Article
Language and Linguistics 〦 17(5) 735–767ד⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ © The Author(s) 2016 * Reprints and permissions: ㆛ sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.navۊ DOI: 10.1177/1606822X16645743 lin.sagepub.com
ο ᇷ֡ञણ
ມᓳഗ៕ՂΔଈ٣ֺለᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱଃฆΔࠀូ։ᑑᄷΙࠡضለԵऱڇ֮ء ኔଃᜤٽΙ່৵ڂګऱߡ৫Δ։࣫ᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝฆऱاΕ۩ਙቤΕᖵฝچൕ۞ྥڻ ՒᇩࡉᆕׂڠΕᏄׂڠႂקᒔᎁᆕޡறΔ൶ಘᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΔၞԫޗᢀࡉᖵહན ઔߒ।ࣔΚൕଃᐛࠐΔᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝ֮ءᇩऱড়୮ᇩߓ᥆༼ࠎࠉᖕΖچءխՂཾۂխࣟ 壆ڇژᇩچءխՂཾऱۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔ऱקড়୮ᇩፖᆕ۔ড়୮ᇩऱฆΖᨇতऱ۔ฆ।ᄅΕ ড়୮ᇩፖ۔հΙᨇতऱᄅড়୮ᇩঞፖᎸ۫Εᆕࣟऱড়୮ᇩᄕԫીΖઌኙ࣍ᄅড়୮ᇩۖߢΔۿઌڍ ءխՂཾۂড়୮ᇩࡉࣟ۔קড়୮ᇩΕᆕ۔ࠐΔᨇতاհΖൕᖵฝۿઌڍޓڇژԫઊऱᨇٵ ᥆ψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩΖࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩٵ᥆ψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩΔᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩΕᎸ۫ࡉᆕࣟড়୮ᇩٵᇩچ Ζسհॣ༉բᆖขګড়୮ᇩݮڇ౨ױອؓΔۖຍጟฆܡਢᖼՂػᦰᐋਢܛՕऱฆ່
ড়Δᄅড়Δ۫ᒵΔࣟᒵ۔ᣂဲΚᨇতΔ
1. ೧⤵
ωΖ1ʳޱΔψԫઊলΔۖᗑᅝᎸΕᆕհڠඨխק။Δۍઊতຝ១ጠᨇতΔতᐿ۫ۂ ΕᏄᣂؑࡉࣾᄭؑઌᔣΔ۫૿ፖؑڠࠡࣟ૿ፖ壂৬ઊԿࣔؑΕᚊࡿٌؑΔত૿ፖᐖࣟઊම Ꮖ 2 1 ؑ 15 ᗼΔ᜔૿ᗨપچઌຑΖ٤ؑڠΕᐿؑڜٳઊء૿ፖק൷ᣦΔؑڠྋতઊ⍣ ݳρ1994:367αΖچڠΔ٤᜔ԳՑᑇ 655 ᆄ塒Գΰπᨇڣ ᆄֱؓֆߺΖ۟ 1985 3.94 ᠆ಥࡉॾີؑڠᛜհԫΔຍᇙऱ 18 ଡᗼΰؑΕαೈᨇءฒࢬࡌवΔᨇতਢড়୮Օ ᜔چড়୮ᇩऱԳՑપᇠشᑇ᥆ড়ᇩΔ3 ࠌڍ؆Δࠡ塒Օאᗼቯࡳ 2 ࡴᇩֱߢ
ֺለઔߒω(14ZDB103)Εխഏषᄎઝᖂೃ໌ٽ࠹ഏ୮षઝഗ८ૹՕႈؾψ௧փ؆ড়୮ֱߢऱற৬ࡉጵ֮ء * ڇ֮ءΖܗႈؾ (2015M572392) ऱᇷܗ૿Ղᇷޅ խഏ໑Փ৵ઝᖂഗ८ร 57֗אᄅՠ࿓ႈؾψֱߢଃፖऄωΔ ृطଥૡრߠΔ᠃ીݵΖ֮խᙑዥհᄗڍ壆נ༼ᐉᒚറ୮ټመ࿓խࠩ๗ॣࣙඒऱ൜֨ਐរΔೳ܂ᐊ ࢭᖜΖ ֆρ(1986:2093)Ζץ߲ᐿ۫ۂࢌݳρ࠴ԮԼΔπᢌ֮ΘՂᆟڠएπᨇٵ 1 ౨ਐऱਢີಥऱࡴᇩױᇩωڠψᨇڼᇩΔڠၢऱִ᧸αᎅᨇضՕڕᆵΰޘᖕπᨇᗼݳρ(1991:578)Δᨇᗼଡܑ 2 ઊॾ᠆ᗼৄऱࡴᇩֱߢρΔ(π֮֏ᙊขρ2013.5:106–113)Ζ۫ۂΚ്ଓπױߢΖᣂ࣍ॾ᠆ᗼৄࡴᇩऱտฯΔֱ ο
זමᗼאড়୮ᇩΔ4 ፖՕ୮ࢬᑵवऱ۔ऱچΔ֠ࠡਢᅝۥԳՑऱ 95%Ζᨇতড়୮ᇩᏅࠠ ᑇֺለຫڍऱறڶ࣠֟ΔګඡΔޡ࣍ᨇতড়୮ᇩઔߒದط।ऱড়୮ᇩܑለՕΖྥۖ ԫઊऱᨇΔᝫਢઌኙ࣍ᆕࣟΕᎸ۫Εፕऱড়୮ٵᓵઌኙ࣍ྤڼڂլ֟ᙑዥΔڶΔ៱ չᏖڶչᏖᑌऱᐛΔࠡփຝڶᇩۖߢΔᨇতড়୮ᇩऱઔߒຟਢᜳஇऱΖᨇতড়୮ᇩࠩࢍࠠ ৻ᑌऱᖵࡉኔᜤᢀംڇژᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢ֗אΔګ۶ݮڕᑌऱฆΔฆ ګছԳऱઔߒٽມᓳഗ៕ՂΔضऱڣ२༓ڇ֮ءრߠΔࢨ෫լᇡΖٵլڶᠲΔᖂࢨ אΔڂऱګ࣠ΔቫᇢኙՂ૪ਬࠄംᠲၞ۩ᇞΔಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱଃฆΕฆݮ ፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΖ֗
⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ .2
ءড়୮ֱߢଃΕဲნΕऄऱഗڶᏥፁ㝿 (1995:251) ࢬߢΚψᨇতড়୮ᇩࠠڕᇨ ለՕฆΖωߓอڶۖٵᔢൔழၴΕࠐᄭऱլاᆜΕᖵ۩ਙቤࡉࡺۯچڂچٺ܀ᐛΔ ΕᏥፁ㝿ʳ(1994) ޗᤄऱᖂृΚᠱཤ (1986)Εᔤ۫ۂۯԿڶಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝଃฆऱ ኙڼڂΔٵΔኙֱߢᐛऱᛵᇞլٵ࣍ᓳऱ৫լطᖂृۯΖຍԿ(2001 ,1999 ,1996 ,1995) ᇩࡉড়ᤄᇩऱچءฆΖࠡխΔᏥፁ㝿ലᨇতড়୮ᇩ։ٺᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝଃฆऱᎁᢝ Ւʳʳᇩऱូ᥆ழΔലׂࠡڠ।ऱႂזຕאקಘᓵᆕڇ (ऄᐙለՕΖ๗ॣࣙ (2004:302–307 ᇩαᐖࣟቼփऱ۞ྥچءড়ωΰਊΚ۔ֺለΔᎁࠡਢᨇতψ܂ᇩچءፖᔣ२ऱᨇত Δᚨᅝቤូড়୮ᇩΖۼ ᄅ२ऱֱەழٵறΔޗছᨇত 12 ᗼΰαᓳ 5ΔᛧՕၦԫ֫ڻڍΔݺଚڣ२༓ ΰՂྫΕՕൌΕॾ᠆ΕᅗچڍΚ(1) ᨇতڕᄅ࿇Δڍ࣠Δࠩګઔߒהࡉࠡ 6 ܫߢᓳ ՛ጠڇژԫऱড়୮ᇩᇙֺለߔߠΔথፖཏሙڇ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱွΰࢨྲྀఎαΔຍڇژ८α ΕᨇڜՂྫΕॾ᠆Εڕΰچڍԫׂΰᇡߠ৵֮αΙ(2) ᨇতګՂຑچڇՒᇩקᓳऱᆕ᧢ խՂཾۂՒᇩΕᆕխࣟקػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓΔፖᆕڗᖼՂײᗼΕᘋഏΕՕൌα ᦰອؓΔঞፖᎸڍػᦰᐋվڗᖼՂײऱچΕᅗ८ΕᚊতΕശᆠৄفΔۖኑຟΕۿᇩᣊچء
Εޘفᘋഏऱष༄ၢஆ֗אΕᑍᄻΰπᨇᗼݳρ1991:578αΔؓڜࡓᙰΕᄅৢΕᖯΕֽՑΕكᨇᗼऱׄ᥏ൂΕ 3 ΕতܾၢޘᎅᎸΙᘋഏߜاࡩᄘࡩᠿࡩࡺܦၢຝ։ޘ݁֗אܾࣟ՛ิޘᆵΔࡉകᙰޘ֟ᑇޘضകᙰၢํ ᗼΔվսຏ۩ᨇΰᏥᄅဎ 2003:3αΖ᠆ة᥆ ড়୮ᇩωऱᄗ࢚Δᇡߠ۔ᖂृຟམ༼ࠩψۯڍᇩωΖچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψܛড়୮ᇩω۔ψ 4 ৵֮Ζ ΕᘋഏڜΕᨇᗼၺകΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠᖩֽΕՕൌতۂࣲ՞ΕতൈፚڜՑΕفຍ 12 ଡᗼΰαਢॾ᠆ᥳ 5 ଃڗᙰऱضΙኑຟئՑড়୮ᇩृفᙰΖࠡխॾ᠆ᥳضΕᚊতᗼᚊΕኑຟᗼڠΕᄎ࣑ᗼۂΕິຟಥۂ ᓳΖךᇖچ๗ॣࣙඒᒔࡳαΔृࠩᅝط႓՛ؓ໑Փ༼ࠎΰଃߓطறޗ ᔾΖױΔಖଃᇡኔئृ܂ნΔᅗ८ֱߢڗଃٵπᅗ८ֱߢઔߒρ(2006) ऱاᏥᖻشறආޗଃڗᅗ८ᖻိऱ 6 ኙຍࠟڼڇᔾΖױறޗΔئृ܂ᇩضৄفαΔעآნρΰڗଃٵᇩضৄف۫ۂᄵ࣑πشආضৄف ᖂृ֗႓՛ؓ໑Փ।რΖۯ
736 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ॾ᠆ΕՂྫΕতڕΰچڍࢨ vΔᨇতئᦰሿᜢڍڗئΕᆕࣟড়୮ᇩԫીΙ(3) ড়୮ᇩᇙᐙ۫ ڍᇩᇙՈچءխՂཾऱۂࣟڇऱွۿΔᣊمኙڶئᦰፖሿᜢײൈΕശᆠαথঅఎ ̋ ऱ ໑ᢅΕࣾᄭᄭৄऱڠᢕ᥊ᇿੌ᥊ઌऱွՈߠ࣍ᆕխ༡چ࿇ 7Ι(4) ॾ᠆ΕՕൌڶ ߢᇙΙΖֱ ٤૿Εาᒯ۩ऱড়୮ᇩၞ 8 چٺᛵᇞऱഗ៕ՂΔݺଚኙᨇতޡለԵऱᓳࡉၞԫڇ ড়୮ᇩωऱܑΔ۔ऱֺለհ৵Δ࿇ᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝฆ।ψᄅড়୮ᇩωࡉψ ψᄅড়୮شᇩωհܑΖຍᇙᑉழආچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψড়ᤄᇩωࡉψܛ ءᇩωࡉড়୮ᇩऱψچءᨇऱψڶቼփ۫ۂԿΚࠡԫΔڶڂড়୮ᇩωጠᘯऱ۔ᇩωΕψ ᇩωլႛऴ൷।ࣔچءཙψזড়୮ᇩω۔ψشᇩωլ࣐։ΙࠡԲΔچءᇩωհܑΔጠψچ ΙࠡԿΔ്ᠨᐜΕᆄं (1996)Δ๗ॣࣙʳܑڶࠡፖႚอრᆠՂऱড়୮ᇩقࠡូ᥆Δۖᄆ ড়୮ᇩω۔ࠩψشᖂृຟۯڍቈᔕ (2013) ܇Δႈኄ٧Εඦᄇ (2005)ΔᣤଥពΕ(2008 ,2004) նଡֱڇড়୮ᇩऱଃฆᄗਔದࠐ।۔ԫࡳ൷࠹৫ΖᄅΕڶᖂڇጠᘯڼऱᄗ࢚Δ αΚٵᐛΔՀڼڇژլقᐛΔψЁω।ڼڇژق૿Δߠτ। 1υΰψЀω।
ț 1ȜཛྷǬԫ࠳၀ވᇖग़ౝ
ড়୮ᇩ ᄅড়୮ᇩ۔ ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓ ЀЁڗᖼՂײ (1) ᣉݠ։ᓳࢨ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ ЀЁڇژ (2) ЀЁ مঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲߠߓ (3) ЀЁ ܑྤئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהՑԫᚥิΰଃαፖࠡٽ՞᥊ (4) ЁЀ مভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿঅఎ։ (5)
ড়୮ᇩωΕψᄅড়୮ᇩωऱጠࡅ᜔۔Ղ 5 ႈᐛຟለࠠᖵ৫Δೈร 5 រհ؆Δψא ՀΚڕऱࠠ᧯।چٺᨇতڇΖຍ 5 ႈᐛٽՂለ᧯
ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡڗᖼՂײچΕՂྫࣟ՞ۂΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (1)
હΕኑۂΕՂྫषᄻΕᛜছΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕᘋഏಁႼΕؓإᦰອؓΔॾ᠆۫ׄΕܑ ߠτ। 2υΚڗػᦰᐋվᦰອؓΖࠏڗᖼՂײچΕᚊতΕ٤তΕࡳতΕ༈⢦ৄفຟΕ
᎘ڶΔଃଈئᦰሿᜢڍվئ༡ৄΕ໑ᢅΔࣾᄭऱᄭৄΕຑؓαऱᐙڠᇩΰ༡چءۂᖕঀ՛ (2008:49–51)Δࣟ 7 ऱᐙڠઌܑΖᖕຫිᛩᓳΕ๗ॣࣙுኙΔ༡ڗऱئվᦰ jΕzΕv ᜢئຝ։ᐙ֗ئאპऱຝᡨధΔፖႆΕ αઌܑΖئאႆΕײᄭ۞ڍਢ ôΔፖ jΕwΰئվᦰᜢڗئ 8 1 ףऱᗼᏺڶᖕࠠ᧯ൣउאጟՑଃΔࢬڍڇژԫᗼٵڂᏥፁ㝿 (2001)ΖەறޗࡳতᖟؑΕ٤তৄ༖Ε༈⢦९ኑऱ ຝऱᚊؒקףᏺڜᓳΖچݺଚኔچΔຍࠟؓإຝऱ۫ׄࡉ۫ຝऱקףࢨ 2 ଡֱߢរፖֺለΚॾ᠆ᏺ હࡉ۫ຝऱಁۂࣟতຝऱףࣟຝऱषᄻΕ۫ຝऱᛜছΔᘋഏᏺףࡉឌܽၢΔՂྫᏺྀئতຝऱ׆ףၢΔᨇᗼᏺ ற֧۞Ꮵᄅဎ (2003)ΔኑޗΖᘋഏಁႼضຝऱߕקףΔኑຟᏺۂতຝऱᖩףᏺৄفխຝऱᑧՑΔףႼΔতൈᏺ ߢរઃ֧۞Ꮵፁ㝿 (2001)Ζֱה႓՛ؓᓳΕ๗ॣࣙுኙ (2011)Δࠡطறޗضຟߕ
737 ο
9 ț 2ȜӑӝщᐓΙӮϕ᠇ᖇ٦
ݠ~֣ ᡗᄊޒ~ ឰ
Ց ȅpĐi ȅtĐmō ȅxmō ȅme/ȅne ȅlã ȅnmōفॾ᠆ᥳ
ࣲ՞ ȅpĐi ȅtĐu ȅhnō Ȅmei/Ȅnei ȅlã ȅnuڜ
[ ȅlaܐ] ᚊؒ ᦰՂᜢڜ
ᨇᗼၺക ȈpĐi ȈtĐuã Ȉhuã Ȅmi Ȉlã Ȉnuã
ᨇᗼឌܽ ᦰՂᜢ [ܐȅlã]
ᦰՂᜢ 0 ȅnuã ྀئᨇᗼ׆ pĐiȆ tĐ³ıȆ h³ıȆȄmi lãȆ l³ıȆ ڜՕൌত
ȅpĐi/ȄpĐi ȅtĐuã ȅxuã ȅmi/Ȅmi ȅlã ȅnuã ۂᘋഏ
Ղྫࣟ՞ ȉpĐi ȉtĐoϐ Ȅhoϐ ȉmi ȉlã ȉnoϐ
ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȄpĐi ȄtĐo ho Ȇ ȅmi ȅlã ȅno
ȄpĐi ȄtĐo Ȅho Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnuϐ ؓإ᠆ॾ
Ղྫषᄻ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnu³ı
Ղྫᛜছ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅn³n
ശᆠᖩֽ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuϐ Ȅhuϐ Ȅmi ȅlã Ȅnuϐ
