Article

Language and Linguistics ᳈〦 17(5) 735–767ד૊⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ © The Author(s) 2016 * Reprints and permissions: ㆛ sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.navۊ DOI: 10.1177/1606822X16645743 lin.sagepub.com

೺ο ᇷ֡ञણ

ມᓳ਷ഗ៕ՂΔଈ٣ֺለᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱ፿ଃ஁ฆΔࠀូ౏೴։ᑑᄷΙࠡضለ੡෡Եऱڇ֮ء ෼ኔ፿ଃᜤٽΙ່৵࿨ڂګऱߡ৫Δ։࣫ᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ஁ฆऱا෻Ε۩ਙ೴ቤΕᖵ׾ฝچൕ۞ྥڻ ՒᇩࡉᆕׂڠΕᏄׂڠႂקᒔᎁᆕޡறΔ൶ಘᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΔ੡ၞԫޗᢀࡉᖵ׾હན ઔߒ।ࣔΚൕ፿ଃ௽ᐛࠐ઎Δᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝ஁֮ءᇩऱড়୮ᇩߓ᥆༼ࠎࠉᖕΖچءխՂཾۂխࣟ 壆ڇژᇩچءխՂཾऱۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔ऱקড়୮ᇩፖᆕ۔ড়୮ᇩऱ஁ฆΖᨇতऱ۔ฆ׌૞।෼੡ᄅΕ ড়୮ᇩፖ۔հ๠Ιᨇতऱᄅড়୮ᇩঞፖᎸ۫Εᆕࣟऱড়୮ᇩᄕ੡ԫીΖઌኙ࣍ᄅড়୮ᇩۖߢΔۿઌڍ ءխՂཾۂড়୮ᇩࡉࣟ۔קড়୮ᇩΕᆕ۔ࠐ઎Δᨇতاհ๠Ζൕᖵ׾ฝۿઌڍޓڇژ๠ԫઊऱᨇ፿ٵ ᥆ψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩΖࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩٵ᥆ψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩΔᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩΕᎸ۫ࡉᆕࣟড়୮ᇩٵᇩچ Ζسհॣ༉բᆖขګড়୮ᇩݮڇ౨ױ੡ອؓΔۖຍጟ஁ฆܡਢᖼՂػᦰᐋਢܛՕऱ஁ฆ່

ড়Δᄅড়Δ۫ᒵΔࣟᒵ۔ᣂ᝶ဲΚᨇতΔ

1. ೧⤵

ωΖ1ʳޱΔψ੡ԫઊল໫ΔۖᗑᅝᎸΕᆕհڠඨխק။Δۍઊতຝ១ጠᨇতΔতᐿ۫ۂ ΕᏄᣂؑࡉࣾᄭؑઌᔣΔ۫૿ፖؑڠࠡࣟ૿ፖ壂৬ઊԿࣔؑΕᚊࡿٌؑ੺Δত૿ፖᐖࣟઊම ೴Ꮖ 2 ೴ 1 ؑ 15 ᗼΔ᜔૿ᗨપچઌຑΖ٤ؑڠΕᐿؑڜٳઊء૿ፖק൷ᣦΔؑڠྋতઊ⍣ ೴ݳρ1994:367αΖچڠΔ٤೴᜔ԳՑᑇ੡ 655 ᆄ塒Գΰπᨇڣ ᆄֱؓֆߺΖ۟ 1985 3.94 ᠆ಥ೴ࡉॾີؑڠᛜհԫΔຍᇙऱ 18 ଡᗼΰؑΕ೴αೈᨇءฒࢬࡌवΔᨇতਢড়୮Օ ೴᜔چড়୮ᇩऱԳՑપ׭ᇠشᑇ᥆ড়ᇩ೴Δ3 ࠌڍ؆Δࠡ塒࿪Օאᗼቯࡳ᠜ 2 ੡ࡴᇩֱߢ୾

ֺለઔߒω(14ZDB103)Εխഏषᄎઝᖂೃ໌ٽ࠹ഏ୮षઝഗ८ૹՕႈؾψ௧փ؆ড়୮ֱߢऱ፿ற஄৬๻ࡉጵ֮ء * ڇ֮ءΖܗႈؾ (2015M572392) ऱᇷܗ૿Ղᇷޅ խഏ໑Փ৵ઝᖂഗ८ร 57֗אᄅՠ࿓ႈؾψֱߢ፿ଃፖ፿ऄωΔ ࿝ृطଥૡრߠΔ᠃ી᝔ݵΖ֮խᙑዥհ๠ᄗڍ壆נ༼ᐉᒚറ୮ټመ࿓խ൓ࠩ๗ॣࣙඒ඄ऱ൜֨ਐរΔೳ܂ᐊ ࢭᖜΖ ֆ஼ρ(1986:2093)Ζץ߲ᐿ۫ۂࢌݳρ࠴ԮԼΔπᢌ֮ΘՂᆟڠएπᨇٵ 1 ౨ਐऱਢີಥ೴ऱࡴᇩױᇩωڠψᨇڼᇩΔڠၢऱִ੊᧸࿛αᎅᨇضՕڕᆵΰޘᖕπᨇᗼݳρ(1991:578)Δᨇᗼଡܑ 2 ઊॾ᠆ᗼৄऱࡴᇩֱߢ୾ρΔ(π֮֏ᙊขρ2013.5:106–113)Ζ۫ۂ೶઎Κ്ଓπױߢΖᣂ࣍ॾ᠆ᗼৄࡴᇩऱտฯΔֱ ೺ο

זමᗼ੡אড়୮ᇩΔ4 ፖՕ୮ࢬᑵवऱ۔ऱچΔ֠ࠡਢᅝۥԳՑऱ 95%Ζᨇতড়୮ᇩᏅࠠ௽ ᑇֺለຫڍऱ፿றڶ࣠֟Δ෼ګඡΔޡ࣍ᨇতড়୮ᇩઔߒದط।ऱড়୮ᇩ஁ܑለՕΖྥۖ ๠ԫઊऱᨇ፿Δᝫਢઌኙ࣍ᆕࣟΕᎸ۫Εፕ᨜ऱড়୮ٵᓵઌኙ࣍ྤڼڂլ֟ᙑዥΔڶΔ׊៱ չᏖڶչᏖᑌऱ௽ᐛΔࠡփຝڶᇩۖߢΔᨇতড়୮ᇩऱઔߒຟਢᜳஇऱΖᨇতড়୮ᇩࠩࢍࠠ ৻ᑌऱᖵ׾ࡉ෼ኔᜤᢀ࿛࿛ംڇژᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢ֗אΔګ۶ݮڕᑌऱ஁ฆΔ஁ฆ ګছԳऱઔߒٽມᓳ਷ഗ៕ՂΔ࿨ضऱڣ२༓ڇ֮ءრߠΔࢨ፿෫լᇡΖٵլڶᠲΔᖂ੺ࢨ אΔڂऱ଺ګ࣠ΔቫᇢኙՂ૪ਬࠄംᠲၞ۩ᇞ࿠Δಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱ፿ଃ஁ฆΕ஁ฆݮ ፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΖ֗

૊⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ .2

௽ءড়୮ֱߢ፿ଃΕဲნΕ፿ऄऱഗڶᏥፁ㝿 (1995:251) ࢬߢΚψᨇতড়୮ᇩࠠڕᇨ ለՕ஁ฆΖωߓอڶۖٵᔢൔழၴΕࠐᄭऱլاᆜΕᖵ׾۩ਙ೴ቤࡉࡺۯ෻چڂچٺ܀ᐛΔ ΕᏥፁ㝿ʳ(1994) ޗᤄऱᖂृΚᠱཤ (1986)Εᔤ۫ۂۯԿڶಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ፿ଃ஁ฆऱ ኙڼڂΔٵΔኙֱߢ௽ᐛऱᛵᇞլٵ࣍ᓳ਷ऱ෡৫լطᖂृۯΖຍԿ(2001 ,1999 ,1996 ,1995) ᇩࡉড়ᤄᇩऱ೚چءฆΖࠡխΔᏥፁ㝿ലᨇতড়୮ᇩ։੡ٺᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ፿ଃ஁ฆऱᎁᢝ Ւʳʳᇩऱូ᥆ழΔലׂࠡڠ।ऱႂז௻ຕ੡אקಘᓵᆕڇ (ऄᐙ᥼ለՕΖ๗ॣࣙ (2004:302–307 ᇩα࢓ᐖࣟቼփऱ۞ྥ࢏چءড়ωΰਊΚ۔ֺለΔᎁ੡ࠡਢᨇতψ܂ᇩچءፖᔣ२ऱᨇত Δᚨᅝቤូড়୮ᇩΖۼ ᄅ२ऱֱەழ೶ٵறΔޗছ࢓ᨇত 12 ᗼΰ೴αᓳ਷ 5Δᛧ൓Օၦԫ֫ڻڍΔݺଚڣ२༓ ΰՂྫΕՕൌΕॾ᠆ΕᅗچڍΚ(1) ᨇতڕᄅ࿇෼Δڍ࣠Δ൓ࠩ๺ګઔߒהࡉࠡ 6 ܫߢᓳ਷໴ ՛ጠڇژԫ౳ऱড়୮ᇩᇙֺለߔߠΔথፖཏሙڇ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱ෼ွΰࢨྲྀఎαΔຍڇژ८࿛α ᎛ΕᨇڜՂྫΕॾ᠆Εڕΰچڍԫׂΰᇡߠ৵֮αΙ(2) ᨇতګ෻ՂຑچڇՒᇩקᓳऱᆕ᧢ խՂཾۂՒᇩΕᆕխࣟקػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓΔፖᆕڗᖼՂײᗼΕᘋഏΕՕൌ࿛α ᦰອؓΔঞፖᎸڍػᦰᐋվڗᖼՂײऱچΕᅗ८ΕᚊতΕശᆠ࿛ৄفΔۖኑຟΕۿᇩᣊچء

Εޘفᘋഏऱष༄ၢஆ֗אΕᑍᄻΰπᨇᗼݳρ1991:578αΔؓڜࡓᙰΕᄅৢΕ೏ᖯΕֽՑΕكᨇᗼऱׄ᥏ൂΕ 3 ᠜ΕতܾၢޘᎅᎸ፿Ιᘋഏߜاࡩᄘࡩᠿࡩࡺܦၢຝ։ޘ݁֗אܾࣟ՛ิޘᆵΔࡉകᙰޘ࿛֟ᑇޘضകᙰၢํ ᗼΔվսຏ۩ᨇ፿ΰᏥᄅဎ 2003:3αΖ᠆ة଺᥆ ড়୮ᇩωऱᄗ࢚Δᇡߠ۔ᖂृຟམ༼ࠩψۯڍᇩωΖچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψܛড়୮ᇩω۔ψ 4 ৵֮Ζ Εᘋഏ᣶ڜΕᨇᗼၺകΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠᖩֽΕՕൌতۂ᎛ࣲ՞Εতൈ೴ፚڜՑΕفຍ 12 ଡᗼΰ೴αਢॾ᠆ᥳ 5 ଃڗᙰऱض፿ΙኑຟئՑড়୮ᇩ੡࿝ृفᙰΖࠡխॾ᠆ᥳضΕᚊতᗼ޹ᚊΕኑຟᗼڠΕᄎ࣑ᗼ຾ۂΕິຟಥۂ ᓳ਷Ζךᇖچ๗ॣࣙඒ඄ᒔࡳαΔ࿝ृࠩᅝط႓՛ؓ໑Փ༼ࠎΰଃߓطறޗ ᔾΖױ፿Δಖଃᇡኔئृ܂ნΔᅗ८ֱߢ੡ڗଃٵπᅗ८ֱߢઔߒρ(2006) ऱاᏥᖻشறආޗଃڗᅗ८ᖻိऱ 6 ኙຍࠟڼڇᔾΖױறޗ፿Δئृ܂ᇩ੡ض೏ৄفαΔעآნρΰڗଃٵᇩض೏ৄف۫ۂᄵ࣑૜πشආض೏ৄف ᖂृ֗႓՛ؓ໑Փ෡।᝔რΖۯ

736 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ॾ᠆ΕՂྫΕতڕΰچڍࢨ vΔᨇতئᦰሿᜢڍڗئΕᆕࣟড়୮ᇩԫીΙ(3) ড়୮ᇩᇙᐙ۫ ڍᇩᇙՈچءխՂཾऱۂࣟڇऱ෼ွۿΔᣊمኙڶئᦰ׊ፖሿᜢײൈΕശᆠ࿛αথঅఎ ̋ ऱ ໑ᢅΕࣾᄭᄭৄऱڠᢕ᥊ᇿੌ᥊ઌ෗ऱ௽௘෼ွՈߠ࣍ᆕխ༡چ࿇෼ 7Ι(4) ॾ᠆ΕՕൌ࿛ڶ ߢᇙΙ࿛࿛Ζֱ ٤૿Εาᒯ۩ऱড়୮ᇩၞ 8 چٺᛵᇞऱഗ៕ՂΔݺଚኙᨇতޡለ੡෡Եऱᓳ਷ࡉၞԫڇ ড়୮ᇩωऱ೴ܑΔ۔ऱֺለհ৵Δ࿇෼ᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝ஁ฆ׌૞।෼੡ψᄅড়୮ᇩωࡉψ ψᄅড়୮شᇩωհܑΖຍᇙᑉழආچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψড়ᤄᇩωࡉψܛ ءᇩωࡉড়୮ᇩऱψچءᨇ፿ऱψڶቼփ۫ۂԿΚࠡԫΔڶڂড়୮ᇩωጠᘯऱ଺۔ᇩωΕψ ᇩωլႛऴ൷।ࣔچءཙψזড়୮ᇩω۔ψشᇩωլ࣐೴։ΙࠡԲΔچءᇩωհܑΔጠψچ ΙࠡԿΔ്ᠨᐜΕᆄं (1996)Δ๗ॣࣙʳܑڶࠡፖႚอრᆠՂऱড়୮ᇩقࠡូ᥆Δۖ׊ᄆ ড়୮ᇩω۔ࠩψشᖂृຟۯڍቈᔕ (2013) ࿛܇Δႈኄ٧Εඦᄇ (2005)ΔᣤଥពΕ(2008 ,2004) նଡֱڇড়୮ᇩऱ፿ଃ஁ฆᄗਔದࠐ׌૞।෼۔ԫࡳ൷࠹৫ΖᄅΕڶᖂ੺ڇጠᘯڼऱᄗ࢚Δ αΚٵ௽ᐛΔՀڼڇژլق௽ᐛΔψЁω।ڼڇژق૿Δߠτ। 1υΰψЀω।

ț޻ 1ȜཛྷǬԫ࠳৅၀ވᇖग़৘ౝ

ড়୮ᇩ ᄅড়୮ᇩ۔ ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓ ЀЁڗᖼՂײ (1) ᣉݠ։ᓳࢨ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ ЀЁڇژ (2) ЀЁ مঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲ࿛ߠߓ (3) ЀЁ ܑྤئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהՑԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ଃαፖࠡٽ՞᥊ (4) ЁЀ مভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛অఎ։ (5)

ড়୮ᇩωΕψᄅড়୮ᇩωऱጠࡅ᜔۔Ղ 5 ႈ௽ᐛຟለࠠᖵ׾෡৫Δೈร 5 រհ؆Δψא ՀΚڕऱࠠ᧯।෼چٺᨇতڇ෻Ζຍ 5 ႈ௽ᐛٽՂለ੡᧯

ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡڗᖼՂײچΕՂྫࣟ՞࿛ۂ᎛ΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏ᣶ڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (1)

હΕኑۂΕՂྫषᄻΕᛜছΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕᘋഏಁႼΕؓإᦰອؓΔॾ᠆۫ׄΕܑ ߠτ। 2υΚڗػᦰᐋվᦰອؓΖࠏڗᖼՂײچΕᚊতΕ٤তΕࡳতΕ༈⢦࿛ৄفຟΕ

