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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51525-2 - Perfecting Virtue: New Essays on Kantian Ethics and Virtue Ethics Edited by Lawrence Jost and Julian Wuerth Index More information

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abstract principles, 11–12, 37 and his perfectionism, 196–97, 204 Achilles, 215–16, 218, 221, 233 hos epi to polu in, 40–41 action guidance, 38, 39, 46, 54–57, 92–93 and the important, 44–45, 49 Agamemnon, 215–16 and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 52–53 agape, 242 Metaphysics, 134 ancient ethics, 116, 169, 191 and the necessary, 44–45, 49 as an ethics of ideals, 82–84 Nicomachean Ethics, 83, 134, 136–38, 167, ancient philosophy, 16–17 196–97 hierarchy in, 90–91 on friendship, 17 Anderson, Elizabeth, 277 and pathê, 218 anger, 215–40 and pleasurable activity, 135–40 moral, 216–17 and pure praxis, 275, 279, 281 vengeful, 215–16 ranking rules in, 44–45, 50 Anglo-American philosophy, 15–17, 242 and rationality, 184 Anglophone philosophy, 58 Rhetoric, 218 animal, 269, 283 and the wicked, 40, 42, 45, 51, 56 anger as, 233 Astyages, 231 in Kant, 153, 180, 181, 186–87, 243 autonomy, see Kant, Immanuel: and Anscombe, Elizabeth, 51, 116, 146, 148 autonomy Anscombe, G.E.M. rational, 91 “Modern Moral Philosophy,” 15 anti-codifiability, 39–50, 92 Baier, Annette, 11 appraisal theory, 219–21 Baron, Marcia, 60, 90, 242–43, 252 Aristotle, 12, 38, 59, 67–68, 71, 75, 90–91, 92, Barth, Karl, 284, 288 113, 116, 133–41, 203–05, 223, 258, 265 Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, 83, 158, 196 and absolute prohibitions, 39–40 beneficence, 29, 185–87, 241, 243, 245, 252–53, 258 and actualization, 135–36 benevolence, 187, 248–52, 258, 267, 276 and anger, 217–21, 228, 239 as beneficence, 251 and anger responsive to reason, 220–21 as gratitude, 251 and the appetitive, 184 as sympathy, 251 compared to Kant, 81–84, 145–46, 168–71, berserking, 221 175, 184, 194–97 Bible, 233–34, 255–56 and the completion of activity, 133–35, 167 Bijeh, Mohammad, 215 and continence, see virtue: and continence Bosnia and Herzegovina, 220–21 doctrine of the mean, 55–56, 195, 197 Bostock, David, 134 and ethical eudaimonism, 133, 164–71 boulesis, 89 ethics of, 34 Burnyeat, Miles, 140–41 and the fine (or noble), 44–45, 49, 64 generalist v. particularist debate regarding, Caligula, 221 46–53 casuistry and happiness, 143, 196–97 in Kant, 79, 95

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51525-2 - Perfecting Virtue: New Essays on Kantian Ethics and Virtue Ethics Edited by Lawrence Jost and Julian Wuerth Index More information

