woman Criminal in British Culture at the Fin de Siècle, was published in 2008, and her articles have appeared in Modernism/Modernity, Feminist Studies, Literature Compass, Victorian Literature and Culture, The Journal of William Morris Studies, The Henry James Review, and elsewhere. Abstract While William Morris has long been recognized for his radical approach to the problem of labor, which built on the ideas of John Ruskin and informed his contributions to the Arts and Crafts philosophy, his ideas about waste have received much less attention. This article suggests that the Kelmscott Press, which Morris founded in 1891, was designed to embody the values of durability and sustainability in sharp contrast to the neophilia, disposability, and planned obsolescence of capitalist production. Many critics have dismissed the political value of Kelmscott Press on the basis of the handcrafted books’ expense and rarity, but by considering Morris’s work for Kelmscott in light of his fictional and non-fictional writings about waste around the time of the press’s conception, we can see how Kelmscott laid the groundwork for a philosophy of sustainable socialism. Keywords: William Morris, Kelmscott Press, printing, waste. -
An X86/64 Separation Kernel for High Assurance
Muen - An x86/64 Separation Kernel for High Assurance Reto Buerki Adrian-Ken Rueegsegger August 29, 2013 University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil (HSR), Switzerland ii Abstract Computer systems are used to store and protect highly sensitive data. At the same time the resources and determination of attackers have increased significantly. Therefore, systems capable of safeguarding critical information must conform to rigorous quality standards to establish trust in the correct functioning. Attaining high assurance for today's monolithic operating systems is exceptionally hard since they tend to be large and include complex functionality. This fact is highlighted by regular security updates provided by operating system vendors. Thus, they are a weak foundation for building secure systems. In contrast, microkernels can be well suited as a basis for systems with strict demands on robustness. They are by definition small, which is a precondition for rigorous verification of correctness. Additionally, they lend themselves to the construction of component-based systems where the incorrect behavior of one partition does not impact the whole system. A separation kernel (SK) is a specialized microkernel that provides an execution environment for multiple components that can only communicate according to a given policy and are otherwise isolated from each other. Hence, the isolation also includes the limitation of potential side- and covert channels. SKs are generally more static and smaller than dynamic microkernels, which minimizes the possibility of kernel failure and should ease the application of formal verification techniques. Recent addition of advanced hardware virtualization support for the Intel x86 architecture has the potential of greatly simplifying the implementation of a separation kernel which can support complex systems. -
Syllabus History 615 Fall 2008
History 615: Topics in Early Modern Europe University of Massachusetts Amherst, Fall 2008, class # 78025 Tuesday 1-3:30 p.m., Massachusetts Center for Renaissance Studies Course website: http://people.umass.edu/ogilvie/615/ Professor Brian Ogilvie, Herter 614, 545-6791, [email protected] Office hours: M 11:15-12, Tu 10-11:30, W 11:15-12, and by appointment Course description An introduction to classic interpretations, recent scholarship, and sources in intellectual history, cultural history, and the history of science, c. 1450-1700. Topics will include humanism and scholarship, natural philosophy and science, witchcraft and the occult, the arts, the organization of literary and intellectual life, and circulation of knowledge between different disciplinary and national contexts. Assignments will include a review, an annotated bibliography and bibliographical essay, and a historiographical synthesis. Interested students may continue with a research seminar in the spring. Course structure This course is a seminar. We will meet each week for about 2.5 hours, with a brief pause about halfway through. Except for the first week, the first part of each meeting will be led by two student presenters. After the break, we will focus on practical research methods and skills for approaching early modern European intellectual and cultural history, often drawing on the resources available at the Renaissance Center. The seminar format places much of the burden of learning on you and your fellow students. Not preparing for discussions will harm them as well as you. Though presenters will organize and lead the discussion, you should come prepared to every class; otherwise you’ll be letting them down. -
Introduction 1
introduction 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION How many manuscripts currently survive in the world? What frac- tion of manuscripts has been lost since their production? What num- bers of manuscripts were copied in the last two millennia and where were they copied? Can certain numbers of manuscripts be seen as an indicator of medieval output? Th is study was triggered by such questions as well as plain curiosity. We should begin by posing a preliminary question before we start answering our fi rst question on the numbers of manuscripts currently surviving worldwide. What do we mean when we use the word man- uscript in this study? Th ough the question sounds simple, the answer is not. A hand-written text, literally a manuscript, can be written on all kinds of materials. Oft en only part of the original text may still survive aft er a couple of centuries of use. Occasionally tiny scraps of parchment may be found in the bindings of Early Modern printed books, they are all that is left of what once was a medieval manu- script. Such scraps, cuttings or loose leaves are called codicological entities, and as such we treat them similarly to complete manuscripts. In the chapter on methodology, in Paragraph 2.1, we will start by defi ning what we consider to be a manuscript. One should realise that manuscript production estimates given in our study do not include texts that are essentially single sheet manuscripts (as deeds or charters), nor do our numbers include scraps of papyrus or frag- ments of letters deposited in repositories at synagogues or mosques.