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Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage heCilia two Malta/Daniel © Heritage temples that constitute Ġgantija are Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © widely considered to be the most impressive Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage of prehistoric templesCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage on Malta and Gozo. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage TTheir sheer size and antiquity have left an indelible Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage print on the physical and intellectual landscape. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage These complex monuments are all the more remark - able when one considers their history, context and Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage role in creating Cilia Malta/Daniel a © complexHeritage landscape of power and Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © memory. Temples continue to be a predominant Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage theme in the archaeology of Cilia Malta Malta/Daniel © Heritage and Gozo, but Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage in order to appreciate temples it is essential that we Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage go beyond stone monuments. This paper presents Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage a story of life and death on the Xagħra plateau. Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage When lookingCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage at a temple in the present, one Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © tends to view the monument as a single entity. What is essential to remember, however, is that temples are the Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage result of a long and complex seriesCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage of processes. Temples Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage were built over a long period of time, spanning many Above: Sherd from Għar ta’ Għejzu, showing a human figure fashioned out of clay strips. Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage generations, and at each specific point in time viewersCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Size: 11 x 9.5 cm ĠIC saw and understood different messages. The Ġgantija Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage temples, for example,Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage consist of two temples enclosed Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © within a large boundary wall. The southern temple is main burial activity, however, occurred 400 m to the Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage the larger and older, with constructionCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage first starting southwest of Ġgantija, atCilia the Malta/Daniel © Heritage Xagħra Circle. Here, we Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage in c.3500 bc. Within the southern temple there are find a complex landscape of death and a place that was different phases of construction and at some point part a focal point for different generations of community, Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage of the temple’s north wall was removed to make wayCilia Malta/Daniel ©for Heritage including people who predate the Ġgantija Cilia temples. Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage more apses and another temple. From Ġgantija, gazing to the south, the modern visitor Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Imposing Cilia as Malta/Daniel they© Heritage are, both temples are part of a can see theCilia golden Malta/Daniel © Heritage cupola of the Xewkija parish church. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © diverse landscape. To the south-west of the temples Underneath the church lay the remains of a prehistoric Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage there is a cave, Għar ta’ GħejżuCilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage and 45 metres north temple. Also on the Xagħra Cilia Malta/Daniel plateau,© Heritage about 700 m west Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage there is the North Cave. Both contained traces of human of the Xagħra Circle, are the remains of yet another Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage activity and the latter was most likely a tomb. Cilia Malta/Daniel The© Heritage temple, Santa Verna. 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Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Artist: Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houël Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Medium: Gouache over a pencil sketch, Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Size: 29.5 x 42 cm Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Origin: France,Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage late 1770s Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Album: Series of preparatory drawings for the engraved edition “ Picturesque journey Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage around the islands of Sicily, Malta Cilia and Malta/Daniel ©Lipari Heritage , Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage 1782-1787.” Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Source: Hermitage Museum Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage 150 LIFE AND DEATH Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Left: The North Cave, discovered Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage when a quarry was being cut on April Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © 18, 1949. The cave was probably first Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia used Malta/Daniel © Heritage for burial and at a later stage it Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage served as a temple refuse area. The Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage remains include a largeCilia quantityMalta/Daniel © Heritage of Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage broken Tarxien phase pottery and human and animal remains. 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Both are made Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage of Globigerina limestone and are very worn. The faces are barely Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©identifiable, Heritage one has a prominent nose and another hasCilia a Malta/Daniel prominent© Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage chin. In both cases, the hair is cut in a short bob. Elsewhere, we know that statues and figurines of various sizes played an important role in Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage temple activity. ManyCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage statues had slots which could accommodate Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © different heads, just like the two found at Ġgantija. 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Heritage Clay 7.8 x 5.3Cilia xMalta/Daniel ©4.3 Heritage cm Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Stone 2.8 x 2.3 x 2.6 cm Clay 3.3 x 2.2 x 1 cm Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Clay 6.5 x 4.6 x 3.4 cm Clay 7.8 x 4.9 x 4.2 cm Clay 4 x 2.8 x 1.7 cm Clay 4 x 2.8 x 1.7 cm Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Clay 2.4 x 2.2 x 1 cm Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Clay 4.3 x 3.5 xCilia 3.4 Malta/Daniel © cmHeritage Clay 5.2 x 5 x 4.8 cm Cilia ClayMalta/Daniel © Heritage 3.1 x 5.4 x 4 cm Clay 3.7 x 4x 3 cm Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage ©

Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Above:Cilia Malta/Daniel © AHeritage number of these figurines Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage were found in burials. Uniquely, these Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage offer a detailed frontal viewCilia Malta/Daniel © andHeritage a plain, Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Clay 2.4 x 2.2 x 1 cm straight back, indicating that they were Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage meant to be placed against a surface and Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Clay 3.8 x 3.5 x 1.2 cm only viewed from the front. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage All images are to scale with the Left:Cilia Only Malta/Daniel © Heritage three of this type have clearly Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Clay 5 x 4.3 x 3.8 cm actual size of the statuettes. defined breasts. Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Below: The fragmentary remains of a Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage large limestone Cilia standing Malta/Daniel © Heritage statue from Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © the West Cave complex, Xagħra Circle. These fragments were found spread Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage across an area of 7 metres andCilia Malta/Daniel were© Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage deeply embedded in the burial deposits, Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © indicatingHeritage that this image was broken Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage up while the site was still in use. This Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage deliberate fragmentation Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage took place in Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © one of the most active areas of the site. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Size of statue: c.60 cm high. Cilia Malta/Daniel ĠIC© Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia 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Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia 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Heritage © Heritage regular occurrence. Indeed, until the site was rediscovered Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage by Gozitan researcher Joe Attard Cilia Tabone, Malta/Daniel © Heritage very few people Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © knew of its existence. Until then, the site existed only in Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage the evocative illustrations by Jean-Pierre Houël Cilia drawn Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage in c.1777, by Charles F. de Brocktorff inc .1820s, and Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage by William Cilia Henry Malta/Daniel © Heritage Smyth in 1829. Other illustrations, Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage mostly copies of the illustrations done by Houël, Brocktorff and Smyth appeared in various other menhir Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage books. All this changed in 1959,Cilia Malta/Daniel when© Heritage Joe Attard Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Tabone reported a megalithic wall to Dr David Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage H. Trump, then Curator of Archaeology withinCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage the Museums Department.3 Further research by Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Mr Attard Cilia Tabone Malta/Daniel © Heritage led to the identification of a Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Above: Joseph M. Attard Tabone stone circle. Official excavations commenced in Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage rediscovered the XagħraCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Circle in 1965 August 1987. The result was a Cilia unique Malta/Daniel © Heritage site which Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © (see page 2) and successfully campaigned changed the face of Maltese archaeology. Above: The Żebbuġ Phase stone against the development of a housing The Xagħra Circle was in use long before head found at the entrance of the Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage estate above the site. See proposed plan Cilia on Malta/Daniel © Heritage temples were built. The first burials occurred Cilia in Malta/Daniel tomb© Heritage of the same phase. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage the opposite page. the Żebbuġ phase (4100-3700 bc), before the Size: 16.5 x 9 cm ĠIC Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage stone circle Cilia wasMalta/Daniel © Heritage built. These tombs are of the shaft and chamber varietyCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage and were Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Below: The Żebbuġ Phase tomb at the used over a long period of time; there are three main levels of activity. The burials Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Xagħra Circle. TheCilia circular Malta/Daniel © Heritage hole on the include human bones stained Cilia with Malta/Daniel ©redHeritage ochre, pottery and other artefacts such as Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © right is the original entrance, leading to the miniature axes and pendants. Here we have a process of moving aside older burials Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage two chambers. The roof of the left chamber Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage to make room for new ones. The remains are Cilia of 54Malta/Daniel ©Heritage adults and 11 children. Thirty- Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage caved in when a farmer dug vine trenches four of these adults are in the west chamber. Sexing was only possible on some of the (square hole, top right). The tombs were skeletons and we have 5 males, 3 females and 14 non-adults. The east chamber had Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©both Heritage found sealed with stone slabs. 