The Phonological Diversity in Gannan Hakka Dialect and Related Issues
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Article Language and Linguistics 〦 17(5) 735–767ד⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ © The Author(s) 2016 * Reprints and permissions: ㆛ sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.navۊ DOI: 10.1177/1606822X16645743 lin.sagepub.com ο ᇷ֡ञણ ມᓳഗ៕ՂΔଈ٣ֺለᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱଃฆΔࠀូ։ᑑᄷΙࠡضለԵऱڇ֮ء ኔଃᜤٽΙ່৵ڂګऱߡ৫Δ։࣫ᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝฆऱاΕ۩ਙቤΕᖵฝچൕ۞ྥڻ ՒᇩࡉᆕׂڠΕᏄׂڠႂקᒔᎁᆕޡறΔ൶ಘᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΔၞԫޗᢀࡉᖵહན ઔߒ।ࣔΚൕଃᐛࠐΔᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝ֮ءᇩऱড়୮ᇩߓ᥆༼ࠎࠉᖕΖچءխՂཾۂխࣟ 壆ڇژᇩچءխՂཾऱۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔ऱקড়୮ᇩፖᆕ۔ড়୮ᇩऱฆΖᨇতऱ۔ฆ।ᄅΕ ড়୮ᇩፖ۔հΙᨇতऱᄅড়୮ᇩঞፖᎸ۫Εᆕࣟऱড়୮ᇩᄕԫીΖઌኙ࣍ᄅড়୮ᇩۖߢΔۿઌڍ ءխՂཾۂড়୮ᇩࡉࣟ۔קড়୮ᇩΕᆕ۔ࠐΔᨇতاհΖൕᖵฝۿઌڍޓڇژԫઊऱᨇٵ ᥆ψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩΖࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩٵ᥆ψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩΔᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩΕᎸ۫ࡉᆕࣟড়୮ᇩٵᇩچ Ζسհॣ༉բᆖขګড়୮ᇩݮڇ౨ױອؓΔۖຍጟฆܡਢᖼՂػᦰᐋਢܛՕऱฆ່ ড়Δᄅড়Δ۫ᒵΔࣟᒵ۔ᣂဲΚᨇতΔ 1. ೧⤵ ωΖ1ʳޱΔψԫઊলΔۖᗑᅝᎸΕᆕհڠඨխק။Δۍઊতຝ១ጠᨇতΔতᐿ۫ۂ ΕᏄᣂؑࡉࣾᄭؑઌᔣΔ۫૿ፖؑڠࠡࣟ૿ፖ壂৬ઊԿࣔؑΕᚊࡿٌؑΔত૿ፖᐖࣟઊම Ꮖ 2 1 ؑ 15 ᗼΔ᜔૿ᗨપچઌຑΖ٤ؑڠΕᐿؑڜٳઊء૿ፖק൷ᣦΔؑڠྋতઊ⍣ ݳρ1994:367αΖچڠΔ٤᜔ԳՑᑇ 655 ᆄ塒Գΰπᨇڣ ᆄֱؓֆߺΖ۟ 1985 3.94 ᠆ಥࡉॾີؑڠᛜհԫΔຍᇙऱ 18 ଡᗼΰؑΕαೈᨇءฒࢬࡌवΔᨇতਢড়୮Օ 2 3 ᜔چড়୮ᇩऱԳՑપᇠشᑇ᥆ড়ᇩΔ ࠌڍ؆Δࠡ塒Օאᗼቯࡳ ࡴᇩֱߢ ֺለઔߒω(14ZDB103)Εխഏषᄎઝᖂೃ໌ٽ࠹ഏ୮षઝഗ८ૹՕႈؾψ௧փ؆ড়୮ֱߢऱற৬ࡉጵ֮ء * ڇ֮ءΖܗႈؾ (2015M572392) ऱᇷܗ૿Ղᇷޅ խഏ໑Փ৵ઝᖂഗ८ร 57֗אᄅՠ࿓ႈؾψֱߢଃፖऄωΔ ृطଥૡრߠΔ᠃ીݵΖ֮խᙑዥհᄗڍ壆נ༼ᐉᒚറ୮ټመ࿓խࠩ๗ॣࣙඒऱ൜֨ਐរΔೳ܂ᐊ ࢭᖜΖ ֆρ(1986:2093)Ζץ߲ᐿ۫ۂࢌݳρ࠴ԮԼΔπᢌ֮ΘՂᆟڠएπᨇٵ 1 ౨ਐऱਢີಥऱࡴᇩױᇩωڠψᨇڼᇩΔڠၢऱִ᧸αᎅᨇضՕڕᆵΰޘᖕπᨇᗼݳρ(1991:578)Δᨇᗼଡܑ 2 ઊॾ᠆ᗼৄऱࡴᇩֱߢρΔ(π֮֏ᙊขρ2013.5:106–113)Ζ۫ۂΚ്ଓπױߢΖᣂ࣍ॾ᠆ᗼৄࡴᇩऱտฯΔֱ ο זමᗼאড়୮ᇩΔ4 ፖՕ୮ࢬᑵवऱ۔