ȄpĐe ȄtĐ³ı Ȅh³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅn³ı ۂຟಥິ
তൈᑧՑ [ȄtĐã] 0 Ȅn×ı
ȄpĐi ȄtĐuºı Ȅhuºı Ȅmºi Ȅlã Ȅnuºı ۂতൈፚ
ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³ Ȅha Ȅmei Ȅla Ȅn³ ڠᄎ࣑
ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄpĐie ȄtĐuºn Ȅhuºn Ȅme Ȅlan Ȅnuºn
ᘋഏಁႼ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi ȅlã ȅnu³ı
હ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅlã 0ۂᘋഏ
ᙰ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuan Ȅhuan Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅnuanضኑຟ
[ȄĆĐoদȄheu][၇Ȅmai݄] ضኑຟߕ
ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅn³n/ȅn³n ضৄف
२Ȅϭ] 0 Ȅlan 0] ۂᖩৄف
ᚊতᚊ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅm¸i Ȅlan Ȅn³n
٤তৄ༖ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n0Ȅlan Ȅn³n
Ȅla ] Ȅno¸nܐ] ࡳতᖵؑ [२Ȅϭ] 0
༈⢦९ኑ [२Ȅϭ][ܐȄla ]
ऱऴ൷ᑑᓵΔᖕؾছڗᓵྤࠏڶψˮ˰ωᑑಖΙشڗऱٵլڗࠏ֮ءࣹଃΔፖྤڗࠏڶڍறޗԳऱה࠷۞ 9 ΖٵΖՀقψϭω।شଃऱྤڗڶࢨڗଃྤڶឰऱᑑψ0ωΔܒறྤऄޗ
738 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
10 ᣉݠ։ᓳ Δॾ᠆ΕՕൌΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕڇژΕິຟྀئΕՕൌΕᨇᗼឌܽΕ׆ڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (2) Δ֠ࠡਢԿקᓳઔߒΖᜤᢀࠩፖᨇত൷ᣦऱᆕޡৱၞԫڶ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖຍࠟଡွڇژᅗ८ ౨ཏױཚৰڰᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ 11Δݺଚංྒྷᨇতড়୮ᇩڇژچڍ૿ᔣᨇতऱতႂؑΔ ᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳွΖՀ૿։ܑտฯΚڇژሙ
ΕམΕΕຏն᥊ԵۂࡉᰳΕڗᦰՂᜢΔᖼԵڍڗՑऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊ᥊堚Եفॾ᠆ᥳ paȊΕᢐîȊΖۍΚԶȅp¸Εᛘȅs¸ΕᠧĆиȊΔԼsԥȊΕڕΔװᦰၺڍڗᜢ ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗվᦰՂᜢΔ٤ᖼԵᜢڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗࣲ՞ऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊ堚Եڜ Κჸȅt¸ΕԮȅĈĐieΕֲȅieΔᠧڕΔװվᦰၺڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰອؓΔᰳΕڗԵᜢ ڕອԵΰូڗpaȊΕᑵs˹ȊΕԺteiȊΖᚊؒऱভΕΕ՞ΕᘊԵᜢۍȄĆиΕఏȄĈĐi¸ΕȄl¸Δ ΕֵωαΖێΕۍψڕၺԵΰូڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂΕִωαΔᰳΕظψ৺Ε
ΚڕᦰອؓΔڍڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰԵᜢΔᰳΕڗऱভΕΕ՞ΕᘊԵᜢڜՕൌত ჸt¸ȇΕሒtиȇΕᑷnieȇΔػȄpĐaΕᑵȄ´yΕքȄtyΖ མຏԵᜢۂᰳ֗ڗΕ৺ΕֲωαΔᖼԵظψڕᦰອԵΰڗᨇᗼឌܽऱভ՞ᘊ堚Ե Ε৺ΕظψڕອԵΰូڗऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊ堚ԵྀئΕքωαΖ׆ۍψᠧΕڕᦰၺԵΰڗ ڕኙၺԵΰڗΕམΕΕຏ堚ԵۂωαΙᰳΕٽψᠧΕڕອؓΰូڗԫωαΔᖼԵ ψػΕᦰΕᆵωαΖڕΰװၺូڗωαΔᖼԵקΕߡΕۍψ
ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗΔ٤ᖼԵᜢװᦰອڍڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗ堚ԵײऱভΕΕ՞Εᘊۂຟಥິ ΚჃtĐaȆΕᛘâæȆΕڕΔຝ։ᦰԵᜢΔװᦰၺڍڗΕམΕΕຏԵᜢۂΙᰳΕװᦰၺڍڗԵᜢ âaȇΕຽmaȇΖفpaȇΕۍtâuȊΕքlyȊΔێiæȆΔᠧĆĐaȊΕԼâæȊΕlaȊΔᇶĆĐeȊΕֲ
խΔڗᑇ༓ଡ֟ڇΔঅఎڤԫጟྲྀఎݮګᓳΔբٵװՑऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖອفॾ᠆ᥳ
tiȆΕᢒ~ֆΚᘚᢒ iæȆΕ̑ޕΚᘷ~ֆΚᘷmi³ȆΕᢓ~Κ፧ᢓi ȆΕᢈᓳ~Κྏೲkϑ ȆΕڕ؈Δهᓳբءऱڗຍ༓ଡ
Κ⛹ȈĆaΕڕ؈ΔهᓳՈբءᓳΔٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱྲྀఎΔፖၺؓڇژՈؓإ᪙~੫Κ՛ߊ aȆΖ ᓳΔຝءঅఎڗᓳΔຝ։ٵᜢװॡȈfuΕቕȈseΕݬȈtĐeΕፒȈtĐueΕᘷȈmi³Ζ۫ׄऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖ
Κ~tĐ³ȆЋ~क़ȈtĐ³Εම~meȆЋම~क़ȈmeΕณᤀ~Κ࿗֪ ³ıȆЋณ~ఇΚณᅪȅ ³ıΕ~ڕ؈Δهᓳءڗ։ meȆЋࡢΰ࢚αȈmeΕಈmeéȆΕᦨl͓ ȆΕtĐeȆΕߚtĐuȆΕೱᆹᤓpĐuȆΕࠨĆĐ˹ȆΕ~۔maȆЋΰ࢚αȈmaΕࡢ
Ր~ ĆĐaȆΖ
ΚȅtĐ³ΕයȅtĐi³Εਣȅ´iã Εڕ؈ΔهᑇՈբڍᓳՕءᓳΔٵऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖՂᜢڜՕൌত
ȅmoΕ९ݮᆹᤓȅvuΕᅍȅiaΕᔰ=ਪȅĈĐyΕȅpĐuΕࠜȅtĐuΕਮȅkaΕ~فȅsaΕૈȅĈĐioΕᗣޥȅpaΕ
࠸ȅ´yΕᜓԫය~ȅf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Ζ
Κའ=ֿ~ȉĆ³Ε֍=ራȉkeuΕڕ؈ΔهᑇբڍᓳՕءᓳΔٵՂྫࣟ՞ऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖၺՂ ࣨȉpã Εȉtи ΕຼȉluΕࡓȉpĐiã ΕȉĈĐi³ıΕȉtϐ ΕഔȉtoeΕᒣȉ´i³ıΕహȉi³ıΕޥȉpaΕȉpaΕ
ᜓԫය~ȉf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Εཫཫȉkuϐ Ћཫࢾ~Ȅkuϐ Ζ
ွΖڼ࿇آࠀޘᖯՑۂᣉݠ։ᓳΔݺଚᓳऱতൈፚڶՈۂᖕᏥፁ㝿 (2001:50)Δতൈፚ 10 ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔࠡխতႂຕΕոڇژႉհ؆Δࠡ塒 14 រ݁ۍ15 ଡរೈ Ւᇩ٥ׂڠΕᏄׂڠᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004)Δႂ 11 ᣉڇژ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ5 ଡၢڇژ9 ଡၢ ᣉݠ։ᓳΖᖕၺፚ (2014) ኙতႂؑ 14 ଡၢऱᓳΔ٥ڇژᝫۂ֏९ ݠ։ᓳΖ
739 ο
12 Κဲݠ=ຉᆬ~ֆΚᆬຉ=ਐ֫~ֆΚ֫ਐڕᓳΔٵװࠟଡ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ ։ܑፖၺؓࡉອڶᅗ८ᖻိ
ΰ࢚αرԳȈ aЋ~رȈĆßΕᓚȈhaΕटػᦰȈpaЋट֮ᦰpaȆΕࡦȈĈieΕୂػᦰȈkoЋୂ֮ᦰȄkoΕ=ඪ=ȈtĐiΕ 13 14 iaȆЋᅍΰ࢚αȈiaΕ๛ᜳ~pĐoȆΕᘷ~۔ȅiΕᎫ k³ȆΕᅍں~ᕴȈh³Ιۘ~ୂΚཬढऱᆳiȆЋۘێȅ aΕ⊱ ~Κູ mi³ȆΕ壀ം~Κԫጟಮॾ೯s° ȆΕᢁĈiuºnȆΕl͓ ȆΕᦛՕ~vanȆЋᦛݮ୲ဲȄvanΕֽ~vanȆЋΰ࢚αȄvanΕ
ΚດᒟਜॅtiºnȆЋរΰ࢚αȅtiºnΕዞ~ֽΚᑷֽك~ᙰΚኙඈ۩່՛ृऱᑋጠmuºnȆΕរ~۔ඡඈ۩່՛Κ~ȄmuºnЋඡ
ȅkuinЋዞߪkuinȆΕΰ࢚αȄfanЋ᠏೯fanȆΖ
ΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕषᄻΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎۂᚊؒΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏڜॾ᠆Ε (3) រভ᥊ԫΕԲٺΔ15 ࠡ塒مػᦰᐋঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲߠߓچৄف࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕ ߠ। 3ΚڗΖࠏੌٽءഗڗߠߓ
Ӯϕ᠇ᖇ٦تطț 3ȜӑӝࠄឡǬΉา
तظ——ٽᓫ——Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ
¸Ց Ȅkã ȄĆϑ ȅkã xã Ȇ sϑ Ȇ koȊȅkفॾ᠆ᥳ
ॾ᠆۫ׄ Ȅko Ȉkã ȅkã Ȉhã Ȉ´iϐ k·ȇ kaȇ
Ȅkã ȈĈiϐ ȅkã Ȉhã ȅ´iϐ koȇ kaȇ ؓإ᠆ॾ
։ऱฉᇾڶ ᚊؒڜ
ᨇᗼၺക Ȅkã ȄĈi Ȉkã hã Ȇ´iȆ kuæȊ kæȊ
։ऱฉᇾڶ ᨇᗼឌܽ
։ऱฉᇾڶ ྀئᨇᗼ׆
ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã ȆȄ´iϐ ȅku¸ k¸ȇ ڜՕൌত
Ȅkuã kã Ȇȅkuã ȅkã xã Ȋ kuaȇ kaȇ ۂᘋഏ
ᘋഏಁႼ [ᄆu³ıȆ] Ȅkã ȅkã [ܶȄxu³ı][ভȈxã]ku ³ôȇ kaôȇ
Ղྫࣟ՞ Ȅkoϐ Ȅkã ȅkã ȅkoϐ ȅkã Ȅhã Ȅ´iϐ koeȇ kaȇ
Ղྫषᄻ 0 Ȉkã ȅkã ȅku³ı ȅkã [ᄆȈu³ı] hã Ȇ kuoȆ kaȆ
ശᆠᖩֽ Ȅkuϐ Ȉkã ȅkã ȅkuϐ ȅkã hã Ȇ´iϐ Ȇ koȇ kaȇ
Ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã Ȇ´ϑ Ȇ kuæȆ kaȆ ۂຟಥິ
ٽվᦰᜢᓳਝլฤڗޅԫڶΔ࿇ٿნڗଃٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳွΔݺଚᛀࠡڇژሐᅗ८ᖻိآࠀ (2006) اᏥᖻ 12 ΔݺװອٵၺؓΔԫᣊᦰٵऱࠏ؆ଃ᧢ࡐ֏ࠟᣊΔԫᣊᦰڗޅຑᦰ᧢ᓳ৳ΖຍٽΔՈլฤۯچࠡᖵଃᣉ ଚᎁຍਢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔᇡߠ്ଓ (2014:208–209)Ζ ᕴΖێদ֊Δ࠷ູײΚπᐖᣉρ⊰ 13 ֊ΔᎫԸΖײो֊ΔԾײᎫΚπᐖᣉρ 14 Ζڗվߠ࣍ߠߓԵᜢمভ᥊ԫԲ։ڠΕᨇᗼၺകΕᄎ࣑ۂΕতൈፚؓإՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ 15
740 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
तظ——ٽᓫ——Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ
։ऱฉᇾڶ তൈᑧՑ
Ȅkã kã Ȇȅkã hã Ȇ´iºıȆ kuºȇ kaȇ ۂতൈፚ
Ȅka Ȉka ȅka Ȉha haȆ kuaȇ kaȇ ڠᄎ࣑
ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄkuºnkanȆȅkan ȅkuºn ȅkan huºnȊ hanȊ kuºôȇ kaôȇ
ᙰ Ȅkuam kamȆȅkuam ȅkam huamȆãamȊ kuapȇ kapȇضኑຟ
ȅkom ȅkam 0 kopȇ kapȇ 0 ضኑຟߕ
Ȅk³m Ȅkam ȅk³m ȅkam h³mȆ hamȆ k³pȇ kapȇ ضৄف
Ȅkom——ԿȄsam] k³ipȇ kaipȇز] ۂᖩৄف
