The Phonological Diversity in Gannan Hakka Dialect and Related Issues

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The Phonological Diversity in Gannan Hakka Dialect and Related Issues Article Language and Linguistics ᳈〦 17(5) 735–767ד૊⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ © The Author(s) 2016 * Reprints and permissions: ㆛ sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.navۊ DOI: 10.1177/1606822X16645743 lin.sagepub.com ೺ο ᇷ֡ञણ ມᓳ਷ഗ៕ՂΔଈ٣ֺለᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱ፿ଃ஁ฆΔࠀូ౏೴։ᑑᄷΙࠡضለ੡෡Եऱڇ֮ء ෼ኔ፿ଃᜤٽΙ່৵࿨ڂګऱߡ৫Δ։࣫ᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ஁ฆऱا෻Ε۩ਙ೴ቤΕᖵ׾ฝچൕ۞ྥڻ ՒᇩࡉᆕׂڠΕᏄׂڠႂקᒔᎁᆕޡறΔ൶ಘᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΔ੡ၞԫޗᢀࡉᖵ׾હན ઔߒ।ࣔΚൕ፿ଃ௽ᐛࠐ઎Δᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝ஁֮ءᇩऱড়୮ᇩߓ᥆༼ࠎࠉᖕΖچءխՂཾۂխࣟ 壆ڇژᇩچءխՂཾऱۂড়୮ᇩΕࣟ۔ऱקড়୮ᇩፖᆕ۔ড়୮ᇩऱ஁ฆΖᨇতऱ۔ฆ׌૞।෼੡ᄅΕ ড়୮ᇩፖ۔հ๠Ιᨇতऱᄅড়୮ᇩঞፖᎸ۫Εᆕࣟऱড়୮ᇩᄕ੡ԫીΖઌኙ࣍ᄅড়୮ᇩۖߢΔۿઌڍ ءխՂཾۂড়୮ᇩࡉࣟ۔קড়୮ᇩΕᆕ۔ࠐ઎Δᨇতاհ๠Ζൕᖵ׾ฝۿઌڍޓڇژ๠ԫઊऱᨇ፿ٵ ᥆ψࣟᒵωড়୮ᇩΖࣟΕ۫ᒵড়୮ᇩٵ᥆ψ۫ᒵωড়୮ᇩΔᨇতᄅড়୮ᇩΕᎸ۫ࡉᆕࣟড়୮ᇩٵᇩچ Ζسհॣ༉բᆖขګড়୮ᇩݮڇ౨ױ੡ອؓΔۖຍጟ஁ฆܡਢᖼՂػᦰᐋਢܛՕऱ஁ฆ່ ড়Δᄅড়Δ۫ᒵΔࣟᒵ۔ᣂ᝶ဲΚᨇতΔ 1. ೧⤵ ωΖ1ʳޱΔψ੡ԫઊল໫ΔۖᗑᅝᎸΕᆕհڠඨխק။Δۍઊতຝ១ጠᨇতΔতᐿ۫ۂ ΕᏄᣂؑࡉࣾᄭؑઌᔣΔ۫૿ፖؑڠࠡࣟ૿ፖ壂৬ઊԿࣔؑΕᚊࡿٌؑ੺Δত૿ፖᐖࣟઊම ೴Ꮖ 2 ೴ 1 ؑ 15 ᗼΔ᜔૿ᗨપچઌຑΖ٤ؑڠΕᐿؑڜٳઊء૿ፖק൷ᣦΔؑڠྋতઊ⍣ ೴ݳρ1994:367αΖچڠΔ٤೴᜔ԳՑᑇ੡ 655 ᆄ塒Գΰπᨇڣ ᆄֱؓֆߺΖ۟ 1985 3.94 ᠆ಥ೴ࡉॾີؑڠᛜհԫΔຍᇙऱ 18 ଡᗼΰؑΕ೴αೈᨇءฒࢬࡌवΔᨇতਢড়୮Օ 2 3 ೴᜔چড়୮ᇩऱԳՑપ׭ᇠشᑇ᥆ড়ᇩ೴Δ ࠌڍ؆Δࠡ塒࿪Օאᗼቯࡳ᠜ ੡ࡴᇩֱߢ୾ ֺለઔߒω(14ZDB103)Εխഏषᄎઝᖂೃ໌ٽ࠹ഏ୮षઝഗ८ૹՕႈؾψ௧փ؆ড়୮ֱߢऱ፿ற஄৬๻ࡉጵ֮ء * ڇ֮ءΖܗႈؾ (2015M572392) ऱᇷܗ૿Ղᇷޅ խഏ໑Փ৵ઝᖂഗ८ร 57֗אᄅՠ࿓ႈؾψֱߢ፿ଃፖ፿ऄωΔ ࿝ृطଥૡრߠΔ᠃ી᝔ݵΖ֮խᙑዥհ๠ᄗڍ壆נ༼ᐉᒚറ୮ټመ࿓խ൓ࠩ๗ॣࣙඒ඄ऱ൜֨ਐរΔೳ܂ᐊ ࢭᖜΖ ֆ஼ρ(1986:2093)Ζץ߲ᐿ۫ۂࢌݳρ࠴ԮԼΔπᢌ֮ΘՂᆟڠएπᨇٵ 1 ౨ਐऱਢີಥ೴ऱࡴᇩױᇩωڠψᨇڼᇩΔڠၢऱִ੊᧸࿛αᎅᨇضՕڕᆵΰޘᖕπᨇᗼݳρ(1991:578)Δᨇᗼଡܑ 2 ઊॾ᠆ᗼৄऱࡴᇩֱߢ୾ρΔ(π֮֏ᙊขρ2013.5:106–113)Ζ۫ۂ೶઎Κ്ଓπױߢΖᣂ࣍ॾ᠆ᗼৄࡴᇩऱտฯΔֱ ೺ο זමᗼ੡אড়୮ᇩΔ4 ፖՕ୮ࢬᑵवऱ۔