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Tattoo Etymology Earliest Tattoos Etymology: Tattoo 1. The word tattoo,ortattow in the 18th century, is a loanword from the Polynesian A tattoo on the word tatau, meaning “correct, right arm of a Scythian chieftain workmanlike” or “the results of tapping.” whose mummy 2. This is not to be confused with the origins of was discovered at Pazyryk, Siberia. thewordforthemilitarydrumbeator The tattoo was made more than performance see military tattoo.Inthis The tattooed right hand of a Chiribaya mummy is 2,500 years ago. displayedatElAlgarrobalMuseum,neartheportofIlo case, the English word tattoo is derived in southern Peru. The Chiribaya were farmers who lived from A.D. 900 to 1350. AMāori Chief with from the Dutch work taptoe. tattoos (moko) seen by Banks and his crew http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/tattoos-144038580/?no-ist https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo “Ötzi the Iceman” Etymology: Tattoo 5000 Year Old Tattooed Man The word “tattoo” was brought to Europe by the naturalist Joseph Banks when he returned in 1769 Otzi the Iceman was from his first voyage to Tahiti found in 1991 in the and New Zealand. In his Italian/Austrian Alps. narrativeofthevoyage,herefers to an operation called “tattaw”. Joseph Banks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo http://www.crystalinks.com/otzi.html Joseph Banks Tells of His First Encounter with Tattooing What Does the Bible Say about Tattoos? Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor imprint any marks upon you: I am the Lord. Leviticus 19:28 (What is forbidden is the custom of tattooing some part of the body. Often this was a representation of the deity worshipped by the bearer of that mark.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks Tattooing: Christianity Materials and Equipment Paul: “I bear on my body the marks of the Repeated injection of ink into the Lord Jesus” – Galatians 6:17 dermis Sterile needle that draws ink through 787 Edict distinguished between profane capillary action, an electric motor, and Christian tattoos and a foot pedal Crusaders have crosses tattooed on their Aseptic techniques by professionals arms Typical tattoo: gloves, disposable needles, and plastic sheath covering the parts of the tattoo machine likely to contact the client Gilbert S. Tattoo History: A Source Book. New York: Juno Books, 2000. Simunovic C, Shinohara MM. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(6):525-36. Famous People Known Regulation of Tattooing or Rumored to have Tattoos King Harold the II Licensing of tattoo artists and facilities is left to the states Thomas Edison (?) Significant variability in scope and enforcement James Polk (?) July, 2014, FDA issued a voluntary recall of tattoo inks and needles due to confirmed bacterial King George V contamination Theodore Roosevelt Rate of complication ~2% Winston Churchill Gilbert S. Tattoo History: A Source Book. New York: Juno Books, 2000. LeBlanc PM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(11):985-7. Tattooing: Minimum Age (with Form of Notes parent/guardian Parent/Guardian & Intoxicated/Impaired Materials and Equipment State consent) Consent Exceptions Individuals Area of Law/Type of Penalty Texas 18 (piercings excepted) For body piercings and for Ear piercing is exempt Cannot be tattooed or Misrepresenting one’s age to get covering existing tattoos from body piercing pierced. a tattoo, or to get a piercing (see Notes & Exceptions): statutes without parental consent, is a Parent/guardian must be class B misdemeanor. present during procedure, Minors may, with Samuel O’Reilly patented the sign an affidavit parent/guardian Violations of Texas tattooing & consent, be tattooed body piercing statute are a Class A to cover up an existing misdemeanor, with each day of first electric tattoo machine tattoo that has violation counting as a separate offensive, gang‐ offense. in 1891. [#5 Chatham Square related, or drug‐ related content, or Health Commissioner can impose “other words, symbols, a fine of up to $5000 on artists & – Bowery, NY] or marking, that the shops for each violation. person’s parent or guardian considers would be in the best Used Edison’s “Electric Pen interest of the person to cover. (1876) Tongue splitting prohibited. Samuel O’Reilly’s patent drawing for the first electric tattooing machine. Gilbert S. Tattoo History: A Source Book. New York: Juno Books, 2000. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States The Process of Tattooing: Materials and Equipment Applications of Tattoos in Medicine Tattoo inks - suspensions of metal salts, In radiation oncology, utilized as a marker alcohol or glycerin Endoscopic tattooing The safety of pigments used today is largely Corneal tattooing unknown and unstudied Reconstructive breast surgery Azo pigment should be considered carcinogenic Medical alert purposes Human identification Simunovic C, Shinohara MM. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(6):525-36. Vassileva S, Hristakieva E. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(4):367-74. Contents of Commonly Used Tattoo Inks/Pigments Tattoo Ink or Pigment Ingredients Black Carbon, iron oxide, logwood extract, India ink, magnetite Cadmium red, iron oxide/common rust, ferric sulfate, hematite, cinnabar/mercury sulfide, cadmium selenide, sienna, naphthol, azo Red pigments (pigment red 210,170,112,122), quinacridones (Violet 19, red 122) Chromium oxide, lead chromate, ferrocyanide and ferro‐ferric cyanide, Green curcumin green, phthalocyanine dyes Azure blue, cobalt phthalocyanine, cobalt blue, cobalt aluminate, ferric Blue ferrocyanide, indigoid Manganese ammonium, pyrophosphate, various aluminum salts, pigment Violet Tattooed lip makeup Medical tattoo: blood type violet 19, indigoid Cadmium sulfide, ochre, curcumin yellow, azo dyes, limonite, Yellow anthraquinone Brown Ochre Islam PS, Chang, C, Selmi C, et al. Clin Rev Allerg Immunol. 2016;50(2):273-86. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo Skin Responses to Who is Getting Tattoos? Uncomplicated Tattooing Phagocytosis in the first two hours Langerhans cells identify foreign antigens – cell mediated reaction At one month, trans-epidermal elimination – draining lymph nodes Simunovic C, Shinohara MM. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(6):525-36. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo Tattooed Individuals’ Characteristics The Demographics and Rates of Tattoo Grouped into Four Types. Complications, Regret, and Unsafe Tattooing Practices: A Cross Sectional Study Liszewski W, Kream E, Helland S, et al. Dermatol Surg 2015 Nov; 41(11):1283-9. Rates of Complications Pain 3.8% Infections 3.2% Pruritus 21.2% Regret 16.2% Wish to have Tattoo Removed 21.2% Received Tattoo while Intoxicated 21.2% Kluger N. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2015;48:6-20. Potential Complications of Tattoo Emotional profile and risk behaviours among tattooed and non‐tattooed students. Zrno M, et al. Med Glas (Zenica). 2015;12(1):93‐8. Complications following Clinical findings Symptom onset Color Students with bigger tattoos showed higher score on depression scale. tattoos Students in the tattooed group more frequently abused drugs and Bacterial infections Abscess Few days committed traffic offences compared to the students in non‐tattooed group. Erysipelas Few days Is tattooing a risk factor for adolescents’ criminal behavior? Local Gangrene Few days Empirical evidence from an administrative data set of juvenile detainees in Taiwan. Impetigo Few days Liao PA, et al. Cellulitis Few days Risk Anal. 2014;34(12):2080‐8. Systemic Sepsis Days to months A unique sample of 973 juvenile detainees drawn from the administrative profiles in Taiwan and the coarsened exact matching method were utilized. Results show that compared to their non‐tattooed counterparts, tattooed juvenile detainees were significantly more likely to commit fraud, assault, drug abuse, and homicide by 3%, 13%, 9%, and 9%, respectively. Islam PS, Chang, C, Selmi C, et al. Clin Rev Allerg Immunol. 2016;50(2):273-86. Satisfaction with Life, Self – Esteem and Evaluation of Mental Health in People with Tattoos or Piercings Pajor AJ, Broniarczyk – Dyal G, Świtalska J Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(3):559‐73. Bacterial Infections • The study was conducted on a sample of 449 people aged 16-58 years (mean age 26.7 ± 6.35), of whom 308 had body modifications: tattoo (n = 90), body piercings in places Staphylococcus and Streptococcus other than the ear lobe (n = 53), or both tattoos and piercings (n = 165). • The control group consisted of 141 people without such modifications. The MRSA outbreak participants completed a questionnaire concerning their socio-demographic status, as in Kentucky, Ohio, Vermont was associated with well as the following psychological tests: unlicensed tattooist using unsterile techniques • The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory Syphilis transmission has not been commonly (MSEI) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). reported in decades • Findings show no significant differences in terms of life satisfaction between the group with tattoos or piercings and the control group. People with body modifications were characterized by higher self-esteem, with regard to their competence and leadership abilities. • Tattoos and piercings should not be considered as indicators of psychopathology. Mycobacterial Infections in Tattoos Viral Infections in Tattoos NTM: Mycobacterium Viral hepatitis/HIV chelonae and Mycobacterium abscessus Herpes simplex virus Usually occur within first Human papilloma virus month No disseminated cases Molluscum contagiosum reported Typically confined to the area of tattoo ink Diluting
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