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Review of Zeev Gries, the Book in the Jewish World 1700-1900

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Review of Zeev Gries, the Book in the Jewish World 1700-1900 University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Scholarship at Penn Libraries Penn Libraries 12-2008 Review of Zeev Gries, The Book in the Jewish World 1700-1900 Arthur Kiron University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/library_papers Part of the Jewish Studies Commons, and the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Kiron, A. (2008). Review of Zeev Gries, The Book in the Jewish World 1700-1900. Judaica Librarianship, 14 80-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14263/2330-2976.1075 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/library_papers/95 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Review of Zeev Gries, The Book in the Jewish World 1700-1900 Abstract An important milestone in the study of the Jewish book was marked in 2002 with the publication of Ze'ev Gries's ha-Sefer ke-sokhen tarbut, be-shanim 1700-1900 ("The Book as an Agent of Culture, 1700-1900"). In this "slim volume," as he subsequently and modestly would refer to it, Gries introduced his readers to what he calls in Hebrew "toldot ha-sefer ha-Yehudi" (the "History of the Jewish book"). The book, based on his twenty-five previous years of research in the field, offered new insights and raised new questions. Thanks to this 2007 English-language edition, Gries's scholarship happily can reach a broader audience. Moreover, as Gries explains in his preface to the English edition, "the present volume draws heavily on (the Hebrew edition) but is not a direct translation." At the same time, Gries acknowledges and thanks Jeffrey Green for translating the original "Hebrew text as the basis of the present book." Originally published in Hebrew by ha-J9buts ha-me'ul).ad at the suggestion of its founding editor, Meir Ayali, the English edition is published appropriately by the Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, a cultural broker that brings to the English reading public important works of classical Jewish literature and modern scholarship that were originally written in Hebrew. However, for those interested in a comprehensive survey of the topic, as the title seems to promise, this book falls short of that expectation in several important ways. Disciplines Jewish Studies | Library and Information Science This review is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/library_papers/95 Reviews Zeev Gries, The Book in the Jewish World 1700-1900. Gries, Professor in the Goldstein-Goren Depart­ Translated from the Hebrew by Jeffrey Green. ment of Jewish Thought at Ben-Gurion University Oxford, Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of in Be'er Sheva, specializes in what he calls Jewish Jewish Civilization, 2007. xvii, 251 p. ISBN: 978-1- cultural history, with a particular interest in the 874774-97-0. $39.95. impact of Hebrew and Yiddish printing on tradi­ tional Ashkenazic societies in Eastern Europe. His Reviewed by Arthur Kiron, University of Pennsylvania important work on Jewish conduct literature, Sifrut Library, Philadelphia, PA ha-hanhagot: toldoteha u-me~omah be-]Jaye ]Jaside ha-Besht, (1989) argues for the penetration of esoteric kabbalistic traditions into popular STUDYING THE JEWISH BOOK: A REVIEW ESSAY forms of religious observance via the agency of printing. Gries is especially well-known for his An important milestone in the study of the Jewish studies of Hasidism and Hasidic publishing, such book was marked in 2002 with the publication of as Sefer, safer l!e-sipur be-reshit ha-]Jasidut: min Ze'ev Gries's ha-Sefer ke-sokhen tarbut, be-shanim ha-Besht l!e-'ad Mena]Jem Mendel mi-I{ots~ (1992). 1700-1900 ("The Book as an Agent of Culture, He also has published valuable bibliographical 1700-1900"). In this "slim volume," as he subse­ surveys and review essays of, for example, contem­ quently and modestly would refer to it, Gries intro­ porary studies of Kabbalah and Hasidism and pio­ duced his readers to what he calls in Hebrew neering studies of both phenomena. "toldot ha-sefer ha-Yehudi" (the "History of the What is the "history of the Jewish book?" For Jewish book"). The book, based on his twenty-five Gries, as the original Hebrew title of his book indi­ previous years of research in the field, offered new cates (it speaks of "the book" "as an agent of cul­ insights and raised new questions. Thanks to this ture" -a formulation omitted from the English 2007 English-language edition, Gries's scholarship title), it means in part following in the footsteps of happily can reach a broader audience. Moreover, Elizabeth Eisenstein's The Printing Press as an as Gries explains in his preface to the English edi­ Agent of Change: Communication and Cultural tion, "the present volume draws heavily on (the Transformation of Early Modern Europe. (Gries Hebrew edition) but is not a direct translation." At