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Materials Handbook a Concise Desktop Reference François Cardarelli Materials Handbook A Concise Desktop Reference 2nd Edition 123 By the same author Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weight and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origin Springer, New York, London (2005), xxiv, 848 pages ISBN 978-1-85233-682-0 Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference Springer, London, New York (2000), xi, 595 pages ISBN 978-1-85233-168-9 (Out of print) Scientific Unit Conversion. A Practical Guide to Metrication, 2nd Edition Springer, London, New York (1999), xvi, 488 pages ISBN 978-1-85233-043-9 (Out of print) Scientific Unit Conversion: A Practical Guide to Metrication Springer, London, Heidelberg (1997), xvi, 456 pages ISBN 978-3-540-76022-1 (Out of print) Dr. François Cardarelli, Principal Electrochemist, Materials Materials and Electrochemical Research (MER) Corp. 7960 South Kolb Road Tucson, Arizona 85706 USA phone: +1-520-574-1980 fax: +1-520-574-1983 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.mercorp.com URL: www.francoiscardarelli.ca Member of ACS, AIChE, ASM, ECS, MAC, MSA, OCQ, SFC and TMS ISBN 978-1-84628-668-1 e-ISBN 978-1-84628-669-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84628-669-8 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cardarelli, Francois, 1966- Materials handbook : a concise desktop reference. - 2nd ed. 1. Materials - Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title 620.1'1 ISBN-13: 9781846286681 Library of Congress Control Number: ######### © 2000, 2008 Springer-Verlag London Limited Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L., Girona, Spain Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Background Data for the Chemical Elements A.1 Periodic Chart of the Elements See Figure A.1, page 1182. A.2 Historical Names of the Chemical Elements See Table A.1, page 1183. A.3 UNS Standard Alphabetical Designation The Unified Numbering System (UNS) is the accepted alloy designa- tion system in North America and Worldwide for commercially available metals and alloys1. The UNS is managed jointly by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The standard code designation consists of five digits following the prefix letter identifying the al- loy’s family. Generally, UNS designations are simply expansions of the former designations (i.e., AISI, AA, CDA, etc.). See Table A.2, page 1184. 1 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Metals and Alloys in the Unified Numbering System, 7th. ed. ASTM/SAE (1998). 1182 Appendix A: Background Data for the Chemical Elements Mendeleev’s Periodic Chart Figure A.1. Appendix A: Background Data for the Chemical Elements 1183 Table A.1. Obsolete and historical names of the chemical elements Obsolete name (symbol) IUPAC name Actinon (An) Radon-219 Alabamine Astatine Aluminum Aluminium Argentum Silver Arsenicum Arsenic Aurum Gold Azote (Az) Nitrogen Caesium Cesium Cassiopeium Lutetium Celtium (Ct) Hafnium Columbium (Cb) Niobium Cuprum Copper Didynium (Dm) Neodymium + praseodymium Ekaaluminium Gallium Ekacaesium Francium Ekasilicon Germanium Emanation (Em) Radon Erythronium Vanadium Ferrum Iron Glucinium (Gl) Beryllium Hydrargyrum Mercury Illinium (Il) Promethium Kalium Potassium Masurium (Ma) Technetium Mischmetal Cerium impure Natrium Sodium Niton Radon-222 Appendix Panchromium Vanadium A Plumbum Lead Stannum Tin Stibium Antimony Sulfur Sulphur Thoron (Tn) Radon-220 Virginium (Vi) Francium Wolfram Tungsten 1184 Appendix A: Background Data for the Chemical Elements Table A.2. UNS metals and alloys alphabetical designation UNS Designation Description AXXXXX Aluminum and aluminum alloys CXXXXX Copper and copper alloys DXXXXX Specified-mechanical-properties steels EXXXXX Rare earth and rare earth like metals and alloys FXXXXX Cast irons and cast steels GXXXXX AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steels HXXXXX AISI and SAE H-steels JXXXXX Cast steels KXXXXX Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys LXXXXX Low melting metals and alloys MXXXXX Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys NXXXXX Nickel and nickel alloys PXXXXX Precious metals