ऱچΔ֠ࠡਢᅝۥԳՑऱ 95%Ζᨇতড়୮ᇩᏅࠠ௽ ᑇֺለຫڍऱ፿றڶ࣠֟Δ෼ګඡΔޡ࣍ᨇতড়୮ᇩઔߒದط।ऱড়୮ᇩ஁ܑለՕΖྥۖ ๠ԫઊऱᨇ፿Δᝫਢઌኙ࣍ᆕࣟΕᎸ۫Εፕ᨜ऱড়୮ٵᓵઌኙ࣍ྤڼڂլ֟ᙑዥΔڶΔ׊៱ չᏖڶչᏖᑌऱ௽ᐛΔࠡփຝڶᇩۖߢΔᨇতড়୮ᇩऱઔߒຟਢᜳஇऱΖᨇতড়୮ᇩࠩࢍࠠ ৻ᑌऱᖵ׾ࡉ෼ኔᜤᢀ࿛࿛ംڇژᨇতড়୮ᇩፖࡌᢰֱߢ֗אΔګ۶ݮڕᑌऱ஁ฆΔ஁ฆ ګছԳऱઔߒٽມᓳ਷ഗ៕ՂΔ࿨ضऱڣ२༓ڇ֮ءრߠΔࢨ፿෫լᇡΖٵլڶᠲΔᖂ੺ࢨ אΔڂऱ଺ګ࣠ΔቫᇢኙՂ૪ਬࠄംᠲၞ۩ᇞ࿠Δಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝऱ፿ଃ஁ฆΕ஁ฆݮ ፖࡌᢰֱߢऱᣂএΖ֗ ૊⥾ҙⵒ᱿⦝ㅠదᯌ઼֡⬊ .2 ௽ءড়୮ֱߢ፿ଃΕဲნΕ፿ऄऱഗڶᏥፁ㝿 (1995:251) ࢬߢΚψᨇতড়୮ᇩࠠڕᇨ ለՕ஁ฆΖωߓอڶۖٵᔢൔழၴΕࠐᄭऱլاᆜΕᖵ׾۩ਙ೴ቤࡉࡺۯ෻چڂچٺ܀ᐛΔ ΕᏥፁ㝿ʳ(1994) ޗᤄऱᖂृΚᠱཤ (1986)Εᔤ۫ۂۯԿڶಘᓵᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ፿ଃ஁ฆऱ ኙڼڂΔٵΔኙֱߢ௽ᐛऱᛵᇞլٵ࣍ᓳ਷ऱ෡৫լطᖂृۯΖຍԿ(2001 ,1999 ,1996 ,1995) ᇩࡉড়ᤄᇩऱ೚چءฆΖࠡխΔᏥፁ㝿ലᨇতড়୮ᇩ։੡ٺᨇতড়୮ᇩփຝ፿ଃ஁ฆऱᎁᢝ Ւʳʳᇩऱូ᥆ழΔലׂࠡڠ।ऱႂז௻ຕ੡אקಘᓵᆕڇ (ऄᐙ᥼ለՕΖ๗ॣࣙ (2004:302–307 ᇩα࢓ᐖࣟቼփऱ۞ྥ࢏چءড়ωΰਊΚ۔ֺለΔᎁ੡ࠡਢᨇতψ܂ᇩچءፖᔣ२ऱᨇত Δᚨᅝቤូড়୮ᇩΖۼ ᄅ२ऱֱەழ೶ٵறΔޗছ࢓ᨇত 12 ᗼΰ೴αᓳ਷ 5Δᛧ൓Օၦԫ֫ڻڍΔݺଚڣ२༓ ΰՂྫΕՕൌΕॾ᠆ΕᅗچڍΚ(1) ᨇতڕᄅ࿇෼Δڍ࣠Δ൓ࠩ๺ګઔߒהࡉࠡ 6 ܫߢᓳ਷໴ ՛ጠڇژԫ౳ऱড়୮ᇩᇙֺለߔߠΔথፖཏሙڇ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱ෼ွΰࢨྲྀఎαΔຍڇژ८࿛α ᎛ΕᨇڜՂྫΕॾ᠆Εڕΰچڍԫׂΰᇡߠ৵֮αΙ(2) ᨇতګ෻ՂຑچڇՒᇩקᓳऱᆕ᧢ խՂཾۂՒᇩΕᆕխࣟקػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓΔፖᆕڗᖼՂײᗼΕᘋഏΕՕൌ࿛α ᦰອؓΔঞፖᎸڍػᦰᐋվڗᖼՂײऱچΕᅗ८ΕᚊতΕശᆠ࿛ৄفΔۖኑຟΕۿᇩᣊچء Εޘفᘋഏऱष༄ၢஆ֗אΕᑍᄻΰπᨇᗼݳρ1991:578αΔؓڜࡓᙰΕᄅৢΕ೏ᖯΕֽՑΕكᨇᗼऱׄ᥏ൂΕ 3 ᠜ΕতܾၢޘᎅᎸ፿Ιᘋഏߜاࡩᄘࡩᠿࡩࡺܦၢຝ։ޘ݁֗אܾࣟ՛ิޘᆵΔࡉകᙰޘ࿛֟ᑇޘضകᙰၢํ ᗼΔվսຏ۩ᨇ፿ΰᏥᄅဎ 2003:3αΖ᠆ة଺᥆ ড়୮ᇩωऱᄗ࢚Δᇡߠ۔ᖂृຟམ༼ࠩψۯڍᇩωΖچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψܛড়୮ᇩω۔ψ 4 ৵֮Ζ Εᘋഏ᣶ڜΕᨇᗼၺകΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠᖩֽΕՕൌতۂ᎛ࣲ՞Εতൈ೴ፚڜՑΕفຍ 12 ଡᗼΰ೴αਢॾ᠆ᥳ 5 ଃڗᙰऱض፿ΙኑຟئՑড়୮ᇩ੡࿝ृفᙰΖࠡխॾ᠆ᥳضΕᚊতᗼ޹ᚊΕኑຟᗼڠΕᄎ࣑ᗼ຾ۂΕິຟಥۂ ᓳ਷Ζךᇖچ๗ॣࣙඒ඄ᒔࡳαΔ࿝ृࠩᅝط႓՛ؓ໑Փ༼ࠎΰଃߓطறޗ ᔾΖױ፿Δಖଃᇡኔئृ܂ნΔᅗ८ֱߢ੡ڗଃٵπᅗ८ֱߢઔߒρ(2006) ऱاᏥᖻشறආޗଃڗᅗ८ᖻိऱ 6 ኙຍࠟڼڇᔾΖױறޗ፿Δئृ܂ᇩ੡ض೏ৄفαΔעآნρΰڗଃٵᇩض೏ৄف۫ۂᄵ࣑૜πشආض೏ৄف ᖂृ֗႓՛ؓ໑Փ෡।