Index 303

categorical imperative, 16, 68, 95, 98, 102, 117, Don Quixote, 140 144, 246, 262 duty, see Kantian ethics: duties in; see also Kant, and autonomy, 156–57 Immanuel: and duties of right, and equivalence of its formulations, 101 duties of virtue, and other-regarding as related to love, 246 duties, and self-regarding duties as related to respect, 246 character, 15, 17, 33 empathy, 267–70 in ethics, 10 and partiality, 267–69 in Kant, 10, 35–36 energeia of activity, 139–41 and dialectical activity, 133–41 Christian ideal, 82, 85, see also Kant, Immanuel: Engstrom, Stephen, 174 and the Christian tradition enkratic, 139 of holiness, 85 Enlightenment, 87, 91, 174 Chrysippus, 225 Epicurean ideal, 82 Cicero, 203, 235 Epicureans, 16–17 Tusculans, 232 Epicurus, 71, 83, 207 classics in philosophy ergon, 135 interpretation, 16 ethical rightness cognition, see Kant, Immanuel: and in Kant’s ethics, 31–32 cognition ethics consequentialism, 200–01, 266, 272, decision procedure in, 16, 38 see utilitarianism and dialectical activity, 141–46 and intuitions, 273 distortion of, 36–37 and moral agency, 281 history of, 15, 17, 33 versus deontology, 20 and intuitions, 262, 270, 272–75 contemporary ethical theory, 54 as theory-driven, 26 diversity of views regarding, 11–14 ethics of care, 9, 14, 267 emphasis on reason in, 13 and empathy, 267–70 failures in, 11–12 ethics of ideals, 82–84, 87–88, 91, 170 feminist critique of, 13–14 eudaimonia, 45, 133, 165–66, 168, 237, and overemphasis on the moral, 12 265, see also Aristotle: and ethical virtue ethicist critique of, 11–13 eudaimonism; Kant, Immanuel: and cosmopolitanism, 14, 239 ethical eudaimonism Crusius, Christian, 83, 207 eupatheiai, 238 cultural relativism, 48 eupraxia, 45 Cumberland, Richard, 83 Exodus, the Book of, 233–34 Cummiskey, David, 264 Cynic ideal (of Diogenes and Antisthenes), 82 feminism, 13–15 Cynics, 239 Finnis, John, 278 Diogenes, 239 flourishing, 12, 31, 66, 94, see also eudaimonia, see also virtue: and flourishing de La Mettrie, Julien Offray, 83 in Aristotle, 167–68, 189 de Montaigne, Michel, 83, 207 in Kant, 164–93 deontology as unattainable, 177–78 and consequentialist opposition, 261–63 Foot, Philippa, 27 and emotion, 266–67 “Utilitarianism and the Virtues,” 276 and empathy, 267–70 forgiveness, 241, 245, see also Kant, Immanuel: and inviolability, 264, 271 on self-love and forgiveness justification of, 261–70 Frankena, William K., 253 meaning of, 20–21, 260–61 free will, 170, 195, 201, 204, 282–83, 284 paradox of, 271–72, 273, 275–76, 278, Freeman, Samuel, 20 279–80, 286–87, 288 Freud, Sigmund, 226 and perspectival immediacy, 267–69 friendship, 11, 14–17, 95, 139, 244, 253, 258, determinism, 284 see also Aristotle: on friendship dialectical activity, 123–46 Fundanus, 221

304 Index

Galatians, the Book of, 256 and agent-focused ethics, 67–68 gender and anger, 217–18, 235–40 and inherent difference, 13 and anthrophobia, 250, 257 gendered division of labor, 15 and arbitrium brutum, 153–54 good life and arbitrium purum, 154, 161 in Kant’s ethics, 31 and arbitrium sensitivum, 153–54, 161 gratitude, 245 and Aristotle, see Aristotle: compared to Grisez, Germain, 278 Kant Guyer, Paul, 249 and autonomy, 169, 202, 203, 209–10, 213, 243 Hapagus, 231 “Canon of Pure Reason,” 206 happiness, 18, 66, see also flourishing and the capacity to choose, see Kant, hedonism, 204 Immanuel: and choice Hegel, G. W. F., 12, 35 categorization of, 58–61 Hellenistic philosophical schools, 17, 221 causae impulsivae, 151–52 Hélvetius, Claude-Adrien, 83, 207 and choice, 153–55, 156–57, 159, 177, 195, 208, Herman, Barbara, 249 209, 210, see also Kant, Immanuel: The Practice of Moral Judgment, 35 and arbitrium brutum, and arbitrium Herodotus, 231 purum, and arbitrium sensitivum Hill, Jr., Thomas E.,170 and the Christian tradition, 254, 255 Hobbes, Thomas, 83, 207 and cognition, 149–52, 155, 160, 162, 206 Hoffman, Martin, 267 compared to Aristotle, see Aristotle: Homer compared to Kant The Iliad, 215–16 and the corruption of humans, 77–78, Hume, David, 10, 12, 18, 33, 62, 69, 266–68 87–89, 161–62, 170, 184 A Treatise of Human Nature, 268 co-willed, 110 and contagion, 267 Critique of Judgment, 149, 191 and Humean ethics, 75 Critique of Practical Reason, 33, 59, 112, 149, and natural sentiments, 266 157–58, 174, 191, 282 Hursthouse, Rosalind, 9, 19–20, 21–23, 33–34, Critique of Pure Reason, 149, 159, 191, 284 58, 66, 148, 265–66 Critique of the Power of Judgment, 149, 213 “Normative Virtue Ethics,” 24 and custom, 170 “Virtue Theory and Abortion,”265 and defective reasoning, 112–13 On Virtue Ethics, 18–19, 265 and desire, 149, 154, 155, 157–59, 160, 162 Hutcheson, Francis, 62, 83, 207 and desire and aversion, 151, see also Kant, Immanuel: and desire inclination, see volition: and inclination and his doctrine of duties, see Kantian in Kant and Aristotle, see volition: and ethics: duties in inclination “Doctrine of Virtue,” 95, 182, 211, 240, 242, informed consent, 54 249 integrity, 16 and duties, see Kantian ethics: duties in intuitionism, 68 and duties of right, 178–79, 243 Irwin, T. H., 41–43, 47, 53, 55, 165 and duties of virtue, 178–79, 243 and emotion, 179, 182–84, 225–26, 235–36, James, William, 219 see also Kant, Immanuel: and desire, and the feeling of pleasure and Kagan, Shelly, 266 displeasure, and harmony between Kamm, Frances, 264, 277 reason and emotion Kant, Immanuel and emotion that is moral, 151, 152, 160–61, and accidents, 160–61 183 and his account of ends, 95–96, 171–72, and emotion that is pathological, 151, 152–53, 193 155, 160–61, 183–84 and affects, 73–74, 153, 182, 258 and ethical eudaimonism, 168–71, 190 agent orientation in, 58–61 and an ethics of principles, 88, 170, 174 and agent-based theory, 62–67 and faculties, 148–52, 160–61

Index 305

and the faculty of cognition, see Kant, and nature versus freedom, 72–73 Immanuel: and cognition and the noumenal, 147, 160, 176, 177, 210, and the feeling of pleasure and displeasure, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288 149, 151, 157–59, 160, 162 on God, 83, 84–85, 154, 176–77, 188, 200, formula of humanity, 96, 97, 109–11, 179, 202, 206, 207, 212–13 211, 237–38, 242, 263–64, 271–72 on self-love and forgiveness, 254–58 formula of the law of nature, 59 On the Common Saying That May be Correct formula of universal law, 59, 96, 98, 179, in Theory, but It Is of No Use in Practice, 262–63 211 and free will, see free will and other-regarding duties, 185–87, 243 and the good disposition, 60–61 and passions, 153, 182, 236–37 and the good will, 59, 60–61, 78, 84, 190, and the phenomenal, 176, 188, 210, 283, 284, 194, 280, 286–87 286, 287 Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, and physical powers, 180 147–63, see alternative title and powers of mind, 180, see also Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 33, Immanuel: and faculties 59, 69, 79, 95, 96, 98–109, 111–12, 117, and powers of spirit, 180, see also Kant, 183, 194, 208, 283 Immanuel: and faculties and the grudging moralist, 257 and practical judgment, 68, 78–79, 84, 112, and habit, 70, 72 142, 144–46 and happiness, 29–30, 79, 169–70, 172–78, and the practical philosopher, 81, 205 184–88, 213, 243 and pride, 254–56 and happiness as universal, 174, 178, 211 and the principle of pure reason, 155, 205 and harmony between reason and emotion, and the products of pure reason, 155, 206 184 Prolegomena, 149 and heteronomy, 169 and pure intelligence, 154 and the highest good, 171–75, 179, 187–92, and pure practical reason, 171–75 203 and purity of disposition, 60–61, 187–88 and his perfectionism, 161–62, 179–82, and radical evil, 77, 85, 89, 184, 201 205–14 and rational equality, 85–86, 171, 192 and holiness, 176 and rational nature as an end in itself, 96, and the human soul, 155 97–109 and humility, 256, 259 and rational self-love, 187, 255, see also Kant, and incentives, 154 Immanuel: on self-love and forgiveness Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Principles of Natural Theology and Reason, 181, 211, see alternative title Morality, 203 Religion Within the Bounds of Mere Reason, and love, 241–59 156 and maxims, 16, 59, 78, 80, 94, 95, 109, and respect, 151, 152, 155, 159, 241–47 122–23, 155, 161–62, 189, 209–10, and reverence for a person, 246 246–47, 248–49 and reverence for the moral law, 168–69, 173, and metaphysics, 156, 159–61 281–83 Metaphysics of Morals, 18, 59, 79, 111–12, 156, and selﬁshness, 250, 257 161, 178–90, 191, 280, see also Kant, and self-regarding duties, 179–85, 243 Immanuel: “Doctrine of Virtue” and self-representation, 102–09, 283 and misanthropy, 250, 257 and Seneca, 235 and moral agency, see moral agency: and and sensible desires, 152, 159–61 Kant and sensible intuition, 206 and moral education, 90 and stimuli (or impulses), 152–53 and moral judgment, 95 and subjective principles, 102–03 and moral point of view, 30 and substances, 160–61 and moral psychology, 85–86 and threats to dignity, 237–39, 243 and moral self-perfection, 254 “Transcendental Dialectic,” 206 and motives, 152 and the universal principle of right, 178 and the natural dialectic, 80 and virtue, 68, 113, see also virtue: in Kant

