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4.5 Cultural Resources

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4.5 Cultural Resources 4.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES This section addresses the existing cultural resources within the region and evaluates the significance of the changes in cultural resources that could result from development of the 2014 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP)/Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS). In addition, as appropriate and feasible, mitigation measures are identified to reduce potentially significant adverse impacts. 4.5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The environmental setting is summarized from a combination of sources. These include: the 2011 RTP EIR, the California Historical Resources Office of Historic Preservation, and the 2009 San Joaquin County General Plan Update Chapter 13, Recreation and Cultural Resources. Paleontological Resources Paleontology is a branch of geology that studies prehistoric life forms other than humans, through the study of plant and animal fossils. Paleontological resources are fossilized remains of organisms that lived in the region in the geologic past and therefore preserve an aspect of the County’s prehistory which is important in understanding the development of the region as a whole, as many of these species are now extinct. Like archaeological sites and objects (which pertain to human occupation), paleontological sites and fossils are non-renewable resources. They are found primarily in sedimentary rock deposits and are most easily found in regions that may have been uplifted and eroded, but they may also be found anywhere that subsurface excavation is being carried out (e.g., streambeds, under roads). Most of the San Joaquin Valley Basin is composed of sedimentary deposits. The Hollister Field Office (Central California) of the Bureau of Land Management reports that significant fossil bearing deposits in the region occur in the Diablo Range of the Coast Mountain Ranges, primarily along the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. Sixty-five million years ago, the San Joaquin Valley was part of the Pacific Ocean and the Coast Mountain ranges were a series of islands that isolated whole groups of organisms. These island residents included many rare and unique animals of the Cretaceous Period and of the Oligocene and Miocene Epochs of the Tertiary Period. Some of the fossils recovered from and/or documented in the Hollister Field Office include: mollusk, shark, bony fish, turtle, sea lion, coral, deer, oyster, horse, weasel, whale, rhinoceros, sponge, camel, bear, and dinosaur. The San Joaquin Valley contains exceptionally productive Pliocene-age (approximately 2 to 4.5 million years old) fossil-bearing beds, particularly in the western portions of the region. The rock deposits in this area produce a world famous supply of paleontological treasures, including but not limited to abundant and perfectly preserved sand dollars, Pectens, and various fresh water mollusks. These fossils are Impact Sciences, Inc. 4.5-1 2014 San Joaquin COG RTP/SCS Draft EIR 1173.001 March 2014 4.5 Cultural Resources entombed in the sediments deposited within a complex intergrading of fresh water, estuarine and marine paleoconditions directly related to the last great inland sea that periodically inundated the modern Central Valley of California. Fossils and their Associated Formations Geologic formations are the matrix in which most fossils are found, occasionally in buried paleosols (ancient soils). These formations are totally different from modern soils and cannot be correlated with soil maps that depict modern surface soils representing only a thin veneer on the surface of the earth. Geologic formations may range in thickness from a few feet to hundreds of thousands of feet, and form complex relationships below the surface. Geologic maps (available through the US Geological Survey [USGS] or California Geological Survey) show the surface expression (in two dimensions) of geologic formations along with other geologic features such as faults, folds, and landslides. Although sedimentary formations were initially deposited one atop the other, much like a layer cake, over time the layers have been squeezed, tilted, folded, cut by faults and vertically and horizontally displaced, so that today, any one rock unit does not usually extend in a simple horizontal layer. If a sensitive formation bearing fossils can be found at the surface in an outcrop, chances are that same formation may extend not only many feet into the ground straight down, it may well extend for miles just below the surface. Consequently, predicting which areas are paleontologically sensitive is a difficult task. Determining Paleontological Potential The most general paleontological information can be obtained from geologic maps, but geologic cross sections (slices of the layer cake to view the third dimension) must be reviewed for each area in question. These usually accompany geologic maps or technical reports. Once it can be determined which formations may be present in the subsurface, the question of paleontological resources must be addressed. Even