After the Revolution: Rethinking U.S.-Russia Relations
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Threats to Russian Democracy and US-Russian Relations
After Chechnya: Threats to Russian Democracy and U.S.-Russian Relations ARIEL COHEN Introduction : All Politics Is Local , Al¡ Foreign Policy Is Domestic Half a year alter Russian tanks rolled into Chechnya, the future of Russian democracy and free markets is under threat. The internal situation in Russia bears a direct influence on Russia's relations with the outside world and the United States. While the world's leaders gather in Moscow to celebrate the victory over Nazism, Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev is calling for the use of force to "protect" Russian co-ethnics living outside the borders of the Russian Federation. Kozyrev's declarations go beyond mere rhetoric. Russia is introducing its new 58th field army in the Northern Caucasus, in clear and conscious violation of the Conventional Forces Europe (CFE) Treaty, a centerpiece of post-Cold War European security. If Russia is not planning an agressive action either against Ukraine or its Transcaucasus neighbors, why does it need to revise upwards the CFE limitations of 164 tanks and 414 artillery systems? Why was General Alexander Lebed, a self-proclaimed restorer of the old Soviet Union and Commander of the l4th Army in Moldova, applauding Kozyrev? Chechnya became the testing ground for the new Russian policy, both foreign and domestic. The people who engineered it, the so-called Party of War in Moscow, are watching for reactions at honre and abroad to this version of the "last thrust South." The West is facing its greatest challenge since the collapse of communism: how to deal with the Russia that is emerging from under the rubble. -
The Divided Nation a History of Germany 19181990
Page iii The Divided Nation A History of Germany 19181990 Mary Fulbrook Page 318 Thirteen The East German Revolution and the End of the Post-War Era In 1989, Eastern Europe was shaken by a series of revolutions, starting in Poland and Hungary, spreading to the GDR and then Czechoslovakia, ultimately even toppling the Romanian communist regime, and heralding the end of the post-war settlement of European and world affairs. Central to the ending of the post-war era were events in Germany. The East German revolution of 1989 inaugurated a process which only a few months earlier would have seemed quite unimaginable: the dismantling of the Iron Curtain between the two Germanies, the destruction of the Berlin Wall, the unification of the two Germanies. How did such dramatic changes come about, and what explains the unique pattern of developments? To start with, it is worth reconsidering certain features of East Germany's history up until the 1980s. The uprising of 1953 was the only previous moment of serious political unrest in the GDR. It was, as we have seen above, limited in its origins and initial aims-arising out of a protest by workers against a rise in work norms-and only developed into a wider phenomenon, with political demands for the toppling of Ulbricht and reunification with West Germany, as the protests gained momentum. Lacking in leadership, lacking in support from the West, and ultimately repressed by a display of Soviet force, the 1953 uprising was a short-lived phenomenon. From the suppression of the 1953 revolt until the mid-1980s, the GDR was a relatively stable communist state, which gained the reputation of being Moscow's loyal ally, communism effected with Prussian efficiency. -
Yevgeny Primakov's Operational Code and Russian Foreign Policy
University of Tampere Faculty of Management Politics/International Relations YEVGENY PRIMAKOV’S OPERATIONAL CODE AND RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY Pihla Bernier Master’s Thesis in International Relations Advisor: Tuomas Forsberg ABSTRACT University of Tampere Faculty of Management BERNIER, PIHLA: Yevgeny Primakov’s Operational Code and Russian Foreign Policy Master’s Thesis, 82 pages International Relations August 2018 Keywords: Yevgeny Primakov, Operational Code, Russian Foreign Policy, Russia, Primakov Doctrine Yevgeny Primakov was an important figure in both Soviet and Russian foreign policy circles throughout his lifetime until 2015. He was a critical leader in the 1990s holding positions of both Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister, which also coincided with times when Russia was charting a new foreign policy course. He reinvented a foreign policy school of thought called Statism which has been the most influential with Russian leaders for many years and continues to be so today. Current research has not adequately addressed his importance. This thesis set out to investigate his beliefs and worldview utilizing the operational code method using Alexander George’s ten question model. Research was conducted based on Primakov’s own writings, speeches and interviews. Yevgeny Primakov has been called both a westernizing leader and a hard-liner, but it was found both of these labels are incorrect. Rather, he should be viewed as a patriotic pragmatist. His actions were motivated by advancing Russian interests of which one of the greatest was restoring Russia as a major player in international relations again. His attitude towards the United States was complex, viewing them as a rival, yet not as an enemy. -
