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Short-Term Response of Fleshy Fungi to Prescribed Burning in a Minnesota

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Short-Term Response of Fleshy Fungi to Prescribed Burning in a Minnesota Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2002 Short-term response of fleshy fungi ot prescribed burning in a Minnesota near-boreal/Great Lakes pine forest Erin Jane Heep Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Heep, Erin Jane, "Short-term response of fleshy fungi ot prescribed burning in a Minnesota near-boreal/ Great Lakes pine forest" (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 19871. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/19871 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Short-term response of fleshy fungi to prescribed burning in a Minnesota near-boreal/Great Lakes pine forest by Erin Jane Heep A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Botany (Mycology) Program of Study Committee: Lois H. Tiffany (Major Professor) Thomas W. Jurik J. Michael Kelly Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2002 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the master's thesis of Erin Jane Heep has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy 111 For Tom Pine mushroom - some kind of leaf sticking to it. Matsuo Basho ( 1644-1694) IV TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 Thesis organization 2 References 3 CHAPTER 2. EPIGEOUS BASIDIOCARP SURVEY FOLLOWING 5 PRESCRIBED BURNING IN A NEAR-BOREAL/GREAT LAKES PINE FOREST IN MINNESOTA Abstract 5 Introduction 6 Study site and methods 10 Results and discussion 14 Acknowledgments 3 3 References 3 4 CHAPTER 3. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED BURNING ON 42 THE ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITY IN A NEAR-BOREAL/GREAT LAKES PINE FOREST IN MINNESOTA Abstract 42 Introduction 4 3 Study site and methods 46 Results and discussion 50 Acknowledgments 5 5 References 5 6 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 60 General discussion 60 Recommendations for future research 63 References 64 APPENDIX A. IDENTIFICATION RESOURCES 66 APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL TABLES 72 APPENDIX C. MAPS 96 V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have completed this thesis without the help of many people along the way. I would like to extend my warmest thanks to the following people: Dr. Lois H. Tiffany for offering support and encouragement to me when I felt overwhelmed, for sharing a portion of her vast knowledge, for her suggestions, advice, time, and for always cheerfully and willingly answering my many, questions. Dr. J. Michael Kelly for his willingness to read endless revisions, for helping me to maintain perspective focus, and for always challenging me to "think about the take-home message". Dr. Thomas W. Jurik for reading rough drafts and offering thoughtful and very helpful suggestions. Dr. David McLaughlin at the University of Minnesota for all his suggestions, and for answering many email questions promptly and thoroughly. Patrick R. Leacock for writing a fabulous dissertation on the diversity of northern Minnesota's ectomycorrhizal fungi - it was largely that dissertation that inspired me to pick the topic of my own research. I also appreciate the information he provided on the Lactarius species that were documented during the study. I would also like to extend very special thanks to the many USDA Forest Service scientists of the Superior National Forest who have supported me from the very beginning, especially Robert Kari (soils), Jim Hinds (fire), and Don Potter (biology). They answered many questions throughout, challenged me with questions in return, made many resources available to me, and willingly shared their technical expertise. Sincere thanks to Dan Hanson of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources for his valuable help in describing the soil, landscape, and geological characteristics of the study site. Thank you to my parents, Bert and Diane, for their tremendous support, and for periodically assisting me with the fungal surveys. I am forever grateful to Tom for accompanying me on nearly all the collecting trips, for checking Unit 3 the summer after my knee surgery, for his willingness to listen, and for stimulating, thought-provoking discussions on fire ecology, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and the coniferous forest ecosystem. Thank you for patiently waiting for me to join you in the northwoods upon the completion of this thesis. 