though a formation is known to contain fossils, they are not usually distributed uniformly throughout the many square miles the formation may cover. If the fossils were part of a bay environment when they died, perhaps a scattered layer of shells will be preserved over large areas. If on the other hand, a whale died in this bay, you might expect to find fossil whalebone only in one small area of less than a few hundred square feet. Other resources to be considered in the determination of paleontological potential are regional geologic reports, site records on file with paleontological repositories and site-specific field surveys. General Location and Significance of Major Finds in San Joaquin County There are many fossil localities recorded in San Joaquin County. Paleontologists consider all vertebrate fossils to be of significance. Fossils of other types are considered significant if they represent a new Impact Sciences, Inc. 4.5-2 2014 San Joaquin COG RTP/SCS Draft EIR 1173.001 March 2014 4.5 Cultural Resources record, new species, an oldest occurring species, the most complete specimen of its kind, a rare species worldwide, or a species helpful in the dating of formations. However, even a previously designated low potential site may yield significant fossils. The exact locations are considered proprietary and therefore not presented (to prevent the removal or destruction of these important, nonrenewable resources). Prehistoric Setting Human occupation of the northern San Joaquin Valley is believed to date prior to the terminal Pleistocene Epoch, 12,000 years before present (BP). Although few archaeological sites demonstrate evidence of human occupation of the San Joaquin Valley during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (12,000– 6,500 BP), this is likely a product of the archaeological record itself rather than lack of use of this area. Most Pleistocene- and early Holocene-epoch sites are deeply buried in accumulated gravels and silts or have eroded away.1 The earliest sites in and around the County are believed to be the Farmington Complex sites in San Joaquin and Stanislaus counties, the Clark Flat sites (CA-Cal-342 and CA-Cal-347), and possibly the Sky Rocket site, CA-Cal-629/630.2 These sites are on the San Joaquin Valley–Sierra Nevada foothills interface. Artifacts associated with this period are dominated by stemmed points and formed flake tools with diagnostic shapes; plant-processing stone tools are evident at CA-CAL-342 between 6750 and 6500 BP. Archaeological evidence from the Middle Holocene (6500–4500 BP) for the northern San Joaquin Valley is also limited to the San Joaquin Valley–foothills interface. Three sites (CA-Cal-342, CA-Cal-347, and CA- Cal-286) have produced artifacts that date to the Middle Holocene. Artifacts from CA-Cal-342 include stemmed projectile points and formed flake tools of the Early Holocene with the addition of Pinto Series projectile points. The Early Period (4500–2500 BP) of the Late Holocene (4500 BP–present), attributed to the Windmiller Pattern, is known from several lower Sacramento Valley sites (CA-SJo-56, CA-SJo-68, SA-SJo-142, CA-Sac- 107, and CA-Sac-127) and one Stockton area site (CA-SJo-112). The Windmiller Pattern is characterized by the exploitation of a wide variety of terrestrial mammals, fish, and birds, and by an emphasis on hard- seed procurement. The artifact assemblage includes large spear and projectile points; trident fish spears; at least two types of fishhooks; quartz crystals and a diversity of charmstone styles; and a baked clay net sinkers, pecan-shaped fish-line sinkers, and cooking balls. Groundstone items include both the handstone and millingslab, and the mortar and pestle. The bone tools include awls, needles, and flakers. Utilitarian items were often acquired as finished products through trade with outlying areas. Formal cemeteries 1 Moratto, J. Michael, California Archaeology (New World archaeological record), 1984. 2 Dillon 2002 Impact Sciences, Inc. 4.5-3 2014 San Joaquin COG RTP/SCS Draft EIR 1173.001 March 2014 4.5 Cultural Resources appear to have been located both within and away from the village, and the deceased were often buried with red ochre and rich grave offerings. The Middle Period extended from approximately 2500–1300 BP in Central California and is commonly identified with the Berkeley Pattern. The primary difference between the Berkeley Pattern and the Windmiller Pattern is the greater emphasis on acorn consumption within the Berkeley Pattern, reflected by more numerous and varied mortars and pestles. The Berkeley Pattern also possessed a well-developed bone industry and such technological innovations as ribbon flaking of chipped stone artifacts. Also, the arrow point replaced the dart point in the later reaches of this period. The final prehistoric period is the Late Period (450–100 BP) identified with the Augustine Pattern.3 The Augustine Pattern appears to be related to the Berkeley Pattern, and the differences between the two may be the result of the combination of Berkeley traits with those carried into the central California region by migrating populations from the north, an event that began approximately 1800 BP.
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