ऱچΔ֠ࠡਢᅝۥԳՑऱ 95%Ζᨇতড়୮ᇩᏅࠠ ᑇֺለຫڍऱறڶ࣠֟ΔګඡΔޡ࣍ᨇতড়୮ᇩઔߒದط।ऱড়୮ᇩܑለՕΖྥۖ ԫઊऱᨇΔᝫਢઌኙ࣍ᆕࣟΕᎸ۫Εፕऱড়୮ٵᓵઌኙ࣍ྤڼڂլ֟ᙑዥΔڶΔ៱ չᏖڶչᏖᑌऱᐛΔࠡփຝڶᇩۖߢΔᨇতড়୮ᇩऱઔߒຟਢᜳஇऱΖᨇতড়୮ᇩࠩࢍࠠ ৻ᑌऱᖵࡉኔᜤᢀംڇژᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢ֗אΔګ۶ݮڕᑌऱฆΔฆ ګছԳऱઔߒٽມᓳഗ៕ՂΔضऱڣ२༓ڇ֮ءრߠΔࢨ෫լᇡΖٵլڶᠲΔᖂࢨ אΔڂऱګ࣠ΔቫᇢኙՂ૪ਬࠄംᠲၞ۩ᇞΔಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱଃฆΕฆݮ ፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΖ֗ ⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ .2 ءড়୮ֱߢଃΕဲნΕऄऱഗڶᏥፁ㝿 (1995:251) ࢬߢΚψᨇতড়୮ᇩࠠڕᇨ ለՕฆΖωߓอڶۖٵᔢൔழၴΕࠐᄭऱլاᆜΕᖵ۩ਙቤࡉࡺۯچڂچٺ܀ᐛΔ ΕᏥፁ㝿ʳ(1994) ޗᤄऱᖂृΚᠱཤ (1986)Εᔤ۫ۂۯԿڶಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝଃฆऱ ኙڼڂΔٵΔኙֱߢᐛऱᛵᇞլٵ࣍ᓳऱ৫լطᖂृۯΖຍԿ(2001 ,1999 ,1996 ,1995) ᇩࡉড়ᤄᇩऱچءฆΖࠡխΔᏥፁ㝿ലᨇতড়୮ᇩ։ٺᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝଃฆऱᎁᢝ Ւʳʳᇩऱូ᥆ழΔലׂࠡڠ।ऱႂזຕאקಘᓵᆕڇ (ऄᐙለՕΖ๗ॣࣙ (2004:302–307 ᇩαᐖࣟቼփऱ۞ྥچءড়ωΰਊΚ۔ֺለΔᎁࠡਢᨇতψ܂ᇩچءፖᔣ२ऱᨇত Δᚨᅝቤូড়୮ᇩΖۼ ᄅ२ऱֱەழٵறΔޗছᨇত 12 ᗼΰαᓳ 5ΔᛧՕၦԫ֫ڻڍΔݺଚڣ२༓ ΰՂྫΕՕൌΕॾ᠆ΕᅗچڍΚ(1) ᨇতڕᄅ࿇Δڍ࣠Δࠩګઔߒהࡉࠡ 6 ܫߢᓳ ՛ጠڇژԫऱড়୮ᇩᇙֺለߔߠΔথፖཏሙڇ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱွΰࢨྲྀఎαΔຍڇژ८α ΕᨇڜՂྫΕॾ᠆Εڕΰچڍԫׂΰᇡߠ৵֮αΙ(2) ᨇতګՂຑچڇՒᇩקᓳऱᆕ᧢ խՂཾۂՒᇩΕᆕխࣟקػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓΔፖᆕڗᖼՂײᗼΕᘋഏΕՕൌα ᦰອؓΔঞፖᎸڍػᦰᐋվڗᖼՂײऱچΕᅗ८ΕᚊতΕശᆠৄفΔۖኑຟΕۿᇩᣊچء Εޘفᘋഏऱष༄ၢஆ֗אΕᑍᄻΰπᨇᗼݳρ1991:578αΔؓڜࡓᙰΕᄅৢΕᖯΕֽՑΕكᨇᗼऱׄ᥏ൂΕ 3 ΕতܾၢޘᎅᎸΙᘋഏߜاࡩᄘࡩᠿࡩࡺܦၢຝ։ޘ݁֗אܾࣟ՛ิޘᆵΔࡉകᙰޘ֟ᑇޘضകᙰၢํ ᗼΔվսຏ۩ᨇΰᏥᄅဎ 2003:3αΖ᠆ة᥆ ড়୮ᇩωऱᄗ࢚Δᇡߠ۔ᖂृຟམ༼ࠩψۯڍᇩωΖچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψܛড়୮ᇩω۔ψ 4 ৵֮Ζ ΕᘋഏڜΕᨇᗼၺകΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠᖩֽΕՕൌতۂࣲ՞ΕতൈፚڜՑΕفຍ 12 ଡᗼΰαਢॾ᠆ᥳ 5 ଃڗᙰऱضΙኑຟئՑড়୮ᇩृفᙰΖࠡխॾ᠆ᥳضΕᚊতᗼᚊΕኑຟᗼڠΕᄎ࣑ᗼۂΕິຟಥۂ ᓳΖךᇖچ๗ॣࣙඒᒔࡳαΔृࠩᅝط႓՛ؓ໑Փ༼ࠎΰଃߓطறޗ ᔾΖױΔಖଃᇡኔئृ܂ნΔᅗ८ֱߢڗଃٵπᅗ८ֱߢઔߒρ(2006) ऱاᏥᖻشறආޗଃڗᅗ८ᖻိऱ 6 ኙຍࠟڼڇᔾΖױறޗΔئृ܂ᇩضৄفαΔעآნρΰڗଃٵᇩضৄف۫ۂᄵ࣑πشආضৄف ᖂृ֗႓՛ؓ໑Փ।