\ Short Papers in the Geologic and Hydrologic Sciences, Articles 147- 292

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1961

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 424-C

Scientific notes and summaries of investigations prepared by members of the Geologic and Water Resoarces Divisions in the jelds of geology, hydrology, and allied sciences

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,WASHINGTON : 1961 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director

-- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. FOREWORD The scientific and economic results of work by the United States Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1961, the 12 months ending June 30, 1961, is being summarized in four volumes. This volume includes 146 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions of the Survey. Some of these papers announce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; the others draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a later date. Other volumes in the series are Professional Paper 424-A, which gives a synopsis of the more important new findings resulting from work during the fiscal year, and Professional Papers 424-B and 424-D, which contain addit-ional short papers like those in the present volume.

Thomas B. Nolan, Director. m CONTENTS

Page i11 Geology of metalliferous deposits 147. Gold deposits in the French Gulch-Deadwood district, Shasta and Trinity Counties, California, by John P. Albers- 148. Paleotopographic control of a uranium mineral belt, Shirley Basin, Wyoming, by E. N. Harshman------149. Origin and evolution of ore and gangue-forming solutions, Silverton caldera, San Juan Mountains, , by Wilbur S. Burbank and Robert G.Luedke------..------150. Geologic events culminating in primary metallization in the Central mining district, Grant County, New Mexico, by W. R. Jones, R. M. Hernon, and W. P. Pratt ------.------...... Geology of light metals and industrial minerals 151. Beryllium in stream sediments from the tin-tungsten provinces of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by C. L. Sainsbury, Armin W. Helz, Charles S. Annell, and Harold Westley ------...... 152. Slate from the Greenville quadrangle, Maine, as potential lightweight aggregate material, by Gilbert H. Espenshade and Howard P. Hamlin------Geology of fuels 153. Spheroidal coal in the Trinidad coal field, south-central Colorado, by Ross B. Johnson------154. Potential oil-shale reserves of the Green River formation in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, by W. B. Cashion ...... Hydrologic studies 155. Boulton's integral for pumping-test analysis, by R. W. Stallman ---- ...... ------156. Influence of riparian vegethtion on channel shape, northeastern Arizona, by Richard F. Hadley ------157. Relation between median grain size and permeability in the Arkansas River valley, Arkansas, by M. S. Bedinger- 158. Influence of piezometer hole diameter on depth determinations in a smooth open channel, by W. W. Emmett--- 159. Variation of Manning's n in a smooth rectangular open channel, by Carl M. Lester ...... --- 160. Variation of flood ratios with size of drainage area, by D. R. Dawdy ------161. Errors in streamflow measurement, by I. E. Anderson------162. Computation of homogeneous flows in tidal reaches by finite-differencemethod, by R. A. Baltzer and John Shen- 163. Observation of unsteady phenomena in an open channel, by Richard G. Godfrey------164. Specific yield of sediments of the Humboldt River Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada, by Philip Cohen------165. Variable depth-discharge relations in alluvial channels, by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and W. L. Haushild- 166. Lowest multi-year moving average compared with minimum independent multi-year means, by Clayton H. Hardison ...... ------167. Bankfull depth and depth of flow for mean annual flood, Piedmont Province, by F. A. Kilpatrick------Geology and hydrology of eastern United States 168. Boundary Mountain anticlinorium, west-central Maine and northern New Hampshire, by Arden L. Albee------169. Axial-plane folding in southeastern Connecticut, by Richard Goldsmith ------170. A frost-wedged bedrock locality in southeastern Massachusetts, by Carl Koteff------171. hte-glacial marine deposits in the Salem quadrangle, Massachusetts, by Robert N. Oldale------172. End moraines on Kittatinny Mountain, Sussex County, New Jersey, by James P. Minard------173. Redefinition of the Mount Laurel sand (Upper Cretaceous) in New Jersey, by James P. Minard, James P. Owens, and Ruth Todd ...... 1 ...... ------174. The Brevard fault in North and South Carolina, by John C. Reed, Jr., Henry S. Johnson, Jr., Bruce Bryant, Henry Bell 111, and Wdham. . C. Overstreet ------175. Annual minimum streamflows in a permeable basin in Ohio, by William J. Schneider------chfsification of glacial deposits in the Killbuck lobe, northeast-central Ohio, by George W. White------l77- Rotational block of the Cumberland overthrust sheet in southeastern Kentucky and northeastern Tennessee, by Kenneth J. Englund ...... ------178. Folds and faults in the eastern part of the Marquette iron range, Michigan, by J. E. Gair, R. E. Thaden, and B. F. Jones------l79- Silicification of the Kone dolomite in the emtern part of the Marquette iron range, Michigan, by J. E. Gair, R- E. %den, and B. F. Jones ...... lgO- Thickness trends in the Hartshorne sandstone and the McAlester formation in northwestern Arkansas, by BOY~ VI CONTENTS