᝔რΖۯ 736 Language and Linguistics 17(5) ॾ᠆ΕՂྫΕতڕΰچڍࢨ vΔᨇতئᦰሿᜢڍڗئΕᆕࣟড়୮ᇩԫીΙ(3) ড়୮ᇩᇙᐙ۫ ڍᇩᇙՈچءխՂཾऱۂࣟڇऱ෼ွۿΔᣊمኙڶئᦰ׊ፖሿᜢײൈΕശᆠ࿛αথঅఎ ̋ ऱ ໑ᢅΕࣾᄭᄭৄऱڠᢕ᥊ᇿੌ᥊ઌ෗ऱ௽௘෼ွՈߠ࣍ᆕխ༡چ࿇෼ 7Ι(4) ॾ᠆ΕՕൌ࿛ڶ ߢᇙΙ࿛࿛Ζֱ ٤૿Εาᒯ۩ऱড়୮ᇩၞ 8 چٺᛵᇞऱഗ៕ՂΔݺଚኙᨇতޡለ੡෡Եऱᓳ਷ࡉၞԫڇ ড়୮ᇩωऱ೴ܑΔ۔ऱֺለհ৵Δ࿇෼ᨇতড়୮ᇩऱփຝ஁ฆ׌૞।෼੡ψᄅড়୮ᇩωࡉψ ψᄅড়୮شᇩωհܑΖຍᇙᑉழආچءᏥፁ㝿 (1996, 1999, 2001) ࢬᘯऱψড়ᤄᇩωࡉψܛ ءᇩωࡉড়୮ᇩऱψچءᨇ፿ऱψڶቼփ۫ۂԿΚࠡԫΔڶڂড়୮ᇩωጠᘯऱ଺۔ᇩωΕψ ᇩωլႛऴ൷।ࣔچءཙψזড়୮ᇩω۔ψشᇩωլ࣐೴։ΙࠡԲΔچءᇩωհܑΔጠψچ ΙࠡԿΔ്ᠨᐜΕᆄं (1996)Δ๗ॣࣙʳܑڶࠡፖႚอრᆠՂऱড়୮ᇩقࠡូ᥆Δۖ׊ᄆ ড়୮ᇩω۔ࠩψشᖂृຟۯڍቈᔕ (2013) ࿛܇Δႈኄ٧Εඦᄇ (2005)ΔᣤଥពΕ(2008 ,2004) նଡֱڇড়୮ᇩऱ፿ଃ஁ฆᄗਔದࠐ׌૞।෼۔ԫࡳ൷࠹৫ΖᄅΕڶᖂ੺ڇጠᘯڼऱᄗ࢚Δ αΚٵ௽ᐛΔՀڼڇژլق௽ᐛΔψЁω।ڼڇژق૿Δߠτ। 1υΰψЀω। ț޻ 1ȜཛྷǬԫ࠳৅၀ވᇖग़৘ౝ ড়୮ᇩ ᄅড়୮ᇩ۔ ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡܑᦰອؓ ЀЁڗᖼՂײ (1) ᣉݠ։ᓳࢨ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ ЀЁڇژ (2) ЀЁ مঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲ࿛ߠߓ (3) ЀЁ ܑྤئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהՑԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ଃαፖࠡٽ՞᥊ (4) ЁЀ مভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛অఎ։ (5) ড়୮ᇩωΕψᄅড়୮ᇩωऱጠࡅ᜔۔Ղ 5 ႈ௽ᐛຟለࠠᖵ׾෡৫Δೈร 5 រհ؆Δψא ՀΚڕऱࠠ᧯।෼چٺᨇতڇ෻Ζຍ 5 ႈ௽ᐛٽՂለ੡᧯ ػᦰᐋվլᦰࢨᄕଡڗᖼՂײچΕՂྫࣟ՞࿛ۂ᎛ΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏ᣶ڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (1) હΕኑۂΕՂྫषᄻΕᛜছΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕᘋഏಁႼΕؓإᦰອؓΔॾ᠆۫ׄΕܑ ߠτ। 