რΖۯ 736 Language and Linguistics 17(5) ॾ᠆ΕՂྫΕতڕΰچڍࢨ vΔᨇতئᦰሿᜢڍڗئΕᆕࣟড়୮ᇩԫીΙ(3) ড়୮ᇩᇙᐙ۫ ڍᇩᇙՈچءխՂཾऱۂࣟڇऱွۿΔᣊمኙڶئᦰፖሿᜢײൈΕശᆠαথঅఎ ̋ ऱ ໑ᢅΕࣾᄭᄭৄऱڠᢕ᥊ᇿੌ᥊ઌऱွՈߠ࣍ᆕխ༡چ࿇ 7Ι(4) ॾ᠆ΕՕൌڶ ߢᇙΙΖֱ ٤૿Εาᒯ۩ऱড়୮ᇩၞ 8 چٺᛵᇞऱഗ៕ՂΔݺଚኙᨇতޡለԵऱᓳࡉၞԫڇ ড়୮ᇩωऱܑΔ۔ऱֺለհ৵Δ࿇ᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝฆ।ψᄅড়୮ᇩωࡉψ ψᄅড়୮شᇩωհܑΖຍᇙᑉழආچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψড়ᤄᇩωࡉψܛ ءᇩωࡉড়୮ᇩऱψچءᨇऱψڶቼփ۫ۂԿΚࠡԫΔڶڂড়୮ᇩωጠᘯऱ۔ᇩωΕψ ᇩωլႛऴ൷।ࣔچءཙψזড়୮ᇩω۔ψشᇩωլ࣐։ΙࠡԲΔچءᇩωհܑΔጠψچ ΙࠡԿΔ്ᠨᐜΕᆄं (1996)Δ๗ॣࣙʳܑڶࠡፖႚอრᆠՂऱড়୮ᇩقࠡូ᥆Δۖᄆ ড়୮ᇩω۔ࠩψشᖂृຟۯڍቈᔕ (2013) ܇Δႈኄ٧Εඦᄇ (2005)ΔᣤଥពΕ(2008 ,2004) նଡֱڇড়୮ᇩऱଃฆᄗਔದࠐ।۔ԫࡳ൷࠹৫ΖᄅΕڶᖂڇጠᘯڼऱᄗ࢚Δ αΚٵᐛΔՀڼڇژլقᐛΔψЁω।ڼڇژق૿Δߠτ। 1υΰψЀω। ț 1ȜཛྷǬԫ࠳၀ވᇖग़ౝ ড়୮ᇩ ᄅড়୮ᇩ۔ ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓ ЀЁڗᖼՂײ (1) ᣉݠ։ᓳࢨ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ ЀЁڇژ (2) ЀЁ مঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲߠߓ (3) ЀЁ ܑྤئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהՑԫᚥิΰଃαፖࠡٽ՞᥊ (4) ЁЀ مভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿঅఎ։ (5) ড়୮ᇩωΕψᄅড়୮ᇩωऱጠࡅ᜔۔Ղ 5 ႈᐛຟለࠠᖵ৫Δೈร 5 រհ؆Δψא ՀΚڕऱࠠ᧯।چٺᨇতڇΖຍ 5 ႈᐛٽՂለ᧯ ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡڗᖼՂײچΕՂྫࣟ՞ۂΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (1) હΕኑۂΕՂྫषᄻΕᛜছΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕᘋഏಁႼΕؓإᦰອؓΔॾ᠆۫ׄΕܑ ߠτ। 2υΚڗػᦰᐋվᦰອؓΖࠏڗᖼՂײچΕᚊতΕ٤তΕࡳতΕ༈⢦ৄفຟΕ ᎘ڶΔଃଈئᦰሿᜢڍվئ༡ৄΕ໑ᢅΔࣾᄭऱᄭৄΕຑؓαऱᐙڠᇩΰ༡چءۂᖕঀ՛ (2008:49–51)Δࣟ 7 ऱᐙڠઌܑΖᖕຫිᛩᓳΕ๗ॣࣙுኙΔ༡ڗऱئվᦰ jΕzΕv ᜢئຝ։ᐙ֗ئאპऱຝᡨధΔፖႆΕ αઌܑΖئאႆΕײᄭ۞ڍਢ ôΔፖ jΕwΰئվᦰᜢڗئ 8 1 ףऱᗼᏺڶᖕࠠ᧯ൣउאጟՑଃΔࢬڍڇژԫᗼٵڂᏥፁ㝿 (2001)ΖەறޗࡳতᖟؑΕ٤তৄ༖Ε༈⢦९ኑऱ ຝऱᚊؒקףᏺڜᓳΖچݺଚኔچΔຍࠟؓإຝऱ۫ׄࡉ۫ຝऱקףࢨ 2 ଡֱߢរፖֺለΚॾ᠆ᏺ હࡉ۫ຝऱಁۂࣟতຝऱףࣟຝऱषᄻΕ۫ຝऱᛜছΔᘋഏᏺףࡉឌܽၢΔՂྫᏺྀئতຝऱ׆ףၢΔᨇᗼᏺ ற֧۞Ꮵᄅဎ (2003)ΔኑޗΖᘋഏಁႼضຝऱߕקףΔኑຟᏺۂতຝऱᖩףᏺৄفխຝऱᑧՑΔףႼΔতൈᏺ ߢរઃ֧۞Ꮵፁ㝿 (2001)Ζֱה႓՛ؓᓳΕ๗ॣࣙுኙ (2011)Δࠡطறޗضຟߕ 737 ο 9 ț 2ȜӑӝщᐓΙӮϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ݠ~֣ ᡗᄊޒ~ ឰ Ց ȅpĐi ȅtĐmō ȅxmō ȅme/ȅne ȅlã ȅnmōفॾ᠆ᥳ ࣲ՞ ȅpĐi ȅtĐu ȅhnō Ȅmei/Ȅnei ȅlã ȅnuڜ [ ȅlaܐ] ᚊؒ ᦰՂᜢڜ ᨇᗼၺക ȈpĐi ȈtĐuã Ȉhuã Ȅmi Ȉlã Ȉnuã ᨇᗼឌܽ ᦰՂᜢ [ܐȅlã] ᦰՂᜢ 0 ȅnuã ྀئᨇᗼ׆ pĐiȆ tĐ³ıȆ h³ıȆȄmi lãȆ l³ıȆ ڜՕൌত ȅpĐi/ȄpĐi ȅtĐuã ȅxuã ȅmi/Ȅmi ȅlã ȅnuã ۂᘋഏ Ղྫࣟ՞ ȉpĐi ȉtĐoϐ Ȅhoϐ ȉmi ȉlã ȉnoϐ ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȄpĐi ȄtĐo ho Ȇ ȅmi ȅlã ȅno ȄpĐi ȄtĐo Ȅho Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnuϐ ؓإ᠆ॾ Ղྫषᄻ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnu³ı Ղྫᛜছ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅn³n ശᆠᖩֽ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuϐ Ȅhuϐ Ȅmi ȅlã Ȅnuϐ ȄpĐe ȄtĐ³ı Ȅh³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅn³ı ۂຟಥິ তൈᑧՑ [ȄtĐã ] 0 Ȅn×ı ȄpĐi ȄtĐuºı Ȅhuºı Ȅmºi Ȅlã Ȅnuºı ۂতൈፚ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³ Ȅha Ȅmei Ȅla Ȅn³ ڠᄎ࣑ ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄpĐie ȄtĐuºn Ȅhuºn Ȅme Ȅlan Ȅnuºn ᘋഏಁႼ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi ȅlã ȅnu³ı હ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅlã 0ۂᘋഏ ᙰ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuan Ȅhuan Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅnuanضኑຟ [ȄĆĐoদȄheu][၇Ȅmai݄] ضኑຟߕ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅn³n/ȅn³n ضৄف २Ȅϭ] 0 Ȅlan 0] ۂᖩৄف ᚊতᚊ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅm¸i Ȅlan Ȅn³n ٤তৄ༖ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n0Ȅlan Ȅn³n Ȅla ] Ȅno¸nܐ] ࡳতᖵؑ [२Ȅϭ] 0 ༈⢦९ኑ [२Ȅϭ][ܐȄla ] ऱऴ൷ᑑᓵΔᖕؾছڗᓵྤࠏڶψˮ˰ωᑑಖΙشڗऱٵլڗࠏ֮ءࣹଃΔፖྤڗࠏڶڍறޗԳऱה࠷۞ 9 ΖٵΖՀقψϭω।