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Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units

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Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units Major James F. Gebhardt, US Army (Retired) Global War on Terrorism Occasional Paper 10 Revised Edition Combat Studies Institute Press Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2. REPORT TYPE 2005 00-00-2005 to 00-00-2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and 5b. GRANT NUMBER Surveillance Units 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Army Combined Arms Center,Combat Studies Institute,Fort REPORT NUMBER Leavenworth,KS,66027 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The original document contains color images. 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 187 unclassified unclassified unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units by Major James F. Gebhardt, US Army (Retired) Combat Studies Institute Press Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gebhardt, James F., 1948- Eyes behind the lines : US Army long-range reconnaissance and surveillance units / James F. Gebhardt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Military reconnaissance—United States. I. Title. U220.G43 2005 355.4’13’0973--dc22 2005017615 CSI Press publications cover a variety of military history topics. The views expressed in this CSI Press publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. A full list of CSI Press publications, many of them available for downloading, can be found at: http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/csi.asp. Contents Foreword........................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments........................................................................................... v Chapter 1. Introduction....................................................................................1 Chapter 2. USAREUR Long-Range Reconnaissance Patrols, 1957-68.......... 5 Background........................................................................................ 5 Doctrine............................................................................................. 8 Organization.................................................................................... 17 Training............................................................................................ 18 Materiel............................................................................................ 22 Leadership....................................................................................... 24 Personnel......................................................................................... 25 Relocation....................................................................................... 27 The USAREUR Experience............................................................ 27 Passing the Guidon.......................................................................... 28 Chapter 3. LRRPs in Vietnam, 1966-72........................................................ 45 Chronology...................................................................................... 45 Doctrinal and TOE Baseline............................................................ 46 Doctrine of Employment................................................................. 49 Organization.................................................................................... 59 Training........................................................................................... 64 Materiel........................................................................................... 69 Tactical Role of Leaders.................................................................. 76 Personnel......................................................................................... 82 The Vietnam Experience.................................................................. 87 Passing the Guidon......................................................................... 90 Chapter 4. Long-Range Surveillance Units, 1981-2001............................. 111 Starting Over.................................................................................. 111 Doctrine......................................................................................... 112 LRSU Organizations..................................................................... 118 LRS Institutional and Unit Training............................................. 122 Operation DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM......................... 126 Post-DESERT STORM Organizational Changes.......................... 134 Doctrinal Adjustments................................................................... 135 i Contingency Operations................................................................ 140 Materiel Issues............................................................................... 141 Doctrine Redux.............................................................................. 142 From the Cold War to the COE..................................................... 145 Chapter 5. Conclusions................................................................................157 Doctrine......................................................................................... 157 Organization.................................................................................. 158 Training..........................................................................................159 Materiel......................................................................................... 160 Leadership..................................................................................... 161 Personnel....................................................................................... 161 Future of LRSU............................................................................. 162 Bibliography................................................................................................ 167 ii Foreword Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Sur- veillance Units is the 10th study in the Combat Studies Institute (CSI) Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) Occasional Paper series. This work is an out- growth of concerns identified by the authors ofOn Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. Specifically, these authors called into question the use of long-range surveillance (LRS) assets by command- ers during that campaign and suggested an assessment ought to be made about their continuing utility and means of employment. This revision con- tains some important additional information the author received after this book was originally published Major (Retired) James Gebhardt, of CSI, researched and wrote this Occasional Paper with that end in view. In this study, Gebhardt surveys the US Army’s historical experience with LRRP and LRS units from the 1960s Cold War and Vietnam War, through their resurgence in the 1980s and use in Operations JUST CAUSE and DESERT STORM, to the advent of the GWOT. The paper’s analytical framework examines each era of LRS units in terms of doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership, and per- sonnel. In doing so, the author makes a strong case for continuing the LRS capability in the Army’s force structure. The variety of environments and enemies likely to be faced by the military in the GWOT continues to demand the unique human intelligence abilities of trained and organized LRS units. As the Army leads the Armed Forces of the United States in combating terrorists where they live, the les- sons found in this survey remain timely and relevant. Timothy R. Reese Colonel, Armor Director, Combat Studies Institute iii Acknowledgments I first became involved in long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRRP) issues in early September 1967, when I volunteered to attend the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) Recondo School at Nha Trang. At the time, I was a 19-year-old rifleman in a mechanized infantry company and badly wanted a change of venue for the remaining six
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