2υΚڗػᦰᐋվᦰອؓΖࠏڗᖼՂײچΕᚊতΕ٤তΕࡳতΕ༈⢦࿛ৄفຟΕ ᎘ڶΔଃଈئᦰሿᜢڍվئ༡ৄΕ໑ᢅΔࣾᄭऱᄭৄΕຑؓαऱᐙڠᇩΰ༡چءۂᖕঀ՛૎ (2008:49–51)Δࣟ 7 ऱᐙڠઌ೴ܑΖᖕຫිᛩᓳ਷Ε๗ॣࣙுኙΔ༡ڗऱئվᦰ jΕzΕv ᜢئຝ։ᐙ֗ئאპऱ໫ຝᡨధΔፖႆΕ αઌ೴ܑΖئאႆΕײᄭ۞ڍਢ ôΔፖ jΕwΰئվᦰᜢڗئ 8 1 ףऱᗼᏺڶ௅ᖕࠠ᧯ൣउאጟՑଃΔࢬڍڇژԫᗼٵڂᏥፁ㝿 (2001)Ζەற೶ޗࡳতᖟؑΕ٤তৄ༖Ε༈⢦९ኑऱ ຝऱᚊؒקף᎛ᏺڜᓳ਷Ζچ੡ݺଚኔچΔຍࠟؓإຝऱ۫ׄࡉ۫ຝऱקףࢨ 2 ଡֱߢរ೶ፖֺለΚॾ᠆ᏺ હࡉ۫ຝऱಁۂࣟতຝऱףࣟຝऱषᄻΕ۫ຝऱᛜছΔᘋഏᏺףࡉឌܽၢΔՂྫᏺྀئতຝऱ׆ףၢΔᨇᗼᏺ ற֧۞Ꮵᄅဎ (2003)ΔኑޗΖᘋഏಁႼضຝऱߕקףΔኑຟᏺۂতຝऱᖩףᏺৄفխຝऱᑧՑΔףႼΔতൈᏺ ߢរઃ֧۞Ꮵፁ㝿 (2001)Ζֱה႓՛ؓᓳ਷Ε๗ॣࣙுኙ (2011)Δࠡطறޗضຟߕ 737 ೺ο 9 ț޻ 2ȜӑӝщᐓΙӮϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ݠ~֣ ᡗᄊޒ๯~՗ ឰ Ց ȅpĐi ȅtĐmō ȅxmō ȅme/ȅne ȅlã ȅnmōفॾ᠆ᥳ ᎛ࣲ՞ ȅpĐi ȅtĐu ȅhnō Ȅmei/Ȅnei ȅlã ȅnuڜ [ ȅlaܐ] ᎛ᚊؒ ᦰՂᜢڜ ᨇᗼၺക ȈpĐi ȈtĐuã Ȉhuã Ȅmi Ȉlã Ȉnuã ᨇᗼឌܽ ᦰՂᜢ [ܐȅlã] ᦰՂᜢ 0 ȅnuã ྀئᨇᗼ׆ pĐiȆ tĐ³ıȆ h³ıȆȄmi lãȆ l³ıȆ ڜՕൌত ȅpĐi/ȄpĐi ȅtĐuã ȅxuã ȅmi/Ȅmi ȅlã ȅnuã ۂᘋഏ᣶ Ղྫࣟ՞ ȉpĐi ȉtĐoϐ Ȅhoϐ ȉmi ȉlã ȉnoϐ ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȄpĐi ȄtĐo ho Ȇ ȅmi ȅlã ȅno ȄpĐi ȄtĐo Ȅho Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnuϐ ؓإ᠆ॾ Ղྫषᄻ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅnu³ı Ղྫᛜছ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅn³n ശᆠᖩֽ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuϐ Ȅhuϐ Ȅmi ȅlã Ȅnuϐ ȄpĐe ȄtĐ³ı Ȅh³ı Ȅmi Ȅlã Ȅn³ı ۂຟಥິ তൈᑧՑ [෉ȄtĐã ] 0 Ȅn×ı ȄpĐi ȄtĐuºı Ȅhuºı Ȅmºi Ȅlã Ȅnuºı ۂতൈፚ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³ Ȅha Ȅmei Ȅla Ȅn³ ڠᄎ࣑຾ ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄpĐie ȄtĐuºn Ȅhuºn Ȅme Ȅlan Ȅnuºn ᘋഏಁႼ ȄpĐi ȄtĐu³ı Ȅhu³ı Ȅmi ȅlã ȅnu³ı હ [݄ȄĆĐo] 0 Ȅlã 0ۂᘋഏ ᙰ ȄpĐi ȄtĐuan Ȅhuan Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅnuanضኑຟ [ȄĆĐoদȄheu][၇Ȅmai݄] ضኑຟߕ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅmei Ȅlan Ȅn³n/ȅn³n ض೏ৄف २Ȅϭ] 0 Ȅlan 0] ۂᖩৄف ᚊত޹ᚊ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n Ȅm¸i Ȅlan Ȅn³n ٤তৄ༖ ȄpĐi ȄtĐ³n Ȅh³n0Ȅlan Ȅn³n Ȅla ] Ȅno¸nܐ] ࡳতᖵؑ [२Ȅϭ] 0 ༈⢦९ኑ [२Ȅϭ][ܐȄla ] ऱऴ൷ᑑ࿨ᓵΔ௅ᖕؾছڗ࿨ᓵྤࠏڶψˮ˰ωᑑಖΙشڗऱٵլڗࠏ֮ءࣹଃΔፖྤڗࠏڶڍறޗԳऱה࠷۞ 9 ΖٵΖՀقψϭω।