1 CHAPTER!. GENERALINTRODUCTION Introduction Fungi play significant roles in the ecosystem through nutrient cycling, food webs, and forest diseases and through ectomycorrhizal mutualisms that influence seedling survival, tree growth, and overall forest health by enhancing nutrient acquisition, drought tolerance, and pathogen resistance of their hosts (Molina et al. 2001; Peter et al. 2001). Despite their importance, fungi are not usually mentioned in discussions of biodiversity and conservation (Hawksworth 1992). Yet, declines in fungal diversity, primarily the result of human-induced disturbances, have been documented in Europe since the 1980s (Arnolds and de Vries 1993). It is difficult to determine whether declines in species diversity or range changes are occurring in North America as they are in Europe due to the lack of baseline data and accurate distribution maps for North America (Redhead 1989; Jaenike 1991). Fire, both natural and prescribed, is one of the main disturbance events in the coniferous forests of northeastern Minnesota. Prescribed burning, a management tool used by land managers to mimic low intensity natural fires, has increased substantially in the past two decades (Neary et al. 1999). While several studies have investigated the effects of wild or prescribed fire on fungal communities in other countries or ecosystems (e.g.,O'Halloran et al. 1987; Torres and Honrubia 1997; Stendell et al. 1999; Dahlberg et al. 2001), no one has attempted to determine the effects of prescribed fire on the fungal communities in northeastern Minnesota. Due to variation amongst ecosystems caused by fuel types, species adaptation to fire, and abiotic factors, it is difficult to estimate the ecological impacts of fire 2 on one ecosystem and apply them to another (Herr et al. 1994). Therefore, to understand the biological and functional diversity of forest fungi, and before land managers in Minnesota can incorporate fungi into their management and conservation plans, fundamental information on the fungal species within the forest community and an understanding of the impacts of natural and anthropogenic disturbance must first be obtained. A comprehensive picture of the fungal communities in northeastern Minnesota is needed as a basis for detecting changes in those communities. One goal of this study was to obtain quantitative baseline data on species abundance, species richness, and fruiting phenology of the epigeous macrofungal community in a near-boreal/Great Lakes pine forest located in the Superior National Forest. Another goal of this study was to identify potential species composition differences in the fungal community following prescribed fire. The final goal was to evaluate, at the same location, the short-term effects of prescribed burning on the ectomycorrhizal fungi by comparing above-ground ectomycorrhizal species richness and sporocarp abundance in burned and unburned study units. Thesis organization In addition to the general introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of two main chapters, each of which is an individual manuscript that has been submitted to a professional journal. Chapter 2 summarizes the baseline data of the three-year study, for topics such as species richness, sporocarp abundance, sporocarp density, and phenology. The effects of fire on the fungal community composition are also investigated. Chapter 3 emphasizes the effects that prescribed burning had on ectomycorrhizal fungi in particular. Differences between burned and unburned units, in terms of overall sporocarp abundance, 3 ectomycorrhizal sporocarp abundance, ectomycorrhizal species richness, and the percentage of ectomycorrhizal species, are all discussed in this chapter. Three appendices are also included at the end of the thesis. Appendix A lists several resources used in the identification of the fleshy, epigeous basidiocarps collected for this study. Copies of data forms used for noting macro- and microscopic characters are also included in Appendix A. Appendix B presents various combinations of the data collected during this study in the form of additional tables that are not included in Chapters 2 or 3. Appendix C consists of detailed maps of the study site and the burned study units. The maps were created by the Fire Management Officer at the Superior National Forest, USDA Forest Service. References Arnolds, E., and de Vries, B. 1993. Conservation of fungi in Europe. In Fungi of Europe: investigation, recording, and conservation. Edited by D.N. Pegler, L. Boddy, B. Ing, and P.M. Kirk. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 211-230. Dahlberg, A., Schimmel, J., Taylor, A.F.S., Johannesson, H. 2001. Post-fire legacy of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the Swedish boreal forest in relation to fire severity and logging intensity. Biol. Conserv. 100: 151-161. Hawksworth, D.L. 1992. Fungi: a neglected component of biodiversity crucial to ecosystem function and maintenance. Canadian Biodiversity, 1: 4-10. Herr, D.G., Duchesne, L.C., Tellier, R., McAlpine, R.S., and Peterson, R.L. 1994. Effect of prescribed burning on the ectomycorrhizal infectivity of a forest soil. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 4: 95-102. Jaenike, J. 1991. Mass extinction of European fungi. Trends Ecol. Evol. 6: 17 4-17 5. 4 Molina, R., Pilz, D., Smith, J., Dunham, S., Dreisbach, T., O'Dell, T., and Castellano, M. 2001. Conservation and management of forest fungi in the Pacific Northwestern United States: an integrated ecosystem approach. In Fungal conservation: issues and solutions. Edited by D. Moore, M.M.
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