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Salt Satyagraha in Orissa August - 2011 Orissa Review Salt Satyagraha in Orissa Prabodha Kumar Rath In ancient times several Independent regional to many invasions and the freedom struggle kingdoms, Viz, Kalinga, Utkala, Odra, Kosala, continued sporadically in different periods. Tosali and Kangoda flourished in the region now known as Orissa. The word Orissa (Promenade Orissa, as it is today, does not include all as Odisa) is derived form the word Odra or Odra the Oriya speaking areas within its boundary. Desa. In the 12th century A.D., the kingdoms of Portions of it remain in Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Kalinga, Utkala, Odra and Kosala were politically Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. There was no united to present Orissa. Considerable cultural political organizations in Orissa prior to the year unity had prevailed over the area extending from 1882 A.D. A meeting of the citizens of Cuttack the river Ganges in the north to the river Godavari was held in the premises of the Cuttack Printing th in the South and from the Bay of Bengal in the Company on 30 June 1882. It was attended by East to the Amarkantak hill in the west. The people of different professions, prominent among political union of the Oriya-speaking people them were Beharilal Pandit, Hariballabh Bose, facilitated a long period of the unprecedented Madhusudan Das, Haji Abdul Rahaman Musa cultural unity. Modern Orissa extends from 17027’ etc. A resolution was moved in the meeting N to 220 34’ N and from 810 29’E to 87029’E thanking the Governor General for the Local self longitude on the eastern coast of India . It is Govt. Resolution. The second meeting also th bounded by West Bengal on the North-East, arranged in the same premise on 16 August, 1882 Bihar on the North, Madhya Pradesh on the under the presidentship of Chaudhury Kasinath West, Andhra Pradesh on the South and Bay of Das. Mr. Madhusudan Das proposed Bengal in the East. The area of the Orissa State is establishment of a permanent political situation for 155, 842 square kilometers. Orissa under the name of ‘Utkal Sabha’ to deal with all political matters relating to Orissa. This Freedom Struggle in Orissa began as far proposal was accepted and Chaudhuri Kashinath back as the 3rd Century BC, when the Mauryan Das was elected as the first president of Utkal ruler Asoka invaded Kalinga in 261 BC. The Sabha, Haji Muhammed Rahaman Musa as the Kalingan army faced the invader with grim Vice-President and Gauri Sankar Ray as determination and laid down their lives in Secretary. This organization gradually became thousands to save the freedom of their strong and progressive ‘Utkal Samilini’ was born motherland. Since then Orissa has been subjected of it in 1903. It devoted itself to the problem of 15 Orissa Review August- 2011 amalgamation of all Oriya speaking regions under revolt in the coastal districts of Orissa against one administration. The period from 1912 to 1947 imposition of salt tax. Gopabandhu Choudhury forms an important chapter of modern Orissa. In was elected as the dictator of the Civil 1912 Orissa Division was separated from Bengal Disobedience Movement in Orissa. The people and tagged with Bihar to form a separate province of coastal Orissa were financially hard hit due to much to the disappointment of the people of the operation of the Salt Law. So he thought that Orissa. This period also witnessed two distinct some steps should be taken for the redressal of movements one for the amalgamation of Oriya their financial sufferings. speaking areas scattered over two other neighbouring provinces, namely Madras and The members of Utkal Pradesh Congress Central Provinces into one single administrative Committee decided on ‘Inchudi” to be the right 2 th unit and another for attainment of national venue of salt satyagraha. On 6 April 1930, independence. Gopabandhu Chaudhury and Acharya Harihar Das led the first batch of 21 volunteers from In 1920s a new wave of nationalism Swaraj Ashram, Cuttack to Inchudi on foot. On swept across the whole of India, after the 9th April Gopabandhu Choudhury was arrested emergence of Gandhi as the leader of the Indian at Chandol. Now the batch was pilotted by National Congress. Under the leadership of Pandit Achraya Harihar Das. The Satyagraha reached Gopabandhu Das, the Oriya people joined the Balasore on 12 April. On the way to Inchudi they national mainstream. The Utkal Pradesh Congress were showered with flowers and greeted with Committee was formed under his leadership in conch sound by women.3 On 13th April Acharya 1921. He preached the message of the Non Co- Harihar with his followers picked up some Salt operative movement in