¸ࣲ՞ Ȅkã ȅkã hã Ȇ´iãȆȅ kڜ
ٵહ ۂᘋഏ
ٵՂྫᛜছ
ᚊতᚊ Ȅkan kanȆȅkan hanȆ hanȊ katȇ
٤তৄ༖ Ȅkam kamȆȅkam 0 kæôȇ
ٵࡳতᖵؑ
ٵ༈⢦९ኑ
ৄفΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕۂॾ᠆ΕᨇᗼၺകΕᘋഏ (4) Ցԫᚥٽ՞᥊چٺΔࠡ塒ܑྤئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהՑԫᚥิΰଃαࡉࠡٽऱ՞᥊چ ߠτ। 4υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰຝ։ܑڶئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהΰଃαࡉࠡิ
ț 4ȜӑӝεឡӔΨาϕ᠇ᖇ٦
ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ
Ց ȈpĐmō ȅmō Ȅtmō Ȅsmō Ȅkmō ȅmōفॾ᠆ᥳ
ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo
ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo ؓإ᠆ॾ
ᨇᗼၺക ȈpĐuã Ȉmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã Ȉuã
ȈpĐuã ȅmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã ȅuã ۂᘋഏ
ᘋഏಁႼ ȈpĐu³ı Ȅmu³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅu³ı
Ղྫࣟ՞ ȈpĐoϐ ȅmoϐ Ȅtoϐ Ȅsoϐ Ȅkoϐ ȅoϐ
ശᆠᖩֽ ȈpĐuϐ ȅmuϐ Ȅtuϐ Ȅsuϐ Ȅkuϐ ȅuϐ
741 ο
ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ
তൈᑧՑ [ჺȄp×ı] 16
ȈpĐ³ ȅm³ Ȅt³ Ȅs³ Ȅk³ ȅv³ ڠᄎ࣑
ᅗ८ᖻိ ȈpĐuºn ȅmuºn Ȅtuºn Ȅsuºn Ȅkuºn ȅvuºn
ᙰ ȈpĐuan ȅmuan Ȅtuan Ȅsuan Ȅkuan ȅvuanضኑຟ
[ȈpĐon ȅmon [ቸȈtĐonጩsonȆ ضኑຟߕ
ȈpĐ³n Ȅm³n Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n ضৄف
ࣲ՞ ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅtu Ȅsu Ȅknō ȅnōڜ
ᚊؒ 0ڜ
ᨇᗼឌܽ 0 [ȅt×ı][ᎨȄs×ı] 0
0 ྀئᨇᗼ׆
ȅpĐϐ ȅmϐ Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅkuã ȅvã ڜՕൌত
Ղྫषᄻ ȈpĐ³ı m³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅv³ı
Ղྫᛜছ 00Ȅt³n Ȅs³n0 0
ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅk³ı ȅv³ı ۂຟಥິ
ȈpĐ³ı ȅm³ı Ȅtuºı Ȅsuºı Ȅkuºı ȅuºı ۂতൈፚ
હ 0 Ȅtoºn0ۂᘋഏ
[ࡴȄkuonጥȅkuon] 0 ۂᖩৄف
ᚊতᚊ ȈpĐan ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n panȆ] Ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³nת] ٤তৄ༖
ࡳতᖵؑ 0
༈⢦९ኑ 00Ȅsoºn0
ΕᚊতΕࡳতΕ٤তΕ༈⢦ऱভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ৄفࣲ՞ΕՂྫᛜছΕኑຟΕڜ (5) ٽऱভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿऱվᦰբᆖچٺΔࠡ塒مၲՑԿऱվᦰսঅఎ։ ߠτ। 5υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰଡܑੌ
ΰᇡߠٵئαػᦰᐋᣉئՑԫΰຏൄॺᚥิᜢٽ˯ػᦰᐋፖڗऱড়୮ֱߢΔၲՑԫߠߓم՞᥊ԫԲ։ 16
×ıΖئՑԫվᦰᣉٽංྒྷࠡױψߗ Ȅk×ıωطΔمଓ 2014:137αΖতൈᑧՑ՞᥊ԫԲ։്
742 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ț 5Ȝӑӝࠄឡ້ΨΖћาᆭεឡ້ΨΖћาϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ሤ᧭ᝐٙߢॊ
ࣲ՞ Ȉ®Đã iãȊȄ®Đ ã ĈĐiȊȈi ȄĈiڜ
Ղྫᛜছ [ᣤȈnianᖚȅkian][ྥߢiºn]
ᙰ ȈćĐam namȊȄĆĐiam ćĐanȊȈnan Ȅćanضኑຟ
[კȈliamᨖȈiam][ᢰȄpienຑȈlien] ضኑຟߕ
ȈkĐiam niamȆȄkĐiam kĐienȆȈnien Ȅkien ضৄف
[ȄĈĐiamᣤȈniam][ᢰȄpien֚ȄtĐien] ۂᖩৄف
ᚊতᚊ ȈĈĐian ianȊȄĈĐian ĈĐiºnȊȈiºn ȄĈiºn
٤তৄ༖ ȈĈĐiam niamȊĈĐiamȆȄĈiºn Ȉiºn ĈĐiºnȊ
[ࡳতᖵؑ [ङian][ᢰȄpiºn֚ȄtĐiºn
[ȄĈianᖚȅcian][ȄcĐiºnຑȈliºnڞ] ༈⢦९ኑ
Ց ȈĆĐϑ nϑ ȊȄĆĐϑ ĆĐϑ ȊȈϑ ȄĆϑفॾ᠆ᥳ
ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȈĈĐiϐ niϐ ȆȄĈĐiϐ ĈĐiϐ ȆȈiϐ ȄĈiϐ
ȈĈĐiϐ ȅniϐ ȄĈĐiϐ ȅĈĐiϐ Ȉiϐ ȄĈiϐ ؓإ᠆ॾ
ٵᚊؒ ڜ ᨇᗼၺക ȈĈĐiniȊȄĈĐi ĈĐiȊȈi ȄĈi
ᨇᗼឌܽ [ᖚȅĈiϑ ][ຑȈliϑ ]
ٵ ྀئᨇᗼ׆ ȈĈĐiϐ Ȅniϐ ȄĈĐiϐ ȄĈĐiϐ Ȉniϐ ȄĈiϐ ڜՕൌত
ȈĈĐiºı iºıȊȄĈĐiºı ĈĐiºıȊȈiºı ȄĈiºı ۂᘋഏ
ᘋഏಁႼ ȈĈĐiºı niºıȆȄĈĐiºı ĈĐiºıȆȄĈiºı Ȉniºı
Ղྫࣟ՞ ȈĈĐiϐ Ȅniϐ ȄĈĐiϐ ȄĈĐiϐ Ȉniϐ ȄĈiϐ
Ղྫषᄻ ȈĈĐiϐ niϐ ȆȄĈĐiϐ ĈĐiϐ ȆȈniϐ ȄĈiϐ
ശᆠᖩֽ ȈĈĐiϐ niϐ ȆȄĈĐiϐ ĈĐiϐ ȆȈniϐ ȄĈiϐ
ȈĈĐϑ ϑ ȊȄĈĐϑ ĈĐϑ ȊȈϑ ȄĈϑ ۂຟಥິ
তൈᑧՑ [ᨖȈiϐ ][ᒵ´iϐ Ȇ]
ȈĈĐiºı niºıȆȄĈĐiºı ĈĐiºıȆȈniºı ȄĈiºı ۂতൈፚ
ȈkĐie ieȆȄkĐie kĐieȆȈie Ȅkie ڠᄎ࣑
ᅗ८ᖻိ ȈĈĐiºn iºnȊȄĈĐiºn ĈĐiºnȊȈiºn ȄĈiºn
[હ 0 [ᄿȄiºn֚ȄtĐiºnۂᘋഏ
743 ο
τ। 6υΚ᜔ױଃᐛऱࠠ᧯։࣫چٺՂኙא
ț 6aȜӑӝᇖग़ቲᕫ (1)
ᨇ ᗼ Օൌ ᘋഏ Ղྫ ശᆠ ິຟ ত ൈ ڜ᠆ រ ॾچ
ᑧ ፚ ۂࣟ՞ ᖩֽ ಥ ۂ ڜᚊ ࣲ ၺ ឌ ׆ ত إ ۫ ᥳ ۂ Ց ئ ܽ ՞ ക ؒ ؓ ׄ ف ֺለႈؾ ЀЁЁЀЀЀЀЀ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ Ё Ё ЁЁ ڗᖼՂײ (1) ػᦰᐋվլᦰ ࢨᄕଡܑᦰອ ؓ ᣉݠ ЀЀЀЀЀЁЀЀ Ѐ Ё Ѐ Ё Ѐ ЁЁڇژ (2) ։ᓳࢨ՛ጠ᧢ ᓳ (3) ভ᥊ԫΕ ЀЀЀЀЁЀЀЀ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ Ѐ ЀЀ অڗԲߠߓ مఎ։ Ց ЀЀЀ 0 ЁЀ 00ЁЀЀЀЁЀЁٽ՞᥊ (4) ԫᚥิΰ ᜢהଃαፖࠡ ิΰॺଃα ܑྤئᣉ (5) ভΕ՞᥊ ЁЁЁЁЀЁЁЁ Ё Ё Ё Ё Ё ЁЁ ၲՑԿঅ مఎ։ ড়୮ᇩ 54442444 4 4 5 3 3 32۔ ᐛอૠ ᄅড়୮ᇩ 1103100 1 1 2 2 23 ᐛอૠ
ț 6bȜӑӝᇖग़ቲᕫ (2)
ࡳ ༈ ٤ ᚊ ৄ فរ ᄎ ᅗ ᘋ ഏՂ ྫኑ ຟچ ⢦ ߕ ᖩ ত ত ত ض ष ᛜ ۂ ࣑ ८ ಁ ᚊ ৄ༖ ᖟؑ ९ኑ ۂ ض ض ᖻိ Ⴜ હ ᄻ ছ ᙰ ڠֺለႈؾ ػᦰ ЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁڗᖼՂײ (1) ᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡ ᦰອܑؓ ᣉݠ։ᓳ ЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁڇژ (2) ࢨ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ
744 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ࡳ ༈ ٤ ᚊ ৄ فរ ᄎ ᅗ ᘋ ഏՂ ྫኑ ຟچ ⢦ ߕ ᖩ ত ত ত ض ष ᛜ ۂ ࣑ ८ ಁ ᚊ ৄ༖ ᖟؑ ९ኑ ۂ ض ض ᖻိ Ⴜ હ ᄻ ছ ᙰ ڠֺለႈؾ (3) ভ᥊ԫΕԲ ЀЀЀЁЀЁЀЀЀЀЁЁЁЁ مঅఎ։ڗߠߓ Ցԫ ЀЀЀ 0 Ё 0 ЀЀЀ 0 ЁЁ 00ٽ՞᥊ (4) ᚥิΰଃαፖ ᜢิΰॺהࠡ ܑྤئଃαᣉ (5) ভΕ՞᥊ၲՑ ЁЁЁ 0 ЁЀЀЀЀЀЀЀЀЀ مԿঅఎ։ ড়୮ᇩᐛอ 3330202220 00۔ ૠ ᄅড়୮ᇩᐛอ 22233433335544 ૠ
ڜΕؓإড়୮ᇩऱរΔॾ᠆۫ׄΕ۔נ᧯ՑΕՂྫࣟ՞ݙ٤فΔॾ᠆ᥳנאױൕτ। 6υ
ড়୮ᇩऱᐛΔശᆠΕິຟΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎ࣑Ε۔נՈࣔ᧩।ۂᚊؒΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏ
ᄅড়୮ᇩ࿇୶ऱႨΖᚊতΕ٤তݙٻנբࣔ᧩।܀ড়୮ᇩΔ۔ᅗ८ΕᘋഏಁႼ᜔᧯Ղս᥆
હΕۂΕᘋഏۂᄅড়୮ᇩऱរΔࡳতΕ༈⢦ΕՂྫᛜছՈࣔ᧩᥆ᄅড়୮ᇩྤጊΔতൈፚנ᧯٤
ࣲ՞ڜড়୮ᇩऱᐛΔᚨ᥆ᄅড়୮ᇩΖ۔࣍ڍऱᄅড়୮ᇩऱᐛנ।ৄفՂྫषᄻΕኑຟΕ ࠡ܀౨࠹তຝᄅড়୮ᇩᐙαΔױԫរΰڍऱᄅড়୮ᇩរ࿑נለΔឈྥ। ፖᨇতࡌᢰֱطড়୮ᇩለு֨ऱᐛΰ۔ψᖼՂػᦰᐋվլᦰອؓω֗ψᣉݠ։ᓳωԯਢ ড়୮ᇩለݔᅝΖ۔ലࠡီڼڂߠΔᇡߠ৵֮αΔױߢऱֺለ א (ΔፖᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001܉։چড়୮ᇩऱ۔ऱᄅΕנଃᐛࠉᖕאݺଚ ࣍Κݺڇհٵֺ࣠ለԫીΔ່Օऱլ܉ᇩऱ։چءऱড়ᤄᇩΕנࠉᖕڻᐋاฝ ᇩωαհچءড়୮ᇩΰਊΚᏥፁ㝿ࢬߢψড়ᤄᇩωΕψ۔࣍ᄅΕمᗑৄفലኑຟΕٵଚլᎁ ᄅড়୮ᇩΖ܂؆ऱऄΔۖലࠡီ
⥾ҙⵒ⦝ㅠదᯌ᱿ໞߌ઼֡⬊ .3
ຏයٌٙ֗א࣍՞Օ՟ऱॴሶطषᄎΔזײڇᔆՂࠐᎅਢԫጟषᄎွΔψءߢൕֱ ऱԳࠐؘྥ۞ٵᣤૹऱ֚߀Գጞࡉᖏ႖㈫Δլנ࣠լਢڕൄൣउՀإऱᆵ৵Δ ࢨੌ۞ྥچΕઇؓڇၴՂઌյሶᠦΖ़ۖڇऱԳᆢٵլګࡳֺለ࿕֟Δൕۖທ ࡳऱګঁᄎດዬݮאڼࡺᑗᄐΔ९ڜࡎΔمߪڜԫֱֽՒհՂΔڇښࡐچփΔԳଚክ ࠐٵழཚΕլٵ؆ΔլڼߓΕ֮֏ࡉֱߢႃቸΖωΰ്ᠨᐜΕ๗ॣࣙ 2008:413αاගᆢ ΖڂऱૹګՈਢֱߢฆݮاᄭऱᖵฝ
745 ο
ᅘȮ≘઼⥾᱿Ӡ̡⎞⬊֡᱿⎊ᤋ߸ӡ〦 3.1
Εᅗ८Εᄎৄف՞౧Δຑጿ࣍ኑຟΕڎΚࣟຝऱࣳچՂऱ૿ᗨਢສࡉ՞א ᨇত 80% ऱতᚢ՞౧ΔՕൌᚢፖຑ՞ದٗ࣍Օټፖ壂৬ऱ։ᒵΙতຝਢထ۫ۂ࣑Ε༈⢦ᗼΔਢ ᢅᔺ՞౧ऱ壆ᐖ՞ΔᒌᔓڶᐖࣟΙ۫ຝܛൌΕॾ᠆Ε٤তΕᚊতΕࡳতᗼΔՕൌᚢতຝ ࡉສհၴ։چ՞ڇࡉສΔچᨇতࠀॺ٤ਢ՞܀ՂྫΕശᆠΕতൈᗼቼۖᔣ࣍ྋতΖڇ ࣾੌΔՒᣦॅΔՒᐋለদΔਢۂႨؓࡖΔچհփΔچઇٺΖچထնԼ༓ଡՕ՛ઇ܉ Δ֠ࠡᚊতΕࡳতࡉ٤ত༓٤ਢ՞܅קΕত܅ႨࠐᎅΔᨇতࡌխچ᧯ऱልౙΖ༉ᖞ ࡉສΖ17چ ݮࡉੌणउΔലᨇত։խΕ۫ΕতΕࣟຝ։چᨇতऱٽ႓ݳ (2006:17–19) Ι۫ຝؓچऱڰΔਢၲ࿇່چઇڠᗨؓ——ᨇޱ૿ᗨ່Օऱڶΰߠτቹ 1υαΚխຝ ֺለՕऱ՞᧯Δശᆠ֠ࣔ᧩Δڶچڜٳ۫ۂࠡᔾྋতࡉ܀Δۿ૿ᗨࢬֺࠏࡉխຝઌ ՀཾऱՕൌࡉতൈΙࣟຝۂᅶສΔശᆠ৬ᗼழၴՈՕՕඡ࣍ີ܅༓ྤۖچຟਢՕ՞ءഗ ऱΙڰՈਢၲ࿇ለۖڂΔچઇৄفࡉچኑຟઇ——چለՕઇڶ܀՞ສΔ܅אឈՈ ፖᐖࣟ൷ᣦऱΰᚊতΕ٤তΕࡳতΕء૿ᗨՕΔ՞᧯দૹΔچতຝֺؓࠏৰ՛Δ՞ ༈⢦αઌᅝඡ२թ৬ᗼΖ ၲ࿇ለඡڇ܉Κᄅড়୮ᇩႃխ։ٽܭءഗ܉ݮ։چՂאፖ܉։چড়୮ᇩऱ۔ᨇতᄅΕ ຝೈ؆αΕ۫ຝקऱխຝΰᘋഏڰၲ࿇ለڇ܉ড়୮ᇩႃխ։۔ೈ؆αΔڜऱতຝΰॾ᠆Ε তຝ᥆࣍ؓ૿ᗨڇڜೈ؆αΙॾ᠆ΕৄفΕՂྫ۫ຝೈ؆αΕࣟຝΰኑຟΕקΰശᆠ۫ ৬ڣ ࣍ 788ڜΙڣ ࣍Օൌऱ 705ڰ৬ᗼΔڣ ΰॾ᠆࣍ 682ڰΔ৬ᗼழၴՈለچለՕऱ ፖᆄڶΙᘋഏ۫ຝچհ܉ড়୮ᇩऱ։۔ՈਢچຍࠟאլαΔࢬװᗼΔፖՕൌ৬ᗼழၴઌ ຝࡉՂྫ۫ຝঞਢ壆קऱػႆ՞Δശᆠٌ۫ڜٳፖࡉΕڶຝקΕࡉٌऱ֚ྋ՞Δڜ ᧬ײڶࠐ༉אፖ壂৬ኑ֏հၴΔዧৄفΙኑຟΕچհ܉ᐖ՞Δຍࠄຟਢᄅড়୮ᇩऱ։ ᖵچԵᨇऱૹሁஉΔຍࠟاழՈਢࣔ堚ழཚᎸΰᆕαฝٵতᔢऱૹຏሐΔاקሐΔਢ ᄅড়୮ᇩऱរΖנ।ڍޓֱࠡߢڼڂΰᇡߠՀ֮αΔچऱ൷اልΕੌ۽ՂਢᎸ۫ ࡌऱڇ܉Δᄅড়୮ᇩঞ։چऱؓ܅Ⴈለچڇ܉ড়୮ᇩ։۔ࠐΔᨇতऱ᧯᜔ ᆜΔᎅᄅড়୮ᇩऱԳψ৵ۯچᖕԱᚌႨ۾ড়୮ᇩऱԳψ٣Եω۔Ζᎅچࡉສچ՞ යٙለऱ՞Ζچࠐড়ωঁ౨Ե۰