شଃऱྤڗڶࢨڗଃྤڶឰऱᑑψ0ωΔܒறྤऄޗ 738 Language and Linguistics 17(5) 10 ᣉݠ։ᓳ Δॾ᠆ΕՕൌΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕڇژΕິຟྀئ᎛ΕՕൌΕᨇᗼឌܽΕ׆ڜՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ (2) Δ֠ࠡਢԿקᓳ਷ઔߒΖᜤᢀࠩፖᨇত൷ᣦऱᆕޡৱၞԫڶ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΖຍࠟଡ෼ွڇژᅗ८ ౨ཏױཚৰڰᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ 11Δݺଚංྒྷᨇতড়୮ᇩڇژچڍ૿ᔣ੺ᨇতऱতႂؑΔ ᣉݠ։ᓳࡉ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ෼ွΖՀ૿։ܑտฯΚڇژሙ ΕམΕ඲Εຏն᥊ԵۂࡉᰳΕڗᦰՂᜢΔᖼԵڍڗՑऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊ؄᥊堚Եفॾ᠆ᥳ paȊΕᢐîȊΖۍΚԶȅp¸Εᛘȅs¸ΕᠧĆиȊΔԼsԥȊΕڕΔװᦰၺڍڗᜢ ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗվᦰՂᜢΔ٤ᖼԵᜢڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗ᎛ࣲ՞ऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊ堚Եڜ Κჸȅt¸ΕԮȅĈĐieΕֲȅ­ieΔᠧڕΔװվᦰၺڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰອؓΔᰳΕڗԵᜢ ڕອԵΰូڗpaȊΕᑵs˹ȊΕԺteiȊΖᚊؒऱভΕ෡Ε՞ΕᘊԵᜢۍȄĆиΕఏȄĈĐi¸Ε᎚Ȅl¸Δ Εֵω࿛αΖێΕۍψڕၺԵΰូڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂΕִω࿛αΔᰳΕظψ৺Ε ΚڕᦰອؓΔڍڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂվᦰԵᜢΔᰳΕڗऱভΕ෡Ε՞ΕᘊԵᜢڜՕൌত ჸt¸ȇΕሒtиȇΕᑷnieȇΔػȄpĐaΕᑵȄ´yΕքȄtyΖ མ඲ຏԵᜢۂᰳ֗ڗΕ৺Εֲω࿛αΔᖼԵظψڕᦰອԵΰڗᨇᗼឌܽऱভ෡՞ᘊ堚Ե Ε৺ΕظψڕອԵΰូڗऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊ堚ԵྀئΕքω࿛αΖ׆ۍψᠧΕڕᦰၺԵΰڗ ڕኙၺԵΰڗΕམΕ඲Εຏ堚Եۂω࿛αΙᰳΕٽψᠧΕڕອؓΰូڗԫω࿛αΔᖼԵ ψػΕᦰΕᆵω࿛αΖڕΰװၺូڗω࿛αΔᖼԵקΕߡΕۍψ ᖼڻᑇڍ֗ڗΔ٤ᖼԵᜢװᦰອڍڗᖼԵᜢڻຝ։֗ڗ堚ԵײऱভΕ෡Ε՞Εᘊۂຟಥິ ΚჃtĐaȆΕᛘâæȆΕڕΔຝ։ᦰԵᜢΔװᦰၺڍڗΕམΕ඲ΕຏԵᜢۂΙᰳΕװᦰၺڍڗԵᜢ âaȇΕຽmaȇΖفpaȇΕۍtâuȊΕքlyȊΔێiæȆΔᠧĆĐaȊΕԼâæȊΕ᎚laȊΔᇶĆĐeȊΕ­ֲ խΔ׊ڗᑇ༓ଡ֟ڇΔ׽অఎڤ੡ԫጟྲྀఎݮګᓳΔբٵװՑऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖອفॾ᠆ᥳ ՗tiȆΕᢒ~ֆΚᘚᢒ iæȆΕ̑ޕΚᘷ~ֆΚᘷmi³ȆΕᢓ௻~Κ፧ᢓi ȆΕᢈᓳ~Κྏೲkϑ ȆΕڕ؈Δهᓳբءऱڗຍ༓ଡ Κ⛹ȈĆaΕڕ؈ΔهᓳՈբءᓳΔٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳऱྲྀఎΔፖၺؓڇژ᠜Ոؓإ᪙~੫Κ՛ߊ৘ aȆΖ ᓳΔຝءঅఎڗᓳΔຝ։ٵᜢװॡȈfuΕቕȈseΕݬȈtĐeΕፒȈtĐueΕᘷȈmi³Ζ۫ׄ᠜ऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖ Κ௒~՗tĐ³ȆЋ௒~क़ȈtĐ³Εම~՗meȆЋම~क़ȈmeΕณᤀ~Κ࿗֪ ³ıȆЋณ~ఇΚณᅪȅ ³ıΕ຾~՗ڕ؈Δهᓳءڗ։ meȆЋࡢΰ໢࢚αȈmeΕಈmeéȆΕᦨl͓ ȆΕ๳tĐeȆΕߚtĐuȆΕೱᆹᤓpĐuȆΕࠨĆĐ˹ȆΕ~۔maȆЋ຾ΰ໢࢚αȈmaΕࡢ Ր~՗ ĆĐaȆΖ Κ௒ȅtĐ³ΕයȅtĐi³Εਣȅ´iã Εڕ؈ΔهᑇՈբڍᓳ࿪ՕءᓳΔٵऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖՂᜢڜՕൌত ȅmoΕ෾९ݮᆹᤓȅvuΕᅍȅiaΕᔰ=ਪȅĈĐyΕ᡻ȅpĐuΕࠜȅtĐuΕਮȅkaΕ~فȅsaΕૈȅĈĐioΕᗣޥ੾ȅpaΕ ࠸ȅ´yΕᜓԫය~ȅf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Ζ Κའ=ֿ~՗ȉĆ³Ε֍=ራȉkeuΕڕ؈Δهᑇբڍᓳ࿪ՕءᓳΔٵՂྫࣟ՞ऱ՛ጠ᧢ᓳፖၺՂ ࣨȉpã Ε࿟ȉtи ΕຼȉluΕࡓȉpĐiã Ε࿞ȉĈĐi³ıΕ᏾ȉtϐ ΕഔȉtoeΕᒣȉ´i³ıΕహȉi³ıΕޥȉpaΕ੾ȉpaΕ ᜓԫය~ȉf¸ ЋᜓᜓᇖȈf¸ Εཫཫ՗ȉkuϐ Ћཫࢾ~Ȅkuϐ Ζ ෼ွΖڼ࿇෼آࠀޘᖯՑۂᣉݠ։ᓳΔݺଚᓳ਷ऱতൈፚڶՈۂᖕᏥፁ㝿 (2001:50)Δতൈፚ 10 ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔࠡխতႂ௻ຕΕոڇژႉհ؆Δࠡ塒 14 រ݁ۍ15 ଡរೈ Ւᇩ٥ׂڠΕᏄׂڠᖕ๗ॣࣙ (2004)Δႂ 11 ᣉڇژ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ5 ଡၢ᠜ڇژ9 ଡၢ᠜ ᣉݠ։ᓳΖᖕၺፚ (2014) ኙতႂؑ 14 ଡၢ᠜ऱᓳ਷Δ٥ڇژᝫۂ֏९ ݠ։ᓳΖ 739 ೺ο 12 Κ՗ဲݠ=ຉᆬ~ֆΚᆬຉ=ਐ֫~ֆΚ֫ਐڕᓳΔٵװࠟଡ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔ ։ܑፖၺؓࡉອڶᅗ८ᖻိ ΰ໢࢚αرԳȈ aЋ~رȈĆßΕᓚȈhaΕटػᦰȈpaЋट֮ᦰpaȆΕࡦȈĈieΕୂػᦰȈkoЋୂ֮ᦰȄkoΕ໲=ඪ=௢ȈtĐiΕ 13 14 iaȆЋᅍΰ໢࢚αȈiaΕ๛ᜳ~pĐoȆΕᘷ~۔ȅ­iΕᎫ k³ȆΕᅍں~ᕴȈh³Ιۘ~ୂΚཬढऱᆳ­iȆЋۘێȅ aΕ⊱ ~՗Κ஢ູ mi³ȆΕ壀ം~Κԫጟಮॾ੒೯s° ȆΕᢁĈiuºnȆΕ᛿l͓ ȆΕᦛՕ~vanȆЋᦛݮ୲ဲȄvanΕ᨜ֽ~vanȆЋ᨜ΰ໢࢚αȄvanΕ Κດ௓࿯ᒟ՗ਜॅtiºnȆЋរΰ໢࢚αȅtiºnΕዞ~ֽΚᑷֽك~ᙰΚኙඈ۩່՛ृऱᑋጠmuºnȆΕរ~۔ඡඈ۩່՛Κ~՗ȄmuºnЋඡ ȅkuinЋዞ៬ߪkuinȆΕ៬ΰ໢࢚αȄfanЋ៬᠏೯fanȆΖ ΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕषᄻΕശᆠΕິຟΕতൈΕᄎۂ᎛ᚊؒΕᨇᗼΕՕൌΕᘋഏ᣶ڜॾ᠆Ε (3) រভ᥊ԫΕԲ࿛ٺΔ15 ࠡ塒مػᦰᐋঅఎ։ڗভ᥊ԫΕԲ࿛ߠߓچ࿛ৄف࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕ ߠ। 3ΚڗΖࠏੌٽءഗڗߠߓ Ӯϕ᠇ᖇ٦تطț޻ 3Ȝӑӝࠄឡ΂ǬΉา तظ——ٽ਴ᓫ——጑Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ ¸Ց Ȅkã ȄĆϑ ȅkã xã Ȇ sϑ Ȇ koȊȅkفॾ᠆ᥳ ॾ᠆۫ׄ Ȅko Ȉkã ȅkã Ȉhã Ȉ´iϐ k·ȇ kaȇ Ȅkã ȈĈiϐ ȅkã Ȉhã ȅ´iϐ koȇ kaȇ ؓإ᠆ॾ ೴։ऱฉᇾڶ ᎛ᚊؒڜ ᨇᗼၺക Ȅkã ȄĈi Ȉkã hã Ȇ´iȆ kuæȊ kæȊ ೴։ऱฉᇾڶ ᨇᗼឌܽ ೴։ऱฉᇾڶ ྀئᨇᗼ׆ ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã ȆȄ´iϐ ȅku¸ k¸ȇ ڜՕൌত Ȅkuã kã Ȇȅkuã ȅkã xã Ȋ kuaȇ kaȇ ۂᘋഏ᣶ ᘋഏಁႼ [ᄆu³ıȆ] Ȅkã ȅkã [ܶȄxu³ı][ভȈxã ]ku³ôȇ kaôȇ Ղྫࣟ՞ Ȅkoϐ Ȅkã ȅkã ȅkoϐ ȅkã Ȅhã Ȅ´iϐ koeȇ kaȇ Ղྫषᄻ 0 Ȉkã ȅkã ȅku³ı ȅkã [ᄆȈu³ı] hã Ȇ kuoȆ kaȆ ശᆠᖩֽ Ȅkuϐ Ȉkã ȅkã ȅkuϐ ȅkã hã Ȇ´iϐ Ȇ koȇ kaȇ Ȅk³ı Ȅkã ȅk³ı ȅkã hã Ȇ´ϑ Ȇ kuæȆ kaȆ ۂຟಥິ ٽվᦰᜢᓳਝլฤڗޅԫڶΔ࿇෼ٿნڗଃٵ՛ጠ᧢ᓳ෼ွΔݺଚᛀ౉ࠡڇژ໴ሐᅗ८ᖻိآࠀ (2006) اᏥᖻ 12 ΔݺװອٵၺؓΔԫᣊᦰٵऱࠏ؆ଃ᧢ࡐ֏੡ࠟᣊΔԫᣊᦰڗޅຑᦰ᧢ᓳ๵৳ΖຍٽΔՈլฤۯچࠡᖵ׾ଃᣉ ଚᎁ੡ຍਢ՛ጠ᧢ᓳΔᇡߠ്ଓ (2014:208–209)Ζ ᕴΖێদ֊Δ࠷ູײΚπᐖᣉρ⊰ 13 ׮֊ΔᎫԸΖײो֊ΔԾײᎫΚπᐖᣉρ 14 Ζڗ෼վ׽ߠ࣍ߠߓԵᜢمভ᥊ԫԲ࿛։ڠΕᨇᗼၺകΕᄎ࣑຾ۂΕতൈፚؓإՑΕفॾ᠆ᥳ 15 740 Language and Linguistics 17(5) तظ——ٽ਴ᓫ——጑Ꮂ ტტ——ཊཊ——྇ㅄ ᖔ೮——ະະ ភ ೴։ऱฉᇾڶ তൈᑧՑ Ȅkã kã Ȇȅkã hã Ȇ´iºıȆ kuºȇ kaȇ ۂতൈፚ Ȅka Ȉka ȅka Ȉha haȆ kuaȇ kaȇ ڠᄎ࣑຾ ᅗ८ᖻိ ȄkuºnkanȆȅkan ȅkuºn ȅkan huºnȊ hanȊ kuºôȇ kaôȇ ᙰ Ȅkuam kamȆȅkuam ȅkam huamȆãamȊ kuapȇ kapȇضኑຟ ȅkom ȅkam 0 kopȇ kapȇ 0 ضኑຟߕ Ȅk³m Ȅkam ȅk³m ȅkam h³mȆ hamȆ k³pȇ kapȇ ض೏ৄف Ȅkom——ԿȄsam] k³ipȇ kaipȇز] ۂᖩৄف ¸᎛ࣲ՞ Ȅkã ȅkã hã Ȇ´iãȆȅ kڜ ٵહ ෗ۂᘋഏ ٵՂྫᛜছ ෗ ᚊত޹ᚊ Ȅkan kanȆȅkan hanȆ hanȊ katȇ ٤তৄ༖ Ȅkam kamȆȅkam 0 kæôȇ ٵࡳতᖵؑ ෗ ٵ༈⢦९ኑ ෗ ࿛ৄفΕಁႼΕՂྫࣟ՞ΕശᆠΕতൈᑧՑΕᄎ࣑Εᅗ८ΕኑຟΕۂॾ᠆ΕᨇᗼၺകΕᘋഏ᣶ (4) Ցԫ࿛ᚥٽ՞᥊چٺΔࠡ塒ܑྤئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהՑԫ࿛ᚥิΰ୏ଃαࡉࠡٽऱ՞᥊چ ߠτ। 4υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰຝ։ܑڶئᜢิΰॺ୏ଃαᣉהΰ୏ଃαࡉࠡิ ț޻ 4ȜӑӝεឡӔΨ΂าϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ Ց ȈpĐmō ȅmō Ȅtmō Ȅsmō Ȅkmō ȅmōفॾ᠆ᥳ ॾ᠆۫ׄ ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo ȈpĐo ȅmo Ȅto Ȅso Ȅko ȅvo ؓإ᠆ॾ ᨇᗼၺക ȈpĐuã Ȉmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã Ȉuã ȈpĐuã ȅmuã Ȅtuã Ȅsuã Ȅkuã ȅuã ۂᘋഏ᣶ ᘋഏಁႼ ȈpĐu³ı Ȅmu³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅu³ı Ղྫࣟ՞ ȈpĐoϐ ȅmoϐ Ȅtoϐ Ȅsoϐ Ȅkoϐ ȅoϐ ശᆠᖩֽ ȈpĐuϐ ȅmuϐ Ȅtuϐ Ȅsuϐ Ȅkuϐ ȅuϐ 741 ೺ο ᒌየጤᎨ ཛྷ ᅹ তൈᑧՑ [ჺȄp×ı] 16 ȈpĐ³ ȅm³ Ȅt³ Ȅs³ Ȅk³ ȅv³ ڠᄎ࣑຾ ᅗ८ᖻိ ȈpĐuºn ȅmuºn Ȅtuºn Ȅsuºn Ȅkuºn ȅvuºn ᙰ ȈpĐuan ȅmuan Ȅtuan Ȅsuan Ȅkuan ȅvuanضኑຟ [ȈpĐon ȅmon [ቸȈtĐonጩsonȆ ضኑຟߕ ȈpĐ³n Ȅm³n Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n ض೏ৄف ᎛ࣲ՞ ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅtu Ȅsu Ȅknō ȅnōڜ ᎛ᚊؒ 0ڜ ᨇᗼឌܽ 0 [࿍ȅt×ı][ᎨȄs×ı] 0 0 ྀئᨇᗼ׆ ȅpĐϐ ȅmϐ Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅkuã ȅvã ڜՕൌত Ղྫषᄻ ȈpĐ³ı m³ı Ȅtu³ı Ȅsu³ı Ȅku³ı ȅv³ı Ղྫᛜছ 00Ȅt³n Ȅs³n0 0 ȈpĐã ȅmã Ȅt³ı Ȅs³ı Ȅk³ı ȅv³ı ۂຟಥິ ȈpĐ³ı ȅm³ı Ȅtuºı Ȅsuºı Ȅkuºı ȅuºı ۂতൈፚ હ 0 Ȅtoºn0ۂᘋഏ [ࡴȄkuonጥȅkuon] 0 ۂᖩৄف ᚊত޹ᚊ ȈpĐan ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³n panȆ] Ȅman Ȅt³n Ȅs³n Ȅk³n ȅv³nת] ٤তৄ༖ ࡳতᖵؑ 0 ༈⢦९ኑ 00Ȅsoºn0 ΕᚊতΕࡳতΕ٤তΕ༈⢦ऱভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ৄف᎛ࣲ՞ΕՂྫᛜছΕኑຟΕڜ (5) ٽऱভ᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ፖ՞᥊ၲՑԿ؄࿛ऱվᦰբᆖچٺΔࠡ塒مၲՑԿ؄࿛ऱվᦰսঅఎ։ ߠτ। 5υΚڗवαΖࠏآΰଡܑੌ ΰᇡߠٵ෗ئαػᦰᐋᣉئՑԫ࿛ΰຏൄ੡ॺᚥิᜢٽ˯ػᦰᐋፖڗऱড়୮ֱߢΔၲՑԫ࿛ߠߓم՞᥊ԫԲ࿛։ 16 ੡ ×ıΖئՑԫ࿛վᦰᣉٽංྒྷࠡױψߗ Ȅk×ıωطΔمଓ 2014:137αΖতൈᑧՑ՞᥊ԫԲ࿛։് 742 Language and Linguistics 17(5) ț޻ 5Ȝӑӝࠄឡ້ΨΖћาᆭεឡ້ΨΖћาϕ᠇ᖇ٦ ሤ᧭ᝐٙߢॊ ᎛ࣲ՞ Ȉ®Đã
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