᎘ڶΔଃଈئᦰሿᜢڍվئ༡ৄΕ໑ᢅΔࣾᄭऱᄭৄΕຑؓαऱᐙڠᇩΰ༡چءۂᖕঀ՛૎ (2008:49–51)Δࣟ 7 ऱᐙڠઌ೴ܑΖᖕຫිᛩᓳ਷Ε๗ॣࣙுኙΔ༡ڗऱئվᦰ jΕzΕv ᜢئຝ։ᐙ֗ئאპऱ໫ຝᡨధΔፖႆΕ αઌ೴ܑΖئאႆΕײᄭ۞ڍਢ ôΔፖ jΕwΰئվᦰᜢڗئ 8 1 ףऱᗼᏺڶ௅ᖕࠠ᧯ൣउאጟՑଃΔࢬڍڇژԫᗼٵڂᏥፁ㝿 (2001)Ζەற೶ޗࡳতᖟؑΕ٤তৄ༖Ε༈⢦९ኑऱ ຝऱᚊؒקף᎛ᏺڜᓳ਷Ζچ੡ݺଚኔچΔຍࠟؓإຝऱ۫ׄࡉ۫ຝऱקףࢨ 2 ଡֱߢរ೶ፖֺለΚॾ᠆ᏺ હࡉ۫ຝऱಁۂࣟতຝऱףࣟຝऱषᄻΕ۫ຝऱᛜছΔᘋഏᏺףࡉឌܽၢΔՂྫᏺྀئতຝऱ׆ףၢΔᨇᗼᏺ ற֧۞Ꮵᄅဎ (2003)ΔኑޗΖᘋഏಁႼضຝऱߕקףΔኑຟᏺۂতຝऱᖩףᏺৄفխຝऱᑧՑΔףႼΔতൈᏺ ߢរઃ֧۞Ꮵፁ㝿 (2001)Ζֱה႓՛ؓᓳ਷Ε๗ॣࣙுኙ (2011)Δࠡطறޗضຟߕ

737 ೺ο

9 ț޻ 2ȜӑӝщᐓΙӮϕ᠇ᖇ٦

ݠ~֣ ᡗᄊޒ๯~՗ ឰ

Ց ȅpĐi ȅtĐmō ȅxmō ȅme/ȅne ȅlã ȅnmōفॾ᠆ᥳ

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ᨇᗼឌܽ ᦰՂᜢ [ܐȅlã]

ᦰՂᜢ 0 ȅnuã ྀئᨇᗼ׆ pĐiȆ tĐ³ıȆ h³ıȆȄmi lãȆ l³ıȆ ڜՕൌত

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ȄpĐi ȄtĐo Ȅho Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnuϐ ؓإ᠆ॾ

Ղྫषᄻ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnu³ı

Ղྫᛜছ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅn³n

ശᆠᖩֽ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuϐ Ȅhuϐ Ȅmi ȅlã Ȅnuϐ

ȄpĐe ȄtĐ³ı Ȅh³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅn³ı ۂຟಥິ

তൈᑧՑ [෉ȄtĐã] 0 Ȅn×ı

ȄpĐi ȄtĐuºı Ȅhuºı Ȅmºi Ȅlã Ȅnuºı ۂতൈፚ

ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³ Ȅha Ȅmei Ȅla Ȅn³ ڠᄎ࣑຾

ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄpĐie ȄtĐuºn Ȅhuºn Ȅme Ȅlan Ȅnuºn

ᘋഏಁႼ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi ȅlã ȅnu³ı

હ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅlã 0ۂᘋഏ

ᙰ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuan Ȅhuan Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅnuanضኑຟ

[ȄĆĐoদȄheu][၇Ȅmai݄] ضኑຟߕ

ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅn³n/ȅn³n ض೏ৄف

२Ȅϭ] 0 Ȅlan 0] ۂᖩৄف

ᚊত޹ᚊ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅm¸i Ȅlan Ȅn³n

٤তৄ༖ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n0Ȅlan Ȅn³n

Ȅla ] Ȅno¸nܐ] ࡳতᖵؑ [२Ȅϭ] 0

༈⢦९ኑ [२Ȅϭ][ܐȄla ]

ऱऴ൷ᑑ࿨ᓵΔ௅ᖕؾছڗ࿨ᓵྤࠏڶψˮ˰ωᑑಖΙشڗऱٵլڗࠏ֮ءࣹଃΔፖྤڗࠏڶڍறޗԳऱה࠷۞ 9 ΖٵΖՀقψϭω।شଃऱྤڗڶࢨڗଃྤڶឰऱᑑψ0ωΔܒறྤऄޗ

738 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

10 ᣉݠ։ᓳ Δॾ᠆ΕՕൌΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕڇژΕິຟྀئ᎛ΕՕൌΕᨇᗼឌܽΕ׆ڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (2) Δ֠ࠡਢԿקᓳ਷ઔߒΖᜤᢀࠩፖᨇত൷ᣦऱᆕޡৱၞԫڶ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖຍࠟଡ෼ွڇژᅗ८ ౨ཏױཚৰڰᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ 11Δݺଚංྒྷᨇতড়୮ᇩڇژچڍ૿ᔣ੺ᨇতऱতႂؑΔ ᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ෼ွΖՀ૿։ܑտฯΚڇژሙ

ΕམΕ඲Εຏն᥊ԵۂࡉᰳΕڗᦰՂᜢΔᖼԵڍڗՑऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊ؄᥊堚Եفॾ᠆ᥳ paȊΕᢐîȊΖۍΚԶȅp¸Εᛘȅs¸ΕᠧĆиȊΔԼsԥȊΕڕΔװᦰၺڍڗᜢ ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗվᦰՂᜢΔ٤ᖼԵᜢڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗ᎛ࣲ՞ऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊ堚Եڜ Κჸȅt¸ΕԮȅĈĐieΕֲȅ­ieΔᠧڕΔװվᦰၺڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰອؓΔᰳΕڗԵᜢ ڕອԵΰូڗpaȊΕᑵs˹ȊΕԺteiȊΖᚊؒऱভΕ෡Ε՞ΕᘊԵᜢۍȄĆиΕఏȄĈĐi¸Ε᎚Ȅl¸Δ Εֵω࿛αΖێΕۍψڕၺԵΰូڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂΕִω࿛αΔᰳΕظψ৺Ε

ΚڕᦰອؓΔڍڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰԵᜢΔᰳΕڗऱভΕ෡Ε՞ΕᘊԵᜢڜՕൌত ჸt¸ȇΕሒtиȇΕᑷnieȇΔػȄpĐaΕᑵȄ´yΕքȄtyΖ མ඲ຏԵᜢۂᰳ֗ڗΕ৺Εֲω࿛αΔᖼԵظψڕᦰອԵΰڗᨇᗼឌܽऱভ෡՞ᘊ堚Ե Ε৺ΕظψڕອԵΰូڗऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊ堚ԵྀئΕքω࿛αΖ׆ۍψᠧΕڕᦰၺԵΰڗ ڕኙၺԵΰڗΕམΕ඲Εຏ堚Եۂω࿛αΙᰳΕٽψᠧΕڕອؓΰូڗԫω࿛αΔᖼԵ ψػΕᦰΕᆵω࿛αΖڕΰװၺូڗω࿛αΔᖼԵקΕߡΕۍψ

ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗΔ٤ᖼԵᜢװᦰອڍڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗ堚ԵײऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊۂຟಥິ ΚჃtĐaȆΕᛘâæȆΕڕΔຝ։ᦰԵᜢΔװᦰၺڍڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂΙᰳΕװᦰၺڍڗԵᜢ âaȇΕຽmaȇΖفpaȇΕۍtâuȊΕքlyȊΔێiæȆΔᠧĆĐaȊΕԼâæȊΕ᎚laȊΔᇶĆĐeȊΕ­ֲ

խΔ׊ڗᑇ༓ଡ֟ڇΔ׽অఎڤ੡ԫጟྲྀఎݮګᓳΔբٵװՑऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖອفॾ᠆ᥳ

՗tiȆΕᢒ~ֆΚᘚᢒ iæȆΕ̑ޕΚᘷ~ֆΚᘷmi³ȆΕᢓ௻~Κ፧ᢓi ȆΕᢈᓳ~Κྏೲkϑ ȆΕڕ؈Δهᓳբءऱڗຍ༓ଡ

Κ⛹ȈĆaΕڕ؈ΔهᓳՈբءᓳΔٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱྲྀఎΔፖၺؓڇژ᠜Ոؓإ᪙~੫Κ՛ߊ৘ aȆΖ ᓳΔຝءঅఎڗᓳΔຝ։ٵᜢװॡȈfuΕቕȈseΕݬȈtĐeΕፒȈtĐueΕᘷȈmi³Ζ۫ׄ᠜ऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖ

Κ௒~՗tĐ³ȆЋ௒~क़ȈtĐ³Εම~՗meȆЋම~क़ȈmeΕณᤀ~Κ࿗֪ ³ıȆЋณ~ఇΚณᅪȅ ³ıΕ຾~՗ڕ؈Δهᓳءڗ։ meȆЋࡢΰ໢࢚αȈmeΕಈmeéȆΕᦨl͓ ȆΕ๳tĐeȆΕߚtĐuȆΕೱᆹᤓpĐuȆΕࠨĆĐ˹ȆΕ~۔maȆЋ຾ΰ໢࢚αȈmaΕࡢ

Ր~՗ ĆĐaȆΖ

Κ௒ȅtĐ³ΕයȅtĐi³Εਣȅ´iã Εڕ؈ΔهᑇՈբڍᓳ࿪ՕءᓳΔٵऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖՂᜢڜՕൌত

ȅmoΕ෾९ݮᆹᤓȅvuΕᅍȅiaΕᔰ=ਪȅĈĐyΕ᡻ȅpĐuΕࠜȅtĐuΕਮȅkaΕ~فȅsaΕૈȅĈĐioΕᗣޥ੾ȅpaΕ

࠸ȅ´yΕᜓԫය~ȅf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Ζ

Κའ=ֿ~՗ȉĆ³Ε֍=ራȉkeuΕڕ؈Δهᑇբڍᓳ࿪ՕءᓳΔٵՂྫࣟ՞ऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖၺՂ ࣨȉpã Ε࿟ȉtи ΕຼȉluΕࡓȉpĐiã Ε࿞ȉĈĐi³ıΕ᏾ȉtϐ ΕഔȉtoeΕᒣȉ´i³ıΕహȉi³ıΕޥȉpaΕ੾ȉpaΕ

ᜓԫය~ȉf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Εཫཫ՗ȉkuϐ Ћཫࢾ~Ȅkuϐ Ζ

෼ွΖڼ࿇෼آࠀޘᖯՑۂᣉݠ։ᓳΔݺଚᓳ਷ऱতൈፚڶՈۂᖕᏥፁ㝿 (2001:50)Δতൈፚ 10 ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔࠡխতႂ௻ຕΕոڇژႉհ؆Δࠡ塒 14 រ݁ۍ15 ଡរೈ Ւᇩ٥ׂڠΕᏄׂڠᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004)Δႂ 11 ᣉڇژ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ5 ଡၢ᠜ڇژ9 ଡၢ᠜ ᣉݠ։ᓳΖᖕၺፚ (2014) ኙতႂؑ 14 ଡၢ᠜ऱᓳ਷Δ٥ڇژᝫۂ֏९ ݠ։ᓳΖ

739 ೺ο

12 Κ՗ဲݠ=ຉᆬ~ֆΚᆬຉ=ਐ֫~ֆΚ֫ਐڕᓳΔٵװࠟଡ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ ։ܑፖၺؓࡉອڶᅗ८ᖻိ

ΰ໢࢚αرԳȈ aЋ~رȈĆßΕᓚȈhaΕटػᦰȈpaЋट֮ᦰpaȆΕࡦȈĈieΕୂػᦰȈkoЋୂ֮ᦰȄkoΕ໲=ඪ=௢ȈtĐiΕ 13 14 iaȆЋᅍΰ໢࢚αȈiaΕ๛ᜳ~pĐoȆΕᘷ~۔ȅ­iΕᎫ k³ȆΕᅍں~ᕴȈh³Ιۘ~ୂΚཬढऱᆳ­iȆЋۘێȅ aΕ⊱ ~՗Κ஢ູ mi³ȆΕ壀ം~Κԫጟಮॾ੒೯s° ȆΕᢁĈiuºnȆΕ᛿l͓ ȆΕᦛՕ~vanȆЋᦛݮ୲ဲȄvanΕ᨜ֽ~vanȆЋ᨜ΰ໢࢚αȄvanΕ

Κດ௓࿯ᒟ՗ਜॅtiºnȆЋរΰ໢࢚αȅtiºnΕዞ~ֽΚᑷֽك~ᙰΚኙඈ۩່՛ृऱᑋጠmuºnȆΕរ~۔ඡඈ۩່՛Κ~՗ȄmuºnЋඡ

ȅkuinЋዞ៬ߪkuinȆΕ៬ΰ໢࢚αȄfanЋ៬᠏೯fanȆΖ

ΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕषᄻΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎۂ᎛ᚊؒΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏ᣶ڜॾ᠆Ε (3) រভ᥊ԫΕԲ࿛ٺΔ15 ࠡ塒مػᦰᐋঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲ࿛ߠߓچ࿛ৄف࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕ ߠ। 3ΚڗΖࠏੌٽءഗڗߠߓ

Ӯϕ᠇ᖇ٦تطț޻ 3Ȝӑӝࠄឡ΂ǬΉา

तظ——ٽ਴ᓫ——጑Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ

¸Ց Ȅkã ȄĆϑ ȅkã xã Ȇ sϑ Ȇ koȊȅkفॾ᠆ᥳ

ॾ᠆۫ׄ Ȅko Ȉkã ȅkã Ȉhã Ȉ´iϐ k·ȇ kaȇ

Ȅkã ȈĈiϐ ȅkã Ȉhã ȅ´iϐ koȇ kaȇ ؓإ᠆ॾ

೴։ऱฉᇾڶ ᎛ᚊؒڜ

ᨇᗼၺക Ȅkã ȄĈi Ȉkã hã Ȇ´iȆ kuæȊ kæȊ

೴։ऱฉᇾڶ ᨇᗼឌܽ

೴։ऱฉᇾڶ ྀئᨇᗼ׆

ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã ȆȄ´iϐ ȅku¸ k¸ȇ ڜՕൌত

Ȅkuã kã Ȇȅkuã ȅkã xã Ȋ kuaȇ kaȇ ۂᘋഏ᣶

ᘋഏಁႼ [ᄆu³ıȆ] Ȅkã ȅkã [ܶȄxu³ı][ভȈxã]ku ³ôȇ kaôȇ

Ղྫࣟ՞ Ȅkoϐ Ȅkã ȅkã ȅkoϐ ȅkã Ȅhã Ȅ´iϐ koeȇ kaȇ

Ղྫषᄻ 0 Ȉkã ȅkã ȅku³ı ȅkã [ᄆȈu³ı] hã Ȇ kuoȆ kaȆ

ശᆠᖩֽ Ȅkuϐ Ȉkã ȅkã ȅkuϐ ȅkã hã Ȇ´iϐ Ȇ koȇ kaȇ

Ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã Ȇ´ϑ Ȇ kuæȆ kaȆ ۂຟಥິ

ٽվᦰᜢᓳਝլฤڗޅԫڶΔ࿇෼ٿნڗଃٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ෼ွΔݺଚᛀ౉ࠡڇژ໴ሐᅗ८ᖻိآࠀ (2006) اᏥᖻ 12 ΔݺװອٵၺؓΔԫᣊᦰٵऱࠏ؆ଃ᧢ࡐ֏੡ࠟᣊΔԫᣊᦰڗޅຑᦰ᧢ᓳ๵৳ΖຍٽΔՈլฤۯچࠡᖵ׾ଃᣉ ଚᎁ੡ຍਢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔᇡߠ്ଓ (2014:208–209)Ζ ᕴΖێদ֊Δ࠷ູײΚπᐖᣉρ⊰ 13 ׮֊ΔᎫԸΖײो֊ΔԾײᎫΚπᐖᣉρ 14 Ζڗ෼վ׽ߠ࣍ߠߓԵᜢمভ᥊ԫԲ࿛։ڠΕᨇᗼၺകΕᄎ࣑຾ۂΕতൈፚؓإՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ 15

740 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

तظ——ٽ਴ᓫ——጑Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ

೴։ऱฉᇾڶ তൈᑧՑ

Ȅkã kã Ȇȅkã hã Ȇ´iºıȆ kuºȇ kaȇ ۂতൈፚ

Ȅka Ȉka ȅka Ȉha haȆ kuaȇ kaȇ ڠᄎ࣑຾

ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄkuºnkanȆȅkan ȅkuºn ȅkan huºnȊ hanȊ kuºôȇ kaôȇ