306 Index

Kant, Immanuel (cont.) Luther Bible, 284 volition in, 60 lying, 52, 180, 243, 261, 266 and W. D. Ross, 21 and the wicked, 89 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 27, 35, 36, 71 and the will, 112, 129, see also Kant, Mandeville, Bernard, 83, 207 Immanuel: and choice, cognition, Martineau, James, 61, 62, 75 volition, Willkür Matthew, the Book of, 255–56 and Willkür, 70, 153, 154, 155 McDowell, John, 48 and wisdom, 68, 80–81, 84 “Virtue and Reason,” 39 Wolﬀ, relation to Kant, 201, 203 McNaughton, David, 276–77, 278 Kantian ethics Mendelssohn, Moses, 196, 203–05 and its acceptance or rejection, 288 and maxims, 204–05 clarity regarding, 95 On Evidence in the Metaphysical Sciences, 203 compatibility with virtue ethics, 27–34, on God, 204 59–60, 92–95, 114–15, 150 on virtue, 204 contrasted with virtue ethics, 97, 113–14, 254 meta-ethics, 25 distortion of, 58, 95, 148–50, 155–56, 241 Mill, J. S., 13, 62, 67 duties in, 59, 63, 96–97, 113, 175, 178–90, On Liberty, 18 200, 241, 244–45, 254 Utilitarianism, 18 and its emphasis on moral action, 147 moral agency and its emphasis on reason, 58 as expressive of the moral law, 280–83 as an ethics of principles, see Kant, and Kant, 68–69, 93–95, 97, 147–50, 155–59, Immanuel: and an ethics of principles 161–63, 181–82, 185, 188, 191, 280–83 and intuitions, 273 practical rationality of, 278–80 neglect of love in, 241 promotion of in Kant, 285–86 overemphasis on the moral, 12 roles of, 273–78, 286–87 rational principles in, 98 and subjective ends, 98 and rightness of actions, 10, 58, 68, 75 moral education, 42, 49–50, 53 and the subject matter of morality, 111 and virtue ethics, 88–91 and its systematicity, 287–88 moral generalism, 38–40, 47, 48–49, and tension with virtue ethics, 22–24, 32, 54–57, 122 194–95, 205, 241 moral particularism, 38–39, 79, 92, 121, 278 and wrongness in acting, 110–11 moral philosophy, 16 kinesis, 133 “modern,” 116, see also contemporary ethical Klein, Melanie, 234 theory Kraut, Richard, 167 teachers of, 54 moral self-perfection, 254 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 196 morality Leopold II of Belgium, King, 248 appropriate demandingness of, 29–30 Louden, Robert, 38–39 Moses, 233 love My Lai massacre, 216–17, 233, 234 as impartial, 241–42, 245, 254, 259 mystical ideal (of Plato), 82 as opposed to respect, 241–47 as partial, 241, 248, 258 natural law theory, 278 as philanthropy, 249 Nazi atrocities, 229, 274 as universal, particular and unconditional, neo-Aristotelianism, 27, 168 258–59 neo-orthodoxy, 284 duty of, 248–49, see also benevolence Nero, 221 incentive of, 249–50, 258 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 12, 81 Kant, 185, 241–59 Noddings, Nel maxims regarding, 246–47 Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and universality, particularity, and Moral Education, 14 unconditionality, 247–48 nous, 51 Luther, Martin, see Lutheranism Novatus, 222 Lutheranism, 284–85, 288 Nussbaum, Martha, 39

Index 307

Love’s Knowledge, 41 respect, 241–47, 259 The Therapy of Desire, 17 maxims regarding, 246–47 “Virtue Ethics: A Misleading Category?,” 36 and universality, particularity, and unconditionality, 247–48 O’Neill, Onora, 56, 251 Ross, W. D., 21, 261 Constructions of Reason, 35 and prima facie duties, 50–51 Oedipus, 140 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 33, 89, 237