Geology and hydrology of eastern United States-Continued 181. Possible bentonite beds in the Atoka formation in Arkansas and.Oklahoma, by Sherwood E. Frezon and Leonard

182. Thickening of the Atoka formation in the central part of the Arkansas Valley, northwestern Arkansas, by E.

Geology and hydrology of western conterminous United States 183. The diorite line in northwestern North America, by James G. Moore, Arthur Grantz, and M. C. Blake, Jr--

184..- Production and use of fresh water from the Ashley Valley oil field, Uintah County, Utah, by R. D. Feltis and H. D. Goode------185. Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah, by R. W. Mower------..------186. A reinterpretation of two of G. K. Gilbert's Lake Bmneville sections, Utah, by David J. Varnes and Richard Van Horn------187. Revision of stratigraphic norrenclature of Cambrian rocks, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada, by Harley Barnesand Allison R.Palrrer------..------188. Windfall formation (Upper Cambrian) of Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada, by Harley Barnes and F. M. Byers, Jr------189. Revised subdivision of Ordovician system at the Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada, by F. M. Byers, Jr., Harley Barnes, F. G. Poole, and R. J. Ross, Jr...... 190. Lithologic character of the Diamond Peak formation () at the type locality, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada, by David A. Brew ...... 191. Relation of Chainman shale to Bold Bluff thrust fault, southern Diamond Mountains, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada, by David A. Brew ------..------192. Major westward thrusting of post-Middle Triassic age in northwestern Nevada, by Ronald Winden------193. Geology of the Mount Wheeler mine area, White Pine County, Nevada, by Donald H. Whitebread and Donald E. 194. Tritium-age of ground water at the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, by Alfred Clebsch, Jr------195. Proposed classification of ground-water provinces, hydrologic units, and chemical types of ground water in the Upper Colorado River Basin, by David A. Phoenix ...... -- ...... 196. and structural history of the Coal Greek area, , Colorado, by John D. Wells, Douglas M. Sheridan, and Arden L. Albee------..------197. Early and late growth of the Gypsum Valley salt anticline, San Miguel County, Colorado, by E. R. Landis, E. M. Shoemaker,and D. P. Elston------198. Emplacement of the Wilson Peak stock and axsociated intrusive rocks, San Miguel Mountains, Colorado, by Calvin S. Bromfield------..-----..------199. Stream directions in Triassic rocks of the Colorado Plateau, by F. G. Poole ...... 200. Soda rhyolite (pantellerite?) from Lake County, Oregon, by George W. Walker--_ -----..------201. Prehnite-pumpellyite metagraywacke facie~of Upper Triassic rocks, Aldrich Mountains, Oregon, by C. Ervin Brom-n------202. Conlputation of the total flow of the Columbia River at the mouth, by Hollis M. Orem ...... 203. Deformed basaltic caprock as an aquifer at Cow Valley, Oregon, by Bruce L. Foxworthy ...... 204. Facies .distribution and hydrology of intermontane basin fill, Safford basin, Arizona, by Edward S. Davidson- - - _ 205. Miocene and Pliocene history of central Arizona, by F. R. Twenter ...... 206. Correlation of Permian rocks in northeastern Arizona and adjoining parts of New Mexico and Utah, by Charles B. Readand A. A. Wanek------_------207. Troy (younger Precambrian) and Bolsa and Abrigo formations (Cambrian), northern Galiuro Mountains, southeastern Arizona, by Medora H. Krieger------_ ------_ - - 208. Trap-door intrusion of the Cameron Creek laccolith, near Silver City, New Mexico, by Walden P. Pratt and William R.Jones------..------_------209. Middle and upper Tertiary rocks of southeastern Wyoming and adjoining areas, by N. M. Denson and M. H. Bergendahl------:------210. Clays in t.he Inyan Kara group (Cretaceous), Black Hills, Wyoming and South Dakota, by Leonard G. Schultz and William J. Mapel------_ - - _ ------_ _ - - _ ------211. Cobern Mountain overthrust, Lewis and Ciark County, Montana, by Robert George Schmidt and Peter Zubovic--

212. A redefinition and restriction of the term Challis volcanics, by Clyde P. Ross -_------2------213. Upper Paleozoic rocks in the Deep Creek Mountains, Idaho, by Wilfred J. Carr and Donald E. Trimble------214. Tide-affected flow of Sacramento River at Sacramento, California, by Franklin C. Craig-- ..------215. Interchange of surface water and ground water along tributary streams in the Central Valley, California, by S. E. Rantz and Donald Richardson------216. and rocks of the Klamath Mountains, California, by C. W. Merriam------21 7. City College fault, San Francisco, California, by M. G. Bonilla------CONTENTS VII