ᙰ Ȅkuam kamȆȅkuam ȅkam huamȆãamȊ kuapȇ kapȇضኑຟ

ȅkom ȅkam 0 kopȇ kapȇ 0 ضኑຟߕ

Ȅk³m Ȅkam ȅk³m ȅkam h³mȆ hamȆ k³pȇ kapȇ ض೏ৄف

Ȅkom——ԿȄsam] k³ipȇ kaipȇز] ۂᖩৄف

¸᎛ࣲ՞ Ȅkã ȅkã hã Ȇ´iãȆȅ kڜ

ٵહ ෗ۂᘋഏ

ٵՂྫᛜছ ෗

ᚊত޹ᚊ Ȅkan kanȆȅkan hanȆ hanȊ katȇ

٤তৄ༖ Ȅkam kamȆȅkam 0 kæôȇ

ٵࡳতᖵؑ ෗

ٵ༈⢦९ኑ ෗

࿛ৄفΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕۂॾ᠆ΕᨇᗼၺകΕᘋഏ᣶ (4) Ցԫ࿛ᚥٽ՞᥊چٺΔࠡ塒ܑྤئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהՑԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ଃαࡉࠡٽऱ՞᥊چ ߠτ। 4υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰຝ։ܑڶئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהΰ୏ଃαࡉࠡิ

ț޻ 4ȜӑӝεឡӔΨ΂าϕ᠇ᖇ٦

ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ

Ց ȈpĐmō ȅmō Ȅtmō Ȅsmō Ȅkmō ȅmōفॾ᠆ᥳ

ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo

ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo ؓإ᠆ॾ

ᨇᗼၺക ȈpĐuã Ȉmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã Ȉuã

ȈpĐuã ȅmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã ȅuã ۂᘋഏ᣶

ᘋഏಁႼ ȈpĐu³ı Ȅmu³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅu³ı

Ղྫࣟ՞ ȈpĐoϐ ȅmoϐ Ȅtoϐ Ȅsoϐ Ȅkoϐ ȅoϐ

ശᆠᖩֽ ȈpĐuϐ ȅmuϐ Ȅtuϐ Ȅsuϐ Ȅkuϐ ȅuϐ

741 ೺ο

ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ

তൈᑧՑ [ჺȄp×ı] 16

ȈpĐ³ ȅm³ Ȅt³ Ȅs³ Ȅk³ ȅv³ ڠᄎ࣑຾

ᅗ८ᖻိ ȈpĐuºn ȅmuºn Ȅtuºn Ȅsuºn Ȅkuºn ȅvuºn

ᙰ ȈpĐuan ȅmuan Ȅtuan Ȅsuan Ȅkuan ȅvuanضኑຟ

[ȈpĐon ȅmon [ቸȈtĐonጩsonȆ ضኑຟߕ

ȈpĐ³n Ȅm³n Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n ض೏ৄف

᎛ࣲ՞ ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅtu Ȅsu Ȅknō ȅnōڜ

᎛ᚊؒ 0ڜ

ᨇᗼឌܽ 0 [࿍ȅt×ı][ᎨȄs×ı] 0

0 ྀئᨇᗼ׆

ȅpĐϐ ȅmϐ Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅkuã ȅvã ڜՕൌত

Ղྫषᄻ ȈpĐ³ı m³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅv³ı

Ղྫᛜছ 00Ȅt³n Ȅs³n0 0

ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅk³ı ȅv³ı ۂຟಥິ

ȈpĐ³ı ȅm³ı Ȅtuºı Ȅsuºı Ȅkuºı ȅuºı ۂতൈፚ

હ 0 Ȅtoºn0ۂᘋഏ

[ࡴȄkuonጥȅkuon] 0 ۂᖩৄف

ᚊত޹ᚊ ȈpĐan ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n panȆ] Ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³nת] ٤তৄ༖

ࡳতᖵؑ 0

༈⢦९ኑ 00Ȅsoºn0

ΕᚊতΕࡳতΕ٤তΕ༈⢦ऱভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ৄف᎛ࣲ՞ΕՂྫᛜছΕኑຟΕڜ (5) ٽऱভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ऱվᦰբᆖچٺΔࠡ塒مၲՑԿ؄࿛ऱվᦰսঅఎ։ ߠτ। 5υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰଡܑੌ

ΰᇡߠٵ෗ئαػᦰᐋᣉئՑԫ࿛ΰຏൄ੡ॺᚥิᜢٽ˯ػᦰᐋፖڗऱড়୮ֱߢΔၲՑԫ࿛ߠߓم՞᥊ԫԲ࿛։ 16

੡ ×ıΖئՑԫ࿛վᦰᣉٽංྒྷࠡױψߗ Ȅk×ıωطΔمଓ 2014:137αΖতൈᑧՑ՞᥊ԫԲ࿛։്

742 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ț޻ 5Ȝӑӝࠄឡ້ΨΖћาᆭεឡ້ΨΖћาϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ሤ᧭ᝐٙߢॊ

᎛ࣲ՞ Ȉ®Đã ­iãȊȄ®Đ ã ĈĐiȊȈ­i ȄĈiڜ

Ղྫᛜছ [ᣤȈnianᖚȅkian][ྥߢiºn]

ᙰ ȈćĐam namȊȄĆĐiam ćĐanȊȈnan Ȅćanضኑຟ

[კȈliamᨖȈiam][ᢰȄpienຑȈlien] ضኑຟߕ

ȈkĐiam niamȆȄkĐiam kĐienȆȈnien Ȅkien ض೏ৄف

[᡽ȄĈĐiamᣤȈniam][ᢰȄpien֚ȄtĐien] ۂᖩৄف

ᚊত޹ᚊ ȈĈĐian ­ianȊȄĈĐian ĈĐiºnȊȈ­iºn ȄĈiºn

٤তৄ༖ ȈĈĐiam niamȊĈĐiamȆȄĈiºn Ȉiºn ĈĐiºnȊ

[ࡳতᖵؑ [ङ਩ian][ᢰȄpiºn֚ȄtĐiºn

[ȄĈianᖚȅcian][෰ȄcĐiºnຑȈliºnڞ] ༈⢦९ኑ

Ց ȈĆĐϑ nϑ ȊȄĆĐϑ ĆĐϑ ȊȈϑ ȄĆϑفॾ᠆ᥳ

ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȈĈĐiϐ niϐ ȆȄĈĐiϐ ĈĐiϐ ȆȈiϐ ȄĈiϐ

ȈĈĐiϐ ȅniϐ ȄĈĐiϐ ȅĈĐiϐ Ȉiϐ ȄĈiϐ ؓإ᠆ॾ

ٵ᎛ᚊؒ ෗ڜ ᨇᗼၺക ȈĈĐiniȊȄĈĐi ĈĐiȊȈi ȄĈi

ᨇᗼឌܽ [ᖚȅĈiϑ ][ຑȈliϑ ]

ٵ෗ ྀئᨇᗼ׆ ȈĈĐiϐ Ȅniϐ ȄĈĐiϐ ȄĈĐiϐ Ȉniϐ ȄĈiϐ ڜՕൌত

ȈĈĐiºı ­iºıȊȄĈĐiºı ĈĐiºıȊȈ­iºı ȄĈiºı ۂᘋഏ᣶

ᘋഏಁႼ ȈĈĐiºı niºıȆȄĈĐiºı ĈĐiºıȆȄĈiºı Ȉniºı

Ղྫࣟ՞ ȈĈĐiϐ Ȅniϐ ȄĈĐiϐ ȄĈĐiϐ Ȉniϐ ȄĈiϐ

Ղྫषᄻ ȈĈĐiϐ niϐ ȆȄĈĐiϐ ĈĐiϐ ȆȈniϐ ȄĈiϐ

ശᆠᖩֽ ȈĈĐiϐ niϐ ȆȄĈĐiϐ ĈĐiϐ ȆȈniϐ ȄĈiϐ

ȈĈĐϑ ­ϑ ȊȄĈĐϑ ĈĐϑ ȊȈ­ϑ ȄĈϑ ۂຟಥິ

তൈᑧՑ [ᨖȈiϐ ][ᒵ´iϐ Ȇ]

ȈĈĐiºı niºıȆȄĈĐiºı ĈĐiºıȆȈniºı ȄĈiºı ۂতൈፚ

ȈkĐie ­ieȆȄkĐie kĐieȆȈ­ie Ȅkie ڠᄎ࣑຾

ᅗ८ᖻိ ȈĈĐiºn ­iºnȊȄĈĐiºn ĈĐiºnȊȈ­iºn ȄĈiºn

[હ 0 [ᄿȄiºn֚ȄtĐiºnۂᘋഏ

743 ೺ο

࿨੡τ। 6υΚ᜔ױ፿ଃ௽ᐛऱࠠ᧯։࣫چٺՂኙא

ț޻ 6aȜӑӝᇖग़੔ቲᕫ޻ (1)

᎛ᨇ ᗼ Օൌ ᘋഏ Ղྫ ശᆠ ິຟ ত ൈ ڜ᠆ រ ॾچ

ᑧ ፚ ۂࣟ՞ ᖩֽ ಥ ۂ᣶ ڜᚊ ࣲ ၺ ឌ ׆ ত إ ۫ ᥳ ۂ Ց ئ ܽ ՞ ക ؒ ؓ ׄ ف ֺለႈؾ ЀЁЁЀЀЀЀЀ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ Ё Ё ЁЁ ڗᖼՂײ (1) ػᦰᐋվլᦰ ࢨᄕଡܑᦰອ ؓ ᣉݠ ЀЀЀЀЀЁЀЀ Ѐ Ё Ѐ Ё Ѐ ЁЁڇژ (2) ։ᓳࢨ՛ጠ᧢ ᓳ (3) ভ᥊ԫΕ ЀЀЀЀЁЀЀЀ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ ЀЀ অڗԲ࿛ߠߓ مఎ։ Ց ЀЀЀ 0 ЁЀ 00ЁЀЀЀЁЀЁٽ՞᥊ (4) ԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ ᜢהଃαፖࠡ ิΰॺ୏ଃα ܑྤئᣉ (5) ভΕ՞᥊ ЁЁЁЁЀЁЁЁ Ё Ё Ё Ё Ё ЁЁ ၲՑԿ؄࿛অ مఎ։ ড়୮ᇩ 54442444 4 4 5 3 3 32۔ ௽ᐛอૠ ᄅড়୮ᇩ 1103100 1 1 2 2 23 ௽ᐛอૠ

ț޻ 6bȜӑӝᇖग़੔ቲᕫ޻ (2)

ࡳ ༈ ٤ ᚊ ৄ فរ ᄎ ᅗ ᘋ ഏՂ ྫኑ ຟچ ⢦ ߕ ೏ ᖩ ত ত ত ض ष ᛜ ۂ ࣑ ८ ಁ ޹ᚊ ৄ༖ ᖟؑ ९ኑ ۂ ض ض ᖻိ Ⴜ હ ᄻ ছ ᙰ ڠֺለႈؾ ຾ ػᦰ ЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁڗᖼՂײ (1) ᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡ ᦰອܑؓ ᣉݠ։ᓳ ЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁڇژ (2) ࢨ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ

744 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ࡳ ༈ ٤ ᚊ ৄ فរ ᄎ ᅗ ᘋ ഏՂ ྫኑ ຟچ ⢦ ߕ ೏ ᖩ ত ত ত ض ष ᛜ ۂ ࣑ ८ ಁ ޹ᚊ ৄ༖ ᖟؑ ९ኑ ۂ ض ض ᖻိ Ⴜ હ ᄻ ছ ᙰ ڠֺለႈؾ ຾ (3) ভ᥊ԫΕԲ࿛ ЀЀЀЁЀЁЀЀЀЀЁЁЁЁ مঅఎ։ڗߠߓ Ցԫ࿛ ЀЀЀ 0 Ё 0 ЀЀЀ 0 ЁЁ 00ٽ՞᥊ (4) ᚥิΰ୏ଃαፖ ᜢิΰॺ୏הࠡ ܑྤئଃαᣉ (5) ভΕ՞᥊ၲՑ ЁЁЁ 0 ЁЀЀЀЀЀЀЀЀЀ مԿ؄࿛অఎ։ ড়୮ᇩ௽ᐛอ 3330202220 00۔ ૠ ᄅড়୮ᇩ௽ᐛอ 22233433335544 ૠ

ڜΕؓإড়୮ᇩऱ௽រΔॾ᠆۫ׄΕ۔נ෼᧯ՑΕՂྫࣟ՞ݙ٤فΔॾ᠆ᥳנ઎אױൕτ। 6υ

ড়୮ᇩऱ௽ᐛΔശᆠΕິຟΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎ࣑Ε۔נՈࣔ᧩।෼ۂ᎛ᚊؒΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏ᣶

ᄅড়୮ᇩ࿇୶ऱ᝟ႨΖᚊতΕ٤তݙٻנբࣔ᧩।෼܀ড়୮ᇩΔ۔ᅗ८ΕᘋഏಁႼ᜔᧯Ղս᥆

હΕۂΕᘋഏۂᄅড়୮ᇩऱ௽រΔࡳতΕ༈⢦ΕՂྫᛜছՈࣔ᧩᥆ᄅড়୮ᇩྤጊΔতൈፚנ෼᧯٤

᎛ࣲ՞ڜড়୮ᇩऱ௽ᐛΔᚨ᥆ᄅড়୮ᇩΖ۔࣍ڍऱᄅড়୮ᇩऱ௽ᐛנ।෼ৄفՂྫषᄻΕኑຟΕ ࠡ܀౨࠹তຝᄅড়୮ᇩᐙ᥼αΔױԫរΰڍऱᄅড়୮ᇩ௽រ࿑נለ੡௽௘Δឈྥ।෼ ፖᨇতࡌᢰֱطড়୮ᇩለ੡ு֨ऱ௽ᐛΰ۔ψᖼՂػᦰᐋվլᦰອؓω֗ψᣉݠ։ᓳωԯਢ ড়୮ᇩለ੡ݔᅝΖ۔ലࠡီ੡ڼڂߠΔᇡߠ৵֮αΔױߢऱֺለ א (ΔፖᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001܉෻։چড়୮ᇩऱ۔ऱᄅΕנ፿ଃ௽ᐛ੡ࠉᖕ൓אݺଚ ࣍Κݺڇհ๠ٵ࿨ֺ࣠ለԫીΔ່Օऱլ܉ᇩऱ։چءऱড়ᤄᇩΕנ੡׌૞ࠉᖕ൓ڻᐋاฝ ᇩωαհچءড়୮ᇩΰਊΚᏥፁ㝿ࢬߢψড়ᤄᇩωΕψ۔࣍ᄅΕمᗑৄفലኑຟΕٵଚլᎁ ᄅড়୮ᇩΖ܂؆ऱ೚ऄΔۖലࠡီ

૊⥾ҙⵒ⦝ㅠదᯌ᱿ໞߌ઼֡⬊ .3

ຏයٌٙ֗א࣍೏՞Օ՟ऱॴሶطषᄎΔזײڇᔆՂࠐᎅਢԫጟषᄎ෼ွΔψءߢൕֱ ೴഑ऱԳ୉࢓ࠐؘྥ۞ٵ෼ᣤૹऱ֚߀Գጞࡉᖏ႖܎㈫Δլנ࣠լਢڕൄൣउՀإऱᆵ৵Δ ࢨੌ഑࿛۞ྥ೴഑چ଺ΕઇؓڇၴՂઌյሶᠦΖ़ۖڇऱԳᆢٵլګࡳֺለ࿕֟Δൕۖທ ᡹ࡳऱګ࢓ঁᄎດዬݮאڼࡺᑗᄐΔ९ڜࡎΔمߪڜԫֱֽՒհՂΔڇښࡐچփΔԳଚ฾ክ ࠐٵழཚΕլٵ؆ΔլڼߓΕ೴഑֮֏ࡉֱߢႃቸΖωΰ്ᠨᐜΕ๗ॣࣙ 2008:413αاගᆢ Ζڂऱૹ૞଺ګՈਢֱߢ஁ฆݮاᄭऱᖵ׾ฝ