⊓⥾᱿ҙⵒదᯌ⎞⬊֡᱿⇦ᗺㄊʬሷ〦઼֡⬊ 3.2
ࢌΔ։ܑፖڠࢌΕᨇڜᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝฆፖࣔ堚ழཚऱ۩ਙ৬ᆜᣂᜤለՕΚࣔॣত ࢌᏆতൈΕՕڜΚতٵαᏆᗼઌڠᨇޏڣ ց 1153۫ܛڣΰฯᘋԲԼԿڠ૨Εಇڜݚতק
ρ(1994:4–10)ΖچΚࡌદπᨇতᆖᛎەႨऱ༴૪چݮΕچᣂ࣍ᨇত 17
746 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
։ΰ႓ݳ 2006:19αچτቹ 1υᨇতऱ
ΖࣔৄفΕڜࢌᏆᨇᗼΕິຟΕᘋഏΕᄎ࣑Εॾ᠆ΕኑຟΕᅗ८ΕᚊতΕڠൌΕՂྫΔᨇ ᏺۖاᆜᆕᎸੌڜஒՕᑓ೯႖հ৵ؓڇཛΔᎸᆕྉᨇᢰ࿋ᇶ೯᙮࿇Δࣔ׆ཛ ᆜࡳতᗼΔᆄ (1569) ڣശᆠᗼΔၼᐜԿ (1517) ڣᐚԼԲإᏺԿᗼΚڼڂᄅऱᗼएΔᨇত ΔՈਢվᄅড়୮چᢰ՞ੌപ೯᙮հڇ९ኑᗼΰվ༈⢦αΖຍԿᗼຟم (1576) ڣᖟ Δ֒ኑຟᗼऴ(1754) ڣ।ऱࣟতԫၻೈ؆αΖ堚ၼԼזᖩֽאΰശᆠچհ܉ᇩ։ ڣࡳতᗼࡳতᨚΙ٠ፃԲԼޏΔ(1773) ڣΕᅗ८ΕኑຟԿᗼΙ堚ၼԿԼԶৄفΔᝤڠជ ٤তᗼαΖ堚ཛᨇতऱ۩ਙቤߠτቹ 2υΖټޏᆜಇতᨚΰ৵چ࣫ᚊতΕॾ᠆ᗼ (1903) ড়୮ᇩऱᐛΔۖঅఎ۔ڶழՈࠠٵ܀ऱֱߢվ᥆ᄅড়୮ᇩΔৄفࢬᝤኑຟΕڠኑຟײ រΖ٤ত৬ᗼழၴ່ඡΔՈנֱߢऱડچהmΕ-nΕ- Ε-pΕ-tΕ-k ঞਢܑࠡ࣍ᨇতࠡ- ড়୮۔ᨇতڍΔڰழၴለمᑇ৬ڍࢌࢬᝤᗼएՕڠࢌΕᨇڜতײΖ܉ਢᄅড়୮ᇩऱ։ 堚ཛڇΕᅗ८ৄفࢌऱኑຟΕڠՕ᧢೯ΰᨇڍࠐ༓ྤאݚ۞چΖຍࠟࢌࢬᝤհچհ܉ᇩऱ։ Κভ᥊ԫԲߠߓڕለൎऱԫીࢤΔڶড়୮ᇩփຝࠠ۔ڼڂೈ؆αΔڠऴជمᗑנழ࣫ ΖܑྤئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהՑԫᚥิΰଃαፖࠡٽΔ՞᥊مঅ։ڗ
747 ο
αޏτቹ 2υ堚ཛᨇতऱ۩ਙቤΰᖕᢟࠡ㠅 1982:52–53 ቹ
₪ᔕẼᖁᆯ⬊઼֡⥾ҙⵒదᯌഐໞ᱿ሱ⸅⣬ߌ 3.3
Ζᣂ࣍ড়୮Եᔢైڂᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝฆऱ່ૹګΔਢທاࠐᄭऱᖵฝڍΕڻᐋڍ Ζךᇖא࣠ղګԳઔߒהٽ֮ءᢞΔەڶڍᨇতऱழၴΕࠐᄭΕሁᒵΔᏥፁ㝿Εᆄ॑ੴ ᔤּΰᏥፁ㝿 1995ΙᢅটʳৄفኑຟᘸּΕڕԵࡺΔזऱࡩּ࣍வ۔ؾছ࿇ᨇত່ ڜΖ۞ାխᆺڍᔢԵᨇতᖞ᧯ሿཋΕԳᑇլاାছཚΔխዧ۟ڣأ᜕ᨠ۫வ܀2001αΖ ΰᢅট 2001αΖڍՕՕᏺاקհᎾΔᨇতΕᎸ۫൷ऱזհ႖ࡨΔ۟ն ழᨇڼΔ֪ՑՕฐΖףएᏺچԱรԫଡᆖᛎ֮֏ዊऱழཚΔࠟנݚΔᨇᎸᢰק ࣍࠹ᙉΕΕ८ਙᦞॿطֱק࣍ᖵՂ່ᔕᅇऱழཚΔሎ࿇ሒΕ၉ዊΖཚၴΔৄڠ լ֟ࡩּઌᤉԵᔢᨇᎸᢰΰᢅট 2001αΖ۟ݚতᔢΔᨇতԾᆖመԱԫࡉؓ࿇ڶឫΔս ࠟݚ࣍ࡳΕݶຒ࿇୶ཚΔᨇᗼΕິຟΕኑຟΕᘋഏΕতൈᗼڇ୶ཚΖ᜔᧯ࠐΔᨇত હནհڼڇ৬ᆜದࠐΔՕ᧯ࡳԱֲ৵ᨇতऱᗼݝΖޡᗼएՈດהᑵΔࠡګၲ࿇ዬ ໃʳڿΰࡌᦊΕሏاᨇতΕᎸ۫ᔢฝऱฝٻޡΕᨇխၞԫקᨇֱ֗ק࣍۞ګՀΔড়୮ᇩݮ բᆖၲࡨᎅড়୮ᇩΖاழཚऱᨇতࡺڼ22αΔ18ʳ–1986:21
ᚊ (1997:41–44)Ε๗ॣࣙ (1998)ΕᔥᖠဎΕ׆Փց (2003) ᖂृൕߢᖂߡ৫ΔᓵᢞԱࠟݚழཚਢড়୮ᇩڕޕ 18 ݚխקࡉԳՑ᧢֏Εዧ⓽ᠧߡ৫ၞ۩൶ಘΔᎁড়୮ᇩ࣍ٻߨا८֛ (1995) ঞൕฝܦऱ່ૹழཚΖګݮ Ζګᨇতݮڇཚ
748 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ࣔॣԾᔡᒅΔԳՑᨏ྇ΔڇΖݚցհᎾऱᖏञ৵ΔᨇতچݼցૹګցॣΔᨇতأݚ ኪહནհՀΔࣔॣسᏛऱषᄎچຍጟՒထԳՑ࿕֟ΕՒڇᏛԳ࿕ऱᢰၾणኪΖچ٦৫࣍ اࠐ۞ᨇխΕ壂৬ࡉᐖࣟΔࠡխ壂৬ΕᐖࣟฝاΔຍࠄ؆ࠐฝاฝޅԱՕܮࠐᨇতא ࡉڤԵᔢᨇতऱመ࿓Ε।ݮاᤄΖ墌ᄅ (2000) ኙຍԿᤄฝקᎸ۫ᤄࡉᆕࣟΕᆕאԾ ࢨੌ༅Εബ๗۽Εࢵ۽ދא༉ၲࡨاၴΔᨇխᤄฝڣ֏ګڇڰ (ᢞΚ(1ەᐛԱᇡา܉։ Ղᓿݰףؿએֲ墿ጹ്ΔԳՑᚘԺყՕΔچΕᨇխऱԳקၴΔᨇڣᔢᨇতΖቯ壃ੌڤऱֱ ڕऱልౙΔڰၲ࿇ለڇ܉։اऱᨇতΖຍࠄฝچԳՑੌԵԳ࿕קૹΔլ֟ᨇխࢨᨇ ֭ۂΔ֗তຝॾ᠆ऱࣾߣΔृঞऎᨇچࡉࣾߣؓچຝઇקᘋഏΕິຟΕᨇᗼխ ຝऱՂྫΕ۫ڇΔੌፋاᨇতऱᎸᆕฝזዶຘࠩতຝೣऱᚊতᗼΖ(2) ࣔۂ——ੌ ࣟຝऱᅗ֗אΕᄎ࣑ΕࡳতΕ९ኑΔڜতൈΕՕൌΕശᆠΔতຝࡉࣟতຝऱᚊতΕॾ᠆Ε Εত֗ࣟতຝ壆ᗼੌፋխ֨Ζࣔխᆺ۫ຝऱശᆠΕতຝ۫אΕኑຟᗼΔࠡխԾৄف८Ε چٵᨇতլڇऱ࣠ΖچᆵࡺຍࠄاਢᎸᆕੌإऱࡳতΕࣟতຝऱ९ኑԿᗼऱ৬Δ ا壂৬ੌאΕᅗ८Εᄎ࣑壆ᗼৄفጹᔣ壂৬ऱኑຟΕ——ٵᑓլጐઌ܉ऱ։اΔᎸᆕੌ Ιॾ᠆ΕᚊاᐖࣟੌאΙጹຑᐖࣟऱՂྫΕശᆠ壆ᗼঞاᎸ۫ੌאΔࠡխԾ ᑓ܉ऱ։چᅝڇاլΔᎸᆕੌװຟઌקᆜፖᎸ۫ΕᆕࣟΕᆕۯچতΕࡳতΕ༈⢦壆ᗼ (Ζᖕᆄ॑ੴΕᏥፁ㝿 (1995ٽܭءઌլՕΖ墌ᄅऱઔߒ࣠ፖඦᖫഗ (1985) ऱᓵഗ ᑇऱอૠ।ࣔΔতຝࡉࣟতຝऱᚊতΕࡳޘ৬اᗼᎸᆕᤄฝٺᨇতזݳኙࣔ堚ࠟټچᖕ ழཚऱاՕฝז၌መ堚ءᑇഗޘࢬ৬اᎸᆕᤄฝזΕᄎ࣑Ε९ኑΕॾ᠆ᗼࣔڜতΕ ΖٽܭऱՕၦፋႃࡉ᙮೯ՈઌچՂ૪ڇاᎸᆕੌזᑓΔຍፖ墌ᄅࢬ૪ࣔ ઌ֘ΔᎸᆕڼΙፖޣಲᝩᤄૹᓿݰ֗ਙࢌಳΔඍ२اࣔ৵ཚࡨΔᨇխฝ ऱاᗼᎸᆕᤄੌٺᨇতזᨇতऱ೯থ။ൎΔ۟堚ছཚሒࠩቓฐΖඦᖫഗ (1985) ኙ堚ڇاੌ ᎸᤄΔԳᑇլ֜اฝזऱ堚ৄفຝΖኑຟΕקᢞΚ(1) ࣟەࡉᑇၦԱᇡา܉ᔢൔΕ։ ଚה՞ԳՑ堷ࡉΔچᅝڂ৵ڼሒࠩΔܛႉൈհழڇࠐΔࠡൔԵۖ۽ࢵضᚨڍΔڍ ࣟত՞ڇႃխاΖᅗ८ऱᎸᆕੌڍᐖऑΔԳᑇฒ܉։اᗼੌٺխ۫ຝංၞΖ(2) խຝٻڍޓ ၴࡴֱࢵ൘ڣᑇՏԳΔႉएض૨ᤄ֢ڶԼ࣍ՒထΙᘋഏ堚ॣاᅗ८ᗼᎸᆕੌڣΔൈዺԼ ڇೈႃխاሒࠩΔᑇၦՕՕ၌መՒထΔຍࠄੌاၴᎸᆕᤄੌڣѧၼإԳΔ۟ሸڍՏ ऱႃխࡺ۰اਢᎸᆕੌچ܅ۂΙᨇᗼΕতൈΕິຟԿᗼऎ܉։ڶ؆Δ٤ᗼ݁אጤ՞ק ΔິຟঞᎸᆕੌچࡺ۰اຝαΔতൈᆕࣟੌ៱פګᆜᎸԳΰᔤڜޅΔᨇᗼ൷ԱՕچ ΙՕاᨇխؓੌޅՕ܉ຝສঞ։קΔխچയႃ࣍ࣟຝ՞اઌլՕ 19Ιॾ᠆ऱᎸᆕੌا ࣍ࣟጤऱᄅ܉։اΔᆕࣟੌ׳ؐ তႂΕࡨᘋᗼΔᇠᗼ᜔ԳՑ 70%קࠐ۞ᆕڍاൌऱੌ ઌᅝᑇၦΙᄎ࣑ࠠ᧯ൣउլᇡΔൕઌᣂಖሉՈਢᎸᆕڶՈاΔࠐ۞তൈΕॾ᠆ᔣᗼฝৄ Δൈዺᖏ႖ؓچದᆠ૨ऱ೯հاΖ(3) ۫ຝΖՂྫΕശᆠ۟堚ॣսਢᆕᤄੌچԳऱፋႃੌ ᛜছאΔ֠چٺ٤ᗼ܉։ا᧯ΖՂྫᆕᎸੌاԲᗼࡺګᇎᖑۖԵΔዌاஒ৵ΔᆕᎸੌ ՂՕ᧯᜔اയႃΖ(4) তຝᗼᎸᆕੌ܉՞։הለ֟؆Δࠡچ܅ႃխΙശᆠೈࣟຝ
ࠠ᧯ࠐᄭΔᖕᆄ॑ੴΕᏥፁ㝿 (1995)Δ࣍ຟᎸᤄΰ52%Δᄭ۞ኑ֏ΕՂࣜαΕاਐࣔິຟฝآ (ඦᖫഗ (1985 19 ΰ48%Δᄭ۞ᘋኑΕؓαઌլՕΖاᆕᤄฝ
749 ο
ਢاਢՒထऱնԼΙࡳতΔᐖࣟੌاऱ᧯ΖᚊতΔ堚ॣழੌاᇠࡺګՕ၌መՒထΔዌ ٤ᗼԳՑऱ 30%Ι९ኑᗼا࿑֟ΔൈዺॣᎸᆕੌاੌڜ՞ᕼཷऱ໎೯ԺΙچᇠ խזຒԱᨇত՞ऱၲ࿇Δ۟堚ףࠐ۞ᎸᆕΖՕᑓऱԳՑੌԵڍا৬Δࡺۖاᆜದᆠੌڜ ດዬೖΖا৵ཚΔ՞ԳՑբሒࠩઌᅝՕയ৫Δኙᨇত՞ऱՕᑓฝ ܉ࠡ։֗اࠐᄭऱฝٵլזਢᖵإᖵΕࠐᄭऱΔݺଚ࿇Δاຏመኙᨇতড়୮٣ קࠐൕխΕᨇאࠟݚأցࢤࡉᓤᠧࢤΚାڍߢΕषᄎ֮֏ऱฆࢤΕֱֱچ৵ࠐᨇতګআ ᖕԱයٙᚌ။ऱؓΕ۾ଚ٣ࠩሒᨇতΔהऱ᧯Δاᨇত٣ګዌاࢨᨇխᔢฝۖࠐऱዧ ګଚԳՑՕฐΔהΖᆖመࠟݚઌኙࡉؓΕࡳऱ࿇୶ΔזஒΕ৵س塄ٖڼڇΔچࣾߣ ᨇতࡺ۰ழၴ९ΔڇΔڰ࣍ࠩሒழၴطاקΖຍࠄতᔢګழݮڼᄅऱՒထΔড়୮ᇩ࣍چᅝ ᔢԵاᨇխฝڶࠐΔឈᤉᥛאড়୮ᇩωΖࣔॣ۔ࢬጠψ֮ءܛᇩΔچءԳΔᎅچءଚ۞ጠה چᚌႨڂՕΔޓᑓاᎸᆕੌ܀ΔچΕࣾߣچᘋഏΕິຟΕᨇᗼΕॾ᠆ઇڇ܉ᨇতΔ։ ழᎸᆕڼԵᨇฐउ़ছΔاଚ౨Ե۰ࡌ՞Ζ۟堚ছཚΔᎸᆕੌהᖕΔ۾Գچբᅝ ψᄅড়୮ܛଚࠐऱֱߢΰהΔچᐖΔೈԱᨇতࡌ՞ΔՈੌᔢࠩᨇতխຝ܉։اੌ ড়୮۔ᨇতࡌᢰΔኙڇ܉ՕᓢᚰΖᄅড়୮ᇩႃխ։؎ګড়୮ᇩωݮ۔ऱψچᇩωαኙᅝ ॾ᠆ࣟຝऱՕᖯΕڕড়ᇩΔ۔խຝऱڇઌᅝຝ։ᄅড়୮ᇩཋᆵڶՈ܀հႨΔץܧ᧯ᇩՕ ױΔլژᨇত९ཚ٥ڇড়୮ᇩ۔ԫऱමᗼΕնဎՑଃΔՂྫᛜছऱᘋኑՑଃΖᄅΕضᄅ ড়୮ᇩΰ֠ࠡਢ൷२ᄅ۔ԱփຝֱߢऱᓤᠧणउΖ᜔᧯ࠐΔףᏺޡᄎઌյᐙΔၞԫ܍ᝩ
ΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎۂΕശᆠᖩֽΕՊຟಥؓإΚॾ᠆۫ׄΕڕα࠹ᄅড়୮ᇩऱᐙለՕΔچড়୮ᇩऱ
ՑԫᚥิٽΔ՞᥊ੌٽࣲ՞ভ᥊ԫԲվᦰڜվᦰອؓΙڗᖼՂײچڍΕᅗ८ᖻိڠ࣑ ΙΖܑڶئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהΰଃαፖࠡ
ⴗᅞ⤵᱿〦ش⎞⥾઼֡⬊ .4
ᇩΕᆕࣟࡉᎸ۫ऱড়୮ᇩΔچءխՂཾऱۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟקᆕڶᨇতࡌᢰऱዧֱߢ ᔣऱᨇΔՀ૿։ܑಘᓵΖקᨇত֗א
ⴗ઼⥾᱿〦ش⎞⥾઼֡⬊ 4.1
ᇩΖچءխՂཾऱۂऱড়୮ᇩࡉࣟקؘ٣տฯԫՀᆕڶຍᇙ ࡨᘋΕౖᄭΕᄅ᠆ొড়۰ڕࠐৰࣔᒔऱΔٻࠟᣊড়୮ᇩΔԫጟਢߓ᥆ូڇژקᆕ ऱড়୮ᇩΰ๗ॣࣙʳشࠌاՂࡺאᑇתڶΕᐚΕ堚ᄅᗼΰؑαۂڴᑗ࣑ΕࠂᄭΕ֗אᗼΔ ΰ๗ॣا৵۞Ꮈ۫Εᆕࣟۖࠐऱฝאড়୮რᢝΔࠡలՂਢࣔڶ2004:11αΖຍຝ։Գཏሙ ػᦰᐋվᦰອؓΔ๗ॣࣙڗᖼՂڻ٤ᖼΕײࣙ 1999aαΖຍᣊড়୮ᇩԫીࢤऱរਢ তႂᇩא।ऱড়୮ᇩԫࠓጠψᄅড়୮ᇩωΖԫጟਢזමᗼאΰ2008[2012]αലհፖ ऱֱߢΔ،ଚຟམᎁچᝤڠ।ऱ៱ᏄזᇩωৄءᏄᣂψאऱֱߢΔࡉچᝤڠ।ऱ៱ႂז ՒᇩωΖ๗ॣڠቹႃρ(1990:B13) ጠհψᏄچࣔऱֱߢՒΔπխഏߢآਢូ᥆
750 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ቤױଡؑᗼऱՒᇩ 10 קᆕڇ܉աऱᓳΔᎁ։۞ٽ࣠Δګࣙ (2004) ᖕছԳऱઔߒ ড়୮ᇩࢤᔆΔڶΔࣔ᧩ࠠچۂਔতႂؑ֗ո֏९ץׂڠΙႂׂڠࡉຑׂڠʳΕᏄׂڠ։ႂ ޘՕຝ֗ຑতጄග۞एᗼଡܑؑڠຝΕຑקਔᑗ࣑ؑץΰׂڠࡉຑׂڠԵড়୮ᇩΙᏄូױ ࠐᆕאຝֱߢࠐᄭΔດዬᘜԵԱࣔΕ堚קխΕ۫ۂࠐאࠟݚאᆵαᣂএֺለയ֊Δਢ ীֱߢΖိႂ (2007) πᄅٽऱګ։ࡉរۖݮګতࡴᇩऱԫࠄ۫֗אড়୮ᇩΕᆕק ڠრ๗ॣࣙ (2004) ऱრߠΔലႂٵᎅࣔΔڗऱ֮܂ቹႃρψؓᇩࡉՒᇩωቹࢬچᒳխഏߢ ᇩωհچءऱψੌۂՒᇩፖׂࣟڠֺለᏄڇՒᇩቤូড়୮ᇩΖ๗ॣࣙΰ2008[2012]αׂ រਢٵՒᇩቤូড়୮ᇩΖ،ଚऱ٥ׂڠᏄނٻՈႜڼڂᜤᢀΔڇਬጟփڇژ৵Δ࿇Բृ ᇩԫࠓጠچءխՂཾऱۂᖼՂऱػᦰᐋվլᦰອؓΔ๗ॣࣙΰ2008[2012]αലհፖࣟײ ড়୮ᇩωΖ۔ψ णኪΚԫጟਢֆᎁऱড়୮ᇩΔፖᘋම܉ᙑ։ٌܧࠟጟড়୮ᇩΔԲृڇژխՂཾՈۂࣟ ੌۂ।ऱࣟזᇩڠ༡אᇩωΖچءԳω۞ࡺृᎅऱψچءψא՛ฆΙԫጟਢٵীড়୮ᇩՕ ωড়୮ᇩΖׂڠቹႃρ(1990:B13) խऱψᆕխׂωࡉψ༡چਔπխഏߢץᇩωΔچءψ ലհូড়୮ᇩΖঀ՛ (2008) ᇡาֺٵᑇᖂृᢥڍ܀ञᤜΔڇژߓ᥆ംᠲՂՈམڇᇩڠ༡ ऱੌۂᚨലࣟנΔࣔᒔਐاฝٽᇩωፖড়୮ᇩΕᆕΕᨇհ৵Δچءψੌۂለࣟ խՂཾՒᆢီᆕ༡ࣾߓऱᨠរΖ๗ॣࣙۂᇩቤូড়୮ᇩΔ֘ኙᏥ࠸ᄅ (2007) ലࣟچء ۂ।ऱࣟזᇩڠ༡אᚨലנ༼աऱᨠኘΔࣔᒔ۞ٽ࣠ࠀګছԳઔߒٽΰ2008[2012]αጵ ΖٽᣊΔፖঀ՛ (2008) ऱᨠរլᘩۖڻᇩωီড়୮ᇩऱԫଡچءψੌ հ৵ΔԾاᨇতΕᎸ۫ᔢฝऱฝٻޡΕᨇխၞԫקᨇֱ֗ק࣍۞ګড়୮ᇩ࣍ࠟݚழཚݮ ΕࡳতۂΔࢨႉקՂΔࢨႉີֽࠩՕൌۖ৵။ՕൌᚢᐾᔢࠩᆕۖۂᄩاᙟᤉᥛতՀऱฝ ড়୮ᇩچ৵ΔᨇΕᎸΕᆕԿڼࠩᎸ۫৵Ծᝥ᠏ᔢࠩᆕࣟΖৄفԵᆕխΔࢨᆖኑຟΕۂΕֽࣟ ऱᖵ࿇୶ழཚΔԫֱ૿ᨇᎸٵᄭᙰΕᆖᖵመઌٵ٥ڶԫֱ૿،ଚ܀࿇୶Δ۞ٺچฆڇឈ ଃڇৰൎऱԫીࢤΔ।ڶᨇΕᎸΕᆕড়୮ᇩփຝսࠠڼڂឰመᜤᢀΔآᆕᢰᖵՂൕ վᦰئᦰಬ堚ଃΙ(2) ࣽࠐڍ٤ຝ堚֏ΔນႾଃΕႾᚴଃլᓵؓրئ٤ᖼᜢײ (Κ(1ڕՂऱ ᖼڻຝ։ڶΕԵຟװΙ(5) ؓΕՂΕمΙ(4) ֠Εঀ։مլΙ(3) ᢕΕ՞᥊ԫΕԲঅ։ڍ ΕקΙΖᆕٻֱ᧢ऱዝٵլڶਊᅃ֮ػᦰۖڗᖼՂڻ٤ᖼΕ (ߨΙ(6ڗئᙟ堚ᜢڗئᜢ Գωࠟݚழऴ൷ൕᨇতۖࠐΔچءઌᅝԫຝ։ψڶੌۂᜤᢀΔࣟڶڍᖵՂڇᎸ۫ፖᨇত ೈՂ૪ԫڼڂࣔխཚ່αൕᎸ۫ᝥ᠏։ᔢۖ۟Δאցࣔΰ۟أਢݚڍঞاᆕࣟऱড়୮٣ۖ հΔᎸۿઌڶڍড়୮ᇩս۔ᇩፖᨇতऱچءऱੌۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔ऱקીࢤᐛհ؆Δᆕ ΖՀ૿։װড়୮ᇩঞઌ۔រΔᆕࣟড়୮ᇩፖᨇতۿຝ։ઌڶড়୮ᇩՈ۔ড়୮ᇩፖᨇত۫ Ꮈ۫Εᆕࣟড়୮ᇩፖᨇ֗אড়୮ᇩऱᣂএΔ۔ᇩፖᨇতچءੌۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔קಘᓵᆕܑ তᄅড়୮ᇩऱᣂএʳ20Ζ
