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The Sacraments : a Dogmatic Treatise

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Coll. Christi P, BIBL Til COL. TOSOM. DOGMATIC THEOLOGY VIII THE POHLE-PREUSS SERIES OF DOG MATIC TEXT-BOOKS 1. God: His Knowability, Essence and At tributes, vi & 479 pp., $2.00 net. 2. The Divine Trinity, iv & 297 pp., $1.50 net. 3. God the Author of Nature and the Su pernatural, v & 365 pp., $1.75 net 4. Christology. iii & 310 pp., $1.50 net. 5. Soteriology. iv & 169 pp., $i net. 6. Mariology. iv & 185 pp., $i net. 7. Grace: Actual and Habitual, iv & 443 pp., $2 net. 8. The Sacraments in General. Baptism. Confirmation, iv & 328 pp., $1.50 net. 9. The Holy Eucharist, vi & 408 pp., $1.75 net. 10. The Sacrament of Penance, iv & 270 pp., $1.50 net. 11. Extreme Unction. Holy Orders. Matri mony. 12. Eschatology. THE SACRAMENTS A DOGMATIC TREATISE BY THE RT. REV. MSGR. JOSEPH POHLE, PH.D., D.D. FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF APOLOGETICS AT THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, NOW PROFESSOR OF DOGMA IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BRESLAU AUTHORIZED ENGLISH VERSION, BASED ON THE FIFTH GERMAN EDITION, WITH SOME ABRIDGMENT AND ADDITIONAL REFERENCES v BY ARTHUR PREUSS VOLUME I The Sacraments in General. Baptism. Confirmation. RIBL. THFOL. TOROKT. B. HERDER 17 SOUTH BROADWAY, ST. Louis, Mo. AND 68 GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, W. C. 1917 NIHIL OBSTAT Sti. Ludovici) die 21. Dec. 1916. F. G. HOLWECK, Censor Librorum. IMPRIMATUR Sti. Ludovici, die 26. Dec. 1916. ^JOANNES /, GLENNON, Archiepiscopus Sti. Ludovici. Copyright* 1915 by Joseph Gummersbach. All Rights Reserved Printed in U. S. A. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ......;* I PART I. THE SACRAMENTS IN GENERAL 3 CH. I. Definition, Division, and Number ...... 3 " i. Explanation of the Term Sacrament" .... 5 2. Christian and Other Sacraments . .18 3. The Seven Sacraments of the New Testament . 32 CH. II. The Three Essential Constituents of a Sacrament 58 i. The Visible Sign, or Matter and Form .... 59 2. Internal Grace, or Sacramental Effects .... 66 ART. i. Effects Common to All the Sacraments . 66 ART. 2. The Sacramental Character Peculiar to Bap tism, Confirmation, and Holy Orders .... 76 3. The Sacraments Instituted by Jesus Christ ... 97 CH. III. The Efficacy of the Sacraments and Their Man ner of Operation ..." 121 i. The Efficacy of the Sacraments ex Opere Operato 122 2. Whether the Sacraments are Physical or Moral Causes of Grace 143 CH. IV. The Minister of a Sacrament 161 i. The Conditions of Valid Administration .... 162 ART. i. The Person of the Minister 162 ART. 2. Requisites of Valid Administration . 166 ART. 3. Necessity of a Right Intention . .175 2. The Requisites of Worthy Administration . 188 CH. V. The Recipient of a Sacrament . 191 i. The Requisites of Valid Reception 191 2. The Requisites of Worthy Reception .... 200 PART II. BAPTISM 204 CH. I. Baptism a True Sacrament 205 i. Divine Institution . 206 2. Matter and Form 213 3. Sacramental Effects 228 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CH. II. The Necessity of Baptism 238 CH. III. The Minister of Baptism 254 i. The Minister of Solemn Baptism 255 2. Who Has the Power to Confer Baptism in Cases of Emergency . 259 CH. IV. The Recipient of Baptism 265 i. The Requisites of Valid Reception 265 2. Infant Baptism ..*... 268 PART III. CONFIRMATION 276 CH. I. Confirmation a True Sacrament 278 i. Divine Institution . 278 2. Matter and Form . 288 3. Sacramental Effects . ? 300 II. CH. The Obligation of Receiving Confirmation . 304 CH. III. The Minister of Confirmation 307 IV. CH. The Recipient of Confirmation . 314 INDEX 319 INTRODUCTION The justification of the sinner, with which we 1 have dealt in a previous treatise, is ordinarily not a purely internal and invisible process or series of acts, but requires the instrumentality of external visible signs instituted by Jesus Christ, which 2 3 either confer grace or augment it. Such visible means of grace are called Sacra ments. 4 The source and well-spring of all grace under the present dispensation is the Sacrifice of the Cross, from which redemptive power flows into the souls of men through the Sacraments and the Mass. This consideration led St. Thomas to re gard the Passion of Our Divine Saviour as the foundation-stone of the dogmatic treatise on the Sacraments. The importance of this treatise, from both the theoretical and the practical point of view, is in turn evident from the fact that the 1 Grace, Actual and Habitual, St. sense, and are therefore treated Louis, Mo., 1915. elsewhere prayer in moral and 2 In this sense justification is ascetic theology, sacrifice partly in called iustificatio prima. Soteriology (cfr. Pohle-Preuss, 3 In this sense it is called iustifi- Soteriology, pp. in sqq.) and partly catio secunda. in the dogmatic treatise on the 4 Prayer and sacrifice are also Holy Eucharist, Part III, " The means of grace, but in a different Holy Eucharist as a Sacrifice." 