شଃऱྤڗڶࢨڗଃྤڶឰऱᑑψ0ωΔܒறྤऄޗ 738 Language and Linguistics 17(5) 10 ᣉݠ։ᓳ Δॾ᠆ΕՕൌΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕڇژΕິຟྀئΕՕൌΕᨇᗼឌܽΕ׆ڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (2) Δ֠ࠡਢԿקᓳઔߒΖᜤᢀࠩፖᨇত൷ᣦऱᆕޡৱၞԫڶ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖຍࠟଡွڇژᅗ८ ౨ཏױཚৰڰᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ 11Δݺଚංྒྷᨇতড়୮ᇩڇژچڍ૿ᔣᨇতऱতႂؑΔ ᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳွΖՀ૿։ܑտฯΚڇژሙ ΕམΕΕຏն᥊ԵۂࡉᰳΕڗᦰՂᜢΔᖼԵڍڗՑऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊ᥊堚Եفॾ᠆ᥳ paȊΕᢐîȊΖۍΚԶȅp¸Εᛘȅs¸ΕᠧĆиȊΔԼsԥȊΕڕΔװᦰၺڍڗᜢ ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗվᦰՂᜢΔ٤ᖼԵᜢڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗࣲ՞ऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊ堚Եڜ Κჸȅt¸ΕԮȅĈĐieΕֲȅieΔᠧڕΔװվᦰၺڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰອؓΔᰳΕڗԵᜢ ڕອԵΰូڗpaȊΕᑵs˹ȊΕԺteiȊΖᚊؒऱভΕΕ՞ΕᘊԵᜢۍȄĆиΕఏȄĈĐi¸ΕȄl¸Δ ΕֵωαΖێΕۍψڕၺԵΰូڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂΕִωαΔᰳΕظψ৺Ε ΚڕᦰອؓΔڍڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰԵᜢΔᰳΕڗऱভΕΕ՞ΕᘊԵᜢڜՕൌত ჸt¸ȇΕሒtиȇΕᑷnieȇΔػȄpĐaΕᑵȄ´yΕքȄtyΖ མຏԵᜢۂᰳ֗ڗΕ৺ΕֲωαΔᖼԵظψڕᦰອԵΰڗᨇᗼឌܽऱভ՞ᘊ堚Ե Ε৺ΕظψڕອԵΰូڗऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊ堚ԵྀئΕքωαΖ׆ۍψᠧΕڕᦰၺԵΰڗ ڕኙၺԵΰڗΕམΕΕຏ堚ԵۂωαΙᰳΕٽψᠧΕڕອؓΰូڗԫωαΔᖼԵ ψػΕᦰΕᆵωαΖڕΰװၺូڗωαΔᖼԵקΕߡΕۍψ ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗΔ٤ᖼԵᜢװᦰອڍڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗ堚ԵײऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊۂຟಥິ ΚჃtĐaȆΕᛘâæȆΕڕΔຝ։ᦰԵᜢΔװᦰၺڍڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂΙᰳΕװᦰၺڍڗԵᜢ âaȇΕຽmaȇΖفpaȇΕۍtâuȊΕքlyȊΔێiæȆΔᠧĆĐaȊΕԼâæȊΕlaȊΔᇶĆĐeȊΕֲ խΔڗᑇ༓ଡ֟ڇΔঅఎڤԫጟྲྀఎݮګᓳΔբٵװՑऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖອفॾ᠆ᥳ tiȆΕᢒ~ֆΚᘚᢒ iæȆΕ̑ޕΚᘷ~ֆΚᘷmi³ȆΕᢓ~Κ፧ᢓi ȆΕᢈᓳ~Κྏೲkϑ ȆΕڕ؈Δهᓳբءऱڗຍ༓ଡ Κ⛹ȈĆaΕڕ؈ΔهᓳՈբءᓳΔٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱྲྀఎΔፖၺؓڇژՈؓإ᪙~੫Κ՛ߊ aȆΖ ᓳΔຝءঅఎڗᓳΔຝ։ٵᜢװॡȈfuΕቕȈseΕݬȈtĐeΕፒȈtĐueΕᘷȈmi³Ζ۫ׄऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖ Κ~tĐ³ȆЋ~क़ȈtĐ³Εම~meȆЋම~क़ȈmeΕณᤀ~Κ࿗֪ ³ıȆЋณ~ఇΚณᅪȅ ³ıΕ~ڕ؈Δهᓳءڗ։ meȆЋࡢΰ࢚αȈmeΕಈmeéȆΕᦨl͓ ȆΕtĐeȆΕߚtĐuȆΕೱᆹᤓpĐuȆΕࠨĆĐ˹ȆΕ~۔