Heroes of Berlin Wall Struggle William D
History Faculty Publications History 11-7-2014 Heroes of Berlin Wall Struggle William D. Bowman Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/histfac Part of the Cultural History Commons, Diplomatic History Commons, Eastern European Studies Commons, European History Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, Social History Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Bowman, William D. "Heroes of Berlin Wall Struggle." Philly.com (November 7, 2014). This is the publisher's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/histfac/53 This open access opinion is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Heroes of Berlin Wall Struggle Abstract When the Berlin Wall fell 25 years ago, on Nov. 9, 1989, symbolically signaling the end of the Cold War, it was no surprise that many credited President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for bringing it down. But the true heroes behind the fall of the Berlin Wall are those Eastern Europeans whose protests and political pressure started chipping away at the wall years before. East -
SETTING the SCENE: 20 YEARS of YEPP – HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEY FEATURES and MILESTONES by Angelika Krüger 1. Historical Contex
SETTING THE SCENE: 20 YEARS OF YEPP – HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEY FEATURES AND MILESTONES By Angelika Krüger 1. Historical Context and Spirit of the Time Welcome to the Past! We start our journey in the 1980s/1990s to get an impression of the broader historical context and the spirit of the time which were the breeding ground for YEPP and formative for its conceptual design and development. In the 1980s/1990s, social exclusion was recognised as one of the most pressing challenges for modern societies. Increasing numbers of children and young people living in areas of social disadvantage across Europe were facing severe risks of social exclusion - often compounded by experiences of discrimination because of ethnic and cultural background, gender, disability, or sexual orientation. A growing sense of frustration among young people became visible and, alarmingly, a growing number of young people were at risk of turning their back to democracy resulting in increases of xenophobia, racism and violence. Early examples were the protests and urban violence of young people in the banlieues of Paris and other cities in France since 1981. The relevance of these pressing challenges and the inherent risks for society were not recognized sufficiently. The impact of traditional short-term approaches to fight social exclusion were limited and needed to be reviewed and more comprehensive and sustainable approaches to be developed. Against this background, momentous events and changes in the 1980s and 1990s opened up new opportunities, on the one hand, but increased the risk of social exclusion of the most vulnerable on the the other hand. -
Impacts on Nato Expansion: the Partnership for Peace Program and the Kosovo War
IMPACTS ON NATO EXPANSION: THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE PROGRAM AND THE KOSOVO WAR by James Jarosz A research study submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Global Security Studies Baltimore, Maryland August 2020 © 2020 James Jarosz All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Considerable academic debate has arisen about the causes of the deteriorating U.S.- Russia relationship. Despite the early promise for improved relations after the Soviet Union’s collapse, Washington and Moscow have struggled to move forward with a productive relationship. A constructive relationship has failed to materialize for numerous reasons, but one of the most prominent legacy issues for today’s adversarial relationship is the original decision to expand NATO in the 1990s and the failure to integrate Russia into the post-Cold War European security architecture. This research paper is attempting to answer how and why Russia failed to become integrated into NATO during the debates surrounding NATO expansion in the 1990s. This paper hypothesizes that Russia’s discontentment with the Partnership for Peace (PFP) and NATO’s Kosovo campaign served as “rupture points” in the relationship that ultimately precluded them from joining. By utilizing a historical methods approach, leveraging recently declassified primary source documents, memoirs, diaries and secondary sources, this paper constructs a broader narrative about the arguments surrounding PFP and NATO involvement in the Balkans, in order to assess the impacts of the Partnership for Peace Program and the Kosovo war on Russia’s failure to join NATO. The paper finds split causality, with evidence supporting the Kosovo hypothesis, but not the PFP. -