cites the fourth, revised edition, Cambridge, 1985.) the same time, Gries acknowledges and thanks Jef­ Eisenstein is best known for her synthetic, intellec­ frey Green for translating the original "Hebrew text tual history of the age of the hand-press, particu­ as the basis of the present book." Originally pub­ larly in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as lished in Hebrew by ha-J9buts ha-me'ul).ad at the well as her studies of the role of journalism as a suggestion of its founding editor, Meir Ayali, the force for secularization in later centuries. Eisen­ English edition is published appropriately by the stein argued that the transition from manuscript to Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, a cultural print technologies of communication produced broker that brings to the English reading public revolutionary changes in the configuration of important works of classical Jewish literature and power and authority in early modern Christian modern scholarship that were originally written in Europe. The ability mechanically to fix a text and Hebrew. However, for those interested in a com­ to duplicate it rapidly for widespread circulation prehensive survey of the topic, as the title seems to led to decentralized control over and the popular­ promise, this book falls short of that expectation in ization of knowledge and information. Eisenstein several important ways. emphasizes the importance of vernacular printing 80 Reviews 81 (i.e., printing in languages other than Latin) as a gentsia." He then discusses sites of reading, such key factor which undermined the authority of the as institutional libraries, in terms of their growth Catholic Church and paved the way for the spread and function both as places where reading materi­ of Protestantism and new forms of scientific als were made available and as places of sociabili­ knowledge. Gries's understanding of the history of ty, at least for men in the case of the libraries of the the book is indebted also to Robert Darnton's bate midrash ("houses of study") in the eighteenth model of "a communications circuit" by which a century (pp. 66-67). Gries also analyzes the exis­ printed text makes its way into and affects the tence and contents of private libraries and the societies in which it circulates. Darnton has variety of works found there. In so doing, his analy­ defined the purpose of this scholarly enterprise as sis successfully complicates the picture of the the effort "to understand how ideas were transmit­ actual readers of popular and elite literatures in ted through print and how exposure to the printed order to call those presumptive categories into word affected the thought and behavior of question. He quantifies and analyzes, for example, mankind during the last five hundred years" several different types of both Jewish literary con­ (Darnton, 1982, p. 65). tent and non-Jewish sources which made their Gries's bibliography refers to the scholarship of way, especially via Yiddish publishing, into the Adrian Johns and Roger Chartier but he does not social consciousness of non-elite men, women, grapple in the body of the text with their sharp cri­ and children, and how these works subsequently tiques of Eisenstein and Darnton. It would be use­ expanded their intellectual horizons. ful to know how different his study of the Jewish Gries's second section presents the conflicting book might have looked had he adopted Johns's forces of enlightenment and reaction witnessed in and Chartier's very different approaches, respec­ the output of the Hebrew press and the spread of tively, to the subjects of textual fixity, and the ways Yiddish literature during the nineteenth century. in which material texts-books as physical arti­ Here, he argues against the thesis that the facts-signify meaning and affect reading habits haskalah, or Jewish enlightenment movement, and interpretation. To be sure, Gries does refer to was a primary cause of the uprooting of traditional Chartier for "a French perspective" on reading Jewish life. He is careful to point out the disparity habits during the late eighteenth century-and to between what we know about the lived experi­ the importance of "changes in the internal and ences of]ews and literary depictions of them. Gries external design of the books produced for [read­ concludes with an "Afterword" about the begin­ ers]" (pp. 18-19)-but he confines these remarks nings of Hebrew literary criticism and the revival of to footnotes. Hebrew as a spoken language in Israel. Following Gries takes pains to acknowledge his debt to the "Afterword," an appendix is found, containing Judaica librarians and pays tribute to two centuries a translation of the homage to Ya'ari, written by the of Judaic bibliographical achievements dating philosopher and former director of the Jewish from the formative period of the German-Jewish National and University Library, Samuel Hugo Wissenschaft des ]udentums scholars in the nine­ Bergman.
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