Geology and hydrology of Alaska and Hawaii Page 218. Orientation of phenoclasts in laminated glaciolacustrine deposits, Copper River Basin, Alaska, by Henry R. 0192 219. Weathered basalt in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii, by Sam H. Patterson and C. E. Roberaon------195 220. Sorting of beach sediment, northwestern Alaska, by George W. Moore ...... 198 Geology and hydrology of Puerto Rico, Pacific Islands, and Antarctica 221. Water-bearing properties of the rocks in the Arecibo-Barceloneta area, Puerto Rico, by Ted Arnow ------201 222. Ground-water conditions in the lower Tallaboa Valley, 'Puerto Rico, by I. G. Grossman ...... 202 223. Volcanic suite of Pagan, Mariana Islandu, by Gilbert Corwin- ...... 204 224. Structure of Lower Taylor Glacier, South Victoria Land, Antarctica, by Warren Hamilton and Philip T. Hayes- 206 225. Petrochemistry of probable Paleozoic rocks from the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, by Warren Hamilton-- 209 Geology and hydrology of other Countries 226. Investigation of the principal fluorspar districts of Mexico, by Ralph E. Van Alstine---- ...... 212 227. Evidence for local glacier stagnation in Eaat Greenland, by Joseph H. Hartshorn ...... 216 228. Thermal regime during the thaw of Centrum S0, northeast Greenland, by D. B. Krinsley ------219 229. Facies change in Neocomian rocks of the Teresita-Chulo area, Atacama Province, Chile, by Kenneth Segerstrom- 221 230. Rhyolite tuff, a source of the salts of northern Chile, by George E. Ericksen ...... 224 Paleontology, geomorphology, and plant ecology 231. Correlation of the Arctic Permian, by J. Thomas Dutro, Jr...... 225 232. Age of the Keechelus andesitic series of the Cascade Range, Washington, by Jack A. Wolfe------228 233. Age and correlation of the Puget group, King County, Washington, by Jack A. Wolfe, Howard D. Gower, and James D. Vine------230 234. Early Mississippian faunas in southwestern Elko County, Nevada, by Mackenzie Gordon, Jr., and Helen ~uncan- 233 235. Continental vertebrates and their stratigraphic correlation with marine mollusks, eastern Caliente Range, Cali- fornia, by C. A. Repenning and J. G. Vedder ...... 235 236. Stratigraphic distribution of endothyrid Foraminifera in Carboniferous rocks of the Mackay quadrangle, Idaho, by Betty A. L. Skipp------239 237. Ancient erosional cycles of the Little Colorado River, Arizona and New Mexico, by Maurice E. Cooley and Jay P. Akers------244 238. Vegetation in relation to flood frequency near Washington, D.C., by Robert S. Bigafoos ...... 248 239. Soil-water availability and use by grasslands on adjacent stony and shale-derived soils in Colorado, by F. A. Branson, R.F. Miller, and I. S. McQueen------251 Geophysics 240. A seismic record of Mesozoic rocks on Block Island, Rhode Island, by Curtis R. Tuttle, William B. Allen, and Glenn W. Hahn------241. Electrical properties of sulfide-mineralized gabbro, St. Louis County, Minnesota, by C. J. Zablocki------242. Structure of plutons from gravity measurements, by Martin F. Kane ...... 243. Relation between gravity and structure of part of the western flank of the Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyo- ming, by R. A. Black and J. C. Roller------..---- 244. Gravity profile along Roberts Tunnel, Colorado, by Donald Plouff ------..------.------245. A detailed gravity profile across the southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado, by David J. Stuart and Ronald R. Wahl------246. Aftershock-energy release versus tidal effects, Hebgen Lake earthquake, Montana, by Renner B. Hofmann----- 247. Determination of thickness of a basalt flow by electrical resistivity method on Buckboard Mesa, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, by J. C. Roller and R. A. Black ...... 248. Gravity study of crustal structure in western Washington, by David J. Stuart ...... 249. Regional magnetic and gravity anomalies in the Darwin area, Calitornia, by Don R. Mabey ------Mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology 250. Vanadium and associated elements in the Phosphoria formation in the Afton area, western Wyoming, by J. D. Love------251. Some geochemical aspects of ground water in northern St. Lawrence County, New York, by Ralph C. Heath and Edward H. Salvas ...... ------252. X-ray determinative curve for some natural plagioclases of composition Anso-ss, by Everett D. Jackson------253. Boron in bentonite and shale from the Pierre shale, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana, by Harry A. Tourte- lot, Leon-ard G. Schultz, and Claude Huffman, Jr ...... 254. Accessory bastnaesite in the Pikes Peak granite, Colorado, by John W. Adams and Edward J. Young------255. Tunellite, a new hydrous strontium borate from the Kramer borate district, California, by Richard C. Erd, Vincent Morgan, and Joan R. Clark ...... ------256. Hydrozircon from the Wind River formation, Wyoming, by R. G. Coleman and R. C. Erd------.. - 257. Microtexture of artificially consolidated aragonitic mud, by John C. Hathaway and Eugene C. Robertson------258. Fluorine during hydration of rhyolitic glass, by Irving Friedman and Joseph Harris------VIII CONTENTS

