Valuation Adjustments 6 Ntnze
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On the Optionality and Fairness of Atomic Swaps
On the optionality and fairness of Atomic Swaps Runchao Han Haoyu Lin Jiangshan Yu Monash University and CSIRO-Data61 [email protected] Monash University [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT happened on centralised exchanges. To date, the DEX market volume Atomic Swap enables two parties to atomically exchange their own has reached approximately 50,000 ETH [2]. More specifically, there cryptocurrencies without trusted third parties. This paper provides are more than 250 DEXes [3], more than 30 DEX protocols [4], and the first quantitative analysis on the fairness of the Atomic Swap more than 4,000 active traders in all DEXes [2]. protocol, and proposes the first fair Atomic Swap protocol with However, being atomic does not indicate the Atomic Swap is fair. implementations. In an Atomic Swap, the swap initiator can decide whether to proceed In particular, we model the Atomic Swap as the American Call or abort the swap, and the default maximum time for him to decide is Option, and prove that an Atomic Swap is equivalent to an Amer- 24 hours [5]. This enables the the swap initiator to speculate without ican Call Option without the premium. Thus, the Atomic Swap is any penalty. More specifically, the swap initiator can keep waiting unfair to the swap participant. Then, we quantify the fairness of before the timelock expires. If the price of the swap participant’s the Atomic Swap and compare it with that of conventional financial asset rises, the swap initiator will proceed the swap so that he will assets (stocks and fiat currencies). -
Dividend Swap Indices
cover for credit indices.qxp 14/04/2008 13:07 Page 1 Dividend Swap Indices Access to equity income streams made easy April 2008 BARCAP_RESEARCH_TAG_FONDMI2NBUR7SWED The Barclays Capital Dividend Swap Index Family Equity indices have been the most essential of measurement tools for all types of investors. From the intrepid retail investor, to the dedicated institutional devotees of modern portfolio theory, the benchmarks of the major stock markets have served as the gauge of collective company price performance for decades, and have been incorporated as underlying tradable reference instruments in countless financial products delivering stock market returns. In most cases, equity indices are available as price return or total return, the latter being, broadly speaking, a blend of the return derived from stock price changes, as well as the receipt of dividends paid out to holders of the stock. The last few years have seen the rapid growth of a market in stripping out the dividend return and trading it over the counter through dividend swaps – a market that has so far been open to only the most sophisticated investors, allowing them to express views on the future levels of dividend payments, hedge positions involving uncertainty of dividend receipts and implement trades that profit from the relative value between one stream of dividend payments and another. The Barclays Capital Dividend Swap Index Family opens this market up to investors of all kinds. The indices in the family track the most liquid areas of the dividend swap market, thereby delivering unprecedented levels of transparency and access to a market that has grown to encompass the FTSE™, S&P 500, DJ Euro STOXX 50® and Nikkei 225 and in which the levels of liquidity that have been reached are estimated to be in the order of hundreds of millions of notional dollars per day. -
Up to EUR 3,500,000.00 7% Fixed Rate Bonds Due 6 April 2026 ISIN
Up to EUR 3,500,000.00 7% Fixed Rate Bonds due 6 April 2026 ISIN IT0005440976 Terms and Conditions Executed by EPizza S.p.A. 4126-6190-7500.7 This Terms and Conditions are dated 6 April 2021. EPizza S.p.A., a company limited by shares incorporated in Italy as a società per azioni, whose registered office is at Piazza Castello n. 19, 20123 Milan, Italy, enrolled with the companies’ register of Milan-Monza-Brianza- Lodi under No. and fiscal code No. 08950850969, VAT No. 08950850969 (the “Issuer”). *** The issue of up to EUR 3,500,000.00 (three million and five hundred thousand /00) 7% (seven per cent.) fixed rate bonds due 6 April 2026 (the “Bonds”) was authorised by the Board of Directors of the Issuer, by exercising the powers conferred to it by the Articles (as defined below), through a resolution passed on 26 March 2021. The Bonds shall be issued and held subject to and with the benefit of the provisions of this Terms and Conditions. All such provisions shall be binding on the Issuer, the Bondholders (and their successors in title) and all Persons claiming through or under them and shall endure for the benefit of the Bondholders (and their successors in title). The Bondholders (and their successors in title) are deemed to have notice of all the provisions of this Terms and Conditions and the Articles. Copies of each of the Articles and this Terms and Conditions are available for inspection during normal business hours at the registered office for the time being of the Issuer being, as at the date of this Terms and Conditions, at Piazza Castello n. -
Section 1256 and Foreign Currency Derivatives