maȆЋΰ࢚αȈmaΕࡢ Ր~ ĆĐaȆΖ ΚȅtĐ³ΕයȅtĐi³Εਣȅ´iã Εڕ؈ΔهᑇՈբڍᓳՕءᓳΔٵऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖՂᜢڜՕൌত ȅmoΕ९ݮᆹᤓȅvuΕᅍȅiaΕᔰ=ਪȅĈĐyΕȅpĐuΕࠜȅtĐuΕਮȅkaΕ~فȅsaΕૈȅĈĐioΕᗣޥȅpaΕ ࠸ȅ´yΕᜓԫය~ȅf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Ζ Κའ=ֿ~ȉĆ³Ε֍=ራȉkeuΕڕ؈ΔهᑇբڍᓳՕءᓳΔٵՂྫࣟ՞ऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖၺՂ ࣨȉpã Εȉtи ΕຼȉluΕࡓȉpĐiã ΕȉĈĐi³ıΕȉtϐ ΕഔȉtoeΕᒣȉ´i³ıΕహȉi³ıΕޥȉpaΕȉpaΕ ᜓԫය~ȉf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Εཫཫȉkuϐ Ћཫࢾ~Ȅkuϐ Ζ ွΖڼ࿇آࠀޘᖯՑۂᣉݠ։ᓳΔݺଚᓳऱতൈፚڶՈۂᖕᏥፁ㝿 (2001:50)Δতൈፚ 10 ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔࠡխতႂຕΕոڇژႉհ؆Δࠡ塒 14 រ݁ۍ15 ଡរೈ Ւᇩ٥ׂڠΕᏄׂڠᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004)Δႂ 11 ᣉڇژ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ5 ଡၢڇژ9 ଡၢ ᣉݠ։ᓳΖᖕၺፚ (2014) ኙতႂؑ 14 ଡၢऱᓳΔ٥ڇژᝫۂ֏९ ݠ։ᓳΖ 739 ο 12 Κဲݠ=ຉᆬ~ֆΚᆬຉ=ਐ֫~ֆΚ֫ਐڕᓳΔٵװࠟଡ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ ։ܑፖၺؓࡉອڶᅗ८ᖻိ ΰ࢚αرԳȈ aЋ~رȈĆßΕᓚȈhaΕटػᦰȈpaЋट֮ᦰpaȆΕࡦȈĈieΕୂػᦰȈkoЋୂ֮ᦰȄkoΕ=ඪ=ȈtĐiΕ 13 14 iaȆЋᅍΰ࢚αȈiaΕ๛ᜳ~pĐoȆΕᘷ~۔ȅiΕᎫ k³ȆΕᅍں~ᕴȈh³Ιۘ~ୂΚཬढऱᆳiȆЋۘێȅ aΕ⊱ ~Κູ mi³ȆΕ壀ം~Κԫጟಮॾ೯s° ȆΕᢁĈiuºnȆΕl͓ ȆΕᦛՕ~vanȆЋᦛݮ୲ဲȄvanΕֽ~vanȆЋΰ࢚αȄvanΕ ΚດᒟਜॅtiºnȆЋរΰ࢚αȅtiºnΕዞ~ֽΚᑷֽك~ᙰΚኙඈ۩່՛ृऱᑋጠmuºnȆΕរ~۔ඡඈ۩່՛Κ~ȄmuºnЋඡ ȅkuinЋዞߪkuinȆΕΰ࢚αȄfanЋ᠏೯fanȆΖ ΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕषᄻΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎۂᚊؒΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏڜॾ᠆Ε (3) រভ᥊ԫΕԲٺΔ15 ࠡ塒مػᦰᐋঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲߠߓچৄف࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕ ߠ। 3ΚڗΖࠏੌٽءഗڗߠߓ Ӯϕ᠇ᖇ٦تطț 3ȜӑӝࠄឡǬΉา तظ——ٽᓫ——Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ ¸Ց Ȅkã ȄĆϑ ȅkã xã Ȇ sϑ Ȇ koȊȅkفॾ᠆ᥳ ॾ᠆۫ׄ Ȅko Ȉkã ȅkã Ȉhã Ȉ´iϐ k·ȇ kaȇ Ȅkã ȈĈiϐ ȅkã Ȉhã ȅ´iϐ koȇ kaȇ ؓإ᠆ॾ ։ऱฉᇾڶ ᚊؒڜ ᨇᗼၺക Ȅkã ȄĈi Ȉkã hã Ȇ´iȆ kuæȊ kæȊ ։ऱฉᇾڶ ᨇᗼឌܽ ։ऱฉᇾڶ ྀئᨇᗼ׆ ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã ȆȄ´iϐ ȅku¸ k¸ȇ ڜՕൌত Ȅkuã kã Ȇȅkuã ȅkã xã Ȋ kuaȇ kaȇ ۂᘋഏ ᘋഏಁႼ [ᄆu³ıȆ] Ȅkã ȅkã [ܶȄxu³ı][ভȈxã ]ku³ôȇ kaôȇ Ղྫࣟ՞ Ȅkoϐ Ȅkã ȅkã ȅkoϐ ȅkã Ȅhã Ȅ´iϐ koeȇ kaȇ Ղྫषᄻ 0 Ȉkã ȅkã ȅku³ı ȅkã [ᄆȈu³ı] hã Ȇ kuoȆ kaȆ ശᆠᖩֽ Ȅkuϐ Ȉkã ȅkã ȅkuϐ ȅkã hã Ȇ´iϐ Ȇ koȇ kaȇ Ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã Ȇ´ϑ Ȇ kuæȆ kaȆ ۂຟಥິ ٽվᦰᜢᓳਝլฤڗޅԫڶΔ࿇ٿნڗଃٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳွΔݺଚᛀࠡڇژሐᅗ८ᖻိآࠀ (2006) اᏥᖻ 12 ΔݺװອٵၺؓΔԫᣊᦰٵऱࠏ؆ଃ᧢ࡐ֏ࠟᣊΔԫᣊᦰڗޅຑᦰ᧢ᓳ৳ΖຍٽΔՈլฤۯچࠡᖵଃᣉ ଚᎁຍਢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔᇡߠ്ଓ (2014:208–209)Ζ ᕴΖێদ֊Δ࠷ູײΚπᐖᣉρ⊰ 13 ֊ΔᎫԸΖײो֊ΔԾײᎫΚπᐖᣉρ 14 Ζڗվߠ࣍ߠߓԵᜢمভ᥊ԫԲ։ڠΕᨇᗼၺകΕᄎ࣑ۂΕতൈፚؓإՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ 15 740 Language and Linguistics 17(5) तظ——ٽᓫ——Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ ։ऱฉᇾڶ তൈᑧՑ Ȅkã kã Ȇȅkã hã Ȇ´iºıȆ kuºȇ kaȇ ۂতൈፚ Ȅka Ȉka ȅka Ȉha haȆ kuaȇ kaȇ ڠᄎ࣑ ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄkuºnkanȆȅkan ȅkuºn ȅkan huºnȊ hanȊ kuºôȇ kaôȇ ᙰ Ȅkuam kamȆȅkuam ȅkam huamȆãamȊ kuapȇ kapȇضኑຟ ȅkom ȅkam 0 kopȇ kapȇ 0 ضኑຟߕ Ȅk³m Ȅkam ȅk³m ȅkam h³mȆ hamȆ k³pȇ kapȇ ضৄف Ȅkom——ԿȄsam] k³ipȇ kaipȇز] ۂᖩৄف ¸ࣲ՞ Ȅkã ȅkã hã Ȇ´iãȆȅ kڜ ٵહ ۂᘋഏ ٵՂྫᛜছ ᚊতᚊ Ȅkan kanȆȅkan hanȆ hanȊ katȇ ٤তৄ༖ Ȅkam kamȆȅkam 0 kæôȇ ٵࡳতᖵؑ ٵ༈⢦९ኑ ৄفΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕۂॾ᠆ΕᨇᗼၺകΕᘋഏ (4) Ցԫᚥٽ՞᥊چٺΔࠡ塒ܑྤئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהՑԫᚥิΰଃαࡉࠡٽऱ՞᥊چ ߠτ। 4υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰຝ։ܑڶئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהΰଃαࡉࠡิ ț 4ȜӑӝεឡӔΨาϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ Ց ȈpĐmō ȅmō Ȅtmō Ȅsmō Ȅkmō ȅmōفॾ᠆ᥳ ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo ؓإ᠆ॾ ᨇᗼၺക ȈpĐuã Ȉmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã Ȉuã ȈpĐuã ȅmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã ȅuã ۂᘋഏ ᘋഏಁႼ ȈpĐu³ı Ȅmu³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅu³ı Ղྫࣟ՞ ȈpĐoϐ ȅmoϐ Ȅtoϐ Ȅsoϐ Ȅkoϐ ȅoϐ ശᆠᖩֽ ȈpĐuϐ ȅmuϐ Ȅtuϐ Ȅsuϐ Ȅkuϐ ȅuϐ 741 ο ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ তൈᑧՑ [ჺȄp×ı] 16 ȈpĐ³ ȅm³ Ȅt³ Ȅs³ Ȅk³ ȅv³ ڠᄎ࣑ ᅗ८ᖻိ ȈpĐuºn ȅmuºn Ȅtuºn Ȅsuºn Ȅkuºn ȅvuºn ᙰ ȈpĐuan ȅmuan Ȅtuan Ȅsuan Ȅkuan ȅvuanضኑຟ [ȈpĐon ȅmon [ቸȈtĐonጩsonȆ ضኑຟߕ ȈpĐ³n Ȅm³n Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n ضৄف ࣲ՞ ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅtu Ȅsu Ȅknō ȅnōڜ ᚊؒ 0ڜ ᨇᗼឌܽ 0 [ȅt×ı][ᎨȄs×ı] 0 0 ྀئᨇᗼ׆ ȅpĐϐ ȅmϐ Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅkuã ȅvã ڜՕൌত Ղྫषᄻ ȈpĐ³ı m³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅv³ı Ղྫᛜছ 00Ȅt³n Ȅs³n0 0 ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅk³ı ȅv³ı ۂຟಥິ ȈpĐ³ı ȅm³ı Ȅtuºı Ȅsuºı Ȅkuºı ȅuºı ۂতൈፚ હ 0 Ȅtoºn0ۂᘋഏ [ࡴȄkuonጥȅkuon] 0 ۂᖩৄف ᚊতᚊ ȈpĐan ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n panȆ] Ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³nת] ٤তৄ༖ ࡳতᖵؑ 0 ༈⢦९ኑ 00Ȅsoºn0 ΕᚊতΕࡳতΕ٤তΕ༈⢦ऱভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ৄفࣲ՞ΕՂྫᛜছΕኑຟΕڜ (5) ٽऱভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿऱվᦰբᆖچٺΔࠡ塒مၲՑԿऱվᦰսঅఎ։ ߠτ। 5υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰଡܑੌ ΰᇡߠٵئαػᦰᐋᣉئՑԫΰຏൄॺᚥิᜢٽ˯ػᦰᐋፖڗऱড়୮ֱߢΔၲՑԫߠߓم՞᥊ԫԲ։ 16 ×ıΖئՑԫվᦰᣉٽංྒྷࠡױψߗ Ȅk×ıωطΔمଓ 2014:137αΖতൈᑧՑ՞᥊ԫԲ։് 742 Language and Linguistics 17(5) ț 5Ȝӑӝࠄឡ້ΨΖћาᆭεឡ້ΨΖћาϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ሤ᧭ᝐٙߢॊ ࣲ՞ Ȉ®Đã