paternalism, 170–71, 185, 192, 244 Scanlon, Thomas,277 perfectionism, 213–14, see also Kant, Immanuel: Schadenfreude, 18 and his perfectionism; Aristotle: and Schiller, Friedrich, 71 his perfectionism; Wolff, Christian: his Schneewind, J. B., 91 perfectionism Searle, John, 128 hedonism, 204 Seneca, 218, 225–35, 236 Pettit, Philip, 90, 276, 278 On Anger, 222–24 philia, 51 rejection of “moral” anger in, 227–35 Philosophy and Public Affairs, 16 sentimentalism, 58, 266–70, see also virtue phronesis, 38–57, 64–65, 79, 84, 139, 170, ethics: sentimentalist 259 Serbian conflict, 220–21 Kantian analogues of, 84 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 83, 207 phronimos, 38–57, 113, 139 Shakespeare, William, 11 habits of, 42, 47, 50, 54, 70 Sherman, Nancy, 251 and intellectual perception, 51, 52 Making a Necessity of Virtue, 235 and perception, 50–53 Stoic Warriors, 231 special knowledge of, 40, 43–46 Sidgwick, Henry, 63, 156, 261 Pildes, Richard, 277 Methods of Ethics, 62 Plato, 26, 194, 223 Skeptics, 16–17 Phaedrus, 218 Slote, Michael, 11, 27, 34, 58, 61, 62–68, 75, 90 Republic, 218–19 Smedes, Lewis B. Plutarch, 222, 236 The Art of Forgiving, 257 “On the Control of Anger,” 221 Socrates, 194 political philosophy, 16 Solti, Sir George, 274 practical reasoning, 38, 121 St. Augustine of Hippo, 248 and Christian Wolff, 197–98 Confessions, 127 and dialectical activity, 123–33 St. Paul, 284 excellence in, 130–32 Stocker, Michael, 16 and intentional action, 119–20 Stoic ideal (of Zeno), 82, 87, see also Zeno and Kant, 142, 144–46 Stoics, 16–17, 91, 180, 219, 238, 239 modern view of, 118–20, 123–33 and anger, 217–18, 221–35 Prejean, Sister H., 253 and emotion, 223–27 Prichard, H. A., 11, 21 and emotions as voluntary, 223–24 Pride, see Kant, Immanuel: and pride and the sage, 226, 230, 235 prudence, 30 and therapeutic reform, 232–33 psychotherapy, 226–27 Swanton, Christine, 9–10 characterization of virtue ethics, 28–34 Railton, Peter, 266 “Constraint on Virtue,” 31 rationalism, 212, see also Baumgarten, Wolff genus and species argument, 28 Kant, 158–59, 206 Virtue Ethics: Rawling, Piers, 276–77, 278 A Pluralistic View, 27 Rawls, John, 122, 245 syllogisms, 39, 46 on teleological theories, 20 reason teleology, 96, 193 and emotion, 13 the good life, see eudaimonia hierarchy of, 13–14 Thompson, Hugh,216–17 reductio ad absurdum, 272, 273 thumos, 218–19

308 Index

utilitarianism, 10–12, 15, 17–26, 32–33, 58, as neo-Aristotelianism, 265 67–68, 260, 261–67, 276, 287 and practical wisdom, 92 and moral rules, 42 revival of, 15, 17, 25 tension with virtue ethics, 22–24 as a rival theory, 25–26, 33, 265 sentimentalist, 260 Velleman, David status of, 22 “Love as a Moral Emotion,” 245 variation in, see Swanton, Christine: genus Vigilantius, Johann Friedrich, 195 and species argument virtue volition, 78, 99, 100–01, 172, see also Kant, in Aristotle, 69–77 Immanuel: and choice, cognition, and continence, 75–76 desire, feeling of pleasure and and duty, 74–75 displeasure and flourishing, 167–68, see also flourishing and inclination, 74, 76–77, 100–01, 169, 173, in Kant, 59, 69–77, 172–75, 190 182–83 as moral strength, 71, 75, 172, 181, 184, 190 plurality of, 59 Wagner, Wilhelm Richard, 274 and rational desire, 71 Wiggins, David, 51 and temperament, 72–74 Wilde, Oscar, 67 unity of, 49, 70, 113, 172, 194 Williams, Bernard, 16, 35, 273, 288 and vice, 12, 18, 45, 48, 58 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 12, 79 virtue ethics, 11 Wolff, Christian, 83, 158, 196, 207 and action assessment, 96–97 and consequentialism, 199, 201–03 agent-orientedness in, 96 on cosmology, 200 as an alternative to ethical theory, 11 on duties, 201–02 clarity regarding, 8–9, 14, 19, 22, 32–33, 36, on God, 197, 200, 202–03, 210, 212, 213 58, 95 and intellectualism, 201 contemporary revival of, 9 and Kant, 158–59, 201, 203 critique of “modern” ethics, 9–11 and naturalism, 201 debate with Kantian ethics, 9, 18–19, 26, on ontology, 199 34–37, 68, 147 his perfectionism, 197–203 debate with utilitarians, 10–11 on reason, 197–201, 205 emphasis on motivation in, 59 his teleology, 212 as an ethical theory, 11, 58 Wood, Allen, 32, 170 and human flourishing, 90–91 modern interpretation of, 116 Zeno, 225