745 ೺ο

ᅘȮ≘઼૊⥾᱿Ӡ̡⎞⬊֡᱿⎊ᤋ߸᫧૓ӡ᳈〦 3.1

Εᅗ८Εᄎৄف՞౧Δຑጿ࣍ኑຟΕڎΚࣟຝऱࣳچՂऱ૿ᗨਢ׋ສࡉ՞א ᨇত 80% ऱতᚢ՞౧ΔՕൌᚢፖ԰ຑ՞ದٗ࣍Օټፖ壂৬ऱ։੺ᒵΙতຝਢထ۫ۂ࣑Ε༈⢦࿛ᗼΔਢ ᢅᔺ՞౧ऱ壆ᐖ՞Δᒌᔓڶ੡ᐖࣟΙ۫ຝܛൌΕॾ᠆Ε٤তΕᚊতΕࡳত࿛ᗼΔՕൌᚢতຝ ࡉ׋ສհၴ։چ՞ڇࡉ׋ສΔچᨇতࠀॺ٤ਢ՞܀ՂྫΕശᆠΕতൈ࿛ᗼቼۖᔣ࣍ྋতΖڇ ࣾ຃ੌΔՒᣦॅ޴ΔՒᐋለদΔਢ׌૞ۂႨؓࡖΔچհփΔچઇٺΖچထնԼ༓ଡՕ՛ઇ܉ Δ֠ࠡᚊতΕࡳতࡉ٤ত༓׏٤ਢ՞܅קΕত೏܅ႨࠐᎅΔᨇতࡌ೏խچ᧯ऱልౙ೴Ζ༉ᖞ ࡉ׋ສΖ17چ ݮࡉੌ഑णउΔലᨇত։੡խΕ۫ΕতΕࣟ؄ຝ։چᨇতऱٽ႓ݳ᜗ (2006:17–19) ࿨ ೴Ι۫ຝؓ଺چऱڰΔਢၲ࿇່چઇڠᗨؓ଺——ᨇޱ૿ᗨ່Օऱڶΰߠτቹ 1υαΚխຝ ֺለ೏Օऱ՞᧯Δശᆠ֠੡ࣔ᧩Δڶ೴چڜٳ۫ۂࠡᔾྋতࡉ܀Δۿ૿ᗨࢬ׭ֺࠏࡉխຝઌ ՀཾऱՕൌࡉতൈΙࣟຝۂᅶ׋ສΔശᆠ৬ᗼழၴՈՕՕඡ࣍ີ܅༓ྤۖچຟਢ೏Օ՞ءഗ ऱ೴഑ΙڰՈਢၲ࿇ለۖڂΔچઇৄفࡉچኑຟઇ——چለՕઇڶ܀՞׋ສ੡׌Δ܅אឈՈ ೴ፖᐖࣟ൷ᣦऱ೴഑ΰᚊতΕ٤তΕࡳতΕء૿ᗨՕΔ՞᧯দૹΔچতຝؓ଺ֺࠏৰ՛Δ՞ ༈⢦αઌᅝඡ२թ৬ᗼΖ ၲ࿇ለඡڇ܉Κᄅড়୮ᇩႃխ։ٽܭءഗ܉ݮ։چՂאፖ܉෻։چড়୮ᇩऱ۔ᨇতᄅΕ ຝೈ؆αΕ۫ຝקऱխຝΰᘋഏڰၲ࿇ለڇ܉ড়୮ᇩႃխ։۔᎛ೈ؆αΔڜऱতຝΰॾ᠆Ε তຝ᥆࣍ؓ଺૿ᗨڇ᎛ڜೈ؆αΙॾ᠆ΕৄفΕՂྫ۫ຝೈ؆αΕࣟຝΰኑຟΕקΰശᆠ۫ ৬ڣ ᎛࣍ 788ڜΙڣ ࣍Օൌऱ 705ڰ৬ᗼΔڣ ΰॾ᠆࣍ 682ڰ೴Δ৬ᗼழၴՈለچለՕऱ ፖᆄڶΙᘋഏ۫ຝچհ܉ড়୮ᇩऱ։۔Ոਢچຍࠟאլ᎛αΔࢬװᗼΔፖՕൌ৬ᗼழၴઌ ຝࡉՂྫ۫ຝঞਢ壆ק੺ऱػႆ՞Δശᆠٌ۫ڜٳፖ௠ࡉΕڶຝקΕ௠ࡉٌ੺ऱ֚ྋ՞Δڜ ᧬ײڶࠐ༉אፖ壂৬ኑ֏հၴΔ఻ዧৄفΙኑຟΕچհ܉ᐖ՞Δຍࠄ೴഑ຟਢᄅড়୮ᇩऱ։ ᖵ׾چԵᨇऱૹ૞ሁஉΔຍࠟاழՈਢࣔ堚ழཚᎸΰᆕαฝٵতᔢऱૹ૞ຏሐΔاקሐΔਢ ᄅড়୮ᇩऱ௽រΖנ।෼ڍޓֱࠡߢڼڂΰᇡߠՀ֮αΔچऱ׌૞൷౏اልΕੌ۽ՂਢᎸ۫ ؄ࡌऱڇ܉೴Δᄅড়୮ᇩঞ׌૞։چऱؓ଺܅Ⴈለچڇ܉ড়୮ᇩ׌૞։۔ࠐ઎Δᨇতऱ᧯᜔ ᆜΔᎅᄅড়୮ᇩऱԳψ৵ۯ෻چᖕԱᚌႨ۾ড়୮ᇩऱԳψ٣Ե੡׌ω۔೴Ζᎅچࡉ׋ສچ՞ ෻යٙለ஁ऱ՞೴Ζچࠐ੡ড়ωঁ׽౨Ե۰

⊓૊⥾᱿ҙⵒదᯌ⎞⬊֡᱿೘⇦ᗺㄊʬሷ〦઼֡⬊ 3.2

ࢌΔ։ܑፖڠࢌΕᨇڜᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ஁ฆፖࣔ堚ழཚऱ۩ਙ৬ᆜᣂᜤለՕΚࣔॣ๻ত ࢌᏆতൈΕՕڜΚতٵαᏆᗼઌڠ੡ᨇޏڣ ց 1153۫ܛڣΰฯᘋԲԼԿڠ૨Εಇڜݚতק

෻ρ(1994:4–10)ΖچΚࡌદ܎πᨇতᆖᛎەႨऱ༴૪೶چݮΕچᣂ࣍ᨇত 17

746 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

෻։೴ΰ႓ݳ᜗ 2006:19αچτቹ 1υᨇতऱ

Ζࣔৄف᎛ΕڜࢌᏆᨇᗼΕິຟΕᘋഏΕᄎ࣑Εॾ᠆ΕኑຟΕᅗ८ΕᚊতΕڠൌΕՂྫΔᨇ ᏺ๻ۖاᆜᆕᎸੌڜஒՕ๵ᑓ೯႖հ৵੡ؓڇཛΔᎸᆕྉᨇᢰ੺࿋ᇶ੒೯᙮࿇Δࣔ׆ཛ࢓࢓ ᆜࡳতᗼΔᆄ (1569) ڣ๻ശᆠᗼΔၼᐜԿ (1517) ڣᐚԼԲإᏺ๻ԿᗼΚڼڂᄅऱᗼएΔᨇত ΔՈਢվᄅড়୮چᢰ੺՞೴ੌപ੒೯᙮᜗հڇ९ኑᗼΰվ༈⢦αΖຍԿᗼຟم (1576) ڣᖟ؄ Δ֒ኑຟᗼ੡ऴ(1754) ڣ।ऱࣟতԫၻೈ؆αΖ堚೓ၼԼ԰זᖩֽ᠜੡אΰശᆠچհ܉ᇩ։ ڣࡳতᗼ੡ࡳতᨚΙ٠ፃԲԼ԰ޏΔ(1773) ڣΕᅗ८ΕኑຟԿᗼΙ堚೓ၼԿԼԶৄفΔᝤڠជ ٤তᗼαΖ堚ཛᨇতऱ۩ਙ೴ቤ೶ߠτቹ 2υΖټޏᆜಇতᨚΰ৵چ࣫ᚊতΕॾ᠆ᗼ (1903) ড়୮ᇩऱ௽ᐛΔۖঅఎ۔ڶழՈࠠٵ܀ऱֱߢ෼վ᥆ᄅড়୮ᇩΔৄفࢬᝤኑຟΕڠኑຟײ ௽រΖ٤ত৬ᗼழၴ່ඡΔՈנ೴ֱߢऱડچהmΕ-nΕ- Ε-pΕ-tΕ-k ঞਢࠡ೴ܑ࣍ᨇতࠡ- ড়୮۔੡ᨇতڍΔڰழၴለمᑇ৬ڍࢌࢬᝤᗼए࿪ՕڠࢌΕᨇڜতײ೴Ζ܉ਢᄅড়୮ᇩऱ։ 堚ཛڇΕᅗ८ৄفࢌऱኑຟΕڠՕ᧢೯ΰᨇڍࠐ༓ྤאݚ۞چΖຍࠟࢌࢬᝤհچհ܉ᇩऱ։ Κভ᥊ԫԲ࿛ߠߓڕለൎऱԫીࢤΔڶড়୮ᇩփຝࠠ۔ڼڂೈ؆αΔڠ੡ऴជمᗑנழ๯࣫ ࿛Ζܑྤئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהՑԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ଃαፖࠡٽΔ՞᥊مঅ਍։ڗ

747 ೺ο

αޏτቹ 2υ堚ཛᨇতऱ۩ਙ೴ቤΰᖕᢟࠡ㠅 1982:52–53 ቹ

₪ᔕ׫Ẽᖁᆯ⬊઼֡૊⥾ҙⵒదᯌഐໞ᱿ሱ⸅⣬ߌ 3.3

Ζᣂ࣍ড়୮Եᔢైڂᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ஁ฆऱ່ૹ૞ګΔਢທاࠐᄭऱᖵ׾ฝڍΕڻᐋڍ Ζךᇖא࣠ղګԳઔߒהٽ࿨֮ءᢞΔەڶڍᨇতऱழၴΕࠐᄭΕሁᒵΔᏥፁ㝿Εᆄ॑ੴ ᔤּΰᏥፁ㝿 1995ΙᢅটʳৄفኑຟᘸּΕڕԵࡺΔזऱࡩּ࣍வ۔ؾছ࿇෼ᨇত່ ׾ڜΖ۞ାխᆺڍᔢԵᨇতᖞ᧯ሿཋΕԳᑇլاାছཚΔխ଺ዧ۟ڣأ᜕ᨠ۫வ܀2001αΖ ΰᢅট 2001αΖڍՕՕᏺاקհᎾΔᨇতΕᎸ۫൷౏ऱזհ႖ࡨΔ۟ն ழᨇڼΔ֪ՑՕฐΖף๻एᏺچ෼Աรԫଡᆖᛎ֮֏᜗ዊऱழཚΔࠟנݚΔᨇᎸᢰ೴ק ࣍࠹ᙉΕ୙Ε८ਙᦞॿطֱק๠࣍ᖵ׾Ղ່ᔕᅇऱழཚΔ౰ሎ࿇ሒΕ೸၉᜗ዊΖཚၴΔৄڠ լ֟ࡩּઌᤉԵᔢᨇᎸᢰ೴ΰᢅট 2001αΖ۟ݚ৛তᔢΔᨇতԾᆖመԱԫ੄ࡉؓ࿇ڶឫΔս ࠟݚ๠࣍᡹ࡳΕݶຒ࿇୶ཚΔᨇᗼΕິຟΕኑຟΕᘋഏΕতൈ࿛ᗼڇ୶ཚΖ᜔᧯ࠐ઎Δᨇত હནհڼڇ৬ᆜದࠐΔՕ᧯໺ࡳԱֲ৵ᨇতऱᗼ഑௑ݝΖޡᗼएՈດהᑵΔࠡګၲ࿇ዬ᝟ ໃʳڿΰࡌ஡ᦊΕሏاᨇতΕᎸ۫ᔢฝऱฝٻޡΕᨇխၞԫקᨇֱ֗ק࣍۞ګՀΔড়୮ᇩݮ բᆖၲࡨᎅড়୮ᇩΖاழཚऱᨇতࡺڼ22αΔ18ʳ–1986:21

ᚊ (1997:41–44)Ε๗ॣࣙ (1998)ΕᔥᖠဎΕ׆Փց (2003) ࿛ᖂृൕ፿ߢᖂߡ৫ΔᓵᢞԱࠟݚழཚਢড়୮ᇩڕޕ 18 ݚխקࡉԳՑ᧢֏Εዧ⓽ᠧ๠࿛ߡ৫ၞ۩൶ಘΔᎁ੡ড়୮ᇩ࣍ٻߨا८֛ (1995) ঞൕฝܦऱ່ૹ૞ழཚΖګݮ Ζګᨇতݮڇཚ

748 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ࣔॣԾᔡᒅ੽ΔԳՑᨏ྇ΔڇΖݚցհᎾऱᖏञ৵Δᨇতچ੡ݼցૹګցॣΔᨇতأݚ ኪહནհՀΔࣔॣس౶ᏛऱषᄎچຍጟՒထԳՑ࿕֟ΕՒڇᏛԳ࿕ऱᢰၾणኪΖچ٦৫෠࣍ ا׌૞ࠐ۞ᨇխΕ壂৬ࡉᐖࣟΔࠡխ壂৬ΕᐖࣟฝاΔຍࠄ؆ࠐฝاฝޅ౏ԱՕܮࠐᨇতא ࡉڤԵᔢᨇতऱመ࿓Ε।෼ݮاᤄ੡׌Ζ墌೛ᄅ (2000) ኙຍԿᤄฝקᎸ۫ᤄࡉᆕࣟΕᆕאԾ ࢨੌ༅Εബ๗۽Εࢵ۽ދא༉ၲࡨاၴΔᨇխᤄฝڣ֏ګڇڰ (ᢞΚ(1ە௽ᐛ೚Աᇡา܉։ Ղᓿݰ᜗ףؿએֲ墿ጹ്ΔԳՑᚘԺყՕΔچΕᨇխऱԳקၴΔᨇڣᔢᨇতΖቯ壃ੌڤऱֱ ڕऱልౙ೴Δڰၲ࿇ለڇ܉׌૞։ا౶ऱᨇতΖຍࠄฝچԳՑੌԵԳ࿕קૹΔլ֟ᨇխࢨᨇ ֭ۂ൅Δ֗তຝॾ᠆ऱࣾߣ൅Δ੷ृঞऎᨇچࡉࣾߣؓ଺چຝઇקᘋഏΕິຟΕᨇᗼ࿛խ ຝऱՂྫΕ۫ڇΔ׌૞ੌፋاᨇতऱᎸᆕฝזዶຘࠩতຝೣ᎛ऱᚊতᗼΖ(2) ࣔۂ௒——ੌ ࣟຝऱᅗ֗א᎛Εᄎ࣑ΕࡳতΕ९ኑΔڜতൈΕՕൌΕശᆠΔতຝࡉࣟতຝऱᚊতΕॾ᠆Ε Εত֗ࣟতຝ壆ᗼ੡ੌፋխ֨Ζࣔխᆺ۫ຝऱശᆠΕতຝ۫אΕኑຟ࿛ᗼΔࠡխԾৄف८Ε چٵᨇতլڇ೴ऱ࿨࣠ΖچᆵࡺຍࠄاਢᎸᆕੌإऱࡳতΕࣟতຝऱ९ኑ࿛Կᗼऱ෌৬Δ ا壂৬ੌאΕᅗ८Εᄎ࣑壆ᗼৄفጹᔣ壂৬ऱኑຟΕ——ٵ๵ᑓլጐઌ܉ऱ։ا೴ΔᎸᆕੌ ੡׌Ιॾ᠆Εᚊاᐖࣟੌא੡׌ΙጹຑᐖࣟऱՂྫΕശᆠ壆ᗼঞاᎸ۫ੌא੡׌ΔࠡխԾ ๵ᑓ܉ऱ։چᅝڇاլ᎛ΔᎸᆕੌװຟઌקᆜፖᎸ۫ΕᆕࣟΕᆕۯ෻چতΕࡳতΕ༈⢦壆ᗼ (Ζ׼ᖕᆄ॑ੴΕᏥፁ㝿 (1995ٽܭءઌ஁լՕΖ墌೛ᄅऱઔߒ࿨࣠ፖඦᖫഗ (1985) ऱ࿨ᓵഗ ᑇऱอૠ।ࣔΔতຝࡉࣟতຝऱᚊতΕࡳޘ৬اᗼᎸᆕᤄฝٺᨇতזݳኙࣔ堚ࠟټچ௅ᖕ ழཚऱ๵اՕฝז၌መ堚ءᑇഗޘࢬ৬اᎸᆕᤄฝז᎛Εᄎ࣑Ε९ኑΕॾ᠆࿛ᗼࣔڜতΕ Ζٽܭ೴ऱՕၦፋႃࡉ᙮᜗੒೯ՈઌچՂ૪ڇاᎸᆕੌזᑓΔຍፖ墌೛ᄅࢬ૪ࣔ ઌ֘ΔᎸᆕڼ᎛Ιፖޣ੡ಲᝩ଺ᤄ᜗ૹᓿݰ֗ਙࢌಳ஢Δ࢓࢓ඍ२اࣔ৵ཚࡨΔᨇխฝ ऱاᗼᎸᆕᤄੌٺᨇতזᨇতऱ੒೯থ။ൎΔ۟堚ছཚሒࠩቓฐΖඦᖫഗ (1985) ኙ堚ڇاੌ ੡ᎸᤄΔԳᑇլ֜اฝזऱ堚ৄفຝΖኑຟΕקᢞΚ(1) ࣟەࡉᑇၦ೚Աᇡา܉ᔢൔΕ։ ଚה՞೴ԳՑ堷ࡉΔچᅝڂ৵ڼሒࠩ೏୽ΔܛႉൈհழڇࠐΔࠡൔԵۖ۽׌ࢵض੡ᚨڍΔڍ ࣟত՞ڇႃխاΖᅗ८ऱᎸᆕੌڍᐖऑΔԳᑇฒ܉։اᗼੌٺխ۫ຝංၞΖ(2) խຝٻڍޓ ၴࡴֱࢵ൘ڣᑇՏԳΔႉएض૨ᤄ֢ڶԼ଍࣍ՒထΙᘋഏ堚ॣاᅗ८ᗼᎸᆕੌڣ೴ΔൈዺԼ ڇೈႃխاሒࠩ೏୽ΔᑇၦՕՕ၌መՒထΔຍࠄੌاၴᎸᆕᤄੌڣѧ೓ၼإԳΔ۟ሸڍ؄Տ ऱႃխࡺ۰ا൅ਢᎸᆕੌچ׋܅ۂΙᨇᗼΕতൈΕິຟԿᗼऎ܉։ڶ؆Δ٤ᗼ݁אጤ՞೴ק ΔິຟঞᎸᆕੌچࡺ۰اຝαΔতൈ׌૞੡ᆕࣟੌ៱פګᆜᎸԳΰᔤڜޅΔᨇᗼ൷౏ԱՕچ ΙՕاᨇխؓ଺ੌޅՕ܉ຝ׋ສঞ։קΔխچയႃ࣍ࣟຝ՞اઌ஁լՕ 19Ιॾ᠆ऱᎸᆕੌا ࣍ࣟጤऱᄅ܉։اΔᆕࣟੌ׳ؐ তႂΕࡨᘋ࿛ᗼΔ׭ᇠᗼ᜔ԳՑ 70%קࠐ۞ᆕڍاൌऱੌ ઌᅝᑇၦΙᄎ࣑ࠠ᧯ൣउլᇡΔൕઌᣂಖሉ઎ՈਢᎸᆕڶՈاΔࠐ۞তൈΕॾ᠆࿛ᔣᗼฝৄ Δൈዺᖏ႖ؓچದᆠ૨ऱ੒೯հاΖ(3) ۫ຝΖՂྫΕശᆠ۟堚ॣսਢᆕᤄੌچԳऱፋႃੌ ᛜছ࿛๠אΔ֠چٺ٤ᗼ܉։ا׌᧯ΖՂྫᆕᎸੌاԲᗼࡺګᇎᖑۖԵΔዌاஒ৵ΔᆕᎸੌ ՂՕ᧯᜔اയႃΖ(4) তຝ؄ᗼᎸᆕੌ܉՞೴։ה൅ለ֟؆Δࠡچ׋܅੡ႃխΙശᆠೈࣟຝ

