DOCSLIB.ORG

BEHIND the MUSIC. Profiting from Sound: a Systems Approach to The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

STEP REPORT 04-2003 TITLE STEP - Centre for BEHIND THE MUSIC Innovation Research Profiting from Sound: A Systems Approach to the Dynamics of Address/Location: the Nordic Music Industry Hammersborg torg 3, NO-0179 Oslo, Norway Phone: +47 22 86 80 10 Fax: +47 22 86 80 49 AUTHOR(S) Enterprise No.: NO 948 007 029 MVA Dominc Power (ed) CLIENT(S) Nordic Industrial Fund REPORT NO. CLASSIFICATION CLIENTS REF. STF38A03803 CLASS. THIS PAGE ISBN PROJECT NO. NO. OF PAGES/APPENDICES 82-14-03196-6 148 ELECTRONIC FILE CODE PROJECT MANAGER (NAME, SIGN.) CHECKED BY (NAME, SIGN.) Document2 Markus Bugge Markus Bugge FILE CODE DATE APPROVED BY (NAME, POSITION, SIGN.) 2003-06-13 Svend Otto Remøe, Director ABSTRACT This report summarizes the Nordic research project behind the music - Profiting from Sound: A Systems Approach to the Dynamics of Nordic Music Industry. The project was funded by The Nordic Industrial Fund (Center for Innovation and Commercial Development) which is an institution under the Nordic Council of Ministers. This report has been written and compiled from materials and inputs provided by the researchers involved in the project and by the industry reference group. KEYWORDS ENGLISH NORWEGIAN GROUP 1 Music Musikk GROUP 2 Innovation Innovasjon SELECTED BY AUTHOR BEHIND THE MUSIC Profiting from Sound: A Systems Approach to the Dynamics of the Nordic Music Industry Final Report March 2003 Edited by Dominic Power www.step.no/music/ www.nordicinnovation.net/ [email protected] Preface This report summarizes the Nordic research project behind the music - Profiting from Sound: A Systems Approach to the Dynamics of Nordic Music Industry. The project was funded by The Nordic Industrial Fund (Center for Innovation and Commercial Development) which is an institution under the Nordic Council of Ministers. The Fund initiates and finances research and development into the Nordic innovation system. Projects financed by the Nordic Industrial Fund aim to contribute to increasing the competitiveness of Nordic trade and industry, strengthening Nordic business culture whilst also contributing to sustainable societal development. This report has been written and compiled by Dominic Power from materials and inputs provided by the researchers involved in the project and by the industry reference group. Dominic Power, March 2003. 2 List of participants Researchers: Daniel Hallencreutz (Intersecta Consultancy, Sweden) Dominic Power (Uppsala University, Sweden) Gylfi Dalmann Adalsteinsson (University of Iceland) Hanna Virtanen (ETLA, Finland) Helga Bjorg Ragnarsdottir (University of Iceland) Johan Hauknes (STEP – Centre for Innovation Research; SINTEF Industrial Management, Norway) Lars Frederiksen (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark) Mark Lorenzen (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark) Markus M. Bugge (STEP – Centre for Innovation Research; SINTEF Industrial Management, Norway) Per Lundequist (Intersecta Consultancy, Sweden) Rita Asplund (ETLA, Finland) Industry representative group: Ahti Vänttinen (President of the Finnish Musicians Union/editor Musician Magazine, Finland) Anders Engström (Picnic Publishing/Warner Chappel and MNW Publishing, Sweden) Asbjørn Slettemark (Editor of FaroJournalen, Norway) Jesper Bay (Musicmatters, Denmark) Steinar Berg Isleifsson (Music industry representative Iceland) Project Coordinator: Markus M. Bugge 3 Contents Preface 2 List of participants 3 Contents 4 Executive Summary: Main Findings and Policy Challenges 5 Sammendrag: Hovedfunn og politikkutfordringer 8 Policy challenges to improve the competitiveness of the Nordic popular music industry 11 Introduction 17 Mapping the National Industries: Overview and Key Findings 21 Denmark 26 Finland 39 Iceland 49 Norway 59 Sweden 69 Introduction to the Case Studies 82 The organization of Product Innovation in Danish Record Companies: The role of Project Coordinators, Majors and Indies 87 Here, There, but Not Everywhere: Networks, Clustering, and Policies in the Danish Music Industry 92 Digital Delivery of Popular Music: The Case of Finland 98 Technological and economic competence within the Icelandic music industry: The Icelandic music industry 107 Independent Dependency & the Resonance of Buzz: Creation & Coordination of Competencies in the Norwegian Pop Music Industry 115 When the Market Takes Over: global commodity chains, and foreign musical products on US music market 123 Are they only in it for the money? – Subsidiary strategy and impact on local clusters in the recorded music industry: the case of Sweden 131 The emergence of a post-industrial music economy? Music and ICT synergies in Stockholm, Sweden 135 References 141 4 Executive Summary: Main Findings and Policy Challenges THE MUSIC INDUSTRY IN A PERIOD OF RESTRUCTURING Findings • The Nordic music industry is clearly growing in terms of employment rates and sales. • An increasing share of value creation within the music industry stems from related industries. Activities such as digital distribution, music videos, song-writing and software comprise a growing share of the industry’s activities. • There is an emerging division of labour between independent and major record companies and labels. • Boundaries between various activity types are getting blurred. In particular, boundaries between record companies, publishers, management and promotion companies are increasingly unclear as many of these tend to be involved in the same activities. Key policies • Policies towards the music industry should take into account the role and the extent of related music services, and the intersection of music and other related services such the media and ICT. There are mutual benefits and new products to be gained from mixing music with other industries. • There is a need for the collection of more accurate industrial statistics and benchmarks on the music industry. Better figures are needed in order to identify problems and benchmark developments. • A supportive local market is crucial to the industry. Decreased sales taxes or value added taxes on musical products would act as a considerable stimulant to domestic demand. The sales taxes applied to both recorded and live music should be brought into line with the substantially lower rates of sales tax applied to other cultural products. A KNOWLEDGE DRIVEN INDUSTRY Findings • The music industry consists of a wide variety of different activities and these require specialised skills and competencies. Whilst high levels of musical and artistic skills exist in all five countries, musical skills are often not matched by business skills. There is a clear lack of skills and knowledge coordination in the industry. • The music industry is split between highly concentrated and powerful multinational corporations (the ‘majors’) and numerous, relatively small scale, independent firms. This division can serve to create a competitive and dynamic business environments that is essential for creativity and for the serving of the different types of markets and customers the music industry serves. Equally the 5 fragmentation and splitting of the industry in this way can be an obstacle to firms’ competitiveness and ability to innovate, individuals’ experiences and life-long learning, and the industries’ visibility at national and governmental levels. Key policies • Public sector cultural policies have inadequate integration with business development policies. There is a need for a better coordination and integration between cultural and business policy towards the music industry. • There is a need for better coordination of existing strengths and competencies in the industry. To this end action should be taken to: • Encourage the development of Nordic music industry gatherings or events in order to support information exchange, diffusion of best practice, better networking amongst Nordic firms and actors, and cross national marketing. • Support joint ventures and local cluster initiatives in order to improve knowledge diffusion and networking between the different sets of actors and competencies in the music industry. Small and independent music and music-services firms are especially vulnerable, and whose joint ventures, business networks, and new independent industry associations should be supported. • Support the development of third-level educational programmes focusing on the music industry, since there has been an increased need for people with more formalised educations in parallel with the increased internationalisation and professionalization of the industry. Action should also be taken to: • Provide seminar series focusing on export market characteristics; trends and workings; new technologies; business skills such as management, marketing and administration. • Initiate mentoring programs and informal networks targeted at increasing the participation and career development of women in the industry. • Firms, music organisations and educational authorities should monitor national and international best practice in music education and competence development. • Support the establishment of national umbrella organisations that link various organisations representing the music industry. There is a need for a national organisation that represents the music industry with a single voice – both nationally and internationally – in all questions of common interest and that has the power to lobby on the industry’s behalf. AN EXPORT ORIENTED INDUSTRY Findings • The Nordic countries have relatively small domestic music markets and very outward looking business cultures. This means
Recommended publications
  • What Did They Sound Like?

    What Did They Sound Like?

    Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Íslensk miðaldafræði What did they sound like? Reconstructing the music of the Viking Age Ritgerð til MA-prófs í íslenskum miðaldafræðum Chihiro Tsukamoto Kt.: 250493-3209 Leiðbeinandi: Þórir Jónsson Hraundal Janúar 2017 Abstract There has been much scholarship over the years regarding Scandinavian culture during the Viking Age (c. 793–1066 CE). However, often missing from these discussions is the study of music. This paper attempts to fill that gap by offering a reconstruction of Viking Age Scandinavian music. Archaeological evidence, literary records, and medieval music theories were used as the basis of this study. Archaeology indicates that Scandinavians played wind, string, and percussion instruments, while later Old Norse literary accounts detail the many circumstances wherein music was performed, and suggest the likely existence of different musical genres. I have consulted Arabic, Greek, and Latin accounts for contemporary sources, as the Scandinavian people did not have a written culture during this time. Marking a departure from typical historical analyses, I have also conducted a cross- cultural comparison of medieval Arabic, Greek, and Western European music theories in order to recognize what Scandinavian music could not have resembled. By combining archaeological, literary, and musical evidence, it is possible to propose a highly educated hypothesis on how Viking Age Scandinavian music may have sounded. Ágrip Mikið hefur verið rætt og ritað í gegnum árin um Skandinavíska menningu á Víkingaöld (um 793–1066 e.Kr.). Hins vegar er tónlist viðfangsefni sem oft virðist vanta í þessar umræður. Þessi ritgerð mun reyna að fylla það skarð með því að leggja fram tilgátu um endurgerð Skandinavískrar tónlistar frá Víkingaöld.
  • Norway's Jazz Identity by © 2019 Ashley Hirt MA

    Norway's Jazz Identity by © 2019 Ashley Hirt MA

    Mountain Sound: Norway’s Jazz Identity By © 2019 Ashley Hirt M.A., University of Idaho, 2011 B.A., Pittsburg State University, 2009 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Musicology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Musicology. __________________________ Chair: Dr. Roberta Freund Schwartz __________________________ Dr. Bryan Haaheim __________________________ Dr. Paul Laird __________________________ Dr. Sherrie Tucker __________________________ Dr. Ketty Wong-Cruz The dissertation committee for Ashley Hirt certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: _____________________________ Chair: Date approved: ii Abstract Jazz musicians in Norway have cultivated a distinctive sound, driven by timbral markers and visual album aesthetics that are associated with the cold mountain valleys and fjords of their home country. This jazz dialect was developed in the decade following the Nazi occupation of Norway, when Norwegians utilized jazz as a subtle tool of resistance to Nazi cultural policies. This dialect was further enriched through the Scandinavian residencies of African American free jazz pioneers Don Cherry, Ornette Coleman, and George Russell, who tutored Norwegian saxophonist Jan Garbarek. Garbarek is credited with codifying the “Nordic sound” in the 1960s and ‘70s through his improvisations on numerous albums released on the ECM label. Throughout this document I will define, describe, and contextualize this sound concept. Today, the Nordic sound is embraced by Norwegian musicians and cultural institutions alike, and has come to form a significant component of modern Norwegian artistic identity. This document explores these dynamics and how they all contribute to a Norwegian jazz scene that continues to grow and flourish, expressing this jazz identity in a world marked by increasing globalization.
  • Two Day Autograph Auction Day 1 Saturday 02 November 2013 11:00

    Two Day Autograph Auction Day 1 Saturday 02 November 2013 11:00

    Two Day Autograph Auction Day 1 Saturday 02 November 2013 11:00 International Autograph Auctions (IAA) Office address Foxhall Business Centre Foxhall Road NG7 6LH International Autograph Auctions (IAA) (Two Day Autograph Auction Day 1 ) Catalogue - Downloaded from UKAuctioneers.com Lot: 1 tennis players of the 1970s TENNIS: An excellent collection including each Wimbledon Men's of 31 signed postcard Singles Champion of the decade. photographs by various tennis VG to EX All of the signatures players of the 1970s including were obtained in person by the Billie Jean King (Wimbledon vendor's brother who regularly Champion 1966, 1967, 1968, attended the Wimbledon 1972, 1973 & 1975), Ann Jones Championships during the 1970s. (Wimbledon Champion 1969), Estimate: £200.00 - £300.00 Evonne Goolagong (Wimbledon Champion 1971 & 1980), Chris Evert (Wimbledon Champion Lot: 2 1974, 1976 & 1981), Virginia TILDEN WILLIAM: (1893-1953) Wade (Wimbledon Champion American Tennis Player, 1977), John Newcombe Wimbledon Champion 1920, (Wimbledon Champion 1967, 1921 & 1930. A.L.S., Bill, one 1970 & 1971), Stan Smith page, slim 4to, Memphis, (Wimbledon Champion 1972), Tennessee, n.d. (11th June Jan Kodes (Wimbledon 1948?), to his protégé Arthur Champion 1973), Jimmy Connors Anderson ('Dearest Stinky'), on (Wimbledon Champion 1974 & the attractive printed stationery of 1982), Arthur Ashe (Wimbledon the Hotel Peabody. Tilden sends Champion 1975), Bjorn Borg his friend a cheque (no longer (Wimbledon Champion 1976, present) 'to cover your 1977, 1978, 1979 & 1980), reservation & ticket to Boston Francoise Durr (Wimbledon from Chicago' and provides Finalist 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, details of the hotel and where to 1973 & 1975), Olga Morozova meet in Boston, concluding (Wimbledon Finalist 1974), 'Crazy to see you'.
  • Scandinavian Dream

    Scandinavian Dream

    Rollins College Rollins Scholarship Online Master of Liberal Studies Theses Spring 2011 Scandinavian Dream: A Region’s Common Philosophical Principles Resulting in Equality, Prosperity, and Social Justice Remy Christopher Ansiello Rollins College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.rollins.edu/mls Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Ansiello, Remy Christopher, "Scandinavian Dream: A Region’s Common Philosophical Principles Resulting in Equality, Prosperity, and Social Justice" (2011). Master of Liberal Studies Theses. 4. http://scholarship.rollins.edu/mls/4 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Rollins Scholarship Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Liberal Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of Rollins Scholarship Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scandinavian Dream: A Region’s Common Philosophical Principles Resulting in Equality, Prosperity, and Social Justice A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Liberal Studies by Remy Christopher Ansiello May 2011 Mentor: Dr. Margaret McLaren Rollins College Hamilton Holt School Master of Liberal Studies Program Winter Park, Florida INTRODUCTION The Scandinavian nations of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden arguably enjoy a level of human equality, liberty, and prosperity unsurpassed by any other region today. Why and how is that? An analysis of this region’s historical, social, and economic ties – from the industrial revolution to the present – reveals that the formation of a set of common philosophical and foundational principles led to Scandinavia’s present position. These principles center on the belief that the individual, regardless of gender or social- class, must be free to determine his or her own destiny; furthermore, it is society’s obligation to remove all barriers that may keep someone from fulfilling one’s human potential.
  • Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment

    Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment

    Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert Working Paper 17-054 Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Working Paper 17-054 Copyright © 2016 by Sophus A. Reinert Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert1 Harvard Business School On 27 May 1776, the Scottish immigrant John Robertson Brand, sometimes known as John Brandt, was awarded a silver medal by the Royal Norwegian Scientific Society in the church of the fishing village of Hustad, south of the Trondheim Fjord in central Norway. Though below the Arctic Circle, Hustad lays slightly off the 63rd parallel north, which otherwise runs through Canada’s Nunavut and Yukon Territories, the Davis Strait, and the deep Russian tundra, far, far north of the traditional latitudes of Enlightenment. And yet, stepping into the small wooden church’s aisle on that spring day to deliver a speech marking the occasion, District Governor Even Hammer of Romsdal (1732-1800) summoned a language of reform, improvement, industriousness, civic virtue, public happiness, jealousy of trade, and political economy, that would have resonated deeply and widely across the European world, a language indebted to wider international currents but resolutely inflected by local conditions in what he appropriately called ‘our cold North’.2 Few cases better justify the great Turinese historian Franco Venturi’s admonition, a few 1 Rolv Petter Amdam first introduced me to Even Hammer, and I would like to express my gratitude to him, to Mads Langnes at Romsdalsmuseet in Molde for going well beyond the call of duty in facilitating my work on this intriguing figure, and, particularly, to Marit Sjelmo for jovial research assistance and Robert Fredona for invaluable suggestions.
  • Bibliography, Literature in English on Norwegian History C

    Bibliography, Literature in English on Norwegian History C

    Bibliography of English language literature on Norwegian history, c. 1800-2000 Revised edition Ellen Skjold Kvåle Historisk institutt Universtietet i Oslo This bibliography is the result of two months‟ work, initiated by the department of history at the University of Oslo. I have based my work on the bibliography compiled by Siri Aanstad in 2000, and this bibliography is an extended, revised and updated version of her work. Ellen Skjold Kvåle, Blindern, March 2004 1 Bibliography, literature in English on Norwegian history c. 1800-2000 Historical bibliographies Grönland, Erling, Norway in English. Books on Norway and by Norwegians in English 1936 – 1959, Oslo, 1961 (UHS) Henriksen, Ingrid, Jaakko, Autio, Hagberg, Anne, Skårfors, Rikard, „Select bibliography 1999‟, in Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol 48 no. 3, 2000 Sather, Leland B., Norway, Oxford, 1986 (UHS) Historiography Blom, I., „Women‟s history‟, in Hubbard, William H. et al (eds.), Making a Historical Culture: Historiography in Norway, Oslo, 1995 (UHS) Førland, Tor Egil, „Far Out: International History in Norway‟, in Scandinavian Journal of History, Vol 20, No 3, 1995 (UHS) Førland, Tor Egil, „International History‟, in Hubbard, William H. et al (eds.), Making a Historical Culture: Historiography in Norway, Oslo, 1995 (UHS) Gemzell, Carl-Axel, „Scandinavian history in international research: Some observations on Britain, France, West Germany and East Germany‟, in Scandinavian Journal of History, Vol 5, No 4, 1980 (UHS) A detailed account of the research work done by historians as well as by some social scientists from these countries on Scandinavian topics. Hubbard, William H., „Historical demography‟, in Hubbard, William H. et al (eds.), Making a Historical Culture: Historiography in Norway, Oslo, 1995 (UHS) Hubbard, W.H., Myhre, J.E., Nordby, T.
  • Norwegian Shipping in the 20Th Century Norway's Successful Navigation of the World's Most Global Industry

    Norwegian Shipping in the 20Th Century Norway's Successful Navigation of the World's Most Global Industry

    PALGRAVE STUDIES IN MARITIME ECONOMICS Stig Tenold Norwegian Shipping in the 20th Century Norway’s Successful Navigation of the World’s Most Global Industry Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics Series Editors Hercules Haralambides Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands Elias Karakitsos EN Aviation & Shipping Research Ltd Athens, Greece Stig Tenold Department of Economics NHH – Norwegian School of Economics Bergen, Norway Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics is a new, original and timely interdisciplinary series that seeks to be pivotal in nature and improve our understanding of the role of the maritime sector within port economics and global supply chain management, shipping finance, and maritime business and economic history. The maritime industry plays an increas- ingly important role in the changing world economy, and this new series offers an outlet for reviewing trends and developments over time as well as analysing how such changes are affecting trade, transport, the environ- ment and financial markets. Each title in the series will communicate key research findings, shaping new approaches to maritime economics. The core audience will be academic, as well as policymakers, regulators and international maritime authorities and organisations. Individual titles will often be theoretically informed but will always be firmly evidence- based, seeking to link theory to policy outcomes and changing practices. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15187 Stig Tenold Norwegian Shipping in the 20th Century Norway’s Successful Navigation of the World’s Most Global Industry Stig Tenold Department of Economics NHH – Norwegian School of Economics Bergen, Norway Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics ISBN 978-3-319-95638-1 ISBN 978-3-319-95639-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95639-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018952928 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019.
  • ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 263

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 263

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 263 Utgivna av Historiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet genom Margaret Hunt och Maria Ågren Omslagsbild: Juletreet/The Christmas Tree, Theodor Kittelsen Foto: Used with permission from Grev Wedels Plass Auksjoner AS Omslagslayout: Camilla Eriksson Christopher Thompson Norges Våpen Cultural Memory and Uses of History in Norwegian Black Metal Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Humanities Theater, Engelska parken, room 22-0008, Uppsala, Friday, 18 January 2019 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Benjamin Martin (Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria). Abstract Thompson, C. 2018. Norges Våpen. Cultural Memory and Uses of History in Norwegian Black Metal. Studia Historica Upsaliensia 263. 221 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0505-9. This dissertation examines uses of history and expressions of cultural memory in Norwegian black metal. Formed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Norwegian black metal seemed at odds with many of the stereotypes of Norway. The genre is an extreme style of heavy metal music that has been associated with burning churches, desecrating graves, and committing murders. Yet, Norway is often perceived as wealthy with sublime natural beauty and high levels of equality. Since the late 1990s, Norwegian black metal has increasingly received positive recognition and support from Norwegian government agencies and cultural institutions who have deemed this style of music a cultural product of Norway. In exploring the relationship between Norwegian black metal and Norway, two primary questions are asked: what makes Norwegian black metal ‘Norwegian’ and what are its influences? To answer these questions, a theoretical approach based on Astrid Erll’s cultural memory complex is used.
  • Scandinavia After the Fall of the Kalmar Union: a Study in Scandinavian Relations, 1523-1536

    Scandinavia After the Fall of the Kalmar Union: a Study in Scandinavian Relations, 1523-1536

    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2007-07-10 Scandinavia After the Fall of the Kalmar Union: A Study in Scandinavian Relations, 1523-1536 Kenneth Steffensen Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Steffensen, Kenneth, "Scandinavia After the Fall of the Kalmar Union: A Study in Scandinavian Relations, 1523-1536" (2007). Theses and Dissertations. 1009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1009 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. SCANDINAVIA AFTER THE FALL OF THE KALMAR UNION: A STUDY OF SCANDINAVIAN RELATIONS, 1523-1536 By Kenneth Steffensen A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History Brigham Young University July 2007 1 Copyright © Kenneth Steffensen All Rights Reserved 2 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERISTY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Kenneth Steffensen This thesis has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. ________________________ ______________________________ Date Donald J. Harreld, Chair ________________________ ______________________________
  • Norway and the United Kingdom Contents

    Norway and the United Kingdom Contents

    Norway and the United Kingdom Contents Introduction p. 3 History p. 5 Close ties between the Royal Families p. 9 Political cooperation p. 11 The economy p. 15 Energy cooperation p. 19 Shipping p. 21 Tourism p. 23 Cultural ties p. 27 English football p. 35 Useful addresses p. 37 Introduction Since the first millennium AD, Norwegian and Britain is Norway’s largest trading partner, with 3 British ships have been crossing paths on trade a two-way trade of around NOK 131 billion routes over the North Sea. During the 8th and (GBP 1.00 = approx. NOK 13, May 2001) in 2000 9th centuries the Vikings rampaged through the – an increase from 85 billion in 1999. The UK is British Isles, after which they began settling Norway’s single most important export market, down and imposing their own customs on the and is the third largest market for imports to indigenous British. After the Viking landings, Norway, after Sweden and Germany. Britain is the two countries began a fertile exchange of an important supplier of equipment and machin- language and traditions, which has continued ery to Norway. ever since. The British were among the first tourists to Norway and Britain have long shared a com- Norway, and continue to cross the North Sea to mon sea, and have taken to the waves to trade, enjoy the spectacular beauty of the fjords and explore and fight. The royal families of both the mountains, while the Norwegians travel to countries have a long history of intermarriage the British Isles in great numbers, many of and alliance.
  • Country Report Norway

    Country Report Norway

    COUNTRY REPORT NORWAY Ministry of Education and Research Norway Language Education Policy Profile 2003 - 2004 CONTENTS SECTION 1 œ FACTUAL DESCRIPTION........................................................................... 3 1.1. CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING ................................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Facts about Norwegian Education and Training..................................................... 4 1.1.2. The language situation in Norway ........................................................................... 6 1.2. OPPORTUNITIES FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING .......................................................................... 8 1.2.1. Norwegian mother tongue / Norwegian as first language ....................................... 8 1.2.2. Norwegian Sign Language as a first language ........................................................ 9 1.2.3. Norwegian for linguistic minorities/Norwegian as a 2nd language........................ 9 1.2.4. First language of linguistic minorities ................................................................... 10 1.2.5. Foreign languages.................................................................................................. 10 SECTION 2 œ PLURILINGUALISM AND DIVERSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE LEARNING œ NORWAY‘S RESPONSE TO PRINCIPLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE........................................... 14 2.1. NATIONAL , REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES ............................................................ 14 2.2. FOREIGN
  • Scandinavian History in the Viking Age: a Select Bibliography

    Scandinavian History in the Viking Age: a Select Bibliography

    Scandinavian History in the Viking Age A Select Bibliography Martin Syrett 3rd edition, revised by Haki Antonsson and Jonathan Grove Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic University of Cambridge 2004 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE DEPARTMENT OF ANGLO-SAXON, NORSE, AND CELTIC 9 West Road, Cambridge CB3 9DP Telephone: (01223) 335079 www.asnc.cam.ac.uk ASNC GUIDES, TEXTS, AND STUDIES Further information on this series will be found on the website of the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic ISSN 1475-8520 1 Simon Keynes, Anglo-Saxon England: a Bibliographical Handbook for Students of Anglo-Saxon History, 5th ed. (2004) ISBN 0 9532172 8 0 2 Martin Syrett, Scandinavian History in the Viking Age: a Select Bibliography, 3rd ed., revised by Haki Antonsson and Jonathan Grove (2004) ISBN 0 9532172 9 9 3 Paul Russell, A Bibliography of Medieval Welsh Literature, 2nd ed., (2004) ISBN 0 9532697 3 6 4 Martin Syrett, The Vikings in England: the Evidence of Runic Inscriptions (2002) ISBN 0 9532697 4 4 5 Simon Keynes, An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670 –1066, I: Tables (2002) ISBN 0 9532697 6 0 6 Rebecca Rushforth, An Atlas of Saints in Anglo-Saxon Calendars (2002) ISBN 0 9532697 7 9 Further volumes are in preparation Cover The ‘Jelling beast’ from the larger runestone at Jelling in Jutland, on which king Harald bluetooth proclaimed his sovereignty over Denmark and Norway as well as observing that he ‘made the Danes Christian’. Variously interpreted as a symbol of either pagan mythology or royal authority, the art-work reflects the Mammen style and is possibly to be dated to the 960s.