Russia's Islamic Diplom
Russia's Islamic Diplom Russia's Islamic Diplomacy ed. Marlene Laruelle CAP paper no. 220, June 2019 "Islam in Russia, Russia in the Islamic World" Initiative Russia’s Islamic Diplomacy Ed. Marlene Laruelle The Initiative “Islam in Russia, Russia in the Islamic World” is generously funded by the Henry Luce Foundation Cover photo: Talgat Tadjuddin, Chief Mufti of Russia and head of the Central Muslim Spiritual Board of Russia, meeting with the Armenian Catholicos Karekin II and Mufti Ismail Berdiyev, President of the Karachay-Cherkessia Spiritual Board, Moscow, December 1, 2016. Credit : Artyom Korotayev, TASS/Alamy Live News HAGFW9. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Russia and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation: Conflicting Interactions Grigory Kosach………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Chapter 2. Always Looming: The Russian Muslim Factor in Moscow's Relations with Gulf Arab States Mark N. Katz………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 1 Chapter 3. Russia and the Islamic Worlds: The Case of Shia Islam Clément Therme ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 25 Chapter 4. A Kadyrovization of Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East: Autocrats in Track II Diplomacy and Other Humanitarian Activities Jean-Francois Ratelle……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 1 Chapter 5. Tatarstan's Paradiplomacy with the Islamic World Guzel Yusupova……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 7 Chapter 6. Russian Islamic Religious Authorities and Their Activities at the Regional, National, and International Levels Denis Sokolov………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41 Chapter 7. The Economics of the Hajj: The Case of Tatarstan Azat Akhunov…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 7 Chapter 8. The Effect of the Pilgrimage to Mecca on the Socio-Political Views of Muslims in Russia’s North Caucasus Mikhail Alexseev…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 3 Authors’ Biographies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 9 @ 2019 Central Asia Program Chapter 1. -
Chechnya the Russian Federation in Crisis
arl rvic CIJ IEF ealt 0 ISSN 1321-1560 Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 1995 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written coiisent of the Department of the Parliamentary Library, other than by Members of the Australian Parliament in the course of their official duties. Published by the Department of the Parliamentary Library, 1995 Foreign Affairs, De 7 February 1995 ri si Further copies of this publication may be purchased from the Publications Distribution Officer Telephone: (06) 277 2711 A list of Parliamentary Research Service publications is available on the ISR database A quarterly update of PRS publications may be obtained from the PRS Head’s Office Telephone: (06) 277 7166 The author of this paper would like to thank Dr Frank Frost, Dr Robert Miller, Mr Gary Brown and Dr Ravi Tomar for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper and Helen Phillips and Doreen White for their technical assistance. This paper has been prepared for general distribution to Members of the Australian Parliament. Readers outside the Parliament are reminded that this is not an Australian Government document, but a paper prepared by the author and published by the Parliamentary Research Service to contribute to consideration of the issues by Senators and Members. The views expressed in this Paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Parliamentary Research Service and are not to be attributed to the Department of the Parliamentary Library. -
Russian-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Environment
RussianRussian---AmericanAmerican Relations in the PostPost---ColdCold War Environment Andrei Kortunov October 1997 PONARS Policy Memo 16 Moscow Public Science Foundation Five years into the brave new world ushered in by the collapse of the Communist system and the dramatic reshuffle of global geopolitics there has emerged a novel paradigm of Russian- American relations. This paradigm is no longer predominantly rooted in adversarial competition of the Cold War period, but neither may it be interpreted in terms of well established partnership and genuine cooperation, notwithstanding occasional official declarations to this effect on both sides. Current US-Russian relations are marked by increased mutual tolerance, but at the same time a certain aloofness and desire to preserve equidistance. Ambivalence in intentions and attitudes is far from surprising. After all, what is a short half-decade of relative truce compared a half century spent in a near-death hostile embrace? Yet is it possible that progress already achieved in bilateral interaction will become the foundation for a long-term relationship that could perhaps be even more durable than the endless Cold War rivalry? The purpose of this article is to identify some of the elements of current Russian-American relations that appear to be not only sufficiently benign but also benignly sufficient to guide both countries toward the infinitely tempting but so far vaguely unspecified "real partnership." The Wisdom of Crisis Avoidance A most noteworthy accomplishment in US-Russian relations, particularly of the last year or two, was the ability of both sides to prevent a serious crisis in bilateral relations despite potential dangers and risks. -