and alloys RXXXXX Reactive and refractory metals and alloys SXXXXX Heat and corrosion resistant stainless steels TXXXXX Tool steels, wrought, and cast WXXXXX Welding filler metals ZXXXXX Zinc and zinc alloys A.4 Names of Transfermium Elements 101–110 The American Chemical Society (ACS) has adopted names listed in Table A.3 for elements 101–110. These names were adopted by IUPAC and endorsed by the ACS Committee on Nomenclature. The new names differ in only two cases from the names supported by the ACS Committee on Nomenclature and adopted by the ACS publications in 1995. From Sep- tember 1997, dubnium replaced hahnium for element 105 and bohrium replaced niels- bohrium for element 107. Table A.3. Names of transfermium elements 101–111 Element New name Symbol Previous proposed name(s) CAS RN 101 Mendelevium Md Mendelevium 7440-11-1 102 Nobelium No Nobelium 10028-14-5 103 Lawrencium Lr Lawrencium 22537-19-5 104 Rutherfordium Rf Kurchatovium 53850-36-5 105 Dubnium Db Hahnium, Joliotium 53850-35-4 106 Seaborgium Sg Seaborgium 54038-81-2 107 Bohrium Bh Nielsbohrium 54037-14-8 108 Hassium Hs Hahnium 54037-57-9 109 Meitnerium Mt Meitnerium 54038-01-6 110 Darmstadtium Ds Ununnilium 54083-77-1 111 Roentgenium Rg Unununium n.a. Appendix A: Background Data for the Chemical Elements 1185 A.5 Selected Physical Properties of the Elements See Table A.5, page 1186–1193. A.6 Geochemical Classification of the Elements Table A.4. Geochemical classification of the elements (after Goldschmidt2) Classes Description Examples Lithophilic Affinity to silicate materials O, Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, W, Sn, U Siderophilic Affinity to iron Fe, Co, Ni, PGMs Chalcophilic Affinity for sulfur forming Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Hg, Cd, sulfides, sulfosalts, and Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd, Zn, chalcogenides Re, As, Sb, Se, Te Hydrophilic Affinity to water, and aqueous H, O, Na, K, Li, Cl, F, Mg solutions (i.e., brines, geothermal fluids) Atmophilic Gaseous elements H, O, N, He, Ar, rare gases Biophilic Animals and plants C, H, O, N, P Appendix A 2 Goldschmidt, B. J. Chem. Soc. (1937) 55. 1186 Appendix A: Background Data for the Chemical Elements Table A.5. Properties of the elements ) –3 /GPa) /kg.m E ρ C=12.000) C=12.000) ) (/°C) 12 β to to α Element name (IUPAC) Chemical abstract registry number [CARN] Symbol (IUPAC) (Z) Atomic number relative Atomic mass ( (IUPAC 2001) Electronic configuration (ground state) term Spectral (ground state) Electronegativity (Pauling) Crystal space lattice Space group (Herman-Mauguin) Pearson symbol and Strukturbericht structure type parameters Lattice (/pm) Transition temperatures ( Density ( (298.15K) Young’s or elastic modulus ( 1 2 2 Actinium [7440-34-8] Ac 89 [227] [Rn]6d 7s D3/2 1.10 fcc Fm3m cF4 A1 (Cu) a = 531.11 n.a. 10060 25.0 2 1 2 Aluminum [7429-90-5] Al 13 26.981538(2) [Ne]3s 3p P1/2 1.61 fcc Fm3m cF4 A1 (Cu) a = 404.96 20.5 GPa 2698.9 70.2 (Aluminium) 7 0 2 8 Americium [7440-35-9] Am 95 [243] [Rn]5f 6d 7s S7/2 1.30 hcp P63/mmc hP4 A3' (Mg) a = 346.80 1074 13670 n.a. c = 1124.00 10 2 3 4 Antimony [7440-36-0] Sb 51 121.760(1) [Kr]4d 5s 5p S3/2 2.05 rhombic R-3m hR2 A7 (a-As) a = 336.90 nil 6696 54.7 (Stibium) b = 533.00 2 6 2 Argon (gas) [7440-37-1] Ar 18 39.948(1) [Ne]3s 3p S1/2 n.a. fcc Fm3m cF4 A1 (Cu) a = 531.09 –189.2 1.784 w/o 10 2 3 4 Arsenic (α-) [7440-38-2] As 33 74.92160(2) [Ar]3d 4s 4p S3/2 2.18 rhombic R-3m hR2 A7 (a-As) a = 413.18 nil 5778 22 a = 54°10' 14 10 2 5 3 Astatine (α-) [7440-68-8] At 85 [210] [Xe]4f 5d 6s 6p P3/2 2.20 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. w/o 2 1 Barium [7440-39-3] Ba 56 137.327(7) [Xe]6s S0 0.89 bcc Im3m cI2 A2 (W) a = 502.30 370 3594 12.8 9 0 2 6 Berkelium [7440-40-6] Bk 97 [247] [Rn]5f 6d 7s H15/2 1.30 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 14790 n.a. 2 1 Beryllium (α-) [7440-41-7] Be 4 9.012182(3) [He]2s S0 1.57 hcp P63/mmc hP2 A3 (Mg) a = 228.59 1254 1847.70 318 c = 358.42 14 10 2 3 4 Bismuth [7440-69-9] Bi 83 208.98038(2) [Xe]4f 5d 6s 6p S3/2 2.02 rhombic R-3m hR2 A7 (a-As) a = 474.60 nil 9747 34 a = 57.23° Bohrium [54037-14-8] Bh 107 [262] [Rn]5f146d57s2 n.a.
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