ࠠ᧯ࠐᄭΔᖕᆄ॑ੴΕᏥፁ㝿 (1995)Δ࣍ຟᎸᤄΰ52%Δ׌૞ᄭ۞ኑ֏ΕՂࣜαΕاਐࣔິຟฝآ (ඦᖫഗ (1985 19 ΰ48%Δ׌૞ᄭ۞ᘋኑΕؓ᎛αઌ஁լՕΖاᆕᤄฝ

749 ೺ο

ਢاਢՒထऱնԼ଍ΙࡳতΔᐖࣟੌاऱ׌᧯ΖᚊতΔ堚ॣழੌاᇠ೴ࡺګՕ၌መՒထΔዌ ੡٤ᗼԳՑऱ 30%Ι९ኑᗼ੡ا࿑֟ΔൈዺॣᎸᆕੌا᎛ੌڜ՞೴ᕼཷऱ׌૞໎೯ԺΙچᇠ խזຒԱᨇত՞೴ऱၲ࿇Δ۟堚ףࠐ۞ᎸᆕΖՕ๵ᑓऱԳՑੌԵڍا৬Δࡺۖاᆜದᆠੌڜ ດዬ௣ೖΖا৵ཚΔ՞೴ԳՑբሒࠩઌᅝՕയ৫Δኙᨇত՞೴ऱՕ๵ᑓฝ ܉ࠡ։֗اࠐᄭऱฝٵլזਢᖵإᖵ׾Εࠐᄭऱ௉෻Δݺଚ࿇෼Δاຏመኙᨇতড়୮٣ קࠐൕխ଺ΕᨇאࠟݚأցࢤࡉᓤᠧࢤΚାڍߢΕषᄎ֮֏ऱ஁ฆࢤΕֱֱچ৵ࠐᨇতګআ ᖕԱයٙᚌ။ऱؓ଺Ε۾ଚ෷٣ࠩሒᨇতΔהऱ׌᧯Δاᨇত٣ګዌاࢨᨇխᔢฝۖࠐऱዧ ګଚԳՑՕฐΔהΖᆖመࠟݚઌኙࡉؓΕ᡹ࡳऱ࿇୶ΔזஒΕ᜗૜৵س塄ٖڼڇ൅Δچࣾߣ ᨇতࡺ۰ழၴ९ΔڇΔڰ࣍ࠩሒழၴطاקΖຍࠄতᔢګழݮڼᄅऱՒထΔড়୮ᇩ࣍چ੡ᅝ ᔢԵاᨇխฝڶࠐΔឈᤉᥛאড়୮ᇩωΖࣔॣ۔ࢬጠψ֮ءܛᇩΔچءԳΔᎅچءଚ۞ጠה چᚌႨڂՕΔޓ๵ᑓاᎸᆕੌ܀൅ΔچΕࣾߣچᘋഏΕິຟΕᨇᗼΕॾ᠆࿛ઇڇ܉ᨇতΔ։ ழᎸᆕڼԵᨇฐउ़ছΔاଚ׽౨Ե۰ࡌ໮՞೴Ζ۟堚ছཚΔᎸᆕੌהᖕΔ۾Գچ൅բ๯ᅝ ψᄅড়୮ܛଚ൅ࠐऱֱߢΰה൅Δچ੷ᐖΔೈԱᨇত؄ࡌ՞೴ΔՈੌᔢࠩᨇতխຝ܉։اੌ ড়୮۔ᨇতࡌᢰΔኙڇ܉ՕᓢᚰΖᄅড়୮ᇩ׌૞ႃխ։؎ګড়୮ᇩωݮ۔ऱψچᇩωαኙᅝ ॾ᠆ࣟຝऱՕᖯΕڕড়ᇩ೴Δ۔խຝऱڇઌᅝຝ։ᄅড়୮ᇩཋᆵڶՈ܀໮հႨΔץܧ᧯ᇩՕ ױΔլژᨇত९ཚ٥ڇড়୮ᇩ۔ԫ൅ऱමᗼΕնဎՑଃΔՂྫᛜছऱᘋኑՑଃ࿛ΖᄅΕضᄅ ড়୮ᇩΰ֠ࠡਢ൷२ᄅ۔ԱփຝֱߢऱᓤᠧणउΖ᜔᧯ࠐ઎Δףᏺޡᄎઌյᐙ᥼Δၞԫ܍ᝩ

ΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎۂΕശᆠᖩֽΕՊຟಥؓإΚॾ᠆۫ׄΕڕ೴α࠹ᄅড়୮ᇩऱᐙ᥼ለՕΔچড়୮ᇩऱ

Ցԫ࿛ᚥิٽΔ՞᥊ੌٽ᎛ࣲ՞ভ᥊ԫԲ࿛վᦰڜվᦰອؓΙڗᖼՂײچڍΕᅗ८ᖻိ࿛ڠ࣑຾ Ι࿛࿛Ζܑڶئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהΰ୏ଃαፖࠡ

ⴗᅞ⤵᱿〦͸ش⎞⥾૊઼֡⬊ .4

ᇩΕᆕࣟࡉᎸ۫ऱড়୮ᇩΔچءխՂཾऱۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟקᆕڶᨇতࡌᢰऱዧ፿ֱߢ׌૞ ᔣऱᨇ፿ΔՀ૿։ܑಘᓵΖקᨇত֗א

ⴗ઼૊⥾᱿〦͸ش⎞⥾૊઼֡⬊ 4.1

ᇩΖچءխՂཾऱۂऱড়୮ᇩࡉࣟקؘ૞٣տฯԫՀᆕڶຍᇙ ࡨᘋΕౖᄭΕᄅ᠆࿛ొড়۰ڕࠐৰࣔᒔऱΔٻࠟᣊড়୮ᇩΔԫጟਢߓ᥆ូ੔ڇژקᆕ ऱড়୮ᇩΰ๗ॣࣙʳشࠌاՂࡺאᑇתڶΕ૎ᐚΕ堚ᄅ࿛ᗼΰؑαۂڴᑗ࣑ΕࠂᄭΕ֗אᗼΔ ΰ๗ॣا৵۞Ꮈ۫Εᆕࣟۖࠐऱฝאড়୮რᢝΔࠡలՂ׌૞ਢࣔڶ2004:11αΖຍຝ։Գཏሙ ػᦰᐋվᦰອؓΔ๗ॣࣙڗᖼՂڻ٤ᖼΕײࣙ 1999aαΖຍᣊড়୮ᇩԫીࢤऱ௽រਢ তႂᇩ੡א।ऱড়୮ᇩԫࠓጠ੡ψᄅড়୮ᇩωΖ׼ԫጟਢזමᗼ੡אΰ2008[2012]αലհፖ ऱֱߢΔ،ଚຟམ๯ᎁچᝤڠ।ऱ៱Ꮔזᇩω੡ৄءᏄᣂψאऱֱߢΔࡉچᝤڠ।ऱ៱ႂז ՒᇩωΖ๗ॣڠቹႃρ(1990:B13) ጠհ੡ψᏄچࣔऱֱߢՒ፿Δπխഏ፿ߢآ੡ਢូ᥆

750 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ቤױଡؑᗼ೴ऱՒᇩ 10 קᆕڇ܉աऱᓳ਷Δᎁ੡։۞ٽ࣠Δ࿨ګࣙ (2004) ௅ᖕছԳऱઔߒ ড়୮ᇩࢤᔆΔڶΔࣔ᧩ࠠچ࿛ۂਔতႂؑ֗ո֏९ץׂڠΙႂׂڠࡉຑׂڠʳΕᏄׂڠ։੡ႂ ޘՕຝ֗ຑতጄග۞एᗼଡܑؑڠຝΕຑקਔᑗ࣑ؑץΰׂڠࡉຑׂڠԵড়୮ᇩΙᏄូױ ࠐᆕאຝֱߢ੡׌૞ࠐᄭΔດዬᘜԵԱࣔΕ堚קխΕ۫ۂࠐאࠟݚאᆵαᣂএֺለയ֊Δਢ ীֱߢΖိ᎛ႂ (2007) ੡πᄅٽऱ෗ګ։ࡉ௽រۖݮګতࡴᇩऱԫࠄ۫֗אড়୮ᇩΕᆕ፿ק ڠრ๗ॣࣙ (2004) ऱრߠΔലႂٵᎅࣔΔڗऱ֮܂ቹႃρψؓᇩࡉՒᇩωቹࢬچᒳխഏ፿ߢ ᇩωհچء഑ऱψੌۂՒᇩፖׂࣟڠֺለᏄڇՒᇩቤូড়୮ᇩΖ๗ॣࣙΰ2008[2012]αׂ រਢٵՒᇩቤូ੡ড়୮ᇩΖ،ଚऱ٥ׂڠᏄނٻՈႜڼڂᜤᢀΔڇਬጟփڇژ৵Δ࿇෼Բृ ᇩԫࠓጠ੡چءխՂཾऱۂᖼՂऱػᦰᐋվլᦰອؓΔ๗ॣࣙΰ2008[2012]αലհፖࣟײ ড়୮ᇩωΖ۔ψ णኪΚԫጟਢ๯ֆᎁऱড়୮ᇩΔፖᘋම܉ᙑ։ٌܧࠟጟড়୮ᇩΔԲृڇژխՂཾՈۂࣟ ੌۂ।ऱࣟזᇩ੡ڠ༡אᇩωΖچءԳω۞ࡺृᎅऱψچءψא՛ฆΙԫጟਢٵীড়୮ᇩՕ ωড়୮ᇩΖׂڠቹႃρ(1990:B13) խऱψᆕխׂωࡉψ༡چਔπխഏ፿ߢץᇩωΔچء഑ψ ലհូ੡ড়୮ᇩΖঀ՛૎ (2008) ᇡาֺٵᑇᖂृᢥڍ܀ञᤜΔڇژߓ᥆ംᠲՂՈམڇᇩڠ༡ ഑ऱੌۂᚨലࣟנ׾Δࣔᒔਐاฝٽᇩωፖড়୮ᇩΕᆕ፿Εᨇ፿հ৵Δ࿨چء഑ψੌۂለࣟ խՂཾՒ፿ᆢီ੡ᆕ፿༡ࣾߓऱᨠរΖ๗ॣࣙۂᇩቤូড়୮ᇩΔ֘ኙᏥ࠸ᄅ (2007) ലࣟچء ۂ।ऱࣟזᇩ੡ڠ༡אᚨലנ༼աऱᨠኘΔࣔᒔ۞ٽ࣠ࠀ࿨ګছԳઔߒٽΰ2008[2012]αጵ ΖٽᣊΔፖঀ՛૎ (2008) ऱᨠរլᘩۖڻᇩωီ੡ড়୮ᇩऱԫଡچء഑ψੌ հ৵ΔԾاᨇতΕᎸ۫ᔢฝऱฝٻޡΕᨇխၞԫקᨇֱ֗ק࣍۞ګড়୮ᇩ࣍ࠟݚழཚݮ ΕࡳতۂΔࢨႉ௒קՂΔࢨႉີֽࠩՕൌۖ৵။ՕൌᚢᐾᔢࠩᆕۖۂᄩاᙟᤉᥛতՀऱฝ ড়୮ᇩچ৵ΔᨇΕᎸΕᆕԿڼࠩᎸ۫৵Ծᝥ᠏ᔢࠩᆕࣟΖৄفԵᆕխΔࢨᆖኑຟΕۂΕֽࣟ ऱᖵ׾࿇୶ழཚΔ׼ԫֱ૿ᨇᎸٵᄭᙰΕᆖᖵመઌٵ٥ڶԫֱ૿،ଚ܀࿇୶Δ۞ٺچฆڇឈ ፿ଃڇৰൎऱԫીࢤΔ।෼ڶᨇΕᎸΕᆕড়୮ᇩփຝսࠠڼڂឰመᜤᢀΔآᆕᢰ೴ᖵ׾Ղൕ վᦰئᦰಬ௛堚ଃΙ(2) ࣽࠐڍ٤ຝ堚֏ΔນႾଃΕႾᚴଃլᓵؓրئ٤ᖼᜢײ (Κ(1ڕՂऱ ᖼڻຝ։ڶΕԵຟװΙ(5) ؓΕՂΕمΙ(4) ֠Εঀ։مլ෗Ι(3) ᢕΕ՞᥊ԫΕԲ࿛অ਍։ڍ ΕקΙ࿛࿛Ζᆕٻֱ᧢ऱዝٵլڶਊᅃ֮ػᦰۖڗᖼՂڻ٤ᖼΕ (ߨΙ(6ڗئᙟ堚ᜢڗئᜢ Գωࠟݚழऴ൷ൕᨇতۖࠐΔچءઌᅝԫຝ։ψڶ഑ੌۂᜤᢀΔࣟڶڍᖵ׾ՂڇᎸ۫ፖᨇত ೈՂ૪ԫڼڂࣔխཚ੡່αൕᎸ۫ᝥ᠏։ᔢۖ۟Δאցࣔΰ۟أਢݚڍঞاᆕࣟऱড়୮٣ۖ հ๠ΔᎸۿઌڶڍড়୮ᇩս۔ᇩፖᨇতऱچء഑ऱੌۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔ऱקીࢤ௽ᐛհ؆Δᆕ ੷᎛ΖՀ૿։װড়୮ᇩঞઌ۔រΔᆕࣟড়୮ᇩፖᨇতۿຝ։ઌڶড়୮ᇩՈ۔ড়୮ᇩፖᨇত۫ Ꮈ۫Εᆕࣟড়୮ᇩፖᨇ֗אড়୮ᇩऱᣂএΔ۔ᇩፖᨇতچء഑ੌۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔קಘᓵᆕܑ তᄅড়୮ᇩऱᣂএʳ20Ζ

