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University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1 ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA (TORR.) SARG. POPULATIONS IN ARIZONA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Williams, Kenneth Buck, 1930- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 19:57:38 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/287698 71-21,986 WILLIAMS, Kenneth Buck, 1930- EC0L0GICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA (TORR.) SARG. POPULATIONS IN ARIZONA. " The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1971 Botany 1 University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA (TORR.) SARG. POPULATIONS IN ARIZONA by Kenneth Buck Williams A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN RANGE MANAGEMENT In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Kenneth Buck Williams entitled Ecological and Morphological Variations of Vauquelinia californica (Torr.) Sarg. Populations in Arizona be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* /r/^d L a) i_y 10 u/^fi This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are al­ lowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manu­ script in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED TO My Mother and Father Evelyn Isabell McClintock Williams and Willie Benjamin Williams who taught me perseverance iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author acknowledges the debt owed those persons and institutions instrumental in shaping his character and * instilling in him a desire to achieve. Special thanks are extended Dr. Charles D. Bonham, major professor, and Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., both of whom gave generously of their time in assisting in the preparation of this paperj Dr. MasonTs assistance in the taxonomic study and that of Dr. Bonham in the ecological aspects and in the dissertation completion is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are extended to the other members of my com­ mittee: Dr. John H. Ehrenreich, Dr. Phil R. Ogden, and Dr. Walter S. Phillips who helped and inspired me during the course of this study. Appreciation is extended to the entire staff of the Department of Range Management and to Dr. Malcolm J. Zwolinski, Mr. Ernest B. Fish, and Mr. Harvey R. Fritz. Thanks are due to Mr. Joe Dixon for his help in the field assistance; Mrs. Leona Hubbard, Assistant in Botany, itfho was of constant encouragement and a ready source of in­ formation in the herbarium; and Mrs. Caryl L. Sagar, herbarium technician. iv Appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helen D. Showalter who offered many fine suggestions and typed the manuscript. Thanks are extended also to the Papago Indian people and the San Carlos Apache Indian people for permitting the author to do research on their lands. The cooperation given by the United States National Park Service and The University of Arizona computer center is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due also to Dr. Clark Stevens, Department Head of Biology, Abilene Christian College, for his encourage ment and Abilene Christian College for partial support during the latter stages of the study. Norma Jean, my wife, deserves special credit for her encouragement and understanding. I appreciate more than words can express the help and companionship of my children, Sharol and Mark, on the many field trips, and their many sacrifices that enabled me to continue this study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . xi ABSTRACT ' xiii INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS 7 Field Studies ..... 7 Greenhouse Studies 9 Laboratory Analyses 11 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREAS 14 Organ Pipe Area 16 Baboquivari Canyon Area 22 Molino Canyon Area 27 El Capitan Canyon Area 32 San Carlos Area 3& Mormon Flat Area 41 RESULTS 47 Field Studies 47 Floristics - 6$ Greenhouse Studies 7& Laboratory Analyses 90 Length of Leaves 90 Y/idth of Leaves 92 Petioles 95 Spines 95 Leaf Analyses Summary 100 Seeds 102 Herbarium Specimens Ill Species Density - 112 Association Analyses 137 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 147 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page APPENDIX A: PTERIDOPHYTA FOUND ON AT LEAST ONE STUDY PLOT 167 APPENDIX B: SPERMATOPHYTA FOUND ON AT LEAST ONE STUDY PLOT 16S REFERENCES ' 177 \ LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Mean Temperatures and Precipitation for Study Areas as Recorded at Stations 17 2. Per cent of Inflorescences and Inflorescence Width on Each Vauquelinia californica Plant: Organ Pipe Quadrats 3. Per cent of Inflorescences and Inflorescence Width on Each Vauquelinia californica Plant: Baboquivari Canyon Quadrats 59 4. Per cent of Inflorescences and Inflorescence Width on Each Vauquelinia californica Plant: Molino Canyon Quadrats 60 5. Per cent of Inflorescences and Inflorescence Width on Each Vauquelinia californica Plant: El Capitan Quadrats 61 6. Per cent of Inflorescences and Inflorescence Width on Each Vauquelinia californica Plant: San Carlos Quadrats 62 7. Per cent of Inflorescences and Inflorescence Width on Each Vauquelinia californica Plant: Mormon Flat Quadrats 63 Per cent Slope and Direction for Each Quadrat for Each Area 67 9. Frequency of Vauquelinia californica According to Number of Stems in Each Area 69 10. Abundance and Density of Species Recorded in All Study Areas 71 11. Species Occurring on Four or More Areas 79 12. Leaf Length Means of Each Area, Each Quadrant, Each Quadrant within Each Area, and Grand Mean ... 91 13. Analysis of Variance for Leaf Length 93 viii LIST OF TABLES—Continued Table Page 14. Leaf Width Means of Each Area, Each Quadrant, Each Quadrant within Each Area, and Grand Mean . 94 15. Analysis of Variance for Leaf Width 96 16. Petiole Length Means of Each. Area, Each Quadrant, Each Quadrant within Each Area, and Grand Mean 97 17* Analysis of Variance for Leaf Petioles 9& IS. Leaf Spine Means of Each Area, Each Quadrant, Each Quadrant•within Each Area and, Grand Mean . • 99 19» Analysis of Variance for Leaf Spines 101 20. Correlation Matrix for Leaf Data 103 21. Means and Grand Means for Seed Length, Seed Bodjr Length, Seed Wing Width, and Seed Body Width . 104 22. Analysis of Variance for Seed Length 105 23 • Analysis of Variance for Seed Body Length 107 24• Analysis of Variance for Seed Wing Width 10$ 25• Analysis of Variance for Seed Width ........ 109 26. Correlation Matrix for Seed Data 110 27. Area Density Mean of Species Showing Significant Variation between Areas 113 28. Quadrant Density Mean of Species Showing Signif­ icant Variation between Areas 115 29. Area Density Mean of Species Showing Significant Variation between Quadrats 117 30. Quadrant Density Mean of Species Showing Signif­ icant Variation between Quadrats 121 31» Area Density Mean of Species Showing Significant Variation between Areas and Also between Quadrats 126 X LIST OF TABLES—Continued Table Page 32. Quadrant Density Mean of Species Showing Signif­ icant Variation between Areas and Also between Quadrats 12$ 33. Area Density Mean of Species Showing No Signif­ icant Variation between Areas, Quadrats, and Quadrants 130 34. Quadrant Density Mean of Species Showing No Significant Variation between Areas, Quadrats, and Quadrants 133 35. Analysis of Species Density and Their Source of Significance 136 36. Association Index of All Plants Occurring Together Four or More Times and Showing a 50 Per cent or Greater Association 138 37. Baboquivari, Molino, and El Capitan Canyon Area Species of Special Interest ......... 150 38. Species of Six Taxa Found in Study Areas 159 39. Percentages of Species with Highest Density Mean in Study Areas 161 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Type locations of Vauquelinia species 2 2. Vauquelinia californica collected by Major Emory • . 4 3. Vauquelinia californica seed from San Carlos area . 12 4. Vauquelinia study areas in Arizona 15 5. Ajo Mountain study area near Arch Canyon, showing Vauquelinia plants growing in rhyolite stream bed 19 6. Baboquivari Mountain study area showing Vauquelinia plants on granite cliffs and outcroppings ... 24 7. Molino Canyon study area showing Vauquelinia plants growing on granite gneiss outcroppings .... 29 &. El Capitan study area showing Vauquelinia plant on limestone outcroppings 34 9. San Carlos study area showing Vauquelinia plants growing in rocky stream bed . 39 10. Mormon Flat study area showing Vauquelinia and Fouquieria plants on tuff 43 11. Vauquelinia californica plant showing its petro- philous nature . • 4$ 12. Deliquescent nature of Vauquelinia californica • plant under harsh environmental conditions . 49 13. Vauquelinia californica plant growing in tuff ..
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