20 adults, includingCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage 2 males, 2 females and 4 non-adults.4 Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage 162 LIFE AND DEATH Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage The Mġarr phase (3800-3600 bc) is barely represented at the Xagħra Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Circle, bar for a fewCilia pottery Malta/Daniel © Heritage remains. TheĠgantija phase (3600-3000 bc ) is farCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © more informative. At this time, the Żebbuġ tomb was re-used for a secondary Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage burial. Other areas of activity are Cilia the Malta/Daniel west© Heritage niche, the South Cave, the Shrine, Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage the North Cave and a probable tomb in the south wall of the East Cave. Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Funerary ritual during the Ġgantija phase does notCilia Malta/Daniel appear© Heritage to be very Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage different in nature and people seem to concentrate their efforts on building temples. Life becomes much more complicated in the Tarxien phase (3000- Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage 2500 bc) and thisCilia is reflectedMalta/Daniel © Heritage both in temples and burial sites. Temples become Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © much more elaborate and the burial ritual changes significantly.Malone and Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Stoddart explain this in terms of periodicallyCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage reworking human remains. The Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage human body is not buried whole and left whole; rather people return to the Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©burial Heritage site and move different parts of the body to specificCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage areas. During the Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Tarxien phase, some burials are deliberately displayed at the centre of the Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage site. There are veryCilia Malta/Daniel few© Heritage intact inhumations and these are used to signify ancestors.Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Above: This sketch in a report from The Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Excavations show that the body is divided into three groups: skulls, limbs and Times, February 28, 1983, highlights residuals (phalanges, tarsals, carpals, patellae, etc.).5 the extent and nature of destruction of the Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage This fundamental change inCilia beliefs Malta/Daniel © Heritage and rituals is expressed in many ways. XagħraCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Circle as a result of a proposed Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Figurative representation in temples and tombs is mostly, but not exclusively, housing estate. Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©sexless. Heritage There is a focus on large bodies that transcend Cilia individualMalta/Daniel © Heritage sex and gender. Highlighted in colour: Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage These bodies are portrayed in a specific stylistic manner, with a certain uniformity red: the stone circle, brown: the housing Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage that puts the viewer’sCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage focus on the collective, rather than the individual. 6Cilia At Malta/Daniel ©the Heritage estate, yellow: Ġgantija, violet: Ta’ Kola Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Xagħra Circle, individuals of all ages and sexes are brought together in one site and Windmill, green: Għar ta’ Għejzu, and Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage incorporated into a scenario that Cilia is very Malta/Daniel © Heritage much collective and fragmented. The aim blue:Cilia Malta/Daniel the© Heritage parish church. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage was to focus the attention of the living on a collective identity. In turn, this identity Below: The Xagħra Circle during the was firmly entrenched in memory and was regularly re-capitulated as temples and last year of excavation in 1994, viewed Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©burial Heritage sites expanded. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage from the roof of a nearby farmhouse.Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage LIFE AND DEATH 163 Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Right: One of the complete skulls excavated from theXagħra Circle. Notice the teeth are in Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage excellent condition. ACilia digital Malta/Daniel © Heritage reconstruction of Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © this skull (below) was done using CT scanning, Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage a technique normally used in medicine.Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage The Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage resulting 3D digital image was then used to Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia render Malta/Daniel © Heritage facial features. ĠIC Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Below: Facial reconstruction is a scientific recreation of Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia facial Malta/Daniel © Heritage features that makes use of forensic methods and Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage archaeology. The CT scan provided the foundation for Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage facial reconstruction, Cilia which Malta/Daniel © Heritage recreated the facial features Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © of this individual. The reconstruction was carried out by Caroline Wilkinson, Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Professor of Craniofacial Identification Cilia atMalta/Daniel © theHeritage University of Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Dundee (Scotland). ĠIC Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Right: These thirty cowrie shells formed part of a headdress placed on the head of Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage an older female. Cilia She Malta/Daniel © wasHeritage buried in the Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © upper part of the Shrine at the Xagħra Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Circle and her body was covered Cilia with Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage red ochre. ĠIC Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Left and above: A photograph and an excavation sketch of the woman during Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage excavation. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Note the cowrie shells clustered above her skull. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Credits: Cilia XagħraMalta/Daniel © Heritage Circle Archives NMAA Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Above: Heritage The Xewkija basilica’s dome is visible The Cilia relationship Malta/Daniel © Heritage between temple and tomb is interesting. At firstCilia sight,Malta/Daniel © Heritage it may Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage on the right, beyond the megaliths forming the appear that the only spatial relationship is between Ġgantija and the Xagħra back wall of the two Ġgantija temples. Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Circle, just as the Tarxien Cilia temples Malta/Daniel © Heritage are close to the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © The situation is more complex both on Malta and Gozo, for example Tarxien and Ħal Saflieni are also close to the Ta’ Kordin temples. In Gozo, we have Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage a much more detailed picture and a better Cilia understanding Malta/Daniel © Heritage of the landscape. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Stoddart and Malone7 make a link between Ġgantija, the Xagħra Circle and Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Santa Verna,Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage pointing out that Ġgantija can be viewed from the Cilia valley Malta/Daniel © Heritage below. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage In this context, one can envisage people moving between the three sites and Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage the walk itself was likely partCilia ofMalta/Daniel © theHeritage ritual. There is, however, another element Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Below: The Ġgantija complex commanded to this. Standing at the back of the site, there is a clear view of the church Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage views of key Temple Period sites in theCilia south Malta/Daniel © Heritage of of Xewkija, where a prehistoric temple onceCilia stood.Malta/Daniel © Heritage 8 In turn, this was not far Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Gozo. More importantly, the complex’s visibility from the Ta’ Marżiena temple in Victoria. Also visible from Ġgantija are the embedded it firmly in people’s daily lives. recently discovered remains of Triq ix-Xabbata in Sannat and Borġ l-Imramma Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage at Ta’ Ċenċ. While today theCilia remains Malta/Daniel © Heritage do Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Xagħra Circle not look particularly impressive, they point Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage to large round structures that could have Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Santa Verna ĠGANTIJA been temples. All this adds another element Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage to the visualCilia Malta/Daniel and© Heritage symbolic landscape. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Moreover, there are other prehistoric Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage remains in the immediate Cilia vicinity Malta/Daniel © Heritage of Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Ġgantija. The Għar ta’ Għejzu is a small cave which lies to the south-west of Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Ġgantija. Investigations revealed a large Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © number of sherds dating to the Ġgantija Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage phase. AnotherCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage cave, known as the North Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Xewkija Cave, was found 45 m north of Ġgantija. Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage The lower part of the depositCilia Malta/Daniel © includedHeritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage 9 Ta’ Marżiena pottery and animal and human bones. Life Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage on Gozo during the Late Neolithic was Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © thus very busy, especially on the Xagħra Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage plateau. SettlementCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage evidence remains scant Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Triq ix-Xabbata and elusive. It is very possible that some caves were used for habitation. The remains Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Borġ l-Imramma Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage of huts are known from Għajnsielem Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage and Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage the plain was most likely an ideal site for Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage settlements. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage 166 LIFE AND DEATH Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Life in the Late Neolithic Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Life in Neolithic Gozo was one based on agriculture and the rearing of Above left: An orthophoto by the Royal Air Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage domestic animals. Cilia FromMalta/Daniel © Heritage 4100-3600 bc life centres around the family Cilia unit. Malta/Daniel © Heritage Force shows that most of Borġ l-Imramma was Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © The dead are buried in small tombs with pottery vessels, shell beads and still in existence in the 1950s. Since then, many other objects. The body is not left to lie forgotten for eternity; at some of the megaliths have been quarried away. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage point people go back, sprinkle Cilia ochre Malta/Daniel © Heritage on the bones and move their loved Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage ones to make way for new burials. While later phases are associated with Above right: Megaliths forming part of an Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©a Heritage rich figurative tradition, the Żebbuġ phase presents Cilia Malta/Daniel a© Heritage different scenario. apse from a Temple Period building. Cilia Malta/Daniel This© Heritage site is Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage One of the Żebbuġ tombs has a small stone block showing the outline of a on private land at Triq ix-Xabbata, Sannat and Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage face with a wide Cilia flat Malta/Daniel © noseHeritage (see page 162). Eyes are denoted by drilled holes.Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage was discovered by George Azzopardi. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © A similar head dating to the same period was found on Malta at Ta’ Trapna Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage ż-Żgħira tombs, together with potteryCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage vessels which show the human form Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage via straight lines. Other representations are very abstract and known from sherds (the Żebbuġ burials in Malta) and a large variety of bone pendants Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©from Heritage the Xagħra Circle. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Things start to change in 3600 bc, with the building of large and complex Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage temples. It takes Cilia time Malta/Daniel © Heritage for temples to assume the form with which weCilia are Malta/Daniel © Heritage Below: Fr. Manwel Magri’s plan of his Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © now familiar. While life continues to centre around agriculture, it is clear 1904 excavations near the cemetery of Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage that by 3600 bc society becomes Cilia moreMalta/Daniel © Heritage complex. New forms of leadership the oldCilia XewkijaMalta/Daniel © Heritage church. Both cemetery Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage are required to carry out this building and, crucially, sustain it over a period and prehistoric site now lie under the new Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©of Heritage 1,100 years. Social organization is not merely aboutCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage producing enough basilica, built between 1951 andCilia Malta/Daniel 1978.© Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage food and redistributing agricultural surplus. It is about deciding what is acceptable in a society and what is not. It is about establishing Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage power, which canCilia take Malta/Daniel © Heritage many forms, and maintaining that power. Over Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © the passing years, social organization becomes more elaborate and by Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage 3000 bc we see deep changes. TempleCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage building creates new forms of Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage social order. By the Tarxien phase, temples become more elaborate and Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©many Heritage parts are screened off. This controls the number Cilia Malta/Daniel ©of Heritage people who Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage can enter specific parts of temples. It also indicates that ritual is tightly Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage controlled. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © In this scenario, collectivity assumes many forms. While it becomes a defining feature of life (and death), it has other implications. Sustaining Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage temple society required focusing Cilia society’s Malta/Daniel © Heritage attention on a defined ideal, Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage so while some aspects of temple ritual were restricted, ultimately leaders Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©needed Heritage society as a whole to believe in, and invest in,Cilia collectivity.Malta/Daniel © Heritage This Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage is especially seen in burial, which becomes much more collective. Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage The focus is notCilia on Malta/Daniel © theHeritage single family unit, but on society as a whole. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage LIFE AND DEATH 167 Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage This page: Side, top and back view of the twin seated Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage stoneCilia Malta/Daniel statuette© Heritage from the Xagħra Circle. Note the deliberate Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © placement of red and black ochre on parts of the statuette. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Size: 12.5 x 11 x 9 Cilia cm Malta/Daniel © Heritage ĠIC Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Double figurine Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © The body is broken up into its constituent parts and distributed Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage carefully according to a set pattern. InCilia life,Malta/Daniel © Heritage people invest their energy Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage and focus on a collective ideal and this is very much reinforced in death. Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Accompanying Malta/Daniel © Heritage this, we find a complex visual narrative Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage in the Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage form of figurines, particularly from the Xagħra Circle. Many of these figurines focus on the collective nature of society. They are useful tools Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage for communicating society’sCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage beliefs, particularly in relation to how to Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © behave and act. The twin statuette, for example, is comparable to other Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage figurines found in temples, particularly Cilia Ħaġar Malta/Daniel © Heritage Qim. Uniquely, however, Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage it shows two seated individuals. Like other, sometimes larger, figurines Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage of Cilia its Malta/Daniel type,© Heritage it shows two figures with no indication of sexCilia orMalta/Daniel © Heritage gender. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage The focus is on their large proportions. Both are naked from the waist Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage up and wear skirts withCilia arc-decoration.Malta/Daniel © Heritage One holds a miniature version Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © of itself on the lap, the other holds a cup. Only one head survives and like the heads found at Ġgantija, it shows a face with a prominent chin Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage and a short hairstyle. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage More intriguing is the so-called shaman’s cache, a group of nine Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage chalk-whiteCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Globigerina limestone figurines found bundled Cilia Malta/Daniel together.© Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Six refer to the human form. The bodies are all rectangular and the Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage focus is on the head, ratherCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage than the body. 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These Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © were found bundled together (below: excavation Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage photos NMAACilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage ) with a small Tarxien phase clay Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage pot (left) filled with red ochre. all ĠIC Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © 8.7 x 4.2 x 3.8 cm 5.5 x 2 x 5.5 cm 7.3 x 4 x 4.2 cm Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage on the bottom which are very similar to skirts seen on other Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage figurines. The faces are in different Cilia Malta/Daniel © stagesHeritage of ‘completion’. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage They are small figurines which can be held in the hand (see page 154) or inserted into the soil. The two which Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage have skirts exhibit the most facial detail. TheCilia other Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © three show the head of a pig on a vertical stump, the head Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage 3.7 x 2.9 cm of a human onCilia a Malta/Daniel vertical© Heritage stand with a flat bottom and the Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage head of a human on a two-legged stand. Rather than any of these figurines Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©being Heritage incomplete, they in fact express complex beliefs Cilia Malta/Daniel about© Heritage life and death. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage While beliefs are not always tangible, they very often have a material Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage element. Taking Cilia into Malta/Daniel © Heritage account that they are found in a funerary context, Cilia theseMalta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © are the best depiction of the transition between life and death. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Below: A reconstruction of how the Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage figurines may have been used, using Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©replicas Heritage made by casts from the originals. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel 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Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel 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Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage 1.2 x 0.7 x 0.7 cm 1.5 x 0.8x 0.8 cm 1.5 x 0.7 x 0.9 cm 1.5 x 0.7 x 0.8 cm 2.3 x 1.1 x 1.1 cm 3 x 1 x 1.3 cm 3.4 x 0.9 x 1.1 cm Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Above: Seven cow tarsals from the Anthropologically, we know that many rituals have three broad elements Xagħra Circle, carved and decorated to to them: separation, transition and liminality, and assimilation.10 In this case, Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage represent human faces. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage separation represents the moment of death.Cilia Malta/Daniel Transition© Heritage and liminality are Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage ĠIC Below: This limestone statue and two stone experienced and expressed by societies in various ways. Generally, this is a Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©heads Heritage were found inside a hole next to the dangerous Cilia Malta/Daniel time© Heritage for both the deceased and society. It is a time whenCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage you are Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage entrance to the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum. neither in this world, nor the next. It is the time of transformation. During Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Statue: 38.9 x 27 xCilia 16.8 Malta/Daniel © cmHeritage this phase you will lose yourCilia humanMalta/Daniel © Heritage identity and transform into something Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Left head: 9.1 x 8.2 x 8.7 cm else, in the case of Xagħra it is the process of joining the collective memory. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Right head: 10.9 x7.2 x 8 cm Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage This is when people returned to the site onCilia numerousMalta/Daniel © Heritage occasions to break up Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage the body and move separate parts to their appropriate places. Assimilation occurs when the rite is complete and the person has finally joined the Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage ancestors. Cilia Malta/Daniel Such© Heritage rituals are extremely powerful and a very effective Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage way for Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage bringing together the community. The ‘shaman’s cache’ is the best material Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage representation of such a rite,Cilia notMalta/Daniel © Heritage just on the Maltese Islands but worldwide. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © The fact that the figurines are small and can be moved is also important as Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage during a ritual they can be moved around toCilia illustrate Malta/Daniel © Heritage the process of transition Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage and eventual assimilation. These techniques are very powerful and help bring Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage complex Cilia conceptsMalta/Daniel © Heritage to life. At the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, for example,Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage there is Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage a figurine with two different heads which could have served a similar purpose. Other representations also show a concern with a collective identity and Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage refer to the body in anCilia abstract Malta/Daniel © Heritage way. Abstraction in Maltese prehistory Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © remains difficult to understand. An investment into creating an abstract Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage form is part of the material engagement. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage However tempting it may Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage be to view this abstraction purely in terms of collective ideals, we Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia must Malta/Daniel © Heritage bear in mind that abstraction takes many forms inCilia theMalta/Daniel © Heritage Temple Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Period. While images from the Ġgantija and Tarxien phases can be Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage interpreted within Cilia the Malta/Daniel © contextHeritage of collectivity, in the Żebbuġ period Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © the abstracted body appears juxtaposed with the human body. Thus, small cow tarsals are carved to show human faces, with features often Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage emphasized using red or black pigments. Cilia Malta/Daniel © TheseHeritage objects are very small Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage (generally under 3cm in height) and very tactile. To see the detail you Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage needCilia toMalta/Daniel © pickHeritage up the object and look at it closely. Small bone pendantsCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage also Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage reference the human form, but unlike the cow tarsals the focus is on the Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage body rather than the face. Cilia By Malta/Daniel the© Heritage Ġgantija phase, we have a different view of Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © the body, which is represented using a range of scales. Particularly striking are Above: This perforated jadeite axe-pendant small clay statuettes which depict a range of faces. These are shown using very is one of thirty-one stone pendants found at Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage similar conventions, for example Cilia a broad Malta/Daniel © Heritage nose. While the faces look different, the XagħraCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Circle. Many probably originate Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage the bodies are on the larger side and in the same style as large statues11. The from Sicily and southern Italy, but this one is Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©complexity Heritage of the prehistoric visual narrative is preciselyCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage what makes these particularly unusual and possibly Cilia Malta/Daniel comes© Heritage from Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage images so appealing. the Maritime Alps of northern Italy. The Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Conclusion Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage biographies of these pendants are particularly Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © interesting. The objects were prized for their Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage The people who lived on the XagħraCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage plateau built a complex world that em- exotic factor;Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage they are from a place far away. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage bodied their way of life and beliefs. While the Ġgantija temples remain among Distance was an important element of the the most impressive prehistoric remains in the world, they are but one element Temple Period mindset, whether involving Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©of Heritage life in the Late Neolithic. People moved across the Cilia landscape, Malta/Daniel © Heritage encountering journeys across the Xagħra plateauCilia Malta/Daniel or© Heritage knowing Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage temples and burial sites along the way. Whether approaching Xagħra from the about longer journeys and possessing objects from such journeys. The pendants most likely reached Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage coast or across theCilia hillMalta/Daniel © Heritage from present-day Xewkija, they saw a world in whichCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Gozo via a system of exchange and contact with temples were prominent, whether they were large (like Ġgantija) or smaller other people. They were used and modified over buildings. The act of being in the Late Neolithic was defined by a collective Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage a long periodCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage of time, until eventually they were Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage identity that was built and sustained over many generations. As time went by, buried at the Circle. ideas of ancestors and memory became increasingly important. Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Size: 5.9 x 2 x 0.4 cm Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage ĠIC Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Death was not the end of life. It was a long process which saw people return time and again to burial places. The death of a family member required Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage carrying out variousCilia Malta/Daniel rites© Heritage until he or she became part Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © of something much larger, the collective memory. Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Whether inside a temple or a burialCilia Malta/Daniel ©site,Heritage there were Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage many reminders of these beliefs, most notably via Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©figurines. Heritage Whether taking part in rituals or simply Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage going about their daily life, people were constantly Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage reminded of theirCilia Malta/Daniel life© Heritage cycle and its collective end. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Temples are part of a landscape of power and memory, Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage many elements of which we can experienceCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage today. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage

Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Right: Heritage A hypothetical reconstruction showing how the highCilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage facade of Ġgantija would have been visible from the valley Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage which leads to the sandyCilia Malta/Daniel beach© Heritage of Ramla. Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage LIFE AND DEATH 173 Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Heritage Cilia© Malta/Daniel ©Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Malta/Daniel ©Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel ĠGANTIJA© Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage THE OLDEST FREE-STANDING BUILDING IN THE WORLD Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage First Published in Malta in 2013 Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage by Heritage Malta Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Editor Godwin Vella Heritage Malta/Daniel Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Malta/Daniel © Heritage ISBN: 978-99932-57-20-2 Cilia Cilia Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage Cilia Malta/Daniel © Heritage © Heritage © 2013 Text Individual authors

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