20 றΚ໑ᢅᢅၺΕᄭৄΕຑؓၼဩΕࡉؓࣥን࠷۞ঀ՛ʳޗᇩऱଃچء๗ॣࣙ (2004)Ζᆕխشறආޗড়ऱଃ۔קᆕ
ΔຫිᛩᓳΕ๗ॣࣙுኙαΔᚊ՟๗ॣࣙ (2012)Ζᆕࣟড়ᇩऱଃעآຫිᛩ༼ࠎΰطؑڠΔ༡(2008)
αΔ᠆ႉྏܾעآ๗ॣࣙ༼ࠎΰطნρ(2008)Δᘋኑᢅટؓ (2011)ΔնဎֽንڗՕπዧֱଃקشறΚමᗼආޗ
ᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ (1992)Δຑৄ࠷۞ႈڕޕشߐᒦආڜΕኑ֏ΕဵثறΚ९ޗαΖᎸ۫ড়ᇩऱଃעآ႓༼ࠎΰط
ᒧڂαΖעآᣤଥព༼ࠎΰطا՛ဎᓳΕ๗ॣࣙுኙαΔࣳؓޕΔעآ՛ဎ༼ࠎΰޕطࡳྋܾة1997)Δ) ኄ٧ Ζנլղ٨݁ڗՀଃֺለխࠏא༏ૻࠫΔ
751 ο
⁞ռ≘઼⥾Ȯቺᖶᙟࡍ߸⥾⎞⬊֡≘઼⥾᱿〦 4.1.1
4.1.1.1 ⦝ㅠʀ᱿̙ඖ
ᖼՂػᦰᐋլᦰອؓچڍ (Κ(1ڕհٵড়୮ᇩऱઌ۔ፖᨇতׂڠড়୮ᇩխऱႂ۔קᆕ ᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΙ(3) ভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿڇژ (ࢨᄕ֟ᑇᦰອؓΙ(2 ΔΖੌٽ ڍ (՛ጠ᧢ᓳΙ(3ڇژ (Κ(1) ᖼՂػᦰᐋլᦰອؓΙ(2ڶរٵড়୮ᇩऱ٥۔ፖᨇতׂڠᏄ ΖੌٽΙ(4) ভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿمঅ։ڗᑇរভ᥊ԫԲߠߓ ᑇլᦰອؓΙ(2) ভ᥊ԫڍΚ(1) ᖼՂػᦰᐋڶរٵড়୮ᇩऱ٥۔ᇩፖᨇতچءੌۂࣟ ܑྤئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהՑԫᚥิΰଃαፖࠡٽΙ(3) ՞᥊مঅ։ڗԲߠߓ Ζ
↙⊓ᔕ 4.1.1.2
ଥᗰԱຏᚢতऱ᧬ሐΖঁזڇڰऱႾΔקհၴऱՕൌᚢਢᄮຏնᚢতקᨇতࡉᆕ তۖקዃຏྤॴΖ۞ޓऱٌຏקࠐΔᚢতᚢאၲᨼՕൌᚢሁڱ്࡚ (716) ڣାၲց۞ ٺຏᨇতۂੌ֭ۂಥ֗ۂΕಥۂհ৵ΔԾऎ֭ࠡੌີڠՂᄩࠩᨇۂΔऎᨇاऱฝ ሒতႂΔᓤऎ⒰ֽױ༓Լߺሁঁ۩ত۩հԳΔ۟Օൌ࿆ຬ৵။ՕൌᚢΔ٦ۂΖࠡխऎີچ তᔢऱԫଡૹሁاקՕൌᚢሁਢڼڂΰᏥፁ㝿 1998αΖڠऴሒᐖױႉੌۖՀঁۂקଊํ۟ چᅝګΔఎՀࠐऱঁاקऱקᓵᢞΖຍࠄতᔢ۟ᆕڶٍڼΕ๗ॣࣙ (1995:2) ኙ॑مஉΔࣥ ᐖࢌԳΖګԿߡऱঁۂᄅऱՒထΔᤉᥛতᔢ۟ఇ հঁΔፖᨇতऱᜤܓچፖᨇত༉ࠐ᙮Δ֠ࠡਢতႂԫଈ٣קࠐᆕאߠ۞ାݚױ তᔢԵᆕऱխ᠏اקᢀԫऴॺൄയ֊ΖতႂऱఇᗓլႛਢՕൌᚢሁՂऱᄐૹΔՈਢ ஒΰᏥፁ㝿 1998αΖΔࠟس塄ٖڼڇ။Օൌᚢհ৵Δຟམڇاխতᔢऱฝ۞ڍΔీ ՕקՂΔতႂԫچऱֽሁΖൕۂࠩতႂ⒰ۂԫයൕॾ᠆ڶհၴऱᄮຏሐᝫچ ԫׂΖګຍᇙຑڇൌΔࣟᜯॾ᠆Δࣟত൷ᚊতΔড়୮ᇩ ᆖྋতऎױࠐΔᝫۖۂೈԱ။Օൌᚢႉ⒰اࠐհקᒴᣂএለΔچড়ፖᨇতऱ۔ׂڠᏄ խΕ۫ۂՂࠐ۞ءഗاऱฝڠࠐΔԵᔢᏄאᢞΔࠟݚە (Ζᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004:322–323۟ۖۂࣳ ઌڍ壆ڇژড়୮ᇩս۔ড়୮ᇩፖᨇত۔ׂڠΔᏄڼڕতຝऱΖᕣጥ۫ۂຝΔৰ֟࿇ࠐ۞ק ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖ๗ॣࣙʳڇژཏሙ֗אऱ।༉ਢᖼՂػᦰᐋԫ৳լᦰອؓΔנհΔ່ડۿ ᨇऱଃΕဲۿᣊהࠡٽऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖᨇऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳԱֺለΔࠀק1999b) མലᆕ) ։໊ऱᜤᢀΖݺױထլڶড়୮ᇩαፖᨇ۔վܛՒᇩΰਊΚקΔᓵᢞᆕاᖵฝ֗אნរ ΔᨇতاΕᨇխऱฝקࠐᨇאࠟݚأড়ऱ᧯ਢା۔ॾऱΔᜤᢀࠩᨇতױଚᎁຍଡᨠរਢ ԫᄭΰߠ৵֮αΖנٵऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳᚨᇠקऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖᆕ
752 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
Δ٦༛ۂ։֭ۂၞԵಥױতঁۖۂ৵Δૉऎ֭ࠡੌಥאڠՂࠩሒᨇۖۂᄩᨇاקতᔢ ၞԵᐖױᚊ՟խ᠏ీΔ٦তՀঁאऴሒᚊ՟ΔױۂࡳতֽႉੌऴՀᆖࣟطԵࡳতֽΔۂ ାڇωլႛႛਢᄮຏᨇতࡉᆕխऱֽሁΔۂШࡳতֽШࣟۂШۂШಥۂψᨇאΖࢬچࣟᆮ ՂףߓऱٌຏՕ೯౧ΖࠟݚழཚᨇতԳՑᘉΔֽۂߓΕఇֽۂਢᄮຏ९ޓݚցࣔ堚ழཚΔ তΔۖۂࣟᔢ۟壂৬ΕᆕࣟΔࢨᄩ۫ۂࢨൕا८ԳࡉցԳઌᤉতॿΔՕၦ߀أΕতݚأݚק ऴګΕᑓՕΕᥛழၴ९ΔኙᚢতषᄎᆖᛎທڍԳᑇاฝڻΖຍࠟקࢨ٦။Օൌᚢ۟ᆕ ऱૹழཚΰঀ՛ 2008:193αΖվԳګᇩݮچءխՂཾۂࠟݚਢࣟڼڂ൷ΕऱᐙΔ ᔢԵ 35 ࡩΔזอૠΚݚޘኙᔢԵൣउऱᓳอૠΔՈৰ౨ᎅࣔംᠲΖᖕᚊ՟ᗼ 129 ଡ۞ྥ ೈऴ൷ൕᨇا٣ੌۂᔢԵ 12 ࡩΰ۶壂 1996αΖࣟזᔢԵ 32 ࡩΔ堚זᔢԵ 3 ࡩΔࣔזց ۂழཚᔢ۟তႂࡳࡺαࢨ࠷ሐতႂᆖψ⒰ڰޓڇൕতႂΰأຝ։࣍তݚڶতᆖֽሁۖࠐΔᝫ ցല۟ΔڂࡺতႂΔڍاࢌݳρሉΚψ៱ঋ༡ڠωۖ۟Ζ٠ፃπ༡ۂШఇԿߡШࣟۂקШ Δఇᗓق᧩றޗᢜᅎڶᝩΔਚࡺ༡Δྫ༛ࠡঋΖω21 լመᖕֲڻխցᆏቃԼֲలΔ Ζࠟݚழཚড়ڍऱԳᚨᇠլੌۂᗼؑΔ࠷ሐতႂᝥ᠏ᔢࠐࣟٺᑇၞԵఇԿߡڍՕاฝ ᇩຟᇿچءऱੌۂᝥ᠏ᔢࠐΔࣟקΔլጥਢऴ൷ൕᨇতᔢࠐΔᝫਢᆖᆕګᨇতݮڇ୮ᇩբ ࠅֆΔଅ׀ࢌݳρጠࡉؓᗼΰᚊ՟२ᔣαψᘯڠऴ൷ऱᜤᢀΖ٠ፃπ༡ڶড়୮ᇩ۔ᨇতऱ ড়୮ᇩ۔ᇩፖᨇতچءխՂཾۂࢤΔঁਢࣟۿ२Δᣊ࿑ᨇω22ΖଃᐛՂऱઌڠፖᨇ ᢞΖٱጹയऱᖵᜤᢀऱڇژ
Ȯ⁞ቺ઼⥾⎞⬊֡ᅘ઼⥾᱿〦⣫、 4.1.2
រٵΔ٥ۿᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩፖᎸ۫Εᆕࣟড়୮ᇩለԫીΔ֠ࠡፖᆕࣟড়୮ᇩᄕઌ ՑԫٽΰᎸ۫ೈ؆αΙ(3) ՞᥊ੌٽءᑇվᦰອؓΙ(2) ভ᥊ԫԲഗڍΚ(1) ᖼՂػᦰᐋڕ Ι(4) ভ᥊ၲՑԿፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿঅܑڶئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉהᚥิΰଃαፖࠡ ᐋऱᖵᜤᢀΖچࢤᄭ࣍ᨇতΕᎸ۫ΕᆕࣟԿۿΙΖຍࠄଃរՂऱઌم։ أΖ۞ାۯچመ࿓խΔᎸ۫ࡉᨇতԫᑌ࣍ॺൄૹऱګড়୮ᇩऱݮڇছ֮բ༼֗Δ (ၴ (1195–1200ڣΖࠟݚᎸ۫ԳՑᖿᏺΕᆖᛎዊΔ۟ݚᐜցاקದΔᎸ۫༉ၲࡨ൷Օၦ Εኑ֏ΕՂࣜΕࣳؓΕ堚ੌΕຑৄքᗼૠثࢬᝤ९ڠثΔᅝழڻԱรԫנΔᎸ۫ԳՑ ᗼ٥ 6 ڠثၴ (1253–1258)ΔڣΔԭ 453230Δψီց᠆ԾᑇωΙցᣪయ֪ 218570 ڶ 2000:29αΖվᎸ۫ගࡩՕຝ։ຟ࣍ݚցழཚᔢ سΔૠ 543890 ԭΰᐚΕᤕᤪ֪ 223432 זݚڇڶᔢൔၞ۩อૠ։࣫Δ࿇ 66 ࡩຟڻ ԵΔ२ԳᖕගᢜኙᎸ۫ড়୮ 78 ጟࡩּऱ 156 ࣍ࠟݚհᎾࠐΔᎸ۫ᚨᇠՈਢড়ګড়୮ᇩݮطԵᎸऱ֭ΰࣥഏؓΕ५ࡱጤ 2005:43αΖ ᄩᐿࣾۖՂΔ۟ᜯ՟ΕতৄΕত᠆Εᐖ࣑ΔקԵᔢᎸ۫ΔԫሁൕᨇاհԫΖฝچس୮ᇩऱข
ࢌݳΘᠧݳΘଅঋρ࠴Լն (2009:842)ΖڠρΔπ༡ګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 21 ࢌݳΘᠧݳΘଅঋρ࠴Լն (2009:843)ΖڠρΔπ༡ګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 22
753 ο
՞ࣟᣞতڎដᚢΔऎࣳט။ٻֱۂ᠏ኑ֏Ιԫሁൕ௨ৄفᐖ࣑உኑ֏Δࢨ٦ࠩኑຟΕطࢨ 1995:90–94)Δൕড়ᤄගᢜࠐΔ) ΰᏥፁ㝿 1998Ιᢅট 2001αΖᖕૹ٠چՀΔၞԵᎸ۫ ᕻαਢʳʳ۞ᨇԵفਢঁޘࡉኑ֏հၴऱీᚢስΰᚢՀհৄفᨇԵᎸΖطڍاࠐᎸ۫٣אାݚ۞ Ꮈڍ՞ᣞΔ۞ྥᛩቼᚌ။ΔڎೣᏛऱࣳچΕኑ֏ԫৄفኑຟΕڂᎸֺለૹऱຏሐΔ ԵᨇऱૹੌڃاΕኑ֏հၴऱስՑԾਢᎸ۫ฝৄف৵Δאᖞࡺ۰Ζࣔխཚٖڼڇຟམا٣۫ 1995:92αΔ ਣརΰૹ٠־հၴऱᄭརΔᄎ࣑ፖࣳؓհၴऱث؆Δᅗ८ፖ९ڼຜஉΖ հঁΖܓچᎅਢאױऱയ֊ᜤᢀچՈਢᄮຏᨇতΕᎸ۫ऱሐΔࠟ ݚᆕࣟק८֛ (1995)ΔܦធࣔኙֺΔࠟݚழཚᆕࣟԳՑለ࿕֟ΖᖕګፖᨇতΕᎸ۫ݮ Գحᆜ၈ࡴࡉੌ࣋ڜᝫਢڠԳՑ࿕֟ΔᆖᛎΕ֮֏Εٌຏֺለᆵ৵Δ༛ΰਊΚᚊ՟αΕමԲ 1210Δড় 367Δۖπց֪ڠಖρሉමڙՑΚψπ֜ؓᖃ֪ڠݳρሉමڠΖ٠ፃπቯᚨچհ Δۖড়֪ቅᏺᑇΔۖለڣۍ 5624Δড় 6548Δঞਢݚॣ۟ց᠆լ֪֗ڠݳρሉම᠆ ऴ൷۫ۂطڍΔڍৰاࠩতݚᔢԵᆕࣟऱฝأݚקߠױ ԼհԫΕԲߎΖω23נհ࣍Δ௬ ԫ֚ωΰᢅଉࣥʳۿڍতᔢൔऱΔࡨԫ֚ٻا৵Δড়אΖψতݚچٺᔢԵࢨᆖኑ֏᠏ᔢᆕࣟ ڠᘋමΕᑪٻΔڣأতݚڇতݚ৵ཚՕᑓᆕࣟᔢฝΔ֠ࠡڇՕࡲගڍ1989:22αΖᎸ۫ 2000:51αΖψຍጟᔢൔሎ೯Δऴ۟ࣔཛխᆺΔࡨ࿑ٖᄢω سԫᔢฝ່ΰᐚΕᤕ ሒࠩΔψੌฝᙑᠧΔ።ড়֪ყฐω24ΖاၴΔᔢԵᆕࣟऱฝڣ֏ګΰᢅଉࣥ 1989:22αΖࣔ ݳρࢬᐷπড়୮ࡩּᄭੌρΰรԫֱچؑڠᎸ۫ऱᆖᖵΖπමڇڶڍاൕගᢜࠐΔᆕࣟ٣ 2000:51αΖ سΰᐚΕᤕڠثଚՂలࠐ۞הගᢜխࠩڇױࡩ 26 ڶᙕऱ 34 ࡩխΔگႃα Εᆕ۫ԯ۟קαΔຝ։؆ᔢ۟ᆕխΕᆕקᨇতΰᨇխΕᨇ۟ੌڃၲࡨຝ։ا৵Δᆕࣟฝڼ ऎ௧ԫᒵ۟௧؆Ζ֗אெΕႆΕᚉΕ՟Δ ᆖኑاհ৵ΔᙟฝګᨇতΕᎸ۫ݮڇऱᖵΕሁᒵԫીΔড়୮ᇩ࣍ࠟݚழཚاፖՂ૪ฝ ࣍ࣔ堚հا۟ᆕࣟΔ৵ԾᙟᎸ۫ΕᆕࣟฝاᎸ۫ฝطցࣔழཚ۟أݚڇԵᎸ۫ΔৄفຟΕ ऱᖵۿઌڼڕαΔຍ༉ਢվᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩፖᆕࣟΕᎸ۫ড়୮ᇩקᨇতΰᨇխΕᨇ۟ੌڃᎾ ሁᒵጠψ۫ᒵωΔലψᐿࣾШᨇࣟ᧬ሐωاШՕൌᚢωऱฝۂΖᏥፁ㝿 (1998) ലψᨇڂ ሁᒵጠψࣟᒵωΔኔᎾՂຍՈਢড়୮ᇩᐾᔢऱψ۫ᒵωࡉψࣟᒵωΖլመݺଚല۫اऱฝ ᨇতխຝШᆕܛΔۂШࡳতֽШࣟۂШۂШಥۂШՕൌᚢሁΔࢨᨇۂШີۂΚᨇإᒵଥ ШᎸ۫ШᆕࣟΖψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩࡉৄفኑຟΕܛΚᐿࣾШᚢስΔإᆕխΙലࣟᒵଥ˂ק ڇژհॣ༉բᆖګᨇতΕᎸ۫ݮڇࣔ᧩ऱՑଃฆΔຍࢨᎅࣔড়୮ᇩڇژψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩ Ꮈ۫ΕᨇতհၴᚨᇠڇՕ᧯ࡳীऱড়୮ᇩαזࢬߢψΰݚ (1997:41) سᚊ٣ڕޕܑΔۖॺ ᇩچءխՂཾۂড়୮ᇩࢨࣟ۔קড়୮ᇩፖᆕ۔ঞৰᣄᇞᤩ۶ᨇতܡࣔ᧩ऱฆωΔڶᝫ ࡉᎸ۫Εᆕࣟऱড়୮ᇩΔࠡխ່Օऱ։ࣴ༉ਢᖼՂৄفऱԫࠄଃᐛথլߠ࣍ኑຟΕڶ٥
ݳΘֱߢρ࠴Ԯ (2009:122)ΖڠρΔπቯᚨګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 23 ࢌݳΘ៖ঋρ࠴Զ (2009:125)ΖڠρΔπ༡ګݳႃֱזπᐖࣟᖵ 24
754 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ኘড়୮ەڇהऱ।૪Δۿᣊڶڰ (2009:207–208) Δႈኄ٧ڼອؓ 25Ζኙܡػᦰᐋऱվᦰਢ Δ܉९ण։ܧতۖקΚψࣾᄭΕՕൌীֱߢ۞נհ৵ਐ܉։چऱվᦰᣊীࡉڗᖼՂײᇩ ߠΖωױᜐΔড়୮ԫ֭ᆖՕൌᚢൕᨇতၞԵᐖࣟऱᔢൔᖵࣔཐڕΔլڠൕՕൌऴࠩ༡ ݺଚڼཚড়୮ᇩ։֭ऱ࣠Ζωᖕڰរऱچԫطᐖខऱড়୮ᇩլᄎਢ܉ψվֲ։ ऱֱৄفড়୮ᇩऱܑኔᎾՂ༉ਢࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩऱܑΖ֠ࠡਢኑຟΕ۔ᎅΔᄅΕאױ ড়୮ᇩऱᐛΔۖᖵ۔լ֟נழՈ।ٵ܀൷२ΔޓଃᐛՂᇿᄅড়୮ᇩڇߢΔឈྥ ࠃኔΖٽฤޓऱড়୮ᇩچψࣟᒵড়୮ᇩωࠐጠࡅຍࠟشڼڂΔڰՈለڻᐋاऱࡺچՂຍࠟ
⥾⎞⚠ɺ᱿⬊⦝᱿〦઼֡⬊ 4.2
