How Plankton Swim: an Interdisciplinary Approach for Using Mathematics & Physics to Understand the Biology of the Natural World T

The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine

Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship School of Marine Sciences

8-1-2008 How Plankton Swim: An Interdisciplinary Approach for Using Mathematics & Physics to Understand the Biology of the Natural World T. W. Clay

J. B. Fox

D. Grunbaum

Peter Jumars University of Maine - Main, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/sms_facpub

Repository Citation Clay, T. W.; Fox, J. B.; Grunbaum, D.; and Jumars, Peter, "How Plankton Swim: An Interdisciplinary Approach for Using Mathematics & Physics to Understand the Biology of the Natural World" (2008). Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship. 55. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/sms_facpub/55

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Plankton Swim: An Interdisciplinary Approach for Using Mathematics & Physics To Understand the Biology of the Natural World

T ANSY W. CLAY JENNIFER B. FOX DANIEL GRÜNBAUM PETER A. JUMARS

DJFOUJGJD SFTFBSDIFST Table 1. Overview of Lessons PGUFO4 VTF NBUIFNBUJDT BOE QIZTJDT UP BEESFTT CJPMPHJDBM LESSON PURPOSE RVFTUJPOT)PXFWFS UIFTFEJT 1. Plankton Lab Students gain familiarity with plankton through detailed firsthand DJQMJOFT BSF HFOFSBMMZ QSFTFOU FE BT TFQBSBUF BOE EJTUJODU BU observations. Students are introduced to plankton ecology and the UIF IJHI TDIPPM MFWFM /FBSMZ importance of plankton in a global context. FWFSZ IJHI TDIPPM TUVEFOU JO 2. Plankton Online Students develop intuition about physical factors that influence planktonic "NFSJDBUBLFTCJPMPHZ NBLJOH movement, and hypothesize about how/why plankton move. UIFCJPMPHZDMBTTUIFJEFBMFOWJ SPONFOUUPJOUSPEVDFTUVEFOUT 3. Viscosity and the Students are introduced to the concepts of viscosity and the Reynolds UP UIF SFMBUFE GJFMET PG NBUI Reynolds Number Number (Re). Students build intuition about movement in viscous FNBUJDT BOE QIZTJDT 6TJOH environments. JOUFSEJTDJQMJOBSZBQQSPBDIFTJO UIF CJPMPHZ DMBTTSPPN UFBDI 4. Forces and Marine Life Students explore how surface area and volume scale with organism size, FST DBO FYQPTF NBOZ NPSF and what this means in terms of the relative importance of inertial and IJHI TDIPPM TUVEFOUT UP CPUI viscous forces. UIF OBUVSF PG JOUFSEJTDJQMJOBSZ XPSL BOE UP TVCKFDU BSFBT JO 5. Practice Calculating Students practice calculating the Re of organisms to determine which NBUIFNBUJDTBOEQIZTJDT5IF Reynolds Numbers forces dominate the movements of each. HPBMT BSF TJNJMBS UP UIF ²QIZT JDTGJSTU³BQQSPBDI -FEFSNBO 6. Low Reynolds Number Students summarize, in their own words, their understanding of the JO UIBU TUVEFOUT VTF Conclusion material covered. INQUIRY & INVESTIGATION INQUIRY QIZTJDT UP BEESFTT CJPMPHJ 7. Model Feeding Students apply the concepts they have learned and the DBM RVFTUJPOT 5ISPVHI VTJOH NBUIFNBUJDT BOE QIZTJDT UP Appendage intuition gained to build a feeding appendage that will work well in a VOEFSTUBOE CJPMPHZ TUVEFOUT low Re environment. DBO SFDPHOJ[F UIF DPOOFDUJPO CFUXFFO UIFTF EJTDJQMJOFT BOE BMT JODMVEF B TFSJFT PG JORVJSZCBTFE IBOETPO FYFSDJTFT UIFOBUVSBMQSPDFTTFTJOUIFXPSMEBSPVOEUIFN EFTJHOFEUPCFBDDFTTJCMFUPTUVEFOUTXJUIBSBOHFPGCBDL HSPVOET.BOZPGUIFTFNBUFSJBMTDPVMECFBEBQUFEGPSVTF 8F IBWF EFWFMPQFE BOE GJFMEUFTUFE IJHI TDIPPMMFWFM CZNJEEMFTDIPPM BOEPSDPMMFHFMFWFMTUVEFOUT DVSSJDVMBSNBUFSJBMTUIBUHVJEFTUVEFOUTUPVTFCJPMPHZ NBUI FNBUJDT BOEQIZTJDTUPVOEFSTUBOEQMBOLUPOBOEIPXUIFTF )FSFXFEFTDSJCFTBNQMFMFTTPOT 5BCMF TVNNBSJ[F UJOZ PSHBOJTNT NPWF JO B XPSME XIFSF PVS JOUVJUJPO EPFT XIBUXPSLFEXFMM BOEGMBHPCTUBDMFTXFFODPVOUFSFEXIJMF OPUBQQMZ8FDIPTFQMBOLUPOBTUIFGPDVTPGPVSNBUFSJBMT JOUFHSBUJOHNBUIFNBUJDTBOEQIZTJDTJOUPUIFCJPMPHZDMBTT QSJNBSJMZCFDBVTFUIFDIBMMFOHFTGBDFECZQMBOLUPOBSFOPWFM SPPN 8F BMTP BTTFTT PVS TVDDFTT JO BDIJFWJOH GPVS PWFSBMM QSPCMFNTUPNPTUTUVEFOUT GPSDJOHBEPQUJPOPGOFXQFSTQFD PCKFDUJWFT UJWFTBOENBLJOHUIFTUVEZPGQMBOLUPOFYDJUJOH"EEJUJPOBM JODSFBTJOHTUVEFOUBXBSFOFTTPGUIFVTFTPGNBUIBOE SFBTPOT UIBU XF DIPTF QMBOLUPO UP GPDVT PO JODMVEF UIFJS QIZTJDTJOCJPMPHZBOEFOWJSPONFOUBMTDJFODFT FDPMPHJDBM JNQPSUBODF UIFJS BWBJMBCJMJUZ UP NPTU UFBDIFST JODSFBTJOHTVDDFTTGVMDPNQMFUJPOPGCBTJDNBUIFNBU BOETUVEFOUT UIFFBTFXJUIXIJDIUIFZDBOCFDPMMFDUFEBOE JDTPQFSBUJPOT PCTFSWFE BOEUIFDVSSFOUGPDVTPGTPNFTDJFOUJGJDSFTFBSDIFST PO UIFJS NPWFNFOU BOE CFIBWJPS 5IFTF DVSSJDVMBS NBUFSJ JODSFBTJOH TUVEFOU VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG QIZTJDT DPO DFQUTBOEUFSNJOPMPHZ JODSFBTJOH TUVEFOU BXBSFOFTT PG IPX QMBOLUPO BOE 6#05; 9 %.#; KU 4GUGCTEJ #UUKUVCPV 5EJQQN QH 1EGCPQITCRJ[ 7PKXGTUKV[ NBSJOFCJPMPHZBGGFDUUIFJSXPSME QH 9CUJKPIVQP 5GCVVNG 9# GOCKN VCPU["QEGCP YCUJKPIVQPGFW,'00+('4$(1:KU*KIJ5EJQQN5EKGPEG%QCEJ5GCVVNG2WDNKE 5EJQQNU5GCVVNG9#GOCKNLDHQZ"UGCVVNGUEJQQNUQTI�+'. #BDLHSPVOE*OGPSNBUJPO )4g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

HOW PLANKTON SWIM 363 Figure 1. