Prosecuting Maritime Piracy: Domestic Solutions to International Crimes Edited by Michael P

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08122-2 - Prosecuting Maritime Piracy: Domestic Solutions to International Crimes Edited by Michael P. Scharf, Michael A. Newton, and Milena Sterio Index More information

Index

Abdi, Hassan, 127 (Caribbean Regional Agreement, Abi-Saab, Georges, 63–64 article 22), 106 Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), 51–52 al- Megrahi, Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed, accountability, 270 352 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, al-Shabaab, 19 article 7, 176 Alvarez-Machain, Humberto, 137–138 African Union Mission on Somalia (AMISOM), Amnesty International, 184 116 Antilles, 78–79 age Applebaum, Anne, 212 age-based categories for juveniles, 283–285 Arbitral Award between Guyana and Suriname, of majority, 295 107–108 minimum, of criminal responsibility (MACR), Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) 295 Judgment, 263–265, 272 minimum age of criminal responsibility Art, Steven, 72 (MACR), 8, 276–277. see also juveniles Aruba, 78–79 Comoros, 277 Ashton, Catherine, 156 ICC (Rome Statute), 277 asylum-seeking, 16–17 ICTR, 277 asylem (defined), 322 f. 2 ICTY, 277 conditions for, 9 Maldives, 277 EU, 336–337 Saudi Arabia, 277 overview, 321–334 United States, 277 United States, 335–336 UNTAET, 277 atrocity by connivance, 254–260 stated, 296 Automatic Fingerprint Identification System Agreement (AFIS, INTERPOL), 230 Bretton Woods, 97 Caribbean Regional. see Agreement Baggetta, Giuseppe, 189–190 Concerning Co-Operation in Suppressing Bagosora , Theoneste, 178–179 Illicit Maritime and Air Trafficking in Ban Ki-Moon, 68, 72 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Barker, Willie, 186 Substances in the Caribbean Area Bassiouni, Cherif, 62 (Caribbean Regional Agreement) Bellish, Jon, 8 Concerning Co-Operation in Suppressing Blackstone, Sir William, 57, 129–130 Illicit Maritime and Air Trafficking in Blank, Laurie R., 5 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Boas, Gideon, 182 Substances in the Caribbean Area Boreman, John, 122

357

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08122-2 - Prosecuting Maritime Piracy: Domestic Solutions to International Crimes Edited by Michael P. Scharf, Michael A. Newton, and Milena Sterio Index More information

358 Index

Buergenthal, Thomas, 64–65 Republic v. Kipsigei Cosmas Sigei & another, 236 Burgess, Douglas, 4 Republic v. Mohamed Ahmed Dahir & Ten (10) Others (Topaz Case), 48, 200 Cambodia, Law on the Establishment of the Republic v. Mohamed Aweys Said et al., 293 Extraordinary Chambers, article 35, 178 Rex v. Dawson, 16 cases (legal), 182–183 Saadi v. Italy, 162 Abella v. Argentina, 115 Saddam Hussein, 183–185, 199–200 Anfal, 184 Seselj, 182–183 Attorney General v. Mohamud Mohammed Soering v. United Kingdom, 332 Hashi, 46 Tadic´, 114 Baggetta v. Italy, 189–190 United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 137–138, 141 Barayagwiza v. Prosecutor, 144, 145 f. 163 United States v. Furlong, 57 Barker v. Wingo, 180, 186–187 United States v. Ghailani, 139 Beavers v. Haubert, 186 United States v. Said, 14 f. 10, 134 f. 93, 310 f. 36, Beljanski v. France, 190–191 312 Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11April United States v. Shi, 38, 140–141 2000, 63, 64–65 United States v. Shibin, 140 Chahal v. The United Kingdom, 155, 167–168 United States v. Smith, 37, 56–57 Chahal v. United Kingdom, 332 United States v. Toscanino, 137–138, 138 f. 124 Frisbie v. Collins, 137 Visakha v. State of Rajasthan, 92 Hadzihasanovic (Interlocutory Appeal “catch and release” strategy, 72, 212 Decision), 256–257, 260 juveniles and, 8, 72, 283, 285–286 Harmony v. United States, 58 CEDAW. See Convention on the Elimination of Ker v. Illinois, 136–137, 141 All Forms of Discrimination against Ker-Frisbie Doctrine, 135–141 Women (CEDAW) outrageous conduct exception, 137–138 child (deﬁned, CRC), 279 piracy and, 139–141 CIL. See law, customary international (CIL) Kiobel v. Dutch Royal Petroleum Co., 129–130, Cipriani, Don, 277 132 Clemons, John, 237 Lockerbie model, 351–355 Code of Conduct Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey, 158 Concerning the Prevention of Piracy, Milosevic, 181–183, 199 Armed Robbery against Ships and Illicit Milutinovic, 182–183 Maritime Activity in West and Central Neumeister v. Austria, 188–189 Africa, 68 Nyiramasuhuko, 194 Djibouti, 235 Pelissier, 190 for West and Central Africa, 72 Pelissier and Sassi v. France, 190–191 Coke, Sir Edward, 57 Pelissier/Sassi, 190 Cole, Alan, 170–171 Prosecutor v. Bagosora, 178–180, 185, 194 Commentaries (Blackstone), 57 Prosecutor v. Kenyatta, 148 Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, 266 (CGPCS), 169 Prosecutor v. Lubanga, 146–148 Contemporary Maritime Piracy: International Law, Prosecutor v. Musema, 261–263 Strategy, and Diplomacy at Sea (Kraska), 3 Prosecutor v. Ntagerura, 179–180, 185–186 control four-factor test of, 187 effective, 244–245 Prosecutor v. Nyiramasuhuko, 180–181 proof of, 263–264 Prosecutor v. Oric´, 251–252 theories of, 265–273 Prosecutor v. Rwamakuba, 146 Convention Prosecutor v. Tadic, 113 f. 48 American, on Human Rights, article 8, 176 Randall v. Sorrell, 288 on the Elimination of All Forms of In Re Mohamud Mohamed Dashi & 8 Others, Discrimination against Women 164–165 (CEDAW), Tanzania and, 88–89 Republic v. Houssein Mohammed Osman & 10 European, for the Protection of Human Others, 293 Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

Index 359

(ECHR/ECPHREFF), 132, 204, 321–322, against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and 329–330, 332–334 Degrading Treatment or Punishment article 3, 155, 158, 333–334 (CAT), 321–322, 329–331 article 6, 175–176, 187, 190, 193 article 1, 330 article 6(1), 188–192 article 3, 330 article 8, 220 article 22, 336 European Union and, 336 European Union and, 336 United States and, 335 United States and, 335 Geneva, 1949, 249 against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or article 2, 112–113 Degrading Treatment or Punishment, article 3, 113 article 3, 166 Geneva, on the High Seas, 17, 54, 234 United Nations, on the Law of the Sea. see United States and, 125 UNCLOS (United Nations Convention Geneva, Relative to the Protection of Civilian on the Law of the Sea) Persons in Time of War, 175 Covenant Hague IV, 243 International, on Civil and Political article 1, 249 Rights (ICCPR), 77, 158, 160, International, against the Taking of Hostages. 204, 278–279, 295, 321–322, 329–331 see Hostage Taking Convention article 6, 331 (International Convention against the article 7, 331 Taking of Hostages) article 10, 278 International Labor Organization’s, article 10(2)(b), 278–279 Concerning the Prohibition and article 10(3), 279 Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child article 14, 278 Labor (No. 182, 281–282, 285–286, 295 article 14(1), 279 article 3, 281 article 14(3), 175 CRC and, 281–282 article 14(4), 279 International Maritime Organization’s, European Union and, 336 Concerning the Prohibition and South Korea and, 84–85 Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Tanzania and, 87–88, 88 Labor, 281–282 United States and, 335 Relating to the Status of Refugees, 160 International, on Economic, Social, and Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Cultural Rights (ICESCR). see Convention). see Refugee Convention International Covenant on Economic, on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 279–281 Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), article 3, 279–280 278 article 12, 280 South Korea and, 84–85 article 32, 280 on the Rights of the Child (CRC), article 37, 280, 288 295 article 40, 278, 280 Cowles, Willard B., 59–60 article 40(3)(a), 276 custody Child Labor Convention and, 281–282 constructive, 146 of the Sea Treaty, 301 transfer and, 151, 155 for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. see Terrorism Financing Davies, Simon, 169 Convention (Convention for the deportation, 151, 155 Suppression of the Financing of DeSousa, Jeffrey Paul, 5–6 Terrorism) disciplinary system, 267–268 for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Safety of Maritime Navigation. see SUA Internationally Wrongful Act (Convention for the Suppression of (International Legal Commission), 131–132 Unlawful Acts against the Safety of dualism, 35–36, 53, 75 Maritime Navigation) Duch, Comrade, 148–149

360 Index

Due Process Clause. See United States, deterrence, 120 Constitution, Fourteenth Amemndment hot pursuit, 108–110 Dujali incident, 184 multinational task forces and, 116–118 Dutton, Yvonne M., 9 passive, 6 proportionality of response, 127 Economic Community of West African States robust rules of engagement (ROE), 116 (ECOWAS), 231 scope of, by private actors, 126–128 Eighteenth Congress of the International self-defensive, 6, 108, 119, 126 Association of Penal Law, 61 UNCLOS, 105 Eshbach, Laura, 6 U.S. Coast Guard Port Security Advisory EU NAVFOR (EU Naval Force), 47–48, 103, 111, standard, 127 195 use of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 6, conditions, 107–108 132, 155, 160, 162, 167, 172, 187–192, 332–334 key issues, 116–118 article 3, 166 legality and limits on private actors, 119–149 article 6, 158 private actors, 119–149 article 15, 159 state, 105, 107–114 European Union (EU), 336–337 forum states (Kenya, Seychelles, Mauritius, Council Joint Action Order, article 12, 156 Tanzania), 204 Qualification Directive France, 8 article 17(1), 337 Frisbie, Shirley, 137 article 17(1)(b), 337 transfer agreements, 196 Galletti, S. Ciotti, 4 EUROPOL (European Police Office), 7, 230 Garang, John, 271–272 evidence Gaswaga, Duncan, 224–226 adequacy, 208–209, 210–214, 224–228 Geiß, Robin, 3 classified, 209 Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, classified/sensitive, 218–220, 238–239 282 complications surrounding, 208–209 genocide, 62–63, 178–179, 261 forms of, 210 Germany, 8 gathering and preserving, 228–232 Goodwin, Joshua Michael, 64 gathering and sharing, 209, 214–216 Gorissen, Clement, 169 human rights and, 220, 240 Government Experts and Ministers of Justice / physical, 210–213 Attorneys General on Legal Matters witness, 209, 216–218, 236–237 (African Union), 68 exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 19 Guillaume, ICJ President Gilbert, 63 extradition, 151, 155 Gulf Extraordinary Chambers of Aden, 103 African, in Senegal, 351 of Guinea, 13–14 in the Courts of Cambodia, 148–149, 351 extraterritoriality, 2, 26–27, 37, 41, 81, 93, 226 Harvard Research in International Law Draft Lockerbie model of, 351–354 Convention on Jurisdiction with Respect presumption against, 129–130 to Crimestated, 58, 110 SUA, 31 Hedges, Sir Charles, 16 hierarchy, 266–267 Farole, President Abdirahman, 342 Higgins, Rosalyn, 64–65 Fhimah, Lamin Khalifa, 352 high seas, 19–22, 72 Final Report on the Exercise of Universal Hodgkinson, Sandra L., 4–5 Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Holy Spirit Movement, 266–267 Rights Offences, 59 Hostage Taking Convention (International force Convention against the Taking of civil liability, 128–133 Hostages), 34, 67, 76 defense of third parties, 126–127 India and, 94

Index 361

Kenya and, 99 International Criminal Court (ICC), 103–104, Netherlands and, 40, 81–82 146–148 South Korea and, 85–86 Implementation Act (ICC Act), Netherlands Tanzania and, 90 and, 79 United States and, 38–39 International Covenant on Civil and Political hostagetaking, 127–128 Rights (ICCPR), article 14, 177 defined (Hostage Taking Convention), 34–35 Maritime Bureau Annual Reports on Piracy hot pursuit, 108–110, 109 f. 30 and Armed Robbery against Ships, 56 human rights, 63 Rome Statute, 126, 147–148, 253–254 Human Rights Watch (HRW), 184 article 17, 316 article 26, 277 “illicit activity” (defined, ILO Child Labor article 28, 254–255 Convention), 285 article 85(1), 132 India, 44–45, 90–94 Kenya and, 97 Constitution Netherlands and, 79 article 51, 90–92 South Korea and, 84 article 253, 92 Tanzania and, 88 Seventh Schedule, 92 International Criminal Tribunal Consultation and Ratification of Treaties Bill, East Timor, 306 91 for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 114, 126, 145, international law and, 90–92 177–178, 182–183, 194, 201, 238–239, 305, 351 domestic status of, 90–91 article 7(3), 251–252 implementation, 91–92 rule 73bis, 183 ratification, 91 Kosovo, 306 Juvenile Justice Act, 291 for Rwanda (ICTR), 42, 88, 144–146, 177–181, Penal Code (IPC) 185–187, 194, 204, 261, 305, 351, 354–355 section 121, 93 International Maritime Organization (IMO), 66, section 307, 93 68, 168, 229 section 397, 93 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 117 section 398, 93 International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea, 107 section 441, 44–45, 93 “Internationalized Tribunal,” 351 f. 4 section 443, 44–45, 93 INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Piracy Bill, 90, 94 Organization), 7, 228–231 sections 3 and 4, 291 Digital Photo Album, 231 Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Global Database on Maritime Piracy, 231 Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platform Incident Response Teams (IRTs), 231–232 on Continental Shelf Act, 291 Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT), 183–185, 351, 353 Indonesia, 13–14, 20–21 Institute for Security Studies, 164 Japan intent, 213, 224 Act on Punishment of and Measures against Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 115 Acts of Privacy, 51 International Association of Independent Tanker Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law, 51 Owners, 122 Domestic Act on Punishment of Financing to International Bill of Human Rights, 278 Offenses of Public Intimidation, 51 International Commission of the Red Cross Jorda, Claude, 201 (ICRC), 243–244, 254, 268–269 judges, ad litem, 201–202 Additional Protocol I jurisdictions article 28, 256 extraterritorial. see extraterritoriality article 43, 247–249 prosecutory article 86, 250 reluctance, 153–155 article 87, 255–256 territorial, 152–153 requirements for command responsibility, protective, 226–227 249–250 SUA (bases for), 26–27 territorial, 19–20

362 Index

jurisdictions (cont.) of armed conflict (LOAC), 112–115 universal, 15–17, 54, 152–153, 310–312 customary international (CIL), 31, 123–124 customary international law and, 55–65 command responsibility, 247 defined, 60 incorporation models for, 75 Netherlands and, 81 universal jurisdiction and, 55–65 South Korea and, 99 domestic, customary international law and, 32–36 treaties and, 65–72 equipment, 224–225, 227 United Nations and, 65–67, 70–72 international armed conflict. see law, of armed juveniles, 8, 49. See also minimum age of criminal conflict (LOAC) responsibility (MACR) international tribunals and, 143–149 contacting parents/guardians, 287 of nations, offenses against, 130 CRC, 279–282 of piracy, 15–17 ICCPR, 278–279 of war. see law, of armed conflict (LOAC) pre-tial detention, 286–287 leadership node, 269 prosecutions. see prosecutions, juvenile Lebanon, Statute for the Special Tribunal, article sentencing, 288 6, 178 Somalia, 275 Legal Issues Related to Piracy off the Coast of special rights under multilateral treaties, 278–283 Somalia. See Lang Report (Legal Issues trial, special representation during, 287–288 Related to Piracy off the Coast of Somalia) letter of marque, 123, 126 f. 47 Karjinik, Momcilo, 194 liability and, 131–132 Kenya, 70, 75–76, 95–99, 150–151 Lindon, Rachel, 289 Children’s Act, 292 LOAC. See law, of armed conflict (LOAC) Constitution Lord’s Resistance Army, 273 article 2(6), 96 Lorenz, Rick, 6–7 article 50(2)(e), 174 section 51, 96 MacBride, Neil, 294 section 132, 95 Maldives, 49 International Crimes Bill, 97 Mao Tse-tung, 266–267 international law and, 96 Marga Carta, Chapter 40, 173 domestic status of, 95–96 Maritime Power and Law of the Sea (Kraska), 3 implementation, 96–97 Marshall, Chief Justice John, 37 Judicature Act, 95 Marshall, S. L. A., 259 Merchant Shipping Act, 47, 98 Mauritius, 99, 150–151 Penal Code Constitution 63 section 18, 142 article 10, section 1, 176 section 5, 165 section 10(1), 174 Privileges and Immunities Act, 97 Piracy and Maritime Violence Act, 237 prosecution MOUs, 46–47 section 3, 223 transfer agreements, 6, 156, 163–165, 197 transfer agreements, 6, 163, 197 Ker, Frederick, 136 McKenna, Justice Lawrence, 186 Kieserman, Brad, 210 Membe, Bernard K., 156 Kontorovich, Eugene, 2, 8, 64, 72, 225, 227 Milosevic, Slobodan, 181–183 Kony, Joseph, 273 mistreatment Kooijmans, Pieter, 64–65 capturing authority, 6, 133–139 Kordic, Dario, 194 Ker-Frisbie Doctrine. see cases (legal), Kraska, James, 3 Ker-Frisbie Doctrine Kumar, Syam, 122 Kenya and, 142–143 Kuznetov, Alexei, 212 Mauritius and, 143 Republic of Seychelles and, 142–143 Lang, Jack, 42, 43, 216 Model National Law on Universal Jurisdiction Lang Report (Legal Issues Related to Piracy off the over International Crimes (African Coast of Somalia), 314, 351 Union), 68–69 law

Index 363

Modern Piracy: Legal Challenges and Responses Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, 123–125 (Elgar), 3 Paul, Ron, 125 monism, 35, 53, 75 peace enforcement authority (UN Charter Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), 51–52 Chapter VII), 20 motivations penalty, appropriate, 317–319 SUA, 31 Petrig, Anna, 3 UNCLOS, 18 Philippines Murphy, Martin, 3 Anti–Money Laundering Act, 52 Muse, Abduwali Abdukhadir, 38, 294 Human Security Act (HSA, 52 Musema, Alfred, 261–263 piracy Mutoka, Rosemelle, 292 ancient, 56 Best Management Practices (BMPs, for Nanda, Ved P., 5 preventing), 14, 170 National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), Best Management Practices (BPMs, for 270–271 preventing), 229 nationality criminalizing, 54 f. 2 offender, 26–27, 60 defined victim, 26–27, 60 African Union, 69 Netherlands, 75–82 India, 44, 92–93 Constitution Japan, 51 article 91, 77–78 Netherlands, 39–40 article 93, 76 Philippines, 52 article 94, 77–78 Somalia, 42–43 Criminal Code South Korea, 41, 85 article 4, 81 SUA, 25 article 381, 80 Tanzania, 41 international law and UNCLOS, 17–23, 65–66, 93, 104–105, 221 implementation, 79 United States, 37 ratification, 77–78 Geneva Conventions and, 317 Kingdom Act on the Approval and Publication incidents of, 55 f. 3, 103 f. 4, 103–104, 170 of Treaties, 78 2010, 114 territories within, 78 Gulf of Guinea, 33–34 Neumeister, Fritz, 188–189 Somalia, 13 f. 2, 104, 120–121 Newton, Michael A., 7–8 West Africa, 121 Nine-eleven (9/11) Commission Report (Final Indonesia, 34 Report of the National Commission on international court for, 350–355 Terrorist Attacks upon the United States), lines of defense against, 120–121 219 political, 50 non-derogable principle, 159–160 privateer (defined), 123 f. 24 non-refoulement principle, 160–161, 166, 323–324, Somali, 33 326–338 Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea (Geiß and Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), 342 Petrig), 3 Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: Logistics, Ocheing, Justice Fred, 236 Strategies, Scenarios (Galletti), 4 O’Keefe, Roger, 65 powers Operation Atalanta (EU NAVFOR), 116, 156, 195, investigatory 230 SUA, 30 Operation Ocean Shield (NATO), 116, 157 UNCLOS, 23–24 Order of Provisional Detention (Duch), 148–149 seizure SUA, 30 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 22, 28, UNCLOS, 23–24 66, 72 Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, 60, Pan Am flight 103. See Lockerbie case 64 Paradis, Kelly, 7 prisons/detention centers, 168–169, 202–203, 346

364 Index

prisons/detention centers, (cont.) Refugee Convention, 321–323 regional detention centers, 170 article 1(A)(2), 323–324 private ends, 51, 66–67, 72 article 1(F), 323, 325 SUA, 28–29 article 1(F)(b), 325–326 UNCLOS, 18–19 article 33(1), 323 private ship, 19 article 33(2), 323, 326–328 process, abuse of, 144–149 Somali pirates and, 324–349 ECCC, 148–149 United States and, 328–329 ICC, 146–148 Regional Anti-Piracy Prosecutions and prosecutions Intelligence Coordination Centre 2008-2012, 14–15 (RAPPICC), 7, 207–208, 230 applicable standards for, 192–193 REFLECS-3 (piracy-focused mission), 207–208 domestic, 35–36. see also dualism; monism Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating evidence in. see evidence Piracy and Armed Robbery in Southeast Germany, 48–49 Asia, 67 governing standards, 185–192 rehabilitation, 338–340 India, 44–45, 92–93 disarmament, demobilization, reintegration juvenile (DDR), 338–340 France, 289–290 Reindorp, David, 214 Germany, 290 reintegration, 9, 340–349 India, 290–291 recommendations for, 343–349 Italy, 292 Report of the UN Secretary-General to the Kenya, 292 Security Council on Specialized Anti- Malaysia, 292 Piracy Courts in Somalia and Other States Republic of Seychelles, 293 in the Region, 69 Spain, 293–294 Republic of Seychelles, 99, 150–151, 199–200 United States, 294 Children’s Act, article93, 293 Kenya, 45–47, 97–98, 221 Constitution, article 19, section 1, 174, 176, 193 Mauritius, 49, 223–224 Penal Code, section 65, 222 Netherlands, 39–40, 79–82 prosecution MOUs, 47–48 Regional Prosecutions Model, 241 transfer agreements, 6, 163, 196–198 Republic of Seychelles, 47–48 responsibility Seychelles, 222 command Somalia, 42–44 deﬁned, 243 South Korea, 40–41, 85–86 fundamental precept of, 244 SUA, 31 ICTY, 244 Tanzania, 41–42, 89–90, 222–223 and responsible command, 270 UNCLOS, 24 criminal, 245–254 United States, 36–39 lex lata of, 245–254 universal jurisdiction and, 72 superior, 246 protective principle, 26–27. See jurisdictions, proof of, 261–262 protective Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 271 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 322 Reydams, Luc, 60 Public International Law & Policy Group ROE. See force, robust rules of engagement (PILPG), High-Level Piracy Working (ROE) Group, 2–3 Rome Statute. See International Criminal Court punishment, 317 (ICC), Rome Statute lack of uniformity in, 299–300 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court purposes of, 317–318 (ICC). See International Criminal Court Puntland, 166, 168–169, 341 f. 85, 341–342 (ICC), Rome Statute Rubin, Alfred P., 16, 56 Quilliec, Jean-Marc Le, 211 Rwamakuba, Andre, 146

Randall, Kenneth C., 61–62 sentencing, 8–9

Index 365

Africa, 305 Superferry 14, 50 Asia, 305 SY Quest, 294 average, 8 U.S.S. Ashland, 38 basic features of, 304–307 U.S.S. Churchill, 301 China, 301 Valdarno, 309 considerations, 307–312 Shnider, Samuel, 70 attempts, 308 Sierra Leone cross-national variations, 311–316, 318–319 Statute of the Supreme Court, article 17, 178 defendant’s background, 307–308 Singapore nature of offense, 310–311 Maritime Offenses Act (MOA), 52–53 statutory maximums, 311–316 Terrorism Suppression of Financing Act, 53 violence level, 309 Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money: Piracy Europe, 305 and Maritime Terrorism in the Modern Germany, 306–307, 311 World (Murphy), 3 history of pirate, 300–302 Somalia, 1–2, 8, 19–20, 111, 114, 166, 168–169, Holland, 306–307 170–171, 275 ICC, 306, 313 juvenile pirates. see juveniles, Somalia ICTR, 313 piracy incidents, 13–14, 55 ICTY, 313 Transitional Federal Government (TFG), India, 301 20–21, 24, 26–27, 44 international, 301–307 Somaliland, 166, 169, 341 f. 85, 341–342 thin consensus, 315–316 South Korea, 75–76, 82–86 jurisdictions, 9 Act on Punishment on Damaging Ships and Kenya, 301–302, 304–306, 310–311, 314 Sea Structures, 86 lack of uniformity in, 300 Constitution Netherlands, 310–311 article 6(1), 82 overview, 302–304 article 61, 83 Republic of Seychelles, 302, 304–306, 309–311, article 73, 83 314 international law and, 83 South Korea, 311 domestic status of, 82–83 United Kingdom, 301 implementation, 83–85 United Nations, 308–309 Korea Act (Korean ICC Act), 84 United States, 301, 306–307, 311–312 Special Court for Sierra Leone, 351 Shi, Lei, 38 St. Hilaire, Pierre, 231 Shibin, Mohammad, 140 standards (legal) ships aut dedere aut judicare (duty to prosecute or Absalon, 153 extradite) and, 72, 86, 100 Achille Lauro, 22, 25, 28, 66, 72 de minimis non curat lex (the law does not Alakrana, 293 concern itself with minor transgressions), Alondra Rainbow, 301 310 Carre´ d’As, 289 hostis humani generis (pirates as “enemies of all Irene SL, 232 mankind’), 15, 56–58, 60, 64, 152 Maersk Alabama, 38, 294 jus cogens (compelling law, or peremptory Marida Marquerite, 140 norm), 315 Montecristo, 292, 309 jus in bello (internationalhumanitarian law, or Moscow University, 212 law of armed conduct), 247–248, 257 MV Amira, 213 mala captus bene detentus (“bad capture, good MV Pompei, 232 detention”) doctrine, 6 MV Saiga (No. 2), 107 non bis in idem (not twice for the same), 313 MV Taipan, 48–49, 287, 290 nullum crimen sine lege, 278 Nivose, 211 nullum crimen sine lege (no crime without law), pirate (deﬁned), 23–24 258, 260 Quest, 140 Sterio, Milena, 2–3, 5, 6–7 Samanyolu, 40 Story, Justice Joseph, 37, 56–57

366 Index

SUA (Convention for the Suppression of methods of, 161–165 Unlawful Acts against the Safety of bilateral agreements, 161–163 Maritime Navigation), 4, 15, 25–31, 34, national contingents, 157 66–67, 73, 76, 225, 234–235, 354 NATO, 157 article 3, 25–26, 72 proposed UNCLOS protocol, 168 section 2, 29 shiprider agreements, 166–167, 228, 233–236 article 4 suspects’ rights in, 158–161 section 1, 27–28 exceptions, 159 section 2, 28 fair trial. see trial rights article 8bis, 106 non-derogable human rights, 159–160 customary international law and, 25 treaties geographic scope of, 27–28 direct effect, 77 India and, 45, 90, 93 self-executing, 77 jurisdiction of, 26 tree-factor test. See cases, Pelissier and Sassi v. Netherlands and, 39–40, 76, 80–82 France Philippines and, 52 trespass (defined, IPC article 221), 93 Singapore and, 52 trial rights, 158 South Korea and, 41, 85 breadth of indictments, 199–200 United States and, 38 delay, 188–191 Sudan People’s Liberation Army, 271–272 ECHR, 193 ICTR, 193 Task Force, Combined Maritime Forces Task joinder of indictments, 198–199 Force 151, 210 ICTY, 198 Task Force 150 (Combined Maritime Forces), 116 post-trial phase, 202–203 Task Force 151 (Combined Maritime Forces), pre-trial phase, 197–201 116 speedy trial Taylor, Baroness Ann, 211 challenges, 194–198 Taylor, Charles, 270–271 domestic law, 173–174 territorial waters, 19–20 international law, 175–177 terrorism, 50 international tribunals, 177–185 defined, Philippines, 52 Kenya, 194 maritime Mauritius, 194 Japan, 51 solutions, 198–203 Philippines, 51–52 Tanzania, 194 Singapore, 52–53 United States, 194 state approaches to, 50–65 trial phase, 201–202 Terrorism Financing Convention (Convention Tsocanino, Francisco, 137 for the Suppression of the Financing of two-ship requirement, 66 Terrorism), 34–35, 67 SUA, 29 Japan and, 51 UNCLOS, 21–22, 72 Singapore and, 53 United States and, 38 UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the testimony, videotaped, 236–237 Law of the Sea), 4, 5, 15, 17–24, 34, 54, threats or attempts, 72 65–67, 67, 76, 308, 314, 353–354 SUA, 29–30 article 101, 104–105 torture, 158, 160–161, 330–332 article 111, 108–110 transfer articles 105, 105–106 characteristics, 155–156 article 101, 72–73 to country of origin, 166 article 105, 141–142, 214 defined, 151 article 106, 141–142 diplomatic assurances, 167–168 article 107, 141–142, 234 human rights, 161–163 article 5892), 222 incarceration, 168–169 articles 101-107, 222 Italy and, 157 articles 105 and 107, 23–24

Index 367

India and, 44, 90, 92–93 1846, 21 Kenya and, 46–47, 97–98 1851, 21, 111–112, 234 Netherlands and, 39–40, 76, 79–82 1897, 21 prosecutory jurisdiction and, 153–155 1918, 70 Somalia and, 42–43 1950, 21 South Korea and, 85 1976, 144 f. 151, 351, 351–354 Tanzania and, 41, 89 2016, 21 United States and, 38, 125 2020, 229–230 universal jurisdiction and, 24 2125, 71 UNICEF, 284 Anti-Piracy, 94 United Kingdom Crown Prosecution Service Transitional Administration in East Timor (CPS), 228 (UNTAET), 277 United Nations United Republic of Tanzania, 75–76, 86–90, Basic Principles on the Use of Force and 150 Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, Constitution 108 article 13(6), 174 Charter article 63(3)(e), 87 Chapter VII, 71, 110 Criminal Procedure Act, 223 preamble, articles 1 and 2, 337 Evidence Act, 223 Contact Group on Somali Piracy international law and (Copenhagen), 3 domestic status of, 86–87 Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). implementation, 88 see UNCLOS (United Nations ratification, 87 Convention on the Law of the Sea) Merchant Shipping Act, 222–223 Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 340 Penal Code, sections 22 and 23, 222–223 Detention Unit, 194 transfer agreements, 167 Development Programme (UNDP), 43, 156, 275 article 4, 161 Fish Stocks Agreement, article 22(1)(F), 106–107 United States General Assembly resolution 40/33, 282 18 U.S.C. 1202, 39 Global Program on Money Laundering, 169 18 U.S.C. 1203, 39 Guidelines for the Protection of Juvenile 18 U.S.C. 1651, 38 Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines), 18 U.S.C. 2280, 38 282–283 Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHRC), against the United States, 57–58 325–329 Act to Protect the Commerce of the United High Commissioner on Human Rights, 167 States, and Punish the Crime of Piracy, Human Rights Council resolution 9/11, 181 56 Interregional Crime and Justice Research Alien Tort Statute (ATS), 63, 129–131 Institute (UNICRI), 168 Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA), Minimum Rules for the Administration of 239 Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules), 276, Constitution 282 article 1, section 8, 36 Oceans and the Law of the Sea, 72 Fourteenth Amendment, 136–138, 139 Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 43, Sixth Amendment, 173 48–49, 68, 69, 154, 156, 345–346 Department of Defense Automated Biometric Counter-Piracy Programme, 133–134, 150, Identification System, 232 169, 202–203, 240 FBI Integrated Automated Fingerprint Maritime Crime Programme, 170–171, 207 Identification System, 232 Refugee Convention, 9 Federal Crimes Act, section 8 (US), 36–37 Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived Model Maritime Agreement Concerning of Their Liberty, 282–283 Cooperation to Suppress Illicit Traffic by Security Council resolutions, 110–114 Sea, 233, 235 1506, 352 Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), 1816, 21, 110–111 232

368 Index

United States (cont.) UNODC. See United Nations, Ofﬁce on Drugs Restatement (Second) of Foreign Relations and Crime (UNODC) Law of the United States, 58–59 Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law, Vlasic, Mark V., 5–6 226 voluntary participation/intentional facilitation, Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law 22–23 of the United States, 59 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 278 war crimes, 63 “Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: War Crimes Chamber in Bosnia Herzegovina, 351 Historical Perspectives and Contemporary West African Police Information System, 231 Practice” (Bassiouni), 62 Wiesel, Elie, 269 Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Willy, Abdu, 293 Legal Perspectives (Reydams), 60 World Food Programme (WFP), 116 “Universal Jurisdiction under International Law” World for Ransom, The: Piracy is Terrorism, (Randall), 61–62 Terrorism is Piracy (Burgess), 4 “Universality of Jurisdiction over War Crimes” (Cowles), 59–60 Xaradheere (Somalia), 103