AMERICA AWAKENS IN A TIME OF CRISIS William Livingston, Alexander McDougall and the Committees of Correspondence by Robert Ingraham Oct. 28—There exists a pervasive view among those who The 1620 Plymouth Colony and the 1630 settle- have studied the American Revolution, that prior to 1775- ment of Boston had established communities which 1776, very few among the American colonists sought in- were already semi-independent. Legally they were dependence from Great Britain. They had grievances, as- bound to Britain, but those pioneers had fled to the suredly, yet the overwhelming majority were loath to New World precisely to escape the chains of oligarchi- break the link to the mother country. There is certainly a cal rule which existed in Europe, and they were pledged great deal of empirical evidence to create a new type of society, to support that view, including governed by the principle of copies of letters, speeches and the equality and nobility of the other utterances from some who human individual. This is ex- are remembered today as the plicit in both the Mayflower founding fathers of the nation. It Compact and John Winthrop’s is asserted that only the intransi- A Model of Christian Charity. gence of George III and the wild From the very unfolding of the incompetence of Lord North, colonization of North America, Charles Townshend and other there existed a determination to British leaders drove the desper- create a society that was self- ate colonists to the steps they ul- governing and guided by the timately took, and this only at a agapic principle of “doing very late date—a “last ditch” re- good.” This beacon—of the in- sistance to tyranny, so to speak. trinsic value of every human But is this really true? Or individual; of the promise of a was there another process, an- new culture within which all other dynamic, underlying and participants might be free from catalyzing events? Did the col- the chains of oligarchical rule onists revolt simply against acts and liberated to both advance of oppression—as the saying Portrait by Joseph Siffred Duplessis, 1785 their own conditions and con- Benjamin Franklin goes, “No Taxation without tribute to the betterment of so- Representation”—or was there ciety as a whole—is the vis viva a higher principled motivation which guided the ac- of the American Republic. tions of the leaders and a majority of the participants in In this report we shall be discussing certain individ- that struggle? The answer to that question is of great uals—great individuals who have been written out of significance in determining the quality of the fight most history books—who played a determining role in which we must wage today. At the same time, a careful the creation of America. These include, most emphati- examination of the ideas and morality which motived cally, William Livingston and Alexander McDougall. the leaders of that era will pose a challenge to each of us We shall also examine specific topics, including the to rise to that same standard. Committees of Correspondence and the Sons of Lib- 56 Winning the Peace EIR November 1, 2019 erty. This report is not intended, however, as simply a considerably different from what occurred in the other recitation of events. colonies. The first, most relevant, question to ask is, “Why did At the same time, it is out of the revolutionary lead- people do what they did?” What spurred them to act, ership in New York, that the core figures of the 1789 and what inner moral force guided their actions? Washington Administration would emerge, as well as A second related question, and one which is seldom the faction later allied with Alexander Hamilton in his thought through in a rigorous way, is:—How did the economic and financial initiatives. All of the magnifi- American Revolution happen? What transpired and cent accomplishments which emerged later had been what quality of leadership was demonstrated between prepared ahead of time, through years of a principled 1750 and 1776 which produced the result of the Decla- fight, a fight which had at its core the question of the ration of Independence? nature of Man and the purpose of human society. The answers to those questions are not to be found in the oligarchical nostrum of “pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain.” Rather, what must be grasped is that, I. William Livingston and from the earliest days of the colonization of America, the ‘Triumvirate’ right through to 1776, an ongoing process of discussion as to the nature and intention of civil society shaped the On Nov. 30, 1752 a new publication appeared in thinking and actions of many in the colonies. “What is New York City. The Independent Reflector was the it to be a Human Being?”— brainchild of three men: and “How must society be William Livingston, John organized such that it is co- Morin Scott and William herent with Human Poten- Smith, Jr., all lawyers and tial?” These questions de- all members of the First fined the serious deliberation Presbyterian Church.1 Du- which took place in the pre- ring the 1750s and ‘60s the Revolutionary years. political influence of these The primary location in three was so significant that which the events of this ar- they were dubbed “The Tri- ticle take place is New York umvirate” by their oppo- City. This is not purely arbi- nents. Appearing weekly, trary. New York was the key the Reflector was the only battleground. In the mid- serialized non-newspaper 18th century there were publication in the thirteen three geo-political head- March 1753 issue of The Independent Reflector. colonies. It was published quarters of the British for exactly one year—52 Empire in North America: Halifax, Nova Scotia; New issues—before it was suppressed, with massive legal York City; and Kingston, Jamaica. The Royal Gover- and financial pressure brought to bear on the printer by nors of these Provinces were the primary representa- the Province’s Assembly and the Anglican Church. tives of the monarchy in North America. The elements Livingston (1723-1790) was of a generation be- of the British Navy deployed to the Americas were tween Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, nine based in these three ports, as were regiments of the Brit- years older than the latter and seventeen years younger ish Army; and New York City was the headquarters for than the former. Livingston’s chosen place of worship, General Thomas Gage, who commanded the British the First Presbyterian Church on Wall Street, was military forces for all of the 13 colonies. The American Anglican Church, which functioned as a religious and 1. Livingston and Scott were both converts to Presbyterianism, the cultural enforcer of oligarchical rule, was also based in former from the Dutch Reformed Church and the latter a Huguenot. Both joined the First Presbyterian Church in opposition to the influence New York. This dominant position of a British Crown and teachings of the evangelical “Great Awakening,” which they ab- faction in New York created a situation where the events horred. Both also fought the growing power of the Anglican Church in of 1763-1783 took on the character of a bitter civil war, New York. November 1, 2019 EIR Winning the Peace 57 From a 1777 drawing by John Trumbull The “Triumvirate”: William Smith, Jr. (left), John Morin Scott (center), and William Livingston (right). known throughout New York as the “Patriot Church.” the Independent Reflector, Franklin was the most Although the origin of the Sons of Liberty is usually famous and influential individual in America. His sci- dated to 1763 or 1764, the seed-crystal for the Sons entific experiments, his political initiatives and his began at First Presbyterian a decade earlier. This is tes- “good works” in Philadelphia are all evidence of his tified to by the loyalist Lt. Gov. Cadwallader Colden intention to develop a non-oligarchical culture in the who later branded Livingston and his allies as “hornets New World, one which nurtured both the well-being of rebellion” and stated that the Sons of Liberty ema- and the productive potential within the population. nated from the First Presbyterian Church in the mid- It is precisely this same optimism as to the nature of 1750s. It was a trustee of that church, Alexander Mc- the human condition, this same belief in a Free Citi- Dougall, who, in 1763, organized the first official zenry and this same emphasis on human beneficence chapter of the Sons of Liberty in the 13 colonies. On which characterizes the writings and initiatives of Wil- January 14, 1776, while George Washington’s Army liam Livingston. besieged Boston, the church’s During the 1750s Livings- pastor, Rev. John Rogers deliv- ton, Scott and Smith pursued ered a sermon, calling on the many useful projects, including members of his congregation to the founding of New York’s first “Let a spirit of patriotism fire medical society, the founding of your breath.” the Moot, an organization dedi- The work of the Livingston- cated to legal reform (to which Scott-Smith Triumvirate is cor- John Jay and Gouverneur Morris rectly viewed as a continuation later belonged) and the creation of the decades-long initiatives of of the New York Society Li- Benjamin Franklin. In 1748 this brary, the city’s first subscrip- trio formed the “Society for the tion library. But at the heart of Promotion of Useful Knowl- all of this was not merely a edge,” and the similarity of that desire for civic reform, but an group to Franklin’s Philosophi- uncompromising rejection of cal Society—founded only five the mores and prescriptions of years prior—should be noted.