Section 1256 and Foreign Currency Derivatives Viva Hammer1 Mark-to-market taxation was considered “a fundamental departure from the concept of income realization in the U.S. tax law”2 when it was introduced in 1981. Congress was only game to propose the concept because of rampant “straddle” shelters that were undermining the U.S. tax system and commodities derivatives markets. Early in tax history, the Supreme Court articulated the realization principle as a Constitutional limitation on Congress’ taxing power. But in 1981, lawmakers makers felt confident imposing mark-to-market on exchange traded futures contracts because of the exchanges’ system of variation margin. However, when in 1982 non-exchange foreign currency traders asked to come within the ambit of mark-to-market taxation, Congress acceded to their demands even though this market had no equivalent to variation margin. This opportunistic rather than policy-driven history has spawned a great debate amongst tax practitioners as to the scope of the mark-to-market rule governing foreign currency contracts. Several recent cases have added fuel to the debate. The Straddle Shelters of the 1970s Straddle shelters were developed to exploit several structural flaws in the U.S. tax system: (1) the vast gulf between ordinary income tax rate (maximum 70%) and long term capital gain rate (28%), (2) the arbitrary distinction between capital gain and ordinary income, making it relatively easy to convert one to the other, and (3) the non- economic tax treatment of derivative contracts. Straddle shelters were so pervasive that in 1978 it was estimated that more than 75% of the open interest in silver futures were entered into to accommodate tax straddles and demand for U.S. -
Mergers and Acquisitions - Collar Contracts
Mergers and Acquisitions - Collar Contracts An Chen University of Bonn joint with Christian Hilpert (University of Bonn) Seminar at the Institute of Financial Studies Chengdu, June 2012 Introduction Model setup and valuation Value change through WA Welfare analysis Traditional M&A deals Traditional M&A deals: two main payment methods to the target all cash deals: fixed price deal stock-for-stock exchange: fixed ratio deal Risks involved in traditional M&A transactions: Pre-closing risk: the possibility that fluctuations of bidder and target stock prices will affect the terms of the deal and reduce the likelihood the deal closes. Post-closing risk: after the closing the possible failure of the target to perform up to expectations, thus resulting in overpayment ⇒ major risk for the shareholders of the bidder An Chen Mergers and Acquisitions - Collar Contracts 2 Introduction Model setup and valuation Value change through WA Welfare analysis Pre-closing instruments: Collars Collars were introduced to protect against extreme price fluctuations in the share prices of bidder and target: Fixed price collars and fixed ratio collars Collar-tailored M&A deals have both characteristics of traditional all-cash or stock-for-stock deals. Collars can be used by bidders to cap the payout to selling shareholders An Chen Mergers and Acquisitions - Collar Contracts 3 Introduction Model setup and valuation Value change through WA Welfare analysis Fixed price collar (taken from Officer (2004)) First Community Banccorp Inc. - Banc One Corp., 1994, with K = 31.96$, U = 51$, L = 47$, a = 0.6267, and b = 0.68. 34 33 32 Payoff 31 30 29 44 46 48 50 52 54 Bidder stock price An Chen Mergers and Acquisitions - Collar Contracts 4 Introduction Model setup and valuation Value change through WA Welfare analysis Fixed ratio collar (taken from Officer (2004)) BancFlorida Financial Corp. -
Interest-Rate Caps, Collars, and Floors
November 1989 Interest-Rate Caps, Collars, and Floors Peter A. Abken As some of the newest interest-rate risk management instruments, caps, collars, and floors are the subject of increasing attention among both investors and analysts. This article explains how such instruments are constructed, discusses their credit risks, and presents a new approach for valuing caps, collars, and floors subject to default risk. 2 ECONOMIC REVIEW, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1989 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis November 1989 ince the late 1970s interest rates on all types of fixed-income securities have What Is an Interest-Rate Cap? Sbecome more volatile, spawning a va- riety of methods to mitigate the costs associ- An interest-rate cap, sometimes called a ceil- ated with interest-rate fluctuations. Managing ing, is a financial instrument that effectively interest-rate risk has become big business and places a maximum amount on the interest pay- an exceedingly complicated activity. One facet ment made on floating-rate debt. Many busi- of this type of risk management involves buying nesses borrow funds through loans or bonds on and selling "derivative" assets, which can be which the periodic interest payment varies used to offset or hedge changes in asset or according to a prespecified short-term interest liability values caused by interest-rate move- rate. The most widely used rate in both the caps ments. As its name implies, the value of a de- and swaps markets is the London Interbank rivative asset depends on the value of another Offered Rate (LIBOR), which is the rate offered asset or assets. -
