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Changes in Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Capacities of Salix

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Changes in Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Capacities of Salix 1 Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen capacities of 2 Salix cheilophila Schneid. along a revegetation 3 chronosequence in semi-arid degraded sandy land of the 4 Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau 5 1,* 1,2 6 Y. Yu and Q. Z. Jia 7 [1]{Insititute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China} 8 [2]{Qinghai Gonghe Desert Ecosystem Research Station, Shazhuyu Town, Gonghe County, 9 Qinghai Province, China} 10 [*]{now at: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 Beijing, China} 12 Correspondence to: Y. Yu ([email protected]) and Q. Z. Jia ([email protected] ) 13 14 Abstract 15 The Gonghe Basin is a sandified and desertified region of China, but the distribution of soil 16 organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) along the cultivation chronosequence across 17 this ecologically fragile region is not well understood. This study was carried out to 18 understand the effects of afforestation with Salix cheilophila for different periods of time (6, 19 11, 16, 21 years) to test whether it enhanced C and N storage. Soil samples, in four 20 replications from seven depth increments (every 10 cm from 0 to 30 cm, every 20 cm from 30 21 to 50 cm and every 50 cm from 50 to 200 cm), were collected in each stand. Soil bulk density, 22 SOC, TN, aboveground biomass and root biomass were measured. Results indicated that 23 changes occurred in both the upper and deeper soil layers with an increase in revegetation -1 24 time. The 0–200-cm soil showed that the 6–year stand gained 3.89 Mg C ha and 1.00 Mg N -1 25 ha , which accounted for 40.82% of the original SOC and 11.06% of the TN of the 0-year 1 -1 -1 1 stand. The 11-year stand gained 7.82 Mg C ha and 1.98 Mg N ha in the 0–200 cm soil 2 layers, accounting for 58.06% of the SOC and 19.80% of the TN of the 0-year stand. The -1 -1 3 16-year stand gained 11.32 Mg C ha and 3.30 Mg N ha in the 0–200 cm soil layers, Artemi Cerdá ! 14/8/14 15.43 4 accounting for 66.71% of the SOC and 21.98% of the TN of the 0-year stand. The 21-year Comentario [1]: You need some citations to -1 -1 show this to the reader 5 stand gained 13.05 Mg C ha and 5.45 Mg N ha from the same soil depth, accounting for See here some examples 6 69.79% of the SOC and 40.47% of the TN compared with the 0-year stand. The extent of Z. Liu, Z. Yao, H. Huang, S. Wu and G. Liu- 2014. LAND USE AND CLIMATE 7 these changes depended on soil depth and plantation age. The results demonstrated that as CHANGES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON 8 stand age increased, the storage of SOC and TN increased. These results further indicated that RUNOFF IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER BASIN, CHINA. Land 9 afforestation with S. cheilophila has positive impacts on the Gonghe Basin and has increased Degradation and Development, 25, 10 the capacity of SOC sequestration and N storage. Shrub’s role as carbon sink is compatible 203–215. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1159 11 with system’s management and persistence. The findings are significant for assessing C and N H."J. König, L. Zhen, K. Helming, S. 12 sequestration accurately in semi-arid degraded high-cold sandy regions in the future. Uthes, L. Yang, X. Cao and H. Wiggering2014. ASSESSING THE 13 IMPACT OF THE SLOPING LAND CONVERSION PROGRAMME ON 14 1 Introduction RURAL SUSTAINABILITY IN GUYUAN, WESTERN CHINA . Land Degradation 15 Arid and semi-arid regions cover ~30% of the terrestrial land around the globe and and Development, 25, 385–396. DOI: 16 desertification affects over 250 million people (Lal, 2001; Reynolds et al., 2007; Lal, 2009; 10.1002/ldr.2164 Zhao, G., Mu, X., Wen, Z., Wang, F., and Gao, 17 Allington and Valone, 2010). In the largest developing country, China, the most typical and P. Soil erosion, conservation, and 18 serious form of land degradation is desertification. China is the country with the largest area Eco-environment changes in the Loess Plateau of China. Land Degradation & Development, 19 of desertified or sandified lands in the world. According to statistics, China has a total 24: 499- 510. 2013. DOI 10.1002/ldr.2246 5 2 20 desertified land area of 26.237×10 km covering 27.33% of the national territory and a total X."H. Li, J. Yang, C."Y Zhao and B. Wang# 2014 ###RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT FROM 5 2 21 sandified land area of 17.311 10 km covering 18.03% of the national territory and which × ORCHARD TERRACES IN 22 are under threat of land degradation by the end of 2009 (State Forestry Administration, 2011). SOUTHEASTERN CHINA. Land Degradation and Development, 25, 23 Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid dry areas resulting 184–192. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1160 24 from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (UNEP, 1994). It Wang, T., Yan, C. Z., Song, X., Li, S. 2013. Landsat images reveal trends in the aeolian 25 results in soil degradation and severe decreases in land potential productivity. With the Desertification in a source area for sand and 26 exception of land degradation, desertification promotes atmospheric emission of soil C and N dust strorms in China’s Alashan plateau (1975–2007). Land Degradation & 27 as greenhouse gas (Breuer et al., 2006). Measures such as artificial reforestation and grass Development, 24: 422- 429. DOI 28 plantation have worked to improve the ecological benefits of sandstorm control to reduce the 10.1002/ldr.1138 29 damage from sandstorms. Revegetation of degraded land is a major global issue, which has 2 Artemi Cerdá ! 14/8/14 15.49 1 been shown to improve and restore some of the ecosystem services both of the physical and Comentario [2]: See here some citations that 2 biological processes. It has been widely recognized that revegetation is an effective measure should be of interest for you CH. Srinivasarao, B. Venkateswarlu, R. 3 for soil and water conservation, increasing C and N storages and improving land productivity Lal, A. K. Singh, S. Kundu, K. P. R. Vittal, J. 4 (Grünzweig et al., 2003; Cao et al., 2008; Hu et al., 2008; Lal, 2009; Cao et al., 2011; Li et J. Patel and M. M. Patel2014 LONG-TERM MANURING 5 al., 2012). In desertified areas of northwest China, establishing artificial vegetation and bans AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON 6 on grazing are commonly adopted measures for combating desertification and restoring DEPLETION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCKS UNDER PEARL 7 vegetation. It not only resists the spread of desertification but also restores ecosystem MILLET-CLUSTER BEAN-CASTOR 8 processes that could potentially yield significant gains in nutrients storage (Zhao et al., 2007; ROTATION IN WESTERN INDIA. Land Degradation and development, 25, 9 Huang et al., 2012). Therefore, land use and management practices to sequester soil organic 173–183) | DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1158 10 carbon (SOC), including afforestation and revegetation, are the driving forces that could Guzman, J.G., Lal, R., Byrd, S., Apfelbaum, S.I., and Thompson, L. Carbon 11 determine the transition of desertification regions from a C source to a C sink or vice versa. life cycle assessment for prairie as a crop in 12 For this reason, the effects of revegetation on soil C and N contents in degraded land have reclaimed mine land. Land Degradation and Development. 2014. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2291 13 become a concern in recent years. Yan-Gui, S., Xin-Rong, L., Ying-Wu, C., Zhi-Shan, 14 Revegetation on a large-scale in degraded arid and semi-arid lands is likely to have far Z., and Yan, L. 2013. Carbon fixaton of 15 reaching consequences on the global C cycle and climate change (Lal, 2009). To know the cyanobacterial-algal crusts after desert fixation and its implication to soil organic 16 changes in soil C and N content is not only critical to determining the soil physiochemical matter accumulation in Desert. Land 17 properties but also to quantifying the influence of changing rates of C and N cycling and Degradation & Development, 24: 342- 349. DOI 10.1002/ldr.1131 18 storage (Liu et al., 2002). It has been reported that chronosequence or successional stage may Jaiarree, S., Chidthaisong, A., Tangtham, N., 19 be a critical factor affecting changes in C stock and allocation among the different ecosystem Polprasert, C., Sarobol, E., y Tyler S.C. (2014): Carbon 20 components (Li et al., 1997; Zhang et al., 2005; He et al., 2012). Wang (2009) observed that a Budget and sequestration potential in a sandy 21 significant difference in SOC occurred in a semi-arid grassland of an undisturbed steppe, a soil treated with compost. Land Degradation and Development 25: 120-129. 22 28-year crop land and a 42-year crop land and the changes depended on soil depth and land Barbera, V., Poma, I., Gristina, L., Novara, A., 23 age. Chen (2010) and Li (2012) reported that SOC and N increased significantly in different Egli, M. 2012. Long-term cropping systems and tillage management effects on soil 24 depths with plantation age of Mongolian pine in semi-arid degraded sandy land. Zhou (2011) organic carbon stock and steady state level of 25 investigated the dynamics of soil C and N accumulation over 26 years under controlled C sequestration rates in a semiarid environment.
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