Orissa. Gandhiji’s visit to earth and broke the salt law. He was arrested Orissa in 1920 gave tremendous fillip to the and Satyagrahis from other places of Orissa in Congress movement in Orissa. The Utkal five phases also broke the Salt Law at Inchudi. Provincial Congress Committee took up the Non- They were Lauha Stambha Bahini of Puri, Ganjam Cooperation programme successfully. Bahini of Ganjam, Sambalpur Bahini of Sambalpur and Orissa Gujrati Bahini.4 Police lathi The historic Civil Disobedience charged the Satyagrahis at Sundari Chhak, Movement was promulgated by Gandhiji in the Jamkunda in north Balasore which became historic Lahore Session of the Indian National another centre of Salt Satyagraha. On 20 April Congress. Breaking of Salt Law was taken up as 1930, villagers of Sartha broke the salt law under the first phase of the Civil Disobedience the leadership of Karunakar Panigrahi, Biswanath Movement. The Salt Satyagraha Movement was Das, Nilambar Das, Mathuri Behera and launched in Orissa under the able leadership of Bhagabat Sahoo. People broke Salt Law at H.K. Mahatab, the President of Utkal Pradesh Rasulpur Sri Jang, Bardhan Pur, Bhimpur, Tundra, Congress Committee in 1930. In Orissa the only Kuanrpur, Ratai, Parikhi, Kheranga, Gudi, subsidiary industry to agriculture had been salt Rajabala, Salgaon, Mandari, Eram, Chudamani, industry due to its vast coastline. With the advent Bideipur, Boita, Brahmapur, Panchapur, Atalabad. of East India Company, the manufacture of salt Thus 22 places of Balasore District became the was banned in India. In 1860 there had been a centres of Salt Satyagrah.5 16 August - 2011 Orissa Review As per the decision of the Utkal Pradesh participation in a movement was very large. Congress Committee Narayan Birabara Samanta Everyday large number of people poured into the took the leadership of Salt Satyagraha at Kujung. coastal villages to join the Satyagraha showing He was greatly supported by Ramadevi, Malati complete disregard to police reprisal and willingly Devi, Sarat Ch. Das, Narayan Patra, Natu courted arrest for manufacturing salt and carrying Mohanty, Maheswar Pradhan and Raghunath to market for sale.6 One of the striking features Satpathy. Besides Kujang many other places in of this movement in Orissa was the participation the district of Cuttack also successfully conducted of women. Srimati Malati Devi, Rama Devi and Salt Satyagraha. Annapurna Devi came forward to mobilize women. Another feature of this movement was Nilakantha Das, Jagannath Rath and the participation of a large number of students. Govind Das toured Satyabadi, Astarang, The children volunteers or “Monkey Brigade” also Chhabiskud and Marichpur to mobilize people played a vital role in the movement.7 The for Salt Satyagraha. A meeting was organized at movement was suspended after the Gandhi-Irwin Praharajpur where Balabhadra Mohapatra, Pact of 1931. At the Karachi Session of the Indian Narayan Mishra and Ramaranjan Mohanty National Congress, Orissa was given the credit appealed the people to manufacture salt. Regular of being second in India in conducting Salt nd salt campaign began on 22 May 1930 in Satyagraha.8 different places such as Astarang, Latra, Singheswari, Khandasahi, Mandakini Khudi and References : Olanger police arrested Purusottom Jagannath Rath, Basu Sahu, and Divyasingha Mohanty for 1. Transcripts of Mahatab, NMML, New Delhi, P-73. carrying contraband Salt. Nilakantha Das was arrested on 30th May 1930 at Sakhigopal. 2. Home Pol. Progs. F. No-5/62/1932. 3. The Prajatantra, 28 April, 1930. In the district of Ganjam both Oriya and 4. H.K. Mahatab, Dasha Barsara Orissa (Oriya), Telegu Satyagrahis formed their own groups under Cuttack, 1935, P-85. the leadership of Niranjan Patnaik, Biswanath Das 5. Young India, 1st May, 1930. and Ramlingam Pantulu and Master Sanaya th 6. S. Choudhury, Economic History of Colonialism, respectively. On 7 May, 1980, Satyagrahis A study, British Policy in Orissa, Delhi, 1979, broke the salt law at Ganjam. Swadeshi Salt was P-195. produced at Huma. Apart from Niranjan Patnaik, 7. Home Political F/No 18.1.1931 (NAI). Biswanath Das, Sarala Devi, Sashi Bhusan Rath, 8. Report of the Indian Statutory Commission, Dibakar Patnaik and Narsingha Sahu took active Vol-I, Calcutta, 1930 in M.N. Das (ed.) Sidelights part in the Salt Satyagraha of Ganjam district. in the History and culture of Orissa, Cuttack, 1977. Under the leadership of Radha Krushna Biswasray volunteers from Koraput district also joined the campaign. Despite the flood of arrests and police repressions, the movement gathered more and Prabodha Kumar Rath, Plot No. 184, Paikanagar, more momentum. For the first time, ladies Bhubaneswar. 17.
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