ᑇΔڍऱࡺمբՆऱംᠲΖឈྥ്ড়Εᨇ։ڇژᖂਢԫଡڇംᠲٽড়ᨇֱߢऱ։ ऱଃᐛ౨ജലড়Εᨇֱߢࣔᒔ։ၲࠐ 26ΖԲृऱהԫයኙփԫીΕኙ؆ඈڶվ۟܀ ቅՀࠐΔࠡխԫຝ։৵ࠐᤉᥛতᔢ۟ᨇڜຝΕխຝ৵ດዬק۫ۂতᔢࠩاקᖵᜤᢀֱ૿Δ ΔψൕගߓڼڂΖاᨇʳʳऱ٣ګΕᨇխऱঞקᨇڇΔۖఎاড়୮٣ګতԯ۟ᎸΕᆕΔ ױထԫጟᘣയऱۨᒴᣂএΔൕຍଡრᆠՂՈڇژհၴاऱ։֏ࠐΔড়Εᨇֱߢऱࡺ ऱ৵ᇔΖωΰᏥፁ㝿 2001:19αᣂ࣍اԫ٣ٵଚਢהࡲऱΔٵᎅΔড়୮ԳࡉᨇԳਢא ऱᜤᢀΔᢅଉࣥ (1989)Εᢅൄഛ (2009[1950])Εᆄ॑ੴΕᏥፁ㝿 (1994) ᖂاড়Εᨇᖵฝ լ᠇૪ΖڼᢞΔەڶڍृ ୪ױլ᠇૪Δለᇡาऱូٍڼᓵ૪ΔڶڍࢤΔছԳۿᣂ࣍ԲृଃᐛՂऱઌ ԫড়୮ᇩᇙለߔߠΔথڇড়୮ᇩऱԫࠄଃᐛ۔ࡵݳ (2007:29)Ζ؆Δݺଚ࿇ᨇত
壂Εሑ՟ڜၺՂᓳऱွΔՈߠ࣍ᓊक़ΕمᗑڇژΚ(1) Ղྫࣟ՞ڕऱᨇᇙΔ۫ۂ࣍ڇژ
چΕ۫ׄΕᅗ८ᖻိؓإՑΕفΕՂྫࣟ՞Εॾ᠆ᥳڜᨇխᨇऱ۫ຝΰ୪ࡵݳ 2007:224αΙ(2) Օൌত ڜٳΕࡵ᠆ΕᆄሉΕ᠆ةΕᄅ෩Εۂ壂Εڜڕխ۫ຝᨇ۫ۂ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱွΔՈߠ࣍
࣍මᗼطऱᇞᤩΚψړৰڶڼ2009:205) ኙ) ᖼՂػᦰᐋվອؓਢ࠹ᄅড়୮ᇩऱᐙΔႈኄ٧ײড়୮ᇩ۔ຝ։ 25 ਔՕൌীαΕຑৄীΰਊΚץড়୮ᇩኙᚌႨΔ᥆࣍ࣔᄻীΕࣾᄭীΰڇᖼՂػᦰᐋូອؓαײীΰਊΚ ᖼՂូອؓऱွΞΞᚨࡌᢰමᗼীֱߢᐙऱײऱٵ࿓৫լڶᖼՂػᦰᐋլូອؓαऱֱߢࠠײ ࣠Ζω ዿ (Sagart 2002Ιߣףޥຝᨇֺለ୲࣐։Δࡉতຝᨇ։ܺᣄԫࠄΰ׆壂ഘ 1998αΖקড়୮ᇩࡉ 26 ᄅΔ،ଚᘋದ࣍໌ٵ࿇ऱ٥آࡸܑڇԫࠄڶ،ଚ٥ڂᎁΔড়୮ᇩࡉতຝᨇਢࡪࡢֱߢΔ (עآΔ २ޓ։Δۖګࢍᐋזײ౨᥆્࣍ጄαऱױॺዧΰڶऱዧֱߢΔຍጟዧֱߢܶشխຝࠌ۫ۂזݚڇԫጟ Ղऱ։ᒵۖດچ֗אዧऱૹᐛΙԲृߢᖂՂऱᒵਢᙟထ៱ऱ۩ਙײঞ֘ਠထ৵ཚխڻऱᐋ ऱΖ֮ਢΚϘThe author argues that Hakka and southern Gan are sister dialects, as they share severalګዬݮ innovations not found elsewhere; that they arose out of the Chinese dialect spoken in central Jiangxi in Song times, a stratified dialect which included a non-Chinese substratum, probably Miao-Yao; an archaic layer; and a more recent layer with an important Late Middle Chinese component. It is claimed that the linguistic boundary between southern Gan and Hakka arose secondarily due to the effect of an old administrative and geographical boundary.ϙ
755 ο
2001Δ᠏֧۞ඦݳౘ 2002:6α27ΔՂʳ28ΰᏥፁ㝿 1999:51αΕဉၢ 29ΰᠿᙓൎʳ ΰ༙٧ੈ ᚊΕ്ᠨᐜʳڕޕΕᆄ՛ම 2006αΕᕟ՟ΰᠱཤ 1989αΕতৄΰܩΰ३ᐝڜ34αΕᑗ–1990:31 ߠτቹ 3υαΙ܉։چড়Εᨇֱߢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱ۫ۂ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΰڇژ1992α30 ᨇᇙՈ
࣍তנऱᣉݠ։ᓳွΔՈۂΕឌܽၢΕິຟಥྀئΕᨇᗼ׆ڜࣲ՞ΕᚊؒΕՕൌতڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (3) הՑԫᚥิΰଃαፖࠡٽᆠᨇխΰ୪ࡵݳ 2007:245αΙ(4) ՞᥊ڜΕଥֽΕᄅ塒Ε᠆ ᆠΕຟ࣑ΕڜΕᄅ塒ΕଥֽΕֽٳᄅΕةڕΔՈཏሙߠ࣍ᨇխΔܑྤئᜢิΰॺଃαᣉ ڇژՂଃរΔร 1Ε4 යՈאᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ 1992:103–106αΖڕޕ塒եΕէၺΕতৄΰ Ղࠐ܉։چড়୮ᇩխ 32Ζൕ۔ק࣍ᆕڇژᇩᇙʳ31Δร 1Ε2Ε3 යՈچءऱੌۂ࣍ᆕխࣟ Ղᐛΰร 3Ε4 යೈ؆αऱאڶՂᐛऱড়୮ֱߢຟ᥆࣍ψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩΔᖑאڶΔᖑ ऱխ۫ຝΖ۫ۂڇ܉ᨇႃխ։ վᦰອؓਢψ۫ᒵωࡉψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩ່ՕऱฆΔܡছ֮բᆖ༼ࠩመΔᖼՂػᦰᐋਢ তৄΕᕟ՟Εত᠆Εᐖ࣑Ε၆ᄻΕڶػᦰອؓऱᨇڗ։ࣴΖ٤ᖼՂᜢڇژᨇփຝՈڇຍ Εᄅ෩ΕኑֽٳΕ᠆ةᄅΕࡉΕةΕڜΕᖩΕᆄۂ८ᄻΕᇷᄻΕᨓᑧΕէၺΕሩ՞Ε塒 তৄΕত᠆Εᕟ՟Εᐖ࣑Ε८ᄻΕᇷᄻΰ୪ࡵݳʳڶػᦰອؓऱᨇڗᖼՂᜢڻ ࡽΔ33 ߢऱֱچٺ225αΖ׆壂ഘ (1998:17) ᨠኘᖼՂվᦰອؓऱড়Εᨇֱߢհ৵Δ࿇ψ–2007:224 ᧢ᜢᓳዝהࠡڶڶፖଃ᧢ঞ࠷ެ࣍ܡਢڗᖼՂڻຟፖԱូԵອؓऱଃ᧢Δۖڗ٤ᖼՂ ᖼՂڻΔۖլਢڗ։ᚨᅝਢ٤ᖼՂګᎁψᖼՂូອؓຍଡଃ᧢ऱு֨ڼڂ৳ऱᐙωΔ ՂྫऱሩۂႨਢΚࣟದॾ܉ᨇխऱ։ڇվᦰອؓऱွΔࠡڗωΖݺଚᑉ٤ᖼՂڗ ऱׂڜٳឩ്۟۫ٻতৄΕত᠆່խ֨αאխ֨ΰׂ֠ڠᐿאΔֽٳఊऱۂ՞Δ۫߱ᨇ ԫׂ 34ΔګՂࡉᨇতΕᎸ۫ຑچऱխࣟຝΔ۫ۂᖕԱ۾ຝΔתຝΔࣟऴࠩ塒եׂऱতתࣟ ߠτቹ 4υΖ
ߠΖآᄎᓵ֮Δ2001Ζ֮ڣΚ٤ഏዧֱߢᖂᄎڜኘρΔ۫ە٧ੈπᨇխᨇ۫ຝ։ᗼؑྤ৳֒ᓳွ༙ 27 ଃΕဲნኙᅃ।հ৵Δ࿇ڗԫጟ᧢ଃՂ֒ᓳ ΖݺଚᛀխऱڶΔࡵ᠆ᇩנᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ (1992:12) མਐڕޕ
ჀtĐ³n Εරli Εᖨਸ਼ĆĐ°n ΕۃpĐ°n ΕჀچtĐiºn Εࡓ՛ჇؓضΚtĐu Εᢓin Εڕຍଡ᧢ଃኔᎾՂਢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ k¸n ΕᒌΰߨԫαᔉנסpĐ³ ΕሂtĐiºu Ε⯂ࢸĈĐiºn Εⴿtiºn Εئk¸n Εധల׀i Εࡢm°i Εֆలئࢼഴtæu Ε֯ pĐæn ΔΖ ຍਢ՛נඕဎ (2003:199) ਐۂ֒ᓳΖωڶڗնଡᜢᓳհ؆Δ֟ᑇڇՂֱߢ១տᇙᎅΚψڇ (Ꮵፁ㝿 (1999:51 28 ጠ᧢ᓳΖ ຍਢ՛ጠנඕဎ (2003:199) ਐۂფጠࢨ՛ጠΖقਢ।ش܂ԫጟ֒ᓳऱ᧢ଃွΔ່ॣऱڶΔဉၢᇩנᠿਐ 29 ᧢ᓳΖ Ղ֒༏৫ለՕΔଃ࿓ለ܀Δۿԫጟ᧢ଃ࢚Ղ֒ᓳ Δፖၺؓ ˮ45˰ २ڶΔতৄᇩנᚊΕ്ᠨᐜ (1992:16) ਐڕޕ 30 Κୂk³ Εࡥაmō ma0ΕڕᅝխΔဲڗᑇ֟ڇנଃΕဲნኙᅃ।հ৵Δ࿇ຍଡ᧢ଃڗΖݺଚᛀխऱ
ΚୌࠄtĐºi Εϭ~ଡΚୌଡkĐºi Ζݺଚᎁຍਢྲྀఎऱڍ~pou ΕϭᘀĈiu Εϭ~ଡଡΚᓴऱΙנסॳֆa Ȅku Εቴ⭯ΰᏯαtu Εϭ ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖ ऱၺՂᓳΖمऱড়୮ֱߢঅఎᗑޘՕჀئᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2012)Δᚊ՟ᗼᚊ 31 ऱၺՂᓳΖمΕࠂᄭጄග۞एᗼऱெᙰຟঅఎᗑޘᗼऱමۂڴᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004)Δ 32 ࠓԵմࡽ՞ؑΖڣ ኑࡽ࣍ 2000 33 ႨΖ܉։چ٤ᖼՂվᦰອؓऱײࣹრࠩᨇڰ່ (ᔤᖠ (2003:205) ऱូΖఎ֮ (1998شආ 34
756 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ቹ 35܉։چড়Εᨇֱߢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱ۫ۂτቹ 3υ
ᨇতຝ۫ۂڇᎁຍࠄהរΔ܉2006) ՈᨠኘࠩᖼՂូອؓऱᨇऱ։) ႈኄ٧ ࠐΔฝاਢൕᖵฝ܀ড়୮ᇩࢍᐋࢨृ࠹ড়୮ᇩᐙለऱᨇΖڶऱᨇਢࠠچᢰᒴ ᅝڇΔ۟ᜯ՟ΕতৄΕত᠆Εᐖ࣑Δԫຝ։ఎاᄩᐿࣾۖՂऱฝקতΔൕᨇקطਢٻֱا ੌڃ৵Ꮈᆕড়୮אࠌਢࣔխᆺܛ᠏ኑ֏Ιৄفᐖ࣑உኑ֏Δࢨ٦ࠩኑຟΕطΔԫຝ։ࢨچ ᢞΔە (ԵᔢऱಖሉΖᖕᏥፁ㝿 (2001:33اᎸᆕฝڶߠآԵᨇΔতৄΕত᠆ᨇࣟতԫՈ اሉྤڠ৬࣑ࢌΰएতৄΔࣔ堚ழᏆᗼতৄΕত᠆Εᐖ࣑Εᡧᄻ 36Εᄅৄʳ37αΕᐿ
՛ጠڶᓏৢՈضΖᎸ۫ऱࣔᄻৄᣂΕࣔᄻ።Εຑৄࡤנຝ։ᑑאঁֺ࣍ለΔࡌᢰড়୮ֱߢऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳՈղ 35 ߢΔࠡ՛ጠ᧢ᓳՕֱٽΚࣔᄻড়୮ᇩਢԫጟড়Ꮈנ2005:375) ਐ) ႈኄ٧܀2005:373αΔ ᓳऱွΰႈኄ٧᧢ ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔڶড়୮ᇩۮ࿇֮آؾছ܀Δװاऱড়୮ฝۮຑৄ֮طᓏৢড়୮ᇩضΙຑৄࡤڻᄗ᥆࣍Ꮈऱᐋ Ꮈ——ψࠃض౨ଗ۞ൎႨֱߢࡤױ՛ጠ᧢ᓳွΔᓏৢড়୮ᇩऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳڶᎸࡉઌᔣऱᘸᄭᎸຟضࡤۖ ᑑု࣍ቹխΖچՂ༓אᑉழլല֮ء֏ωΖٵᎸࢬضኔՂᓏৢড়୮ᇩऱᖞଡᜢᓳߓอຟբࡤ 36 վᇷᄻΖ 37 վᕟ՟Ζ
757 ο
ቹ 38܉։چ٤ᖼՂػᦰᐋվᦰອؓऱײড়Εᨇֱߢ۫ۂτቹ 4υ
Δاᔢࠐऱড়୮ฝקڶچዿ (Sagart 2002) ࢬߢΚψᨇࣟতףޥڕإαΖاΰਊΚᎸᆕੌ რ৸ऱਢΔᨇڶᐙΖاᄅ२ऱฝڶড়୮ᇩࡉতຝᨇհၴऱߢૻ༓چᇠڼڂ ᨇխٽࢤΖω39 ۿፖড়୮ᇩऱᄕՕઌנᇩΕᐖ࣑ᇩαথ।᠆ةতৄᇩΕڕࣟতֱߢΰࠏ
مᗑڇژվ۟ئऱࠂᄭெᙰΔᆕխऱᚊ՟ᚊק壂ΔᨇতऱՂྫࣟ՞Δᆕڜೣ۫ຝऱᓊक़Εሑ՟Ε ऱၺՂᓳΖݺଚᎁΔᖼՂូອؓऱمᗑڇژཚऱᨇΕড়୮ᇩᚨᇠຟڰऱၺՂᓳࠐΔ Εኑ֏ড়୮ᇩᇙΔۖ৵ຍጟွឩཋ۟ࡌᢰᨇৄفࣟতᨇ֗ࠡॵ२ऱኑຟΕڇسွଈ٣ข
Ζנᑑאঁֺ࣍ለΔࡌᢰড়୮ֱߢ٤ᖼՂػᦰອؓऱൣउՈղ 38 .Ζ֮ਢΚϘThere were apparently no significant Hakka migrations due north,into south-eastern JiangxiעآߣΔ 39 This is where the linguistic boundaries between southern Gan and Hakka have been the least disturbed by recent migrations. Interestingly, the south-eastern Gan dialects (such as Nancheng তৄ, Nanfeng ত᠆, Guangchang ᐖ࣑) are those which ਢקπতڜshow the greatest resemblance with Hakka.ϙGan, Hakka and the Formation of Chinese DialectsΔߠ۶Օ ॺΚዧֱߢऱฆፖ᧢֏ρ(2002:147)Ζ
758 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
ק۟Ꮈ۫խຝΕতຝΕ۫তຝΕᆕࣟΕᆕխΕᆕاᤉᥛতՀऱড়୮٣طড়୮ᇩᇙঞڇΔ ΖקଙᔢԵᨇΔຍጟွԾ۟ᨇতΕᨇխΕᨇاΔᙟထᎸᆕੌچהࠡ֗ യ֊ᜤᢀհᢞΖڇژ։ড়ΕᨇֱߢऱࠉᖕΔ֘ۖਢԲृ܂ΔᖼՂូອؓࠀլ౨ڼڂ ܂ߨ༔Δٻত۫——קऱԫයࣟקΚψতᨇਢጹড়୮ᇩנ2009:219) ਐ) Δႈኄ٧ڼኙ ڠΔᚨᇠ࢙ฃຍԫߨ༔ΞΞᐿٽಘᓵড়୮ᇩࡉᨇऱ։ڼڂড়ᨇመྀऱߪٝᒔࡳྤጊΔ ಘᓵড়ڇڼڂՕֱߢհၴऱመྀΔࠀլֺড়Εᆕࢨড়ΕᎸհၴऱመྀՕΔ܂ীመྀ ڶࠠהࠡ֗אীֱߢڠᎁΚψᐿהΖωۯچᢞᖕڶীֱߢլᚨࠆڠംᠲऱழଢΔᐿٽᨇ։ ڜ壂ীΕڜαऱᨇΰਊΚٵᖼՂࡉ٤ᖼՂػᦰᐋऱվᦰઌڻײতֱীՂᜢዝ᧢۩ΰਊΚ অ։ᣊঞऱԫࢤΖωႈኄ٧ऱऄՈאຟቤូড়୮ᇩΔړոীΕত᠆ীΕ৬ኑীα່ ֮ءಘᓵΕՈլਢ֮ءࠀլਢٽড়ᨇֱߢऱ։܀ംᠲΔٽᇞެԱড়ᨇֱߢऱ։چᆵܓֺለ ࢤΔ֠ࠡਢᨇতۿऱড়ΕᨇֱߢਮՀΔಘᓵԲृଃՂऱઌڶڇਢ֮ء౨ᇞެऱംᠲΖ ฆΔංྒྷᖼ܉ড়୮ᇩࡉᨇᇙऱ։ڇᨇऱᜤᢀΙຏመֺለᖼՂូອؓ۫ۂড়୮ᇩࡉ۔ऱ তֱীՂᜢዝ᧢۩ऱᨇቤូড়୮ᇩΔՈլڶࠠהী֗ࠡڠࠌലᐿܛΙچՂូອؓऱದᄭ ऱංྒྷΖʳچኙᖼՂូອؓऱದᄭ֮ءᐙ ऱԳᎁᢝࠩຍរΖڍ။ࠐ။ڶᎁࡳড়୮ᇩऱࠉᖕΔᖂբ܂ᅝྥΔᖼՂូອؓՈլ౨ ᖼՂػᦰᐋូອؓωڻေመᢅໃᅗ (Norman 1989) ലψޅዿ (Sagart 1998:296) ༉ףޥছΔڰ ᎁࡨطڶᎅΚψኔᎾՂΔ༉ؾছऱߢࠃኔࠐΔݺଚהࡳড়୮ᇩऱᑑᄷΔ܂ ᖼՂػᦰᐋូອؓαΖࡨড়୮ᇩਢڻΰਊΚڻড়୮ᇩ֘ਠԱᢅໃᅗඒࢬᘯऱອؓᐋ ᎁᢅໃᅗඒࢬᎅऱאױԫߓ٨യ֊ઌᣂऱֱߢΔۖॺԫऱ݁ᔆऱֱߢΔ߷ᏖݺଚՈ ዿഒᎁףޥ ਠΖω40֘ڶԫࠄֱߢխথࠀڇ܀ຍࠡխऱԫࠄֱߢᇙΔڇਠ֘ڻອؓᐋ ౨ቤ堚ড়୮ᇩૻऱ១ᑑᄷΔࠀᎁֱߢऱᣤቤ։إԫଡటڇژΔࠩؾছַΔᝫլ Ζش܂ऱڻዧֱߢऱᛵᇞ౨ದףኙٻຍጟઔߒֱ
