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Ninaber Phd 2009.Pdf Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Improved control of rhododendron ponticum for environmental management Ninaber, Deirdre Award date: 2009 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 IMPROVED CONTROL OF RHODODENDRON PONTICUM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT A dissertation submitted to the University of Wales Bangor for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Deirdre Ninaber School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography University of Wales, Bangor United Kingdom December2009 `The bushes puzzled him, they were so big, almost trees, some twice his height, and there With their branches long leaves finger-like seemed so many .... zigzag and oval in every direction they seemed to belong to a different climate, to a different land, whose gravity pulled softer than this one. ' A description of Rhododendrons by John Updike (Rabbit Run, 2006) ii Abstract Rhododendron ponticum is an invasive non-native shrub that represents a significant threat to productive land use, biodiversity conservation in priority habitats and potentially other ecosystem services in Britain and Ireland. Management actions that reduce the spread and impacts of invasive species require knowledge of their ecological characteristics as well as best control methods. A series of glasshouse experiments was carried out to investigate the effect of microhabitat on R. ponticum germination and seedling survival rates. Light environment in the form of different shade treatments, watering regime and seedbed substrate were manipulated in a factorial design to test their effects and interactions. Short-growing moss, bare soil lawn and sown grass produced a combination of high germination and seedling survival rates, with much lower rates in tall growing moss, leaf litter and grassland Periodic turf. droughting had a large negative effect on R. ponticum seed germination, especially in the more exposed seedbed substrates. The presence of additional canopy shade above a vegetated ground layer was very detrimental to R. ponticum establishment and this effect was found to be due to a reduction in light (ratio quality of red to far red light) and not light quantity (photosynthetic photon flux density). The use of chemical control methods with herbicides, in particular dominates glyphosate, current practice in the removal of R. ponticum from invaded In habitats. order to optimize the efficacy of glyphosate, a series of experiments were improve knowledge designed to of the effect on glyphosate absorption and its dose in translocation, of combination with application at different times of the field, year in the and of foliar application and light level in the glasshouse. Glyphosate applied to the foliage of R. ponticum plants less than 1.5 m in height, was most readily translocated when the plants were more metabolically active. Plants treated in August and May showed greater rates and extent of crown damage than 14C-labelled those treated in November and February. glyphosate applied to the lower leaf surface of R. ponticum plants was rapidly absorbed over the first six hours with maximum absorption after three days. Translocation to other parts of the plant (measured as glyphosate concentration) was greatest to the stem adjacent to the iii treated leaves and then to the roots, concentrations were lower in untreated leaves 14C over 30 days. Supplemental lighting did not increase the foliar absorption of the but did increase the amount translocated to the other parts of the plant. This study has brought a new understanding to the invasion dynamics of R. ponticum that can be used in identifying habitats vulnerable to invasion and in developing a post clearance management strategy for preventing reinvasion of sites. It has also brought a basic knowledge to glyphosate absorption and translocation patterns that could have profound implications in improving practical application techniques of invasive woody plant species. 1V CONTENTS page Abstract ...................................................................................................................... iii Declaration ................................................................................................................... v List of tables, figures ix and appendices ......................................................................... Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER I: General Introduction 1 .............................................................................. 1.1INTRODUCTION 1 .............................................................................................. 1.2 ECOLOGY OF RHODODENDRON 2 ................................................................ 1.2.1 Origin Distribution 2 and ............................................................................... 1.2.2 Topographical habit 3 range and growth ....................................................... 1.2.3 Facilitative limiting factors to Rhododendron invasion 5 and ponticum ....... 1.3 THE IMPACT OF RHODODENDRON PONTICUM 6 ...................................... 1.3.1 Impact 6 on native plants and animals ........................................................... 1.3.2 Role of Rhododendron ponticum in the spread of `Sudden Oak Death' Phytophthora Phytophthora kernoviae 7 ramorum and ......................................... 1.3.3 Impact farming, forestry tourism 8 on and ..................................................... 1.4 TECHNIQUES AND COSTS OF RHODODENDRON PONTICUM CONTROL 9 ............................................................................................................... 1.4.1 Control 10 techniques .................................................................................... 1.5 INVASIVE SPECIES LEGISLATION 13 ........................................................... 1.6 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 14 ................................................................................ CHAPTER II: The effect of substrate, watering and light on germination and survival of the invasive species Rhododendron 15 seedling ponticum ............... 2.1 ABSTRACT 15 ..................................................................................................... 2.2 INTRODUCTION 16 ........................................................................................... 2.2.1 Microclimate 17 and microhabitats ................................................................ 2.2.2 Rhododendron ponticum autoecology 18 ................................. ...................... 2.3 OBJECTIVES 20 .................................................................................................. 2.4 METHODS 21 ..................................................................................................... 2.4.1 Seed 21 collection .......................................................................................... 2.4.2 Experimental design 23 .................................................................................. 2.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 29 ......................................................................... 2.6 RESULTS 31 ........................................................................................................ Experiment 1 31 ...................................................................................................... Experiment 2 39 ...................................................................................................... Experiment 3 41 ...................................................................................................... 2.7 DISCUSSION 43 .................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER III: The effect of seasonal growth stage on the control of Rhododendron herbicide 49 ponticum using the glyphosate ....................................................... 3.1 ABSTRACT 49 ..................................................................................................... 3.2 INTRODUCTION 50 ........................................................................................... 3.2.1 Herbicide 51 application methods .................................................................. 3.2.3 Collaborative improve techniques 57 projects to ........................................... 3.3 OBJECTIVES 60 .................................................................................................. 3.4 METHODS 61 ...................................................................................................... 3.3.1 Site 61 ............................................................................................................ 3.3.2 Experimental design
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