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The M&A Collar Handbook Perspective Gerald Adolph Justin Pettit The M&A Collar Handbook How to Manage Equity Risk Booz & Company is a leading global management consulting firm, helping the world’s top businesses, governments, and organizations. Our founder, Edwin Booz, defined the profession when he established the first management consulting firm in 1914. Today, with more than 3,300 people in 58 offices around the world, we bring foresight and knowledge, deep functional expertise, and a practical approach to building capabilities and delivering real impact. We work closely with our clients to create and deliver essential advantage. For our management magazine strategy+business, visit www.strategy-business.com. Visit www.booz.com to learn more about Booz & Company. CONTACT INFORMATION New York Gerald Adolph Justin Pettit Senior Partner Partner 212-551-6464 212-551-6309 [email protected] [email protected] Originally published as: The M&A Collar Handbook: How to Manage Equity Risk, by Gerald Adolph and Justin Pettit, Booz Allen Hamilton, 2007. 1 The M&A Collar Handbook How to Manage Equity Risk Introduction against the pound, and 20 percent against the yen M&A collars are a useful but underutilized tool since the end of 2001. Potential bidders assessing for both negotiating transactions and managing undervalued U.S. assets can look to collars to help hedge any potential currency movements during the deal risk. One of the larger and more contentious pre-close period. recent deals, the $8.5 billion MCI-Verizon-Qwest deal, included a collar as a component of Regulatory considerations may also spur collar use. consideration. As deal volume rebounds, more To the extent Sarbanes-Oxley brings increased scrutiny and process discipline of corporate development activi- companies will explore the M&A collar. ties, bidders may feel obliged to refine and codify their approach to price protection and more seriously exam- With balance sheets largely mended and cash ine consideration, the use of collars, and collar design. balances at record highs, many companies have returned to M&A for growth. As M&A volume rebounds, we expect the use of collars to also grow. Global Exhibit 1 Collar Incidence and Share in Global M&A Deals volume of collared deals averaged over $50 billion annually over the past 10 years.1 60 30% Exhibit 1 shows that, in addition to deal volume, a 50 25% second driver of collar use appears to be equity market 40 20% volatility. As equity market volatility increases, the 30 15% proportion of collared deals also increases. Thus, as equity market volatility returns to historical norms, we 20 10% would expect a doubling in the proportion of collared Number of Deals Completed 10 5% deals, say from about 3 percent, to 5 percent or more. 0 0% Today’s volatile foreign exchange environment 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 contributes to a growing role for collars in cross-border Number of Deals Value Collar Deals/Value All Deals (Percent) deals. Despite recent strengthening, the dollar has lost MSCi World Volatility (Percent) 44 percent of its value against the euro, 30 percent Source: Securities Data Company, FactSet 1 As per Securites Data Company data. Worldwide completed mergers and acquisitions where value of the target, including net debt, was greater than $100 million. 2 Exhibit 2 Consideration as a Function of Changes in Bidder Share Price (a) Cash Offer (b) Equity Offers 60 60 Fixed Exchange Ratio Offer 50 50 40 40 30 30 rget at Close (€/Share) 20 rget at Close (€/Share) 20 Ta Ta Fixed-Price Offer 10 10 lue to lue to Va Va 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Bidder Share Price (€) Bidder Share Price (€) Source: Booz Allen Hamilton What Are Collars? Consideration to the target is a function of changes M&A collars are not financial instruments (e.g., in both bidder and target share prices. Bidders may derivatives). They are contractual agreements that benefit from fixed exchange ratio offers because they tailor the economics of consideration in stock-based exchange a fixed percentage of ownership, regardless M&A transactions beyond the simple choices of a of whether their stock price declines or the target fixed-price or fixed exchange ratio agreement. appreciates. Targets may benefit from a fixed exchange ratio offer because they exchange a fixed percentage In an all-cash deal (see Exhibit 2a), consideration is of ownership, regardless of stock price movement. independent of any changes in bidder (or target) share price. Targets may benefit from cash offers because Collars tailor stock-based consideration arrangements they face no risk that consideration will decline as a that may draw characteristics from either fixed result of “adverse” movements in