5. ㇷ⧄
ڇژᖄીࠡփຝۖٵࠐᄭΕᔢൔழၴऱլاᆜΕᖵ۩ਙቤࡉࡺۯچڂᨇতড়୮ᇩ ለԵऱᓳࡉ٤૿าᒯऱֺለհ৵Δ࿇ᨇতড়୮ᇩʳʳऱฆ।ڇ֮ءฆΖڍ壆 Ζຏመፖࡌᢰֱߢኔࡉᖵ܉։چԲृऱଃᐛ֗ࠡנড়୮ᇩऱฆΔࠀូ۔ᄅΕ 壆ڇژড়୮ᇩ۔ᇩፖᨇতऱچءխՂཾۂՒᇩࡉׂࣟڠΕᏄׂڠႂק࿇ᆕ֮ءऱֺለΔ ՒᇩࡉׂࣟڠΕᏄׂڠႂקᒔᎁᆕޡ᥆ড়୮ᇩऱψ۫ᒵωΔൕۖၞԫٵհΔ،ଚۿઌڍ ᇩऱড়୮ᇩូ᥆༼ࠎࠉᖕΙۖᆕࣟΕᎸ۫ऱড়୮ᇩঞፖᨇতऱᄅড়୮ᇩᄕԫچءխՂཾۂ
֮ਢˍϘIn fact, on present evidence, we have no reason to assume that Proto-Hakka reflected Prof. Nroman’s set 1 as 40 yinping. At most, supposing that Proto-Hakka was a chain of closely related dialects, rather than a single homogeneous dialect, we may hypothesize that Prof. Norman’s set 1 was reflected as yinping in some of these dialects, but not in others.”
759 ο
ऱᨇ۫ۂ᥆ড়୮ᇩऱψࣟᒵωΖઌኙψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩۖߢΔψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩፖٵીΔ،ଚ ܡਢᖼՂػᦰᐋਢܛΔࠡխ່Օऱฆٵլڍ壆ڇژհΖࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩۿઌڍޓڇژ Ζʳسհॣ༉բᆖขګড়୮ᇩݮڇ౨ױອؓΔۖຍጟฆ ᗼؑऱড়୮ᇩܑٵΖլႛլڼڕऱܧࢬ֮ءᅝྥΔᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱᓤᠧࢤʳʳլַ ਉൺΖޡৱၞԫڶ༄ធऱߢࠃኔᝫ᠆ڍᑌݝ૿Δڍנܧԫᗼؑऱড়୮ᇩՈٵ૮ฆΔ ऱᣂࣹࡉૹီΖڍޓΔཚৱᨇতড়୮ᇩऱઔߒ౨ജ֧ದᖂ܂հدਢԫଡ㦆ᗤ֧֮ء
೧ᮢᄽ᪇
اCao, Shuji (ඦᖫഗ). 1985. Ming Qing shiqi de liumin he Gannan shanqu de kaifa ࣔ堚ழཚऱੌ ࡉᨇত՞ऱၲ࿇ [The refugees and the development in the mountainous regions of southern Jiangxi during Ming and Qing Dynasties]. Zhongguo Nongshi խഏል [Agricultural History of China] 1985.4:19–40. Cao, Zhiyun (ඦݳౘ). 2002. Xiaochengdiao de fanhua xianxiang ՛ጠᓳऱऑ֏ွ [The generalization of diminutive tone]. Paper presented at the 9th International Conference on the Comparative Study of Dialects in Southeastern China, March 28–31, 2002. Hangzhou: Hangzhou Normal University. Chang, Song Hing (്ᠨᐜ), & Bo Wan (ᆄं). 1996. Nanxiong (Wujing) fangyan yinxi tedian তႂ .[ΰຕαֱߢଃߓរ [The phonetic features of Wujing dialect in Nanxiong County .Fangyan ֱߢ [Dialect] 1996.4:290–297 Chang, Song Hing (്ᠨᐜ), & Chusheng Zhuang (๗ॣࣙ). 2008. Guangdong fangyan de dili ऱᣂএچ֗ᖵچݝፖ۞ྥچgeju yu ziran dili ji lishi dili de guanxi ᐖֱࣟߢऱ [Geographical distribution of Guangdong dialects: their linkage with natural and historical geography]. Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiusuo Xuebao խഏ֮֏ઔߒࢬᖂ [Journal of Chinese Studies] 2008.48:407–423. ײCheng, Hsiao-Feng (ᔤᖠ). 2003. Ke-Gan fangyan de gu zhuoshangzi gui yinping ড়ᨇֱߢऱ ອؓ [The present yinping pronunciation of MC shangsheng with voiced initials inូڗᖼՂ Hakka and Gan dialects]. Dibajie Guoji ji Diershiyijie Quanguo Shengyunxue Xueshu Yantaohui Lunwenji รԶࡻഏᎾዄร֥ԫࡻ٤ഏᜢᣉᖂᖂઔಘᄎᓵ֮ႃ [Proceedings of the 8th International and the 21st National Conference of Phonology], ed. by Chin-Chuan Cheng et al., 19 7–211. Kaohsiung: National Kaohsiung Normal University. ඕဎ). 2003. Ke-Gan Fangyan Guanxi Yanjiu ড়ᨇֱߢᣂএઔߒ [A Study onۂ) Chiang, Min-hua the Relationship between the Hakka and Gan Dialects]. Taipei: National Taiwan University dissertation. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (խഏषᄎઝᖂೃ), & Australian Academy of the Humanities ቹႃ [Language Atlas ofچࠅԳ֮ઝᖂೃ). 1990. Zhongguo Yuyan Dituji խഏߢܓᖾՕ) China] (2nd edition). Hong Kong: Longman Group.
760 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
Deng, Xiaohua (ᔥᖠဎ), & W illiam S-Y. Wang (׆Փց). 2003. Gu Min Ke fangyan de laiyuan ji ംᠲ [On the origins and historical strataڻᎸΕড়ֱߢऱࠐᄭ֗ᖵᐋײ lishi cengci wenti ዧઔߒ [Research in Ancient Chineseײ of old Min and Hakka dialects]. Guhanyu Yanjiu Language] 2003.2:8–12. ࠇՕᖂխഏߢ֮ᖂߓߢק) Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University ნ [Syllabary of Dialect Pronunciations ofڗᖂඒઔ). 2008. Hanyu Fangyin Zihui ዧֱଃ Chinese Characters] (2nd edition). Beijing: Language and Literature Press. ઊᨇᗼݳᒳᤊࡡ۫ۂ) Gan County Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee of Jiangxi Province ᄎ). 1991. Gan Xian Zhi ᨇᗼݳ [Gazetteer of Gan County]. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House. .ݳᒳᤊࡡᄎ). 1986چڠGanzhou District Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee (ᨇ :ࢌݳ [Gazetteer of Ganzhou Prefecture] (reprinted edition). GanzhouڠGanzhou Fu Zhi ᨇ Ganzhou District Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee. چڠઊᨇ۫ۂ) Ganzhou District Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee of Jiangxi Province .[ݳ [Gazetteer of Ganzhou Districtچڠݳᒳᤊࡡᄎ). 1994. Ganzhou Diqu Zhi ᨇ Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House. ᄭੌॣ൶ [On the originsاHe, Futian (۶壂). 1996. Longchuan xianmin yuanliu chutan ᚊ՟٣ ߳ᚊ՟ [The Ancient Longchuan], ed. by theײ of ancestors in Longchuan]. Guyi Longchuan Longchuan Hakka Sodality of Guangdong Province, 433–442. Longchuan: Longchuan Hakka Sodality of Guangdong Province. ᇩچءխՂཾۂHou, Xiaoying (ঀ՛). 2008. Dongjiang Zhongshangyou Bendihua Yanjiu ࣟ ઔߒ [A Study of Bendihua in the Middle and Upper Reaches of Dongjiang Basin]. Xiamen: Xiamen University dissertation. Huang, Xiaoping (႓՛ؓ). 2011. Kegan Fangyan Cihui Bijiao Yanjiu—Yi Liuge Dian Wei Zhongxin քଡរխ֨ [Studies on the Lexical Comparison of Hakkaא——ড়ᨇֱߢဲნֺለઔߒ and Gan Dialect—Based on Six Representative Sites]. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-sen University dissertation. ωհاHuang, Zhifan (႓ݳ). 2006. Zei Min Zhijian: 12–18 Shiji Gannan Diyu Shehui ψᇶωψ षᄎ [Between Bandits and Folks: the Regional Society of SouthernچၴΚ12–18 ધᨇত Jiangxi from the 12th Century to the 18th Century ]. Beijing: Joint Publishing Company. ᚊ). 1997. Fujian Fangyan 壂৬ֱߢ [Dialects in Fujian Province]. Fuzhou: Fujianڕޕ) Li, Rulong People’s Publishing House. ᚊ), & Song Hing Chang (്ᠨᐜ). 1992. Ke-Gan Fangyan Diaocha Baogao ড়ᨇڕޕ) Li, Rulong A Report on the Survey of the Hakka and Gan Dialects]. Xiamen: Xiamen] ܫߢᓳֱ University Press. [The MigrantاLin, Guoping (ࣥഏؓ), & Jiduan Qiu (५ࡱጤ). 2005. Fujian Yiminshi 壂৬ฝ History of Fujian Province]. Beijing: Fangzhi Publishing House.