Mineralogy. geochemistry, and petrology-Continued Paae 259. A critical review of analyses of chloritoid, by Margaret D. Foster------_-_---_----__--__-_------_----G306 260. X-ray crystallography and optical properties of synthetic monoclinic KFeSi308,iron-sanidine, by David R. Wones and Daniel E. Appleman------261. A review of the chemical composition of gases from volcanic fumaroles and igneous rocks, by Donald E. White and G. A. Waring------262. Variations in properties of hornblende6 formed during progressive metamorphism of amphibolites, northwest Adirondack Mountains, New York, by A. E. J. Engel, Celeste G. Engel, and R. G. Havens.------__-_ 263. Distribution of clay-sized sediments in the Coastal Plain formations near Trenton, New Jersey, by James P. Owens, James P. Minard, and Paul D. Blackmon ...... 264. A heulandite-like mineral associated with clinoptilolite in tuffs of Oak Spring formation, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, by A. 0. Shepard_-._------_-_---_------265. Particle-size distribution of stream bed material in the Middle Rio Grande basin, New Mexico, by Carl F. Nordin, Jr.,and James K. Culbertson------266. Worldwide runoff of dissolved solids, by W. H. Durum, S. G. Heidel, and L. J. Tison -----__---_-..~-----_-_-- 267. Metal content of some black shales of the western United States, by D. F. Davidson and H. W. Lakin - _-___ _- 268. Cordierite from Litchfield, Connecticut, by Fred Barker ------__-- _-_-__- ______-_---_-_ - 269. Field measurements of silica in water from hot uprings and geysers in Yellowstone National Park, by G. W. Morey, R. 0. Fournier, J. J. Hemley, and J. J. Rowe .------270. Anthophyllite-biotite-hypersthene-rhodolite assemblage, Mason Mountain, North Carolina, by Fred Barker - _ - - 271. Two occurrences of thorium-bearing minerals with rhabdophane-like structure, by J. R. Dooley, Jr., and John C. Hathaway_------272. Effects of impact on thermoluminescene of Yule , by C. H. Roach, G. R. Johnson, J. G. McGrath, and F. H. 273. X-ray powder data for herzenbergite, teallite, and tin trisulfide, by Shirley Mosburg, Daphne R. Ross, Philip M. Bethke, and Priestley Toulmin 3d------..------..------. Geology and hydrology applied to engineering and public health 274. Deformation and stress distribution around coal mine workings in Sunnyside No. 1 mine, Utah, by Frank W. Osterwald------275. Hydrologic effects of urban growth-some characteristics of urban runoff, by Arvi 0. Waananen------276. Engineering geology and the Chilean earthquakes of 1960, by Ernest Dobrovolny and Richard W. Lemke------277. Effect of tunnel construction on flow of springs and small streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California, by S. E. Rants ...... 278. Influence of natural fractures on the shape of explosion-produced craters, by D. D. Dickey and Ross B. Johnson- Exploration and mapping techniques 279. New equipment for measurements in the unsaturated zone, by R. W. Stallman and R. P. Moston _------_--__ 280. Equipment for field mertsurement of electrochemical potentials, by William Back and Ivan Barnes- - - _ .. ------281. Transfer of geologic data from aerial photographs to topographic maps by direct tracing, by Russell H. Campbell- 282. A remanent magnetometer and magnetic susceptibility bridge, by Lennart A. Anderson ------__- -_------Analytical and petrographic methods 283. A method for determining the specific gravity of sand and ground rock or minerals, by Joseph J. Fahey - ._ _ - _ 284. Measurement of sodium activities in clay suspensions with rationic-sensitive electrodes, by Alfred M. Pommer- 285. Evaluation of the use of dichromate oxidation'to estimate the organic carbon content of rocks, by I. C. Frost..__ 286. Determining- the distribution of bervllium in rocks by a contact-print method,. bv- Wallace R. Griffitts and Lorraine E. Patten------287. Some factors affecting the determination of beryllium by the gamma-ray activation method, by Wayne Mountjoy and H. H. Lipp_------_------288. Determination of beryllium with a direct-reading spectrograph, by Armin W. Helz and Charles S. Annell.. - - --- 289. TJse of bathophenanthroline for determining traces of iron in , by Frank Cuttitta and Jesse J. Warr ------290. Dithizone mixed-color method for determining small amounts