their own, or the exchange ratio or fixed-price deal economics, both bidder’s, share price (i.e., target appreciation, or bid- in terms of risk and economics. There are two basic der depreciation). Bidders may benefit from cash types of collar that may serve as building blocks for an offers because they face no risk that consideration will endless number of possible permutations. We illustrate increase from any “adverse” movements in their own, both the fixed-price collar and the fixed exchange ratio or the target’s, share price. collar in Exhibit 3, page 3.3 A ”fixed exchange ratio” stock deal is the sloped line Fixed-price collars are the most common; price is fixed in Exhibit 2b. Target shareholders receive a certain within the collar boundaries (see Region 2 of Exhibit number of bidder shares in exchange for each share 3a, page 3). The bidder guarantees a price, within of target stock.2 For example, an exchange ratio (i.e., a range of bidder stock price to target stock price slope) of 0.75 means that each share of target stock ratios—the “width” of the collar. If the bidder price falls will be exchanged for three-quarters of one share of (or target rises) below the lower bound, consideration bidder stock at closing, regardless of bidder is based on the exchange ratio in Region 1 of Exhibit stock price. 3a, page 3. If the bidder price rises above the upper 2 Stock consideration is often denoted in shares of the bidder, but really represents shares of the combined firm. 3 Micah S. Officer, “Collars and Renegotiation in Mergers and Acquisitions,” The Journal of Finance, December 2004. The author suggests “Travoltas” and “Egyptians” as alternative names for fixed-price and fixed-exchange collars respectively due to the resemblance of the former to a popular dance posture of the 1970’s and the latter to hieroglyphic depictions of human figures. 3 Exhibit 3 Fixed-Price” and “Fixed Exchange Ratio” Collars (a) Fixed-Price Collar (”Travolta”) (b) Fixed Exchange Ratio Collar (”Egyptian”) 60 60 Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 50 50 40 40 rget at Close rget at Close 30 30 Ta Ta (€/Share) 20 (€/Share) 20 lue to alue to Va 10 V 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Bidder Share Price (€) Bidder Share Price (€) Source: Booz Allen Hamilton bound (or target declines), the target is paid according exchange and a fixed-price offer. Depending on to the exchange ratio of Region 3 in Exhibit 3a. objectives, constraints, and risk utilities, a deal may be tailored beyond these simple payoff functions. In the fixed exchange ratio collar, the exchange ratio For example, collars may be compounded to achieve is fixed within the collar boundaries (see Region 2 in multiple fixed-price bands (a “staircase”), or “walk- Exhibit 3b). The bidder guarantees a fixed number of away” provisions may be incorporated to manage risk shares to the target within a range of bidder stock or timing.4 price to target stock price ratios—the width of the collar. If the bidder price falls (or target rises) below How Collars Add Value the lower bound, consideration is a fixed price equal to Once an agreement has been reached, the collar Region 1. If the bidder price rises (or target declines) allocates value based on the structure and market above the upper bound, consideration equals the fixed conditions. For example, in the case of a fixed price of Region 3. exchange ratio collar (see Exhibit 4), the target In both cases, the initial value and risk of either ”benefits” (as opposed to what happens in fixed-price collared offer is somewhere between a pure fixed consideration) from an increase in the bidder’s share Exhibit 4 Fixed Exchange Ratio Collar Illustration 100% 75% rget 50% Ta 25% lue to 0% Va ercent) (P -25% Bidder Benefits -50% Change in -75% -100% -150% -125% -100% -75% -50% -25% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125% 150% Change in Bidder Share Price (Percent) Fixed PriceFixed Exchange Collar Source: Booz Allen Hamilton 4 In a study of 632 bids over six years, collar boundaries were explicitly modeled as walk-away trigger points. Kathleen P. Fuller, “Why Some Firms Use Collar Offers in Mergers,” The Financial Review, February 2003. 4 Case Study: Verizon and Qwest Bid for MCI It is hardly surprising that collars, and the protection they offer, figured prominently in the battle for MCI between Verizon and Qwest Communications. Perhaps because of its inherent volatility and the high-stakes nature of its many large deals, the telecom industry has a long history of M&A collars. Indeed, the largest announced collared bid to date was MCI Worldcom’s $113 billion attempt for Sprint in 1999.5 The largest completed collared deal was Qwest’s $56 billion acquisition of US West in 2000.
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