761 ο
Chusheng Zhuang (๗ॣࣙ). 1995. Nanxiong Zhuji Fangyanzhi তႂఇᗓֱ & ,(॑مLin, Lifang (ࣥ .ߢݳ [The Dialect Gazetteer of Nanxiong Zhuji]. Guangzhou: Jinan University Press Liu, Lunxin (Ꮵፁ㝿). 1995. Gannan jumin de qianxi cengci he Gannan Kejiahua neibu de yuyin ࡉᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱଃฆ [The immigrant strata in southernڻऱᔢൔᐋاchayi ᨇতࡺ Jiangxi and the phonological differences in the local Hakka dialects]. Zhongguo Yuyan Xuebao խഏߢᖂ [Journal of Chinese Linguistics] 1995.5:246–264. ড়୮ֱߢխ۫ۂ Liu, Lunxin (Ꮵፁ㝿). 1996. Jiangxi Kejia fangyan zhong de Kejihua he Bendihua .[ᇩ [The guest language and the host language in Jiangxi Hakka dialectsچءऱড়ᤄᇩࡉ Nanchang Daxue Xuebao ত࣑Օᖂᖂ [Journal of Nanchang University] 27.4:97–103. ऱতᔢ۫ۂڇاLiu, Lunxin (Ꮵፁ㝿). 1998. Lun Kejia xianmin zai Jiangxi de nanqian ᓵড়୮٣ [A study on the southward migration of the Hakka ancestors in Jiangxi Province]. Nanchang Daxue Xuebao ত࣑Օᖂᖂ [Journal of Nanchang University] 29.1:106–110. Liu, Lunxin (Ꮵፁ㝿). 1999. Ke-Gan Fangyan Bijiao Yanjiu ড়ᨇֱߢֺለઔߒ [A Comparative Study on the Hakka and Gan Dialects]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. ড়୮ֱߢᄗउ [A Survey of the۫ۂ Liu, Lunxin (Ꮵፁ㝿). 2001. Jiangxi Kejia Fangyan Gaikuang Hakka Dialects in Jiangxi Province]. Nanchang: Jiangxi People’s Publishing House. Liu, Shuxin (Ꮵ࠸ᄅ). 2007. Dongjiang Zhongshangyou Tuyuqun Yanjiu—Yueyu Huihe Xi Tankao On the Dialects in the Middle and Upper] ەխՂཾՒᆢઔߒ——ᆕ༡ࣾߓ൶ۂࣟ Reaches of Dongjiang Basin —A Study on Huihe Cantonese]. Beijing: China Social Press. Liu, Xinhua (Ꮵᄅဎ). 2003. Xingguo Jingnei Liangge Kejiahua Dian de Yuyin Yanjiu ᘋഏቼփࠟଡ ড়୮ᇩរऱଃઔߒ [A Study on Phonology of Two Places in Xingguo Hakka Dialect]. Guangzhou: Jinan University MA thesis. .[Ruijin Fangyan Yanjiu ᅗ८ֱߢઔߒ [A Study on Ruijin Dialect .2006 .(اLiu, Zemin (Ꮵᖻ Beijing: Culture and Art Publishing House. Luo, Changpei (ᢅൄഛ). 2009[1950]. Cong Kejia qianxi de zongji lun Ke-Gan fangyan de guanxi ൕড়୮ᔢൔऱ᠋ᇾᓵড়ᨇֱߢऱᣂএ [A study on the relationship between the Hakka and Gan dialects from the perspective of the migrant tracks of the Hakka ancestors]. Yuyan yu .Wenhua ߢፖ֮֏ [Language and Culture], 175–190. Beijing: Peking University Press .[Luo, Qiuping (ᢅટؓ). 2011. Xingning Yinxi ᘋኑଃߓ [Phonetic System of Xingning Dialect Guangzhou: Sun Yat-sen University MA thesis. .[A Study on the Origins of Hakka] ەLuo, Xianglin (ᢅଉࣥ). 1989. Kejia Yuanliu Kao ড়୮ᄭੌ Beijing: Chinese Overseas Publishing House. ڇLuo, Yong (ᢅট). 2001. Lun Gannan zai Kejia minxi xingcheng he fazhan zhong de diwei ᓵᨇত -The position of southern Jiangxi in the formation and develop] ۯچࡉ࿇୶խऱګߓݮاড়୮ ment of the Hakka sub-ethnicity]. Gannan Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao ᨇতஃᒤᖂೃᖂ [Journal o f Gannan Teachers College] 2001.1:50–55.
762 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
Norman, Jerry (ᢅໃᅗ). 1989. What is a Kejia dialect? Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Sinology: Section on Linguistics and Paleography, 323–344. Taipei: Academia Sinica. .ݳᙄֆ). 2009ֱچOffice of Local Chronicles Compilation of Guangdong Province (ᐖࣟઊ The Chronicles Intergration of] ګݳႃֱזGuangdong Lidai Fangzhi Jicheng ᐖࣟᖵ Guangdong Province]. Guangzhou: Lingnan Art Publishing House. Qin, Yuanxiong (ိႂ). 2007. Pinghua he Tuhua ؓᇩࡉՒᇩ [On Pinghua and Tuhua]. Fangyan .ߢ [Dialect] 2007.2:177–189ֱ ᨇতऱฝזRao, Weixin (墌ᄅ). 2000. Mingdai Gannan de yimin yundong jiqi fenbu tezheng ࣔ ᐛ [The immigrant movement and distributing characteristic of southern܉ሎ೯֗ࠡ։ا Jiangxi in Ming Dynasty]. Zhongguo Shehui Jingji Shi Yanjiu խഏषᄎᆖᛎઔߒ [The Journal of Chinese Social and Economic History] 2000.3:36–45. Shao, Huijun (३ᐝܩ), & Xiaomei Wan (ᆄ՛ම). 2006. Jiangxi Le’an Xian Wanchonghua de xiao- ᗼᆄശᇩऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ [On the diminutive tone sandhi of Wanchongڜᑗ۫ۂ cheng biandiao .dialect in Le’an County in Jiangxi Province]. Fangyan ֱߢ [Dialect] 2006.4:309–315 ዿ). 1998. On distinguishing Hakka and Non-Hakka dialects. Journal ofףޥ) Sagart, Laurent Chinese Linguistics 26.2:281–302. ዿ). 2002. Gan, Hakka and the formation of Chinese dialects. Dialect Variationsףޥ) Sagart, Laurent in Chinese: Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section, ed. by Dah-an Ho. 129–153. Taipei: Academia Sinica. ᨇֱߢଃઔߒ [The Phonetic۫ۂ Sun, Yizhi (୪ࡵݳ). 2007. Jiangxi Ganfangyan Yuyin Yanjiu Research of the “Gan” Dialect in Jiangxi Province]. Beijing: Language and Culture Press. ቹႃ [Historical Atlas ofچTan, Qixiang (ᢟࠡ㠅). (ed.) 1982. Zhongguo Lishi Ditu Ji խഏᖵ China], Vol. 8. Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House. A study] ەWan, Fangzhen (ᆄ॑ੴ), & Lunxin Liu (Ꮵፁ㝿). 1994. Kejia rugan kao ড়୮Եᨇ on the immigration of Hakka in Jiangxi Province]. Nanchang Daxue Xuebao ত࣑Օᖂᖂ [Journal of Nanchang University] 25.1:118–127. Wan, Fangzhen (ᆄ॑ੴ), & Lunxin Liu (Ꮵፁ㝿). 1995. Jiangxi Kejia ruqian yuanyou yu fenbu The reason and distribution of the Hakka immigration in Jiangxi] ܉ፖ։طড়୮Եᔢ۫ۂ Province]. Nanchang Daxue Xuebao ত࣑Օᖂᖂ [Journal of Nanchang University] 26.2: 53–67. Wang, Futang (׆壂ഘ). 1998. Guanyu Kejiahua he Ganfangyan de fenhewenti ᣂ࣍ড়୮ᇩࡉᨇֱ .[ംᠲ [On the problem of division and combination of the Hakka and Gan dialectsٽߢऱ։ .Fangyan ֱߢ [Dialect] 1998.1:14–19 .[Wei, Gangqiang (ᠿᙓൎ). 1990. Pingxiang Fangyanzhi ဉၢֱߢݳ [Pingxiang Dialect Gazetteer Beijing: Language and Culture Press.
763 ο
ߓا८֛). 1995. Kejia fangyan yu minxi xingcheng de shijian he didian ড়୮ֱߢፖܦ) Wu, Jingfu .[រ [The time and place for the formation of Hakka dialect and populationچऱழၴࡉګݮ .ᙰՕᖂᖂ [Journal of Shantou University] 1995.3:83–89ۅ Shantou Daxue Xuebao 1997. Liancheng Kejia Fangyan Yufa Yanjiu ຑৄড়୮ᇩֱߢऄઔߒ .(Xiang, Mengbing (ႈኄ٧ [Grammatical Studies of Liancheng Hakka]. Beijing: Language and Culture Press. 2005. Kehua Yinyun Lun ড়ᇩଃᣉᓵ [The Phonology of Hakka].ʳ .(Xiang, Mengbing (ႈኄ٧ Beijing: Peking University dissertation. 2006. Kejiahua de jieding ji Ke-Gan fangyan de fenhe ড়୮ᇩऱࡳ֗ .(Xiang, Mengbing (ႈኄ٧ The relationship of Hakka to Gan]. Yuyan ji Yuyanxue ߢዄߢᖂ] ٽড়ᨇֱߢऱ։ [Language and Linguistics] 7.2:297–338. ᖼՂײ2009. Kejiahua, Ganyu guzhuoshang zi de jindu ড়୮ᇩΕᨇ .(Xiang, Mengbing (ႈኄ٧ ऱվᦰ [The modern pronunciation of the MC rising-tone words of voiced initials in Hakkaڗ ઔߒ [Researches in Folklore, Classics andڗঋࠢᤄ֮ا and Gan]. Minsu Dianji Wenzi Yanjiu Chinese Characters] (6th edition). Beijing: The Commercial Press. Hui Cao (ඦᄇ). 2005. Hanyu Fangyan Dilixue—Rumen yu Shijian & ,(Xiang, Mengbing (ႈኄ٧ :ᖂΚԵ॰ፖኔᔌ [Chinese Dialect Geography—Primer and Practices]. Beijingچዧֱߢ China Culture and History Press. 1995. Kejia Yuanliu Xintan ড়୮ᄭੌᄅ൶ [A New Study on the Origins .(Xie, Chongguang (ૹ٠ of Hakka]. Fuzhou: Fujian Educational Press. -Xie, Liuwen (ఎ֮). 1998. Ganyu gushangsheng quanzhuo shengmu zi jindu yinpingdiao xianx վᦰອؓᓳွ [The present yinping pronunciation of MCڗئՂᜢ٤ᖼᜢײiang ᨇ .shangsheng with voiced initials in Gan dialect]. Fangyan ֱߢ [Dialect] 1998.1:20–22 ߢऱ։ [Classification/distribution ofֱ۫ۂ Yan, Sen (ᠱཤ). 1986. Jiangxi fangyan de fenqu .Jiangxi dialects]. Fangyan ֱߢ [Dialect] 1986.1:19–38 ݠࡉࠝݠ [The suffix of zaiגYan, Sen (ᠱཤ). 1989. Lichuan fanyan de zaiwei he erwei ᕟ՟ֱߢऱ .and er in Lichuan dialect]. Fangyan ֱߢ [Dialect] 1989.1:60–64 Yan, Xiuhong (ᣤଥព), & Songhui Yu (܇ቈᔕ) . 2013. Kejiahua tan tan youbie de cungu cengci ChongyunψTan (ိ)ωandψTan (ᓫ)ωcontrasts in modern] ڻᐋײژऱܑڶড়୮ᇩိᓫ Hakka]. Yuyan Kexue ߢઝᖂ [Linguistic Sciences] 12.3:277–290. -Yang, Rong (ၺፚ). 2014. Nanxiong Fangyan Yinyun Yanjiu তႂֱߢଃᣉઔߒ [A Study on Phonol ogy of Nanxiong Hakka Dialect]. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-sen University dissertation. ઊॾ᠆ᗼ۫ۂ Zhang, Qian (്ଓ). 2013. Jiangxisheng Xinfeng xiancheng de Guanhua fangyan dao ऱࡴᇩֱߢ [The Mandarin dialect island in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province]. Wenhuaৄ .Yichan ֮֏ʳʳᙊข [Cultural Heritage] 2013.5:106–113 Zhang, Qian (്ଓ). 2014. Gannan Kejia Fangyan Yuyin Yanjiu ᨇতড়୮ֱߢଃઔߒ [A Study on Phonetics and Phonology of Gannan Hakka Dialect]. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-sen University dissertation.
764 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
Zheng, Cai (ᔤޗ). 1994. Cong yuyin de lishi yanbian kan Gannan Kejiafangyan de fenpian wenti ൕଃऱᖵழዝ᧢ᨇতড়୮ֱߢऱ։ׂംᠲ [On the classification of Gannan Hakka dialect from the perspective of the diachronic evolution of phonology]. Kejia Zongheng— Shoujie Kejia Fangyan Xueshu Yantaohui Zhuanji ড়୮᜕ᖩ—ଈࡻড়୮ֱߢᖂઔಘᄎറႃ [Proceedings of the First International Conference of Hakka Studies] (supplemented edition), ed. by Fengrui Li, 36–42. Longyan: Minxi Hakka Association. ড়זMinxi Jindai Kejia Yanjiu Ꮈ۫२ .2000 .(سZhong, Debiao (ᐚ), & Zhongsheng Su (ᤕ ୮ઔߒ [A Study on the Modern Hakka in Western Fujian]. Beijing: Yanshan Press. [Economy and Geography ofچZhou, Hongbing (ࡌદ). 1993. Gannan Jingji Dili ᨇতᆖᛎ Southern Jiangxi]. Beijing: China Social Press. ࣧ). 1986. Fangyan yu Zhongguo Wenhua ֱߢፖխഏ֮ڿཾ) Zhou, Zhenhe (ࡌᦊ), & Rujie You ֏ [Dialects a nd Chinese Culture]. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House. Zhuang, Chusheng (๗ॣࣙ). 1998. Cong fangyan cihui kan Kejia minxi de lishi xingcheng ൕֱߢ On the formation of the Hakka sub-ethnicity from the lexical] ګߓऱᖵݮاნড়୮ဲ perspective]. Shaoguan Daxue Xuebao Ꮔᣂᖂೃᖂ [Journal of Shaoguan University] 19.2: 1–15. ড়୮ֱߢקZhuang, Chusheng (๗ॣࣙ). 1999a. Yuebei Kejia fangyan de fenbu he xingcheng ᆕ .[The distribution and formation of Hakka dialect in northern Guangdong] ګࡉݮ܉ऱ։ Shaoguan Daxue Xuebao Ꮔᣂᖂೃᖂ [Journal of Shaoguan University] 20.1:7–14. ᨇۿՒᇩխᣊקZhuang, Chusheng (๗ॣࣙ). 1999b. Yuebei Tuhua zhong leisi Ganyu de tedian ᆕ ऱរ [The characteristics similar to Gan dialect in the aboriginal Chinese dialects of north- ern Guangdong]. Shaoguan Daxue Xuebao Ꮔᣂᖂೃᖂ [Journal of Shaoguan University] 20.5:19–28. Ւᇩଃᣉઔߒ [PhonologicalקZhuang, Chusheng (๗ॣࣙ). 2004. Yuebei Tuhua Yinyun Yanjiu ᆕ Studies on the Aboriginal Chinese Dialects of Northern Guangdong]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. Zhuang, Chusheng (๗ॣࣙ). 2008[2012]. Guangdongsheng Kejia fangyan de jieding, huafen ji xiangguan wenti ᐖࣟઊড়୮ֱߢऱࡳΕቤ։֗ઌᣂംᠲ [The definition and classification ,[of the Hakka dialects in Guangdong]. Dongfang Yuyanxue ֱࣟߢᖂΰรᙀα[Eastling Vol.4, ed. by Eastling Editing Committee & E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, 44–56. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House. Also in Yuyan Shikong Bianyi Weiguan ߢ ழ़᧢ฆპᨠ [Micro Views of Language Variation in Time and Space], 75–94. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. Zhuang, Chusheng (๗ॣࣙ). 2012. Baoliu yangshangdiao de Longchuanxian Datangcun Kejia ড়୮ֱߢ [The yangshang (ၺՂ) tone category in theޘfangyan অఎၺՂᓳऱᚊ՟ᗼՕჀ Hakka dialect of Datang village in Longchuan County]. Yuyan Kexue ߢઝᖂ [Linguistic Sciences] 11.1:81–87.
765 ο
[Received 15 December 2014; revised 2 June 2015; accepted 4 September 2015]
College of Chinese Language and Culture Jinan University Guangyuan Road East, Tianhe Guangzhou 510610, China [email protected]
766 Language and Linguistics 17(5)
The Phonological Diversity in Gannan Hakka Dialect and Related Issues
Qian Zhang Jinan University
Based on sufficient fieldwork and recent materials, a comprehensive comparison of the pho- nological features of Hakka dialect across Gannan is firstly made to discuss the internal diversity. Secondly, the reason of internal diversity of Gannan Hakka is analyzed from three points of views: physical geography, administrative division, and historical immigration. Finally, combin- ing with phonological identities and historical background, the relationship between Gannan Hakka and surrounding dialects is discussed, providing further basis for the Hakka ownership of Yuebei (north Guangdong) Tuhua and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin. It is shown that the internal difference of Gannan Hakka could mainly be the difference between New Hakka and Old Hakka from the perspective of phonology. There are a slew of similarities between Old Hakka in Gannan and Yuebei, and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin, while New Hakka in Gannan and Minxi Hakka, Yuedong Hakka are extremely coherent. Relatively speaking, Old Hakka and Gan dialect in the same province are much more identical. Viewing on the history of immigration, Old Hakka in Gannan and Yuebei, and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin can be regarded as “West Line” Hakka. Correspondently, New Hakka in Gannan and Minxi Hakka, Yuedong Hakka can be regarded as “East Line” Hakka. The biggest difference between “West Line” and “East Line” Hakka, which probably originated at the beginning of the formation of Hakka dialect, is that MC .zhuoshangΰᖼՂαcurrently shifts to Yinpingΰၺؓαwhether or not
Key words: Gannan, Old Hakka, New Hakka, West Line, East Line
767