2 INTRODUCTION grace of the Atonement cannot in the present economy effect justification in the individual soul without the use of the Sacraments, in re, or at least in voto. Following the example of the Tridentine Coun 5 cil, modern theologians are wont to introduce the treatise on the Sacraments with an explana tion of the nature, operation, and requisites of 6 Sacraments in general. Besides obviating the need of constant repetition, this introduction serves to show that the Sacraments are closely connected by a common bond and together consti tute an organic unit. The present volume contains, besides this gen eral introduction De Sacramentis in Genere, the special treatises on Baptism and Confirmation. The next volume will be devoted entirely to the Holy Eucharist, the following one to Penance, while a fourth will deal with Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. " " 5 Concilium Trident., Sess. VII, 6 De Sacramentis in genere; " quoted in Denzinger-Bannwart s in German, Allgemeine Sakra 1 Enchiridion, nth ed., n. 844 sqq., mentenlehre." Freiburg 1911. PART I THE SACRAMENTS IN GENERAL CHAPTER I DEFINITION, DIVISION, AND NUMBER In this Chapter we shall first define the term "Sacrament," then show how it has been ap plied to various rites in the Old and the New Testament, and finally demonstrate that under the New Law there are seven Sacraments, neither more nor less. GENERAL READINGS : Peter Lombard, Liber Sent., IV, dist. I sqq. St. Thomas, Summa Theologica, 33, qu. 60 sqq., and his commentators, notably the Salmanticenses, Cursus Theol., Vol. XVIII (ed. Paris 1880) ; Billuart, De Sacramentis in Communi (ed. Lequette, Paris, Vol. VI, pp. 97 sqq.), etc. *Stiarez, De Sacramentis (ed. Vives, Paris 1856 sqq.). Bellarmine, Con- trovers, de Sacrament, in Genere (ed. Fevre, Vol. Ill, pp. 325 sqq., Paris 1870). Allen, De Sacramentis in Genere, etc., Ant werp 1576. *M. Cano, Relectio de Sacramentis in Genere (ed. Rome 1890). *De Lngo, Disputationcs de Sacramentis in Genere (ed. Fournials, Vol. Ill, Paris 1892). This last-mentioned treatise is especially thorough and valuable. Among later writers : Drouvenius, De Re Sacramentaria contra Perduellos Haereticos, Venice 1737; Tournely, Prael. Theol. de Sacramentis, Paris 1739; N. Muszka, S. J., De Sacramentis Novae Legis, Vienna 1758. Among modern authors: Bautz, Einig, Heinrich-Huppert, 3 4 THE SACRAMENTS IN GENERAL Hurter, Simar, Hunter, Wilhelm-Scannell, et aL, in their re spective treatises on the Sacraments, and in addition to these the following : Merlin, Traite Historique et Dogmatique sur les Paroles ou Formes des Sept Sacrements de I Eglise, Paris 1844 (Migne, Theol. Cursus Completus, Vol. XXI). Besson, Les Sacrements ou la Grace de I Homme-Dieu, Paris 1879. Katschthaler, Theol. Dogmatica Cath. Specialis, Vol. IV, Ratisbon 1884. *Franzelin, De Sacramentis in Genere, 4th ed., Rome 1888. *De Augustinis, De Re Sacramentaria, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Rome 1889. Billot, De Ecclesiae Sacramentis, Vol. I, 4th ed., Rome 1907. P. Schanz, Die Lehre von den Sakramenten der kath. Kirche, Freiburg 1893. Oswald, Die dogmatische Lehre von den hi. Sakramenten, Vol. I, 5th ed., Miinster 1894. *Chr. Pesch, Praelectiones Dog- maticae, Vol.VI, 3rd ed., Freiburg 1908. G. B. Tepe, Institutions Theologicae, Vol. IV, Paris 1896. J. B. Sasse, De Sacramentis Ecclesiae, Vol. I, Freiburg 1897. Heinrich-Gutberlet, Dog matische Theologie, Vol. IX, Mainz 1901. >H. Lahousse, S. J., De Sacramentis in Genere, etc., Bruges 1900. A. Paquet, De Sacramentis, Vol. I, Quebec 1900. Scheeben-Atzberger, Dogma- tik, Vol. IV, Part 2, Freiburg 1901. Noldin, De Sacramentis, Innsbruck 1901. N. Gihr, Die hi. Sakramente der kath. Kirche, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Freiburg 1902. G. van Noort, De Sacramentis, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Amsterdam 1910. P. Pourrat, La Theologie Sacramentaire, 4th ed., Paris 1910 (English tr., Theology of the Sacramentsf 2nd ed., St. Louis 1914) . D. J. Kennedy, art. "Sacraments," in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. XIII. W. Humphrey, S. J., The One Mediator, London 1890. A. Devine, C. P., The Sacraments Explained, 3rd ed., London 1905. Non-Catholic authors worth consulting are: Hahn, Die Lehre von den Sakramenten in ihrer geschichtlichen En-twicklung in- nerhalb der abendldndischen Kirche bis zum Konzil von Trient, Breslau 1864, and Alex. Maltzew, Die Sakramente der orthodox- katholischen Kirche des Morgenlandes, Berlin 1898. *) The asterisk before an author s name indicates that his treatment of the subject is especially clear and thorough. As St. Thomas is invariably the best guide, the omission of the asterisk before his name never means that we consider his work inferior to that of other writers. There are vast stretches of theology which he scarcely touched. SECTION i EXPLANATION OF THE TERM "SACRAMENT" i. DERIVATION AND HISTORY OF THE TERM. "Sacrament" is a word of Latin origin.
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