20 றΚ໑ᢅᢅၺΕᄭৄΕຑؓၼဩΕࡉؓࣥን࠷۞ঀ՛૎ʳޗᇩऱ፿ଃچء๗ॣࣙ (2004)Ζᆕխشறආޗড়ऱ፿ଃ۔קᆕ

Δຫිᛩᓳ਷Ε๗ॣࣙுኙαΔᚊ՟೶઎๗ॣࣙ (2012)Ζᆕࣟড়ᇩऱ፿ଃעآຫිᛩ༼ࠎΰط೴ؑڠΔ༡(2008)

αΔ᠆ႉྏܾעآ๗ॣࣙ༼ࠎΰطნρ(2008)Δᘋኑ೶઎ᢅટؓ (2011)ΔնဎֽንڗՕπዧ፿ֱଃקشறΚමᗼආޗ

ᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ (1992)Δຑৄ࠷۞ႈڕޕشߐᒦආڜΕኑ֏ΕဵثறΚ९ޗαΖᎸ۫ড়ᇩऱ፿ଃעآ႓໻໻༼ࠎΰط

ᒧڂαΖעآᣤଥព༼ࠎΰط׌ا՛ဎᓳ਷Ε๗ॣࣙுኙαΔࣳؓޕΔעآ՛ဎ༼ࠎΰޕطࡳྋܾة1997)Δ) ኄ٧ Ζנլղ٨݁ڗՀ፿ଃֺለխࠏא༏ૻࠫΔ

751 ೺ο

⁞ռ≘઼૊⥾Ȯቺᖶᙟࡍ቏߸⥾⎞⬊֡≘઼૊⥾᱿〦͸ 4.1.1

4.1.1.1 ⦝ㅠʀ᱿᳈̙ඖ

ᖼՂػᦰᐋլᦰອؓچڍ (Κ(1ڕհ๠ٵড়୮ᇩऱઌ۔ፖᨇতׂڠড়୮ᇩխऱႂ۔קᆕ ᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΙ(3) ভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ڇژ (ࢨᄕ֟ᑇᦰອؓΙ(2 Δ࿛࿛Ζੌٽ ڍ (՛ጠ᧢ᓳΙ(3ڇژ (Κ(1) ᖼՂػᦰᐋլᦰອؓΙ(2ڶរٵড়୮ᇩऱ٥۔ፖᨇতׂڠᏄ ࿛࿛ΖੌٽΙ(4) ভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛مঅ਍։ڗᑇរভ᥊ԫԲ࿛ߠߓ ᑇլᦰອؓΙ(2) ভ᥊ԫڍΚ(1) ᖼՂػᦰᐋڶរٵড়୮ᇩऱ٥۔ᇩፖᨇতچء഑ੌۂࣟ ܑྤئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהՑԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ଃαፖࠡٽΙ(3) ՞᥊مঅ਍։ڗԲ࿛ߠߓ ࿛࿛Ζ

↙⊓ᔕ׫ 4.1.1.2

ଥᗰԱຏ࢓ᚢতऱ᧬ሐΖঁז఻ڇڰऱ૞ႾΔקհၴऱՕൌᚢਢᄮຏնᚢতקᨇতࡉᆕ তۖקዃຏྤॴΖ۞ޓऱٌຏקࠐΔᚢতᚢאၲᨼՕൌᚢሁڱ԰᤿്࡚ (716) ڣାၲց؄۞ ٺຏ࢓ᨇতۂ௒ੌ֭ۂಥ֗ۂΕಥۂհ৵ΔԾऎࠡ׌૞֭ੌີڠՂᄩࠩᨇۂΔऎᨇاऱฝ ሒতႂΔᓤऎ⒰ֽױ༓Լߺሁঁ۩ত۩հԳΔ۟Օൌ࿆ຬ৵៬။ՕൌᚢΔ٦ۂΖࠡխऎີچ তᔢऱԫଡૹ૞ሁاקՕൌᚢሁਢڼڂΰᏥፁ㝿 1998αΖڠऴሒᐖױႉੌۖՀঁۂקଊํ۟ چ੡ᅝګΔఎՀࠐऱঁاקऱקᓵᢞΖຍࠄতᔢ۟ᆕڶٍڼΕ๗ॣࣙ (1995:2) ኙ॑مஉΔࣥ ੡ᐖࢌԳΖګԿߡ੊ऱঁۂᄅऱՒထΔᤉᥛতᔢ۟ఇ հঁΔፖᨇতऱᜤܓچፖᨇত༉࢓ࠐ᙮᜗Δ֠ࠡਢতႂԫ൅ଈ٣൓קࠐᆕאߠ۞ାݚױ তᔢԵᆕऱխ᠏اקᢀԫऴॺൄയ֊Ζতႂऱఇᗓ৥լႛਢՕൌᚢሁՂऱ೸ᄐૹ᠜ΔՈਢ ஒΰᏥፁ㝿 1998αΖ׼Δࠟس塄ٖڼڇ៬။Օൌᚢհ৵Δຟམڇاխ଺তᔢऱฝ۞ڍΔ๺ీ ੺Օק෻Ղ઎Δতႂԫ൅چऱֽሁΖൕۂࠩতႂ⒰ۂԫයൕॾ᠆௒ڶհၴऱᄮຏ૞ሐᝫچ ԫׂΖګຍᇙຑڇൌΔࣟᜯॾ᠆Δࣟত൷ᚊতΔড়୮ᇩ ᆖྋতऎױࠐΔᝫۖۂೈԱ။Օൌᚢႉ⒰اࠐհקᒴᣂএለ᎛Δچড়ፖᨇতऱ۔ׂڠᏄ խΕ۫ۂՂࠐ۞ءഗاऱฝڠࠐΔԵᔢᏄאᢞΔࠟݚە (Ζᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004:322–323۟ۖۂࣳ ઌڍ壆ڇژড়୮ᇩս۔ড়୮ᇩፖᨇত۔ׂڠΔᏄڼڕতຝऱΖᕣጥ۫ۂຝΔৰ֟࿇෼ࠐ۞ק ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖ๗ॣࣙʳڇژཏሙ֗אऱ।෼༉ਢᖼՂػᦰᐋԫ৳լᦰອؓΔנհ๠Δ່ડۿ ᨇ፿ऱ፿ଃΕဲۿᣊהࠡٽऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖᨇ፿ऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ೚ԱֺለΔࠀ࿨ק1999b) མലᆕ) ։໊ऱᜤᢀΖݺױထլڶড়୮ᇩαፖᨇ፿۔վܛՒᇩΰਊΚקΔᓵᢞᆕاᖵ׾ฝ֗אნ௽រ ΔᨇতاΕᨇխऱฝקࠐᨇאࠟݚأড়ऱ׌᧯ਢା۔ॾऱΔᜤᢀࠩᨇতױଚᎁ੡ຍଡᨠរਢ ԫᄭΰߠ৵֮αΖנٵऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳᚨᇠקऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖᆕ

752 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

Δ٦༛ۂ։֭௒ۂၞԵಥױতঁۖۂ৵Δૉऎ֭ࠡੌಥאڠՂࠩሒᨇۖۂᄩᨇاקতᔢ ၞԵᐖױᚊ՟੡խ᠏ీΔ٦তՀঁאऴሒᚊ՟ΔױۂࡳতֽႉੌऴՀᆖࣟطԵࡳতֽΔۂ௒ ାڇωլႛႛਢᄮຏᨇতࡉᆕխऱֽሁΔۂШࡳতֽШࣟۂШ௒ۂШಥۂψᨇאΖࢬچࣟᆮ ՂףߓऱٌຏՕ೯౧ΖࠟݚழཚᨇতԳՑᘉ࿾ΔֽۂߓΕఇֽۂਢᄮຏ९ޓݚցࣔ堚ழཚΔ তΔۖۂࣟᔢ۟壂৬ΕᆕࣟΔࢨᄩ۫ۂࢨൕا८ԳࡉցԳઌᤉতॿΔՕၦ߀أΕতݚأݚק ऴګΕ๵ᑓՕΕ਍ᥛழၴ९ΔኙᚢতषᄎᆖᛎທڍԳᑇاฝڻΖຍࠟקࢨ٦။Օൌᚢ۟ᆕ ऱૹ૞ழཚΰঀ՛૎ 2008:193αΖվԳګᇩݮچءխՂཾۂࠟݚਢࣟڼڂ൷Ε෡᎛ऱᐙ᥼Δ ᔢԵ 35 ࡩΔזอૠΚݚޘኙᔢԵൣउऱᓳ਷อૠΔՈৰ౨ᎅࣔംᠲΖᖕᚊ՟ᗼ 129 ଡ۞ྥ ೈऴ൷ൕᨇا഑٣ੌۂᔢԵ 12 ࡩΰ۶壂෌ 1996αΖࣟזᔢԵ 32 ࡩΔ堚זᔢԵ 3 ࡩΔࣔזց ۂழཚᔢ۟তႂࡳࡺαࢨ࠷ሐতႂᆖψ⒰ڰޓڇൕতႂΰأຝ։࣍তݚڶতᆖֽሁۖࠐΔᝫ ց܎ല۟ΔڂࡺতႂΔڍاࢌݳρሉΚψ៱ঋ༡ڠωۖ۟Ζ٠ፃπ༡ۂШఇԿߡШࣟۂקШ Δఇᗓق᧩றޗᢜᅎڶᝩ܎Δਚࡺ༡Δྫ༛ࠡঋΖω21 լመᖕ෼ֲڻխցᆏቃԼ؄ֲ៺లΔ Ζࠟݚழཚড়ڍ഑ऱԳᚨᇠլੌۂᗼؑΔ࠷ሐতႂᝥ᠏ᔢࠐࣟٺᑇၞԵఇԿߡڍ࿪Օا৥ฝ ᇩຟᇿچء഑ऱੌۂᝥ᠏ᔢࠐΔࣟקΔլጥਢऴ൷ൕᨇতᔢࠐΔᝫਢᆖᆕګᨇতݮڇ୮ᇩբ ੡ࠅֆΔଅ׀ࢌݳρጠࡉؓᗼΰᚊ՟२ᔣαψᘯڠऴ൷ऱᜤᢀΖ٠ፃπ༡ڶড়୮ᇩ۔ᨇতऱ ড়୮ᇩ۔ᇩፖᨇতچءխՂཾۂࢤΔঁਢࣟۿ२Δ፿ᣊ࿑ᨇω22Ζ፿ଃ௽ᐛՂऱઌڠ௛ፖᨇ ᢞΖٱጹയऱᖵ׾ᜤᢀऱڇژ

Ȯ⁞ቺ઼૊⥾⎞⬊֡ᅘ઼૊⥾᱿〦͸⣫、 4.1.2

រٵΔ٥ۿᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩፖᎸ۫Εᆕࣟড়୮ᇩለ੡ԫીΔ֠ࠡፖᆕࣟড়୮ᇩᄕ੡ઌ Ցԫ࿛ٽΰᎸ۫ೈ؆αΙ(3) ՞᥊ੌٽءᑇվᦰອؓΙ(2) ভ᥊ԫԲ࿛ഗڍΚ(1) ᖼՂػᦰᐋڕ Ι(4) ভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛অ਍ܑڶئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהᚥิΰ୏ଃαፖࠡ ෡ᐋऱᖵ׾ᜤᢀΖچࢤᄭ࣍ᨇতΕᎸ۫ΕᆕࣟԿۿΙ࿛࿛Ζຍࠄ፿ଃ௽រՂऱઌم։ أΖ۞ାۯچመ࿓խΔᎸ۫ࡉᨇতԫᑌ๠࣍ॺൄૹ૞ऱګড়୮ᇩऱݮڇছ֮բ༼֗Δ (ၴ (1195–1200ڣΖࠟݚᎸ۫ԳՑᖿᏺΕᆖᛎ᜗ዊΔ۟ݚᐜցاקದΔᎸ۫༉ၲࡨ൷౏Օၦ Εኑ֏ΕՂࣜΕࣳؓΕ堚ੌΕຑৄքᗼૠثࢬᝤ९ڠث೏୽Δᅝழڻ෼ԱรԫנΔᎸ۫ԳՑ ᗼ٥ 6 ڠثၴ (1253–1258)ΔڣΔԭ 453230Δψီց᠆Ծᑇ଍ωΙ૲ցᣪయ֪ 218570 ڶ 2000:29αΖ෼վᎸ۫ගࡩՕຝ։ຟ࣍ݚցழཚᔢ سΔૠ 543890 ԭΰ᝻ᐚ๡Εᤕᤪ֪ 223432 זݚڇڶᔢൔၞ۩อૠ։࣫Δ࿇෼ 66 ࡩຟڻ ԵΔ२Գ௅ᖕගᢜኙᎸ۫ড়୮ 78 ጟࡩּऱ 156 ࣍ࠟݚհᎾࠐ઎ΔᎸ۫ᚨᇠՈਢড়ګড়୮ᇩݮطԵᎸऱ֭੔ΰࣥഏؓΕ५ࡱጤ 2005:43αΖ ᄩᐿࣾۖՂΔ۟ᜯ՟ΕতৄΕত᠆Εᐖ࣑ΔקԵᔢᎸ۫ΔԫሁൕᨇاհԫΖฝچس୮ᇩऱข

ࢌݳΘᠧݳΘଅঋρ࠴؄Լն (2009:842)ΖڠρΔπ༡ګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 21 ࢌݳΘᠧݳΘଅঋρ࠴؄Լն (2009:843)ΖڠρΔπ༡ګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 22