Evidence from SME Bond Markets
Temi di discussione (Working Papers) Asymmetric information in corporate lending: evidence from SME bond markets by Alessandra Iannamorelli, Stefano Nobili, Antonio Scalia and Luana Zaccaria September 2020 September Number 1292 Temi di discussione (Working Papers) Asymmetric information in corporate lending: evidence from SME bond markets by Alessandra Iannamorelli, Stefano Nobili, Antonio Scalia and Luana Zaccaria Number 1292 - September 2020 The papers published in the Temi di discussione series describe preliminary results and are made available to the public to encourage discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and do not involve the responsibility of the Bank. Editorial Board: Federico Cingano, Marianna Riggi, Monica Andini, Audinga Baltrunaite, Marco Bottone, Davide Delle Monache, Sara Formai, Francesco Franceschi, Salvatore Lo Bello, Juho Taneli Makinen, Luca Metelli, Mario Pietrunti, Marco Savegnago. Editorial Assistants: Alessandra Giammarco, Roberto Marano. ISSN 1594-7939 (print) ISSN 2281-3950 (online) Printed by the Printing and Publishing Division of the Bank of Italy ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION IN CORPORATE LENDING: EVIDENCE FROM SME BOND MARKETS by Alessandra Iannamorelli†, Stefano Nobili†, Antonio Scalia† and Luana Zaccaria‡ Abstract Using a comprehensive dataset of Italian SMEs, we find that differences between private and public information on creditworthiness affect firms’ decisions to issue debt securities. Surprisingly, our evidence supports positive (rather than adverse) selection. Holding public information constant, firms with better private fundamentals are more likely to access bond markets. Additionally, credit conditions improve for issuers following the bond placement, compared with a matched sample of non-issuers. These results are consistent with a model where banks offer more flexibility than markets during financial distress and firms may use market lending to signal credit quality to outside stakeholders. -
Caps and Floors (MMA708)
School of Education, Culture and Communication Tutor: Jan Röman Caps and Floors (MMA708) Authors: Chiamruchikun Benchaphon 800530-4129 Klongprateepphol Chutima 820708-6722 Pongpala Apiwat 801228-4975 Suntayodom Thanasunun 831224-9264 December 2, 2008 Västerås CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………. (i) Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 1 Caps and caplets……………………………………………………………...... 2 Definition…………………………………………………………….……. 2 The parameters affecting the cap price…………………………………… 6 Strategies …………………………………………………………………. 7 Advantages and disadvantages..…………………………………………. 8 Floors and floorlets..…………………………………………………………… 9 Definition ...……………………………………………………………….. 9 Advantages and disadvantages ..………………………………………….. 11 Black’s model for valuation of caps and floors……….……………………… 12 Put-call parity for caps and floors……………………..……………………… 13 Collars…………………………………………..……….……………………… 14 Definition ...……………………………………………………………….. 14 Advantages and disadvantages ..………………………………………….. 16 Exotic caps and floors……………………..…………………………………… 16 Example…………………………………………………………………………. 18 Numerical example.……………………………………………………….. 18 Example – solved by VBA application.………………………………….. 22 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. 26 Appendix - Visual Basic Code………………………………………………….. 27 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. 30 ABSTRACT The behavior of the floating interest rate is so complicate to predict. The investor who lends or borrows with the floating interest rate will have the risk to manage his asset. The interest rate caps and floors are essential tools -
Forward Contracts and Futures a Forward Is an Agreement Between Two Parties to Buy Or Sell an Asset at a Pre-Determined Future Time for a Certain Price
Forward contracts and futures A forward is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a pre-determined future time for a certain price. Goal To hedge against the price fluctuation of commodity. • Intension of purchase decided earlier, actual transaction done later. • The forward contract needs to specify the delivery price, amount, quality, delivery date, means of delivery, etc. Potential default of either party: writer or holder. Terminal payoff from forward contract payoff payoff K − ST ST − K K ST ST K long position short position K = delivery price, ST = asset price at maturity Zero-sum game between the writer (short position) and owner (long position). Since it costs nothing to enter into a forward contract, the terminal payoff is the investor’s total gain or loss from the contract. Forward price for a forward contract is defined as the delivery price which make the value of the contract at initiation be zero. Question Does it relate to the expected value of the commodity on the delivery date? Forward price = spot price + cost of fund + storage cost cost of carry Example • Spot price of one ton of wood is $10,000 • 6-month interest income from $10,000 is $400 • storage cost of one ton of wood is $300 6-month forward price of one ton of wood = $10,000 + 400 + $300 = $10,700. Explanation Suppose the forward price deviates too much from $10,700, the construction firm would prefer to buy the wood now and store that for 6 months (though the cost of storage may be higher). -
Section 108 (Mar
NEW YORK STATE BAR ASSOCIATION TAX SECTION REPORT ON SECTION 871(m) March 8, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 I. Summary of Section 871(m)..................................................................... 2 II. Issues with Section 871(m) ....................................................................... 5 A. PolicyBasis for Section 871(m)....................................................... 5 B. TerminologyIssues ........................................................................ 14 1. What Is a “Notional Principal Contract”?......................... 14 2. What Is “Readily Tradable on an Established Securities Market”? ........................................................................... 16 3. What Is a “Transfer”? ....................................................... 19 4. What Is an “Underlying Security”? .................................. 21 5. What Is “Contingent upon, or Determined by Reference to”?.................................................................................... 23 6. What Is a “Payment”?....................................................... 24 7. When Is a Payment “Directly or Indirectly” Contingent upon or Determined by Reference to a U.S.-Source Dividend?.......................................................................... 26 C. Ancillary/Scope Issues .................................................................. 26 1. When Are “Projected” or “Assumed” Dividend -
Pricing of Index Options Using Black's Model
Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 12 Issue 3 Version 1.0 March 2012 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN: 0975-5853 Pricing of Index Options Using Black’s Model By Dr. S. K. Mitra Institute of Management Technology Nagpur Abstract - Stock index futures sometimes suffer from ‘a negative cost-of-carry’ bias, as future prices of stock index frequently trade less than their theoretical value that include carrying costs. Since commencement of Nifty future trading in India, Nifty future always traded below the theoretical prices. This distortion of future prices also spills over to option pricing and increase difference between actual price of Nifty options and the prices calculated using the famous Black-Scholes formula. Fisher Black tried to address the negative cost of carry effect by using forward prices in the option pricing model instead of spot prices. Black’s model is found useful for valuing options on physical commodities where discounted value of future price was found to be a better substitute of spot prices as an input to value options. In this study the theoretical prices of Nifty options using both Black Formula and Black-Scholes Formula were compared with actual prices in the market. It was observed that for valuing Nifty Options, Black Formula had given better result compared to Black-Scholes. Keywords : Options Pricing, Cost of carry, Black-Scholes model, Black’s model. GJMBR - B Classification : FOR Code:150507, 150504, JEL Code: G12 , G13, M31 PricingofIndexOptionsUsingBlacksModel Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2012. -
The Federal Government's Use of Interest Rate Swaps and Currency
The Federal Government’s Use of Interest Rate Swaps and Currency Swaps John Kiff, Uri Ron, and Shafiq Ebrahim, Financial Markets Department • Interest rate swaps and currency swaps are swap agreement is a contract in which contracts in which counterparties agree to two counterparties arrange to exchange exchange cash flows according to a pre-arranged cash-flow streams over a period of time A according to a pre-arranged formula. Two formula. In its capacity as fiscal agent for the federal government, the Bank of Canada has of the most common swap agreements are interest rate carried out swap agreements since fiscal year swaps and currency swaps. In an interest rate swap, counterparties exchange a series of interest payments 1984/85. denominated in the same currency; in a currency • The government uses these swap agreements to swap, counterparties exchange a series of interest pay- obtain cost-effective financing, to fund its foreign ments denominated in different currencies. There is exchange reserves, and to permit flexibility in no exchange of principal in an interest rate swap, but a managing its liabilities. principal payment is exchanged at the beginning and • To minimize its exposure to counterparty credit upon maturity of a currency-swap agreement. risk, the government applies strict credit-rating The swaps market originated in the late 1970s, when criteria and conservative exposure limits based on simultaneous loans were arranged between British a methodology developed by the Bank for and U.S. entities to bypass regulatory barriers on the International Settlements. movement of foreign currency. The first-known foreign currency swap transaction was between the World • Between fiscal 1987/88 and 1994/95, the Bank and IBM in August 1981 and was arranged by government used domestic interest rate swaps to Salomon Brothers (Das 1994, 14–36).