Ch 1: Russia's Historical Roots
1 Russia’s Historical Roots Russia’s thousand-year history is replete with colorful leaders, global and continental wars, and the dramatic juxtaposition of brilliant culture with extreme brutality and poverty. Some Westerners find these qualities at- tractive, others repelling—there is little middle ground in how foreigners respond to Russia. This chapter outlines some of the enduring legacies of Russia’s political and economic organization and conveys Russia’s perspective on both its global and regional position and its identity. For the last 500 years, Russia has been one of the traditional European powers,1 with an inheritance both rich and complicated: Many of the peculiarities of tsarist Russia— some pertaining to geography, others to tradition—persist today; similarly, the Soviet period of 1917–91 is over, but it too has left indelible marks. Over the past two centuries, occasional tsarist and even Soviet leaders have struggled to free Russia from the “path dependencies” of its central- ized and authoritarian economic and political systems and its deeply ter- ritorial sense of security, which has fueled expansion and the domination of its neighbors. In addition to these challenges, the Russian reformers who came to power in 1991 strived to join the West but succeeded only partially. The Muscovite, Tsarist, and Soviet Legacies Looking at a map of the world, one cannot help but be impressed by the sheer vastness of Russia. From the beginning of the 16th century through 1. This point has been made most strongly by Martin Malia, Russia under Western Eyes (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). -
The Rules of the Game: Allende's Chile, the United States and Cuba, 1970-1973
The Rules of the Game: Allende’s Chile, the United States and Cuba, 1970-1973. Tanya Harmer London School of Economics and Political Science February 2008 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in International History, Department of international History, LSE. Word Count (excluding bibliography): 99,984. 1 UMI Number: U506B05 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U506305 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ti4es^ 5 F m Library British Litiwy o* Pivam* and Economic Sc«kk* li 3 5 \ q g Abstract This thesis is an international history of Chile and inter-American relations during the presidency of Salvador Allende. On the one hand, it investigates the impact external actors and international affairs had on Chilean politics up to and immediately following the brutal coup d’etat that overthrew Allende on 11 September 1973. On the other hand, it explores how the rise and fall of Allende’s peaceful democratic road to socialism affected the Cold War in Latin America and international affairs beyond. -
The German Reunification: an Analysis a Quarter Century After 1989/90
International Journal of Korean Unification Studies Vol. 23, No. 1, 2014, 1–24 The German Reunification: An Analysis a Quarter Century After 1989/90 Klaus-Dietmar Henke The paper analyses the process of the German Unification in 1989/90 against the background of the historical burdens imposed on the so-called “German Question” since the 19th century. It unravels the complex unification process, which had been completed in less than only one year, and delivers a summary of this epochal radical change from the perspective of the year 2014. On the one hand, the analysis shows the political-institutional, economic and social turning points in the now twenty five years lasting alignment of living conditions in East and West Germany. On the other hand, it reveals the psychological-mental distortions the East German population had to bear during the extremely challenging process of unification. The paper always keeps half an eye on the lessons which can be learned from the historic experience of Germany for a possible unification of North and South Korea. In all due precaution, it concludes with a number of recommendations. Keywords: “German Question,” German reunification 1989/90, Analysis of the German unification 2014, Transformation in History, Historic teachings for a possible unification of Korea Introduction The fall of the Berlin Wall in autumn 1989 and the reunification of Germany only months later portrayed a sensation of world historic magnitude that seemed as unlikely as the conversion of water into wine. However, the German reunification was no “miracle,” as often stated, but a well explicable historical process which will be shown in this analysis.