753 ೺ο

՞ࣟᣞতڎដᚢΔऎࣳט။ٻֱۂ᠏ኑ֏Ιԫሁൕ௨ৄفᐖ࣑உ࢓ኑ֏Δࢨ٦ࠩኑຟΕطࢨ 1995:90–94)Δൕড়ᤄගᢜࠐ઎Δ) ೴ΰᏥፁ㝿 1998Ιᢅট 2001αΖᖕ᝔ૹ٠چՀΔၞԵᎸ۫ ᕻαਢʳʳ۞ᨇԵفਢঁޘࡉኑ֏հၴऱీᚢስΰᚢՀհৄفᨇԵᎸΖطڍاࠐᎸ۫٣אାݚ۞ Ꮈڍ՞ᣞΔ۞ྥᛩቼᚌ။Δ๺ڎ๠ೣᏛऱࣳچΕኑ֏ԫ൅ৄفኑຟΕڂᎸֺለૹ૞ऱຏሐΔ ԵᨇऱૹੌڃاΕኑ֏հၴऱስՑԾਢᎸ۫ฝৄف৵Δאᖞࡺ۰Ζࣔխཚٖڼڇຟམا٣۫ 1995:92αΔ ਣརΰ᝔ૹ٠־հၴऱ௒ᄭརΔᄎ࣑ፖࣳؓհၴऱث؆Δᅗ८ፖ९ڼ૞ຜஉΖ հঁΖܓچᎅਢ൓אױऱയ֊ᜤᢀچՈਢᄮຏᨇতΕᎸ۫ऱ૞ሐΔࠟ ݚᆕࣟק८֛ (1995)ΔܦធࣔኙֺΔࠟݚழཚᆕࣟԳՑለ੡࿕֟ΖᖕګፖᨇতΕᎸ۫ݮ Գحᆜ၈ࡴࡉੌ࣋ڜᝫਢڠԳՑ࿕֟ΔᆖᛎΕ֮֏Εٌຏֺለᆵ৵Δ༛ΰਊΚᚊ՟αΕමԲ ׌ 1210Δড় 367Δۖπց֪ڠಖρሉමڙՑΚψπ֜ؓᖃ֪ڠݳρሉමڠΖ٠ፃπቯᚨچհ Δۖড়֪ቅᏺᑇ଍Δۖለڣۍ׌ 5624Δড় 6548Δঞਢݚॣ۟ց᠆լ֪֗ڠ԰഑ݳρሉම᠆ ऴ൷۫ۂطڍΔڍৰاࠩতݚᔢԵᆕࣟऱฝأݚקߠױ ԼհԫΕԲߎΖω23נհ࣍׌Δ׊௬ ԫ֚ωΰᢅଉࣥʳۿڍতᔢൔऱΔࡨԫ֚ٻا৵Δড়אΖψতݚچٺᔢԵࢨᆖኑ֏᠏ᔢᆕࣟ ڠᘋමΕᑪٻΔڣأতݚڇতݚ৵ཚՕ๵ᑓ࢓ᆕࣟᔢฝΔ֠ࠡڇՕࡲගڍ1989:22αΖᎸ۫๺ 2000:51αΖψຍጟᔢൔሎ೯Δऴ۟ࣔཛխᆺΔࡨ࿑ٖᄢω سԫ൅ᔢฝ੡່ΰ᝻ᐚ๡Εᤕ᝻ ሒࠩ೏୽ΔψੌฝᙑᠧΔ።ড়֪ყฐω24ΖاၴΔᔢԵᆕࣟऱฝڣ֏ګΰᢅଉࣥ 1989:22αΖࣔ ݳρࢬᐷπড়୮ࡩּᄭੌρΰรԫֱچؑڠᎸ۫ऱᆖᖵΖπමڇڶڍاൕගᢜࠐ઎Δᆕࣟ٣ 2000:51αΖ سΰ᝻ᐚ๡Εᤕ᝻ڠثଚՂలࠐ۞הගᢜխ਷ࠩڇױࡩ 26 ڶᙕऱ 34 ࡩխΔگႃα Εᆕ۫ԯ۟קαΔຝ։؆ᔢ۟ᆕխΕᆕקᨇতΰᨇխΕᨇ۟ੌڃၲࡨຝ։ا৵Δᆕࣟฝڼ ऎ௧ԫᒵ੷۟௧؆Ζ֗אெΕႆΕᚉΕ՟Δ ᆖኑاհ৵ΔᙟฝګᨇতΕᎸ۫ݮڇऱᖵ׾ΕሁᒵԫીΔড়୮ᇩ࣍ࠟݚழཚاፖՂ૪ฝ ࣍ࣔ堚հا൅۟ᆕࣟΔ৵ԾᙟᎸ۫ΕᆕࣟฝاᎸ۫ฝطցࣔழཚ۟أݚڇԵᎸ۫ΔৄفຟΕ ऱᖵ׾ۿઌڼڕαΔຍ༉ਢվᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩፖᆕࣟΕᎸ۫ড়୮ᇩקᨇতΰᨇխΕᨇ۟ੌڃᎾ ሁᒵጠ੡ψ۫ᒵωΔലψᐿࣾШᨇࣟ᧬ሐωاШՕൌᚢωऱฝۂΖᏥፁ㝿 (1998) ലψᨇڂ଺ ሁᒵጠ੡ψࣟᒵωΔኔᎾՂຍՈਢড়୮ᇩᐾᔢऱψ۫ᒵωࡉψࣟᒵωΖլመݺଚല۫اऱฝ ᨇতխຝШᆕܛΔۂШࡳতֽШࣟۂШ௒ۂШಥۂШՕൌᚢሁΔࢨᨇۂШີۂ੡Κᨇإᒵଥ ШᎸ۫ШᆕࣟΖψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩࡉৄفኑຟΕܛ੡ΚᐿࣾШ׭ᚢስΔإᆕխΙലࣟᒵଥ˂ק ڇژհॣ༉բᆖګᨇতΕᎸ۫ݮڇࣔ᧩ऱՑଃ஁ฆΔຍࢨ๺ᎅࣔড়୮ᇩڇژψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩ Ꮈ۫ΕᨇতհၴᚨᇠڇՕ᧯ࡳীऱড়୮ᇩαזࢬߢψΰݚ (1997:41) سᚊ٣ڕޕ஁ܑΔۖॺ ᇩچءխՂཾۂড়୮ᇩࢨࣟ۔קড়୮ᇩፖᆕ۔ঞৰᣄᇞᤩ੡۶ᨇতܡࣔ᧩ऱ஁ฆωΔڶᝫ޲ ࡉᎸ۫Εᆕࣟऱড়୮ᇩΔࠡխ່Օऱ։ࣴ༉ਢᖼՂৄفऱԫࠄ፿ଃ௽ᐛথլߠ࣍ኑຟΕڶ٥

ݳΘֱߢρ࠴Ԯ (2009:122)ΖڠρΔπቯᚨګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 23 ࢌݳΘ៖ঋρ࠴Զ (2009:125)ΖڠρΔπ༡ګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 24

754 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ኘড়୮ەڇהऱ।૪Δۿᣊڶڰ (2009:207–208) Δႈኄ٧ڼ੡ອؓ 25Ζኙܡػᦰᐋऱվᦰਢ Δ܉९൅ण։ܧতۖקΚψࣾᄭΕՕൌীֱߢ۞נհ৵ਐ܉෻։چऱվᦰᣊীࡉڗᖼՂײᇩ ߠΖωױᜐΔড়୮ԫ֭ᆖՕൌᚢൕᨇতၞԵᐖࣟऱᔢൔᖵ׾ࣔཐڕΔլ࿪ڠൕՕൌऴࠩ༡ ݺଚڼཚড়୮ᇩ᜗૜։֭ऱ࿨࣠Ζωᖕڰរऱچ໢ԫط೴഑ᐖខऱড়୮ᇩլᄎਢ܉ψվֲ։ ऱֱৄفড়୮ᇩऱ஁ܑኔᎾՂ༉ਢࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩऱ஁ܑΖ֠ࠡਢኑຟΕ۔ᎅΔᄅΕאױ ড়୮ᇩऱ௽ᐛΔۖ׊ᖵ۔լ֟נழՈ।෼ٵ܀੡൷२Δޓ፿ଃ௽ᐛՂᇿᄅড়୮ᇩڇߢΔឈྥ ࠃኔΖٽฤޓऱড়୮ᇩچψࣟᒵড়୮ᇩωࠐጠࡅຍࠟشڼڂΔڰՈለڻᐋاऱࡺچ׾Ղຍࠟ

૊⥾⎞׺⚠ɺ᳎᱿⬊⦝᱿〦͸઼֡⬊ 4.2

ᑇΔڍऱࡺمբՆऱംᠲΖឈྥ׌്ড়Εᨇ։ڇژᖂ๬੺ਢԫଡڇംᠲٽড়ᨇֱߢऱ։ ऱ፿ଃ௽ᐛ౨ജലড়Εᨇֱߢࣔᒔ೴։ၲࠐ 26ΖԲृऱהԫයኙփԫીΕኙ؆ඈڶվ޲۟܀ ቅՀࠐΔࠡխԫຝ։৵ࠐᤉᥛতᔢ۟ᨇڜຝΕխຝ৵ດዬק۫ۂতᔢࠩاקᖵ׾ᜤᢀֱ૿Δ ΔψൕගߓڼڂΖا੡ᨇ፿ʳʳ೴ऱ٣ګΕᨇխऱঞקᨇڇΔۖఎا੡ড়୮٣ګতԯ۟ᎸΕᆕΔ ױထԫጟᘣയऱۨᒴᣂএΔൕຍଡრᆠՂՈڇژհၴ࢓࢓اऱ։֏ࠐ઎Δড়Εᨇֱߢ೴ऱࡺ ऱ৵ᇔΖωΰᏥፁ㝿 2001:19αᣂ࣍اԫ٣ٵଚਢהࡲऱΔٵᎅΔড়୮ԳࡉᨇԳ࢓࢓ਢא ऱᜤᢀΔᢅଉࣥ (1989)Εᢅൄഛ (2009[1950])Εᆄ॑ੴΕᏥፁ㝿 (1994) ࿛ᖂاড়Εᨇᖵ׾ฝ լ᠇૪ΖڼᢞΔەڶڍृ ೶઎୪ױլ᠇૪Δለ੡ᇡาऱូ౏ٍڼᓵ૪ΔڶڍࢤΔছԳۿᣂ࣍Բृ፿ଃ௽ᐛՂऱઌ ԫ౳ড়୮ᇩᇙለ੡ߔߠΔথڇড়୮ᇩऱԫࠄ፿ଃ௽ᐛ۔ࡵݳ (2007:29)Ζ׼؆Δݺଚ࿇෼ᨇত

壂Εሑ՟࿛ڜၺՂᓳऱ෼ွΔՈߠ࣍ᓊक़ΕمᗑڇژΚ(1) Ղྫࣟ՞ڕऱᨇ፿ᇙΔ۫ۂ࣍ڇژ

چΕ۫ׄΕᅗ८ᖻိ࿛ؓإՑΕفΕՂྫࣟ՞Εॾ᠆ᥳڜᨇխᨇ፿ऱ۫ຝΰ୪ࡵݳ 2007:224αΙ(2) Օൌত ڜٳΕࡵ᠆ΕᆄሉΕ᠆ةΕᄅ෩Εۂ壂Ε୹ڜڕխ۫ຝᨇ፿۫ۂ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱ෼ွΔՈߠ࣍

࣍මᗼطऱᇞᤩΚψړৰڶڼ2009:205) ኙ) ᖼՂػᦰᐋվ੡ອؓਢ࠹ᄅড়୮ᇩऱᐙ᥼Δႈኄ٧ײড়୮ᇩ۔ຝ։ 25 ਔՕൌীαΕຑৄীΰਊΚץড়୮ᇩ೴׭࿪ኙᚌႨΔ᥆࣍ࣔᄻীΕࣾᄭীΰڇᖼՂػᦰᐋូອؓαײীΰਊΚ ᖼՂូອؓऱ෼ွΞΞᚨ੡ࡌᢰමᗼীֱߢᐙ᥼ऱײऱٵ࿓৫լڶᖼՂػᦰᐋլូອؓαऱֱߢ࢓࢓ࠠײ ࿨࣠Ζω ዿ (Sagart 2002Ιߣ୽ףޥຝᨇ፿ֺለ୲࣐೴։Δࡉতຝᨇ፿೴։૞ܺᣄԫࠄΰ׆壂ഘ 1998αΖקড়୮ᇩࡉ 26 ᄅΔ،ଚᘋದ࣍໌ٵ࿇෼ऱ٥آ๠ࡸܑڇԫࠄڶ੡،ଚ٥ڂᎁ੡Δড়୮ᇩࡉতຝᨇ፿ਢࡪࡢֱߢΔ (עآ᤟Δ २ޓ։Δۖګࢍᐋזײ౨᥆્࣍ጄ፿αऱױॺዧ፿ΰڶऱዧ፿ֱߢΔຍጟዧ፿ֱߢܶشխຝࠌ۫ۂזݚڇԫጟ ෻Ղऱ։੺ᒵۖດچ֗אዧ፿ऱૹ૞௽ᐛΙԲृ፿ߢᖂՂऱ੺ᒵਢᙟထ៱ऱ۩ਙ೴഑ײঞ֘ਠထ৵ཚխڻऱᐋ ऱΖ଺֮ਢΚϘThe author argues that Hakka and southern Gan are sister dialects, as they share severalګዬݮ innovations not found elsewhere; that they arose out of the Chinese dialect spoken in central in Song times, a stratified dialect which included a non-Chinese substratum, probably Miao-Yao; an archaic layer; and a more recent layer with an important Late Middle Chinese component. It is claimed that the linguistic boundary between southern Gan and Hakka arose secondarily due to the effect of an old administrative and geographical boundary.ϙ

755 ೺ο

2001Δ᠏֧۞ඦݳౘ 2002:6α27ΔՂ೏ʳ28ΰᏥፁ㝿 1999:51αΕဉၢ 29ΰᠿᙓൎʳ ΰ༙٧ੈ ᚊΕ്ᠨᐜʳڕޕΕᆄ՛ම 2006αΕᕟ՟ΰᠱཤ 1989αΕতৄΰܩΰ३ᐝڜ34αΕᑗ–1990:31 ߠτቹ 3υαΙ܉෻։چড়Εᨇֱߢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱ۫ۂ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΰڇژ1992α30 ࿛ᨇ፿ᇙՈ

෼࣍তנऱᣉݠ։ᓳ෼ွΔՈۂΕឌܽၢΕິຟಥྀئΕᨇᗼ׆ڜ᎛ࣲ՞ΕᚊؒΕՕൌতڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (3) הՑԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ଃαፖࠡٽᆠᨇ፿խΰ୪ࡵݳ 2007:245αΙ(4) ՞᥊ڜΕଥֽΕᄅ塒Ε᠆ ᆠΕຟ࣑ΕڜΕᄅ塒ΕଥֽΕֽٳᄅΕةڕΔՈཏሙߠ࣍ᨇ፿խΔܑྤئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉ ڇژՂ፿ଃ௽រΔร 1Ε4 යՈאᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ 1992:103–106αΖڕޕ塒եΕէၺΕতৄ࿛ΰ Ղࠐ܉෻։چড়୮ᇩխ 32Ζൕ۔ק࣍ᆕڇژᇩᇙʳ31Δร 1Ε2Ε3 යՈچء഑ऱੌۂ࣍ᆕխࣟ Ղ௽ᐛΰร 3Ε4 යೈ؆αऱאڶՂ௽ᐛऱড়୮ֱߢຟ᥆࣍ψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩΔᖑאڶ઎Δᖑ ऱխ۫ຝΖ۫ۂڇ܉ᨇ፿ႃխ։ վᦰອؓਢψ۫ᒵωࡉψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩ່Օऱ஁ฆΔܡছ֮բᆖ༼ࠩመΔᖼՂػᦰᐋਢ তৄΕᕟ՟Εত᠆Εᐖ࣑Ε၆ᄻΕڶػᦰອؓऱᨇ፿ڗ։ࣴΖ٤ᖼՂᜢڇژᨇ፿փຝՈڇຍ Εᄅ෩ΕኑֽٳΕ᠆ةᄅΕ௠ࡉΕةΕڜΕᖩ୽Εᆄۂ८ᄻΕᇷᄻΕᨓᑧΕէၺΕሩ՞Ε塒 তৄΕত᠆Εᕟ՟Εᐖ࣑Ε८ᄻΕᇷᄻΰ୪ࡵݳʳڶػᦰອؓऱᨇ፿ڗᖼՂᜢڻ ࡽΔ33 ߢऱֱچٺ225αΖ׆壂ഘ (1998:17) ᨠኘᖼՂվᦰອؓऱড়Εᨇֱߢհ৵Δ࿇෼ψ–2007:224 ᧢ᜢᓳዝהࠡڶ޲ڶ೶ፖଃ᧢ঞ࠷ެ࣍ܡਢڗᖼՂڻຟ೶ፖԱូԵອؓऱଃ᧢Δۖڗ٤ᖼՂ ᖼՂڻΔۖլਢڗ։ᚨᅝਢ٤ᖼՂګᎁ੡ψᖼՂូອؓຍଡଃ᧢ऱு֨ڼڂ๵৳ऱᐙ᥼ωΔ Ղྫऱሩۂ᝟ႨਢΚࣟದॾ܉ᨇ፿խऱ։ڇվᦰອؓऱ෼ွΔࠡڗωΖݺଚᑉ׊઎٤ᖼՂڗ ऱׂڜٳឩ്۟۫ٻতৄΕত᠆੡່խ֨αא੡խ֨ΰׂ֠ڠᐿאΔֽٳఊऱۂ՞Δ۫߱ᨇ ԫׂ 34Δګ഑ՂࡉᨇতΕᎸ۫ຑچऱխࣟຝΔ۫ۂᖕԱ۾ຝΔתຝΔ࢓ࣟऴࠩ塒եׂऱতתࣟ ߠτቹ 4υΖ

ߠΖآᄎᓵ֮Δ2001Ζ଺֮ڣΚ٤ഏዧ፿ֱߢᖂᄎڜኘρΔ۫ە٧ੈπᨇխᨇ۫ຝ։ᗼؑྤ๵৳೏֒ᓳ෼ွ༙ 27 ଃΕဲნኙᅃ।հ৵Δ࿇ڗԫጟ᧢ଃ੡Ղ֒ᓳ Ζݺଚᛀ౉஼խऱڶΔࡵ᠆ᇩנᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ (1992:12) མਐڕޕ

ჀtĐ³n Εරli Εᖨਸ਼՗ĆĐ°n ΕۃpĐ°n ΕჀچtĐiºn Εࡓ՛ჇؓضΚ᝺tĐu Εᢓin Εڕ෼ຍଡ᧢ଃኔᎾՂਢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ k¸n ΕᒌΰߨԫαᔉנסpĐ³ ΕሂtĐiºu Ε⯂ࢸĈĐiºn Εⴿtiºn Ε਑ئk¸n Εധల׀i Εࡢm°i Εֆలئࢼഴtæu Ε৐৐֯ pĐæn Δ࿛࿛Ζ ຍਢ՛נඕဎ (2003:199) ਐۂ೏֒ᓳΖωڶڗնଡᜢᓳհ؆Δ֟ᑇڇՂ೏ֱߢ១տᇙᎅΚψڇ (Ꮵፁ㝿 (1999:51 28 ጠ᧢ᓳΖ ຍਢ՛ጠנඕဎ (2003:199) ਐۂფጠࢨ՛ጠΖقਢ।ش܂ԫጟ೏֒ᓳऱ᧢ଃ෼ွΔ່ॣऱڶΔဉၢᇩנᠿਐ 29 ᧢ᓳΖ Ղ֒༏৫ለՕΔଃ࿓ለ܀Δۿԫጟ᧢ଃ࢚Ղ֒ᓳ Δፖၺؓ ˮ45˰ २ڶΔতৄᇩנᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ (1992:16) ਐڕޕ 30 Κୂk³ Εࡥაmō ma0ΕڕᅝխΔဲڗᑇ֟ڇ෼נଃΕဲნኙᅃ।հ৵Δ࿇෼ຍଡ᧢ଃ׽ڗ࿍Ζݺଚᛀ౉஼խऱ

ΚୌࠄtĐºi Εϭ~ଡΚୌଡkĐºi Ζݺଚᎁ੡ຍਢྲྀఎऱڍ~pou ΕϭᘀĈiu Εϭ~ଡଡΚᓴऱΙנסॳֆa Ȅku Εቴ⭯ΰᏯαtu Εϭ ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖ ऱၺՂᓳΖمऱড়୮ֱߢঅఎᗑޘ᠜ՕჀئᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2012)Δᚊ՟ᗼᚊ 31 ऱၺՂᓳΖمΕࠂᄭጄග۞एᗼऱெᙰຟঅఎᗑޘᗼऱමۂڴᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004)Δ 32 ๯ࠓԵմࡽ՞ؑΖڣ ኑࡽ࣍ 2000 33 ᝟ႨΖ܉෻։چ٤ᖼՂվᦰອؓऱײࣹრࠩᨇ፿ڰ່ (ᔤᖠ୽ (2003:205) ऱូ౏Ζ᝔ఎ֮ (1998شආ 34

756 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ቹ 35܉෻։چড়Εᨇֱߢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱ۫ۂτቹ 3υ

ᨇ፿೴তຝ۫ۂڇᎁ੡ຍࠄ๠ה௽រΔ܉2006) ՈᨠኘࠩᖼՂូອؓऱᨇ፿ऱ։) ႈኄ٧ ࠐ઎Δฝاਢൕᖵ׾ฝ܀ড়୮ᇩࢍᐋࢨृ࠹ড়୮ᇩᐙ᥼ለ෡ऱᨇ፿Ζڶ൅ऱᨇ፿ਢࠠچᢰᒴ ᅝڇΔ۟ᜯ՟ΕতৄΕত᠆Εᐖ࣑Δԫຝ։ఎاᄩᐿࣾۖՂऱฝק࢓তΔൕᨇקطਢٻֱا ੌڃ৵Ꮈᆕড়୮אࠌਢࣔխᆺܛ᠏ኑ֏Ιৄفᐖ࣑உ࢓ኑ֏Δࢨ٦ࠩኑຟΕطΔԫຝ։ࢨچ ᢞΔە (ԵᔢऱಖሉΖᖕᏥፁ㝿 (2001:33اᎸᆕฝڶߠآԵᨇΔতৄΕত᠆࿛ᨇࣟতԫ൅Ո ا׾ሉྤ཰ڠ৬࣑ࢌΰएতৄΔࣔ堚ழᏆᗼতৄΕত᠆Εᐖ࣑Εᡧᄻ 36Εᄅৄʳ37αΕᐿ

՛ጠڶᓏৢՈضΖᎸ۫ऱࣔᄻৄᣂΕࣔᄻ።੉Εຑৄࡤנຝ։ᑑא੡ঁֺ࣍ለΔࡌᢰড়୮ֱߢऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳՈղ 35 ߢΔࠡ՛ጠ᧢ᓳՕֱٽΚࣔᄻড়୮ᇩਢԫጟড়Ꮈ෗נ2005:375) ਐ) ႈኄ٧܀2005:373αΔ ᓳऱ෼ွΰႈኄ٧᧢ ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔڶড়୮ᇩۮ࿇෼֮آؾছ܀Δװ൅اऱড়୮ฝۮຑৄ֮طᓏৢড়୮ᇩضΙຑৄࡤڻᄗ᥆࣍Ꮈ፿ऱᐋ Ꮈ፿——ψࠃض౨ଗ۞ൎႨֱߢࡤױ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ෼ွΔᓏৢড়୮ᇩऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳڶᎸ፿ࡉઌᔣऱᘸᄭᎸ፿ຟضࡤۖ ᑑု࣍ቹխΖچՂ༓אᑉழլല֮ء֏ωΖٵᎸ፿ࢬضኔՂᓏৢড়୮ᇩऱᖞଡᜢᓳߓอຟբ๯ࡤ 36 վᇷᄻΖ 37 վᕟ՟Ζ

757 ೺ο

ቹ 38܉෻։چ٤ᖼՂػᦰᐋվᦰອؓऱײড়Εᨇֱߢ۫ۂτቹ 4υ

Δاᔢࠐऱড়୮ฝקڶ೴޲چዿ (Sagart 2002) ࢬߢΚψᨇࣟতףޥڕإαΖاΰਊΚᎸᆕੌ რ৸ऱਢΔᨇڶᐙ᥼Ζا๯ᄅ२ऱฝڶ೴ড়୮ᇩࡉতຝᨇ፿հၴऱ፿ߢ੺ૻ༓׏޲چᇠڼڂ ᨇխٽࢤΖω39 ࿨ۿፖড়୮ᇩऱᄕՕઌנᇩΕᐖ࣑ᇩαথ।෼᠆ةতৄᇩΕڕࣟতֱߢΰࠏ

مᗑڇژվ۟ئऱࠂᄭெᙰΔᆕխऱᚊ՟ᚊק壂ΔᨇতऱՂྫࣟ՞Δᆕڜೣ۫ຝऱᓊक़Εሑ՟Ε ऱၺՂᓳΖݺଚᎁ੡ΔᖼՂូອؓऱ෼مᗑڇژཚऱᨇ፿Εড়୮ᇩᚨᇠຟڰऱၺՂᓳࠐ઎Δ Εኑ֏ড়୮ᇩᇙΔۖ৵ຍጟ෼ွឩཋ۟ࡌᢰᨇৄفࣟতᨇ፿֗ࠡॵ२ऱኑຟΕڇسွଈ٣ข

Ζנᑑא੡ঁֺ࣍ለΔࡌᢰড়୮ֱߢ٤ᖼՂػᦰອؓऱൣउՈղ 38 .Ζ଺֮ਢΚϘThere were apparently no significant Hakka migrations due north,into south-eastern Jiangxiעآߣ୽᤟Δ 39 This is where the linguistic boundaries between southern Gan and Hakka have been the least disturbed by recent migrations. Interestingly, the south-eastern Gan dialects (such as Nancheng তৄ, Nanfeng ত᠆, Guangchang ᐖ࣑) are those which ਢקπতڜshow the greatest resemblance with Hakka.ϙGan, Hakka and the Formation of Chinese DialectsΔߠ۶Օ ॺΚዧ፿ֱߢऱ஁ฆፖ᧢֏ρ(2002:147)Ζ

758 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ק൅۟Ꮈ۫խຝΕতຝΕ۫তຝΕᆕࣟΕᆕխΕᆕاᤉᥛতՀऱড়୮٣طড়୮ᇩᇙঞڇ፿Δ ΖקଙᔢԵᨇΔຍጟ෼ွԾ๯൅۟ᨇতΕᨇխΕᨇا೴ΔᙟထᎸᆕੌچהࠡ֗ യ֊ᜤᢀհᢞΖڇژ੡೴։ড়ΕᨇֱߢऱࠉᖕΔ֘ۖਢԲृ܂ΔᖼՂូອؓࠀլ౨ڼڂ ܂ߨ༔Δٻত۫——ק໮ऱԫයࣟקΚψতᨇ׽ਢጹ஬ড়୮ᇩנ2009:219) ਐ) Δႈኄ٧ڼኙ ڠΔᚨᇠ࢙ฃຍԫߨ༔ΞΞᐿٽಘᓵড়୮ᇩࡉᨇ፿ऱ։ڼڂ੡ড়ᨇመྀ൅ऱߪٝᒔࡳྤጊΔ ಘᓵড়ڇڼڂ੡Օֱߢհၴऱመྀ൅Δࠀլֺড়Εᆕࢨড়ΕᎸհၴऱመྀ೴ՕΔ܂ীመྀ൅ ڶࠠהࠡ֗אীֱߢڠᎁ੡ΚψᐿהΖωۯچᢞᖕڶীֱߢլᚨࠆڠംᠲऱழଢΔᐿٽᨇ։ ڜ壂ীΕڜαऱᨇ፿ΰਊΚٵᖼՂࡉ٤ᖼՂػᦰᐋऱվᦰઌڻײতֱীՂᜢዝ᧢۩੡ΰਊΚ অ਍։ᣊ଺ঞऱԫ຃ࢤΖωႈኄ٧ऱ೚ऄՈ๺אຟቤូড়୮ᇩΔړոীΕত᠆ীΕ৬ኑীα່ ֮ء૞ಘᓵΕՈլਢ֮ءࠀլਢٽড়ᨇֱߢऱ։܀ംᠲΔٽᇞެԱড়ᨇֱߢऱ։چᆵܓֺለ ࢤΔ֠ࠡਢᨇতۿऱড়Εᨇֱߢ௃ਮՀΔಘᓵԲृ፿ଃՂऱઌڶ෼ڇਢ֮ء౨ᇞެऱംᠲΖ ஁ฆΔංྒྷᖼ܉ড়୮ᇩࡉᨇ፿ᇙऱ։ڇᨇ፿ऱᜤᢀΙຏመֺለᖼՂូອؓ۫ۂড়୮ᇩࡉ۔ऱ তֱীՂᜢዝ᧢۩੡ऱᨇ፿ቤូড়୮ᇩΔՈլڶࠠהী֗ࠡڠࠌലᐿܛΙچՂូອؓऱದᄭ ऱංྒྷΖʳچኙᖼՂូອؓऱದᄭ֮ءᐙ᥼ ऱԳᎁᢝࠩຍរΖڍ။ࠐ။ڶ੡ᎁࡳড়୮ᇩऱࠉᖕΔᖂ੺բ܂ᅝྥΔᖼՂូອؓՈլ౨ ᖼՂػᦰᐋូອؓωڻေመᢅໃᅗ (Norman 1989) ലψޅዿ (Sagart 1998:296) ༉ףޥছΔڰ ᎁ੡଺ࡨط෻ڶᎅΚψኔᎾՂΔ༉ؾছऱ፿ߢࠃኔࠐ઎Δݺଚ޲ה੡੺ࡳড়୮ᇩऱᑑᄷΔ܂ ᖼՂػᦰᐋូອؓαΖ೗๻଺ࡨড়୮ᇩਢڻΰਊΚڻড়୮ᇩ֘ਠԱᢅໃᅗඒ඄ࢬᘯऱອؓᐋ ᎁ੡ᢅໃᅗඒ඄ࢬᎅऱאױԫߓ٨യ֊ઌᣂऱֱߢΔۖॺ໢ԫऱ݁ᔆऱֱߢΔ߷ᏖݺଚՈ๺ ዿഒ਍ᎁףޥ ਠΖω40֘ڶ׼ԫࠄֱߢխথࠀ޲ڇ܀ຍࠡխऱԫࠄֱߢᇙΔڇਠ֘ڻອؓᐋ ౨ቤ堚ড়୮ᇩ੺ૻऱ១໢ᑑᄷΔࠀᎁ੡ֱߢऱᣤ௑ቤ։إԫଡటڇژ੡Δࠩؾছ੡ַΔᝫլ Ζش܂૞ऱڻ෡ዧ፿ֱߢऱᛵᇞ׽౨ದףኙٻຍጟઔߒֱ

5. ㇷ⧄

ڇژᖄીࠡփຝۖٵࠐᄭΕᔢൔழၴऱլاᆜΕᖵ׾۩ਙ೴ቤࡉࡺۯ෻چڂᨇতড়୮ᇩ ለ੡෡Եऱᓳ਷ࡉ٤૿าᒯऱֺለհ৵Δ࿇෼ᨇতড়୮ᇩʳʳऱ஁ฆ׌૞।෼ڇ֮ء஁ฆΖڍ壆 Ζຏመፖࡌᢰֱߢ෼ኔࡉᖵ܉෻։چԲृऱ፿ଃ௽ᐛ֗ࠡנড়୮ᇩऱ஁ฆΔࠀូ౏۔੡ᄅΕ 壆ڇژড়୮ᇩ۔ᇩፖᨇতऱچءխՂཾۂՒᇩࡉׂࣟڠΕᏄׂڠႂק࿇෼ᆕ֮ء׾ऱֺለΔ ՒᇩࡉׂࣟڠΕᏄׂڠႂקᒔᎁᆕޡ᥆ড়୮ᇩऱψ۫ᒵωΔൕۖ੡ၞԫٵհ๠Δ،ଚۿઌڍ ᇩऱড়୮ᇩូ᥆༼ࠎࠉᖕΙۖᆕࣟΕᎸ۫ऱড়୮ᇩঞፖᨇতऱᄅড়୮ᇩᄕ੡ԫچءխՂཾۂ

଺֮ਢˍϘIn fact, on present evidence, we have no reason to assume that Proto-Hakka reflected Prof. Nroman’s set 1 as 40 yinping. At most, supposing that Proto-Hakka was a chain of closely related dialects, rather than a single homogeneous dialect, we may hypothesize that Prof. Norman’s set 1 was reflected as yinping in some of these dialects, but not in others.”

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ऱᨇ፿۫ۂ᥆ড়୮ᇩऱψࣟᒵωΖઌኙψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩۖߢΔψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩፖٵીΔ،ଚ ੡ܡਢᖼՂػᦰᐋਢܛΔࠡխ່Օऱ஁ฆٵլڍ壆ڇژհ๠ΖࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩۿઌڍޓڇژ Ζʳسհॣ༉բᆖขګড়୮ᇩݮڇ౨ױອؓΔۖຍጟ஁ฆ ᗼؑऱড়୮ᇩ஁ܑٵΖլႛլڼڕ෼ऱܧࢬ֮ءᅝྥΔᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱᓤᠧࢤ᎛ʳʳլַ ਉൺΖޡৱၞԫڶ༄ធ੒ऱ፿ߢࠃኔᝫ᠆ڍᑌݝ૿Δ๺ڍנ෼ܧԫᗼؑऱড়୮ᇩՈٵ૮ฆΔ ऱᣂࣹࡉૹီΖڍޓΔཚৱᨇতড়୮ᇩऱઔߒ౨ജ֧ದᖂ੺܂հد׽ਢԫଡ㦆ᗤ֧֮ء

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[Received 15 December 2014; revised 2 June 2015; accepted 4 September 2015]

College of Chinese Language and Culture Jinan University Guangyuan Road East, Tianhe Guangzhou 510610, China [email protected]

766 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

The Phonological Diversity in Gannan Hakka Dialect and Related Issues

Qian Zhang Jinan University

Based on sufficient fieldwork and recent materials, a comprehensive comparison of the pho- nological features of Hakka dialect across Gannan is firstly made to discuss the internal diversity. Secondly, the reason of internal diversity of Gannan Hakka is analyzed from three points of views: physical geography, administrative division, and historical immigration. Finally, combin- ing with phonological identities and historical background, the relationship between Gannan Hakka and surrounding dialects is discussed, providing further basis for the Hakka ownership of Yuebei (north Guangdong) Tuhua and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin. It is shown that the internal difference of Gannan Hakka could mainly be the difference between New Hakka and Old Hakka from the perspective of phonology. There are a slew of similarities between Old Hakka in Gannan and Yuebei, and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin, while New Hakka in Gannan and Minxi Hakka, Yuedong Hakka are extremely coherent. Relatively speaking, Old Hakka and Gan dialect in the same province are much more identical. Viewing on the history of immigration, Old Hakka in Gannan and Yuebei, and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin can be regarded as “West Line” Hakka. Correspondently, New Hakka in Gannan and Minxi Hakka, Yuedong Hakka can be regarded as “East Line” Hakka. The biggest difference between “West Line” and “East Line” Hakka, which probably originated at the beginning of the formation of Hakka dialect, is that MC .zhuoshangΰᖼՂαcurrently shifts to Yinpingΰၺؓαwhether or not

Key words: Gannan, Old Hakka, New Hakka, West Line, East Line

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