Rezente Landschaftsveränderungen Im Nanga Parbat-Gebiet (Nordwest

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Rezente Landschaftsveränderungen Im Nanga Parbat-Gebiet (Nordwest Rezente Landschaftsveränderungen im Nanga Parbat-Gebiet (Nordwest-Himalaya) Eine Untersuchung mit Hilfe einer integrativen Methode aus Photogrammetrie, Satellitenfernerkundung und Geographischen Informationssystemen (GIS) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Regine Spohner aus Neubeckum Bonn (Mai) 2004 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. M. Winiger 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. G. Menz Tag der Promotion: 16.11.2004 I Vorwort Der Untersuchung von Landschaftsveränderungen in Hochgebirgsräumen wird aufgrund der hohen lokalen und regionalen Fragilität der Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktionssysteme hohe Priorität beigemessen. Nicht nur ein lückenhaftes Wissen über die lokal stark differenzierten naturräumlichen Ressourcen sondern auch die häufig fehlenden Kenntnisse über die zugrunde liegenden treibenden Faktorenkomplexe fordern raum-zeit- liche qualitative und quantitative Forschungsansätze. Hier können fernerkundliche Erfassungsmethoden und GIS-basierte Analysen von Ressourcenpotenzial und Nutzungsintensität einen entscheidenden Beitrag leisten. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich im Rahmen des DFG-Schwerpunktprogrammes „Kulturraum Ka- rakorum - Naturraumausstattung und natürliches Potential der Karakorum-Region und deren raumzeitliche Veränderungen“ (CAK - Universität Bonn) dieser Herausforderung. Das Gelingen der Arbeit wurde durch die Mitwirkung zahlreicher Personen unterstützt, von denen hier einige stellvertretend genannt werden. An erster Stelle möchte ich mich bei meinem akademischen Lehrer Prof. Dr. Matthias Winiger bedanken, der mich in die wunderbare Hochgebirgswelt des Karakorum und NW-Himalya eingeführt hat und somit den Grundstein für diese Arbeit gelegt hat. Er hat die Arbeit mit kritischen und richtungsweisenden Diskussionen begleitet, das Fortschreiten der Analysen mit großem In- teresse verfolgt und dabei die Freiräume wissenschaftlicher Betätigung nie eingeengt. Mein Dank gilt auch Prof. Dr. Irmtraud Stellrecht, Prof. Dr. Eckart Ehlers und Prof. Winiger in ihrer Funktion als Initiatoren und Koordinatoren des Schwerpunktprogrammes für die Unterstützung der wissenschaftlichen Organisa- tion des Projektes und der Bereitstellung der Infrastruktur für die Feldarbeiten in Pakistan. Die Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft ermöglichte durch Sach- und Personalmittel den Geländeaufenthalt in Pakistan, die Beschaffung von Hardware und Software sowie die Ausarbeitung des umfangreichen Daten-Pools. Das Photogrammetrische Institut der Universität Bonn stellte kostenlos eine hochwertige Mittelformat- Kamera-Ausrüstung zur Verfügung, die bei mehreren Geländeaufenthalten zum Einsatz kam. Umfangrei- ches Bildmaterial von Prof. Winiger, Dr. Marcus Nüsser und Dipl. Geogr. Andre Walter bereicherte und unterstützte den Aufbau des projekteigenen Bildarchives. Besonderer Dank gilt auch der Firma Definiens Imaging GmbH, die eine kostenlose zeitlimitierte Version von eCognition 2.1 für die Klassifizierung der Fernerkundungsdaten zur Verfügung stellte. Stellvertretend für die erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit im Schwerpunktprogramm und insbesondere für die wertvollen Diskussionen möchte ich mich bei Dr. Marcus Nüsser, Dr. Jürgen Clemens, Dr. Thomas Rei- neke und Dipl. Geogr. Andre Walter bedanken. Die Feldarbeit wurde durch den Mountain Guide Akhtar Hussain mit seinen fundierten Geländekenntnissen, seiner großen Gastfreundschaft und seiner assistieren- den Tätigkeit bei den fotografischen Geländeaufnahmen wesentlich unterstützt und erleichtert - auch ihm gilt mein besonderer Dank. Sehr hilfreich bei der Vorverarbeitung und Archivierung der umfangreichen Bilddaten sowie bei der Digitalisierung der Vegetationskarte der Nanga Parbat-Region waren die unterstüt- zenden Tätigkeiten von Dipl. Geogr. Georg Lieth und Ingo Meier. Bei der Programmierung war mir Uwe Ritzmann eine unverzichtbare Hilfe. Methodische Fragestellungen konnte ich immer mit Prof. Dr. Gunter Menz diskutieren, dem ich dafür und wegen seiner Bereiterklärung zur Zweitbegutachtung der Arbeit sehr dankbar bin. Während des Ausarbeitungspozesses der schriftlichen Fassung der Arbeit erhielt ich stetigen und aufmunternden Zuspruch von zahlreichen Personen, von denen ich hier stellvertretend Prof. Dr. Frauke Kraas, Ursula Dörken und Veronika Selbach nennen möchte. Für die Hilfe bei der Übersetzung der Zu- sammenfassung danke ich Siân Ölschläger. Zum drucktechnischen Gelingen der vorliegenden Arbeit hat Werner Gorzolla einen wesentlichen Beitrag geleistet. Auch das gute soziale Umfeld in meinem Heimatort Bandorf hat mir über so manche Hürde beim Zieleinlauf zu dieser Dissertation geholfen. II In besonderem Maße und aus ganzem Herzen möchte ich meinen Eltern danken für ihre finanzielle und emotionale Unterstützung während meiner bisherigen wissenschaftlichen Laufbahn. Ebenso gilt mein herz- lichster Dank meinem Mann Stephan Spohner, der mir immer den nötigen Freiraum für diese Arbeit ge- schaffen hat, indem er sich um unsere beiden Kinder Naja und Ole gekümmert hat, die verständlicherweise nicht immer die notwendige Geduld für die wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit ihrer Mutter hatten. Ich widme die vorliegende Schrift meinen Eltern und meiner Familie! Remagen, im Mai 2004 Regine Spohner III Inhaltsverzeichnis (Textband) Vorwort .......................................................................................................................................... I Verzeichnis der Abbildung (Textband) .......................................................................................... VI Verzeichnis der Tabellen (Textband) ............................................................................................. VIII Verzeichnis der Abbildung und Tabellen (Anhangband) ............................................................... X Verzeichnis der Abkürzung ............................................................................................................ XVI 1. Problemstellung und Forschungsansätze ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Konzeption und Struktur der Arbeit - Begriffe und Definitionen .............................................. 8 1.4 Integration von Fernerkundung und GIS als wertvolles Werkzeug für lokale und regionale land-use/land-cover change Analysen im Hochgebirge ......................................................... 12 2. Untersuchungsraum – eine geographische Einordnung ............................................................ 17 2.1 Lage und Topographie ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Klima und Vegetation .............................................................................................................. 18 2.3 Demographische Situation und Landnutzung ......................................................................... 23 2.4 Regionale Ressourcennutzung und nutzungsrelevante Einflussfaktoren ................................ 26 3. Datenlage ........................................................................................................................................ 30 3.1 Datenmaterial für die land-use/land-cover change Analyse ................................................... 30 3.1.1 Historisches Kartenmaterial ......................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Vergleichendes Fotomaterial ......................................................................................... 32 3.1.3 Satellitenbilddaten ........................................................................................................ 34 3.2 Kombinierte Vorgehensweise aus qualitativer und quantitativer Bildanalyse - Kernräume der lokalen und regionalen Analyse ........................................................................................ 37 3.3 Hardware und Software ........................................................................................................... 39 4. Daten-Preprocessing für die qualitative und quantitative Auswertung ................................... 41 4.1 Vorüberlegungen zur Aufbereitung der unterschiedlichen Datenebenen ................................ 41 4.2 Einschränkungen, Probleme und Homogenisierung der Abgrenzungskriterien ..................... 42 4.3 Aufbereitung des historischen Kartenmaterials ...................................................................... 44 4.3.1 Digitalisierung der topographischen und thematischen Karten ................................... 44 4.3.2 Berechnung eines digitalen Höhenmodells ................................................................... 45 4.4 Preprocessing des Fotomaterials ............................................................................................. 45 4.4.1 Vorlagenerstellung für den multitemporalen Bildvergleich: Digitalisierung, Kontrastverbesserung, Panoramen, Bild-zu-Bild-Entzerrung ...................................... 45 4.4.2 Reprotechnische Verkleinerung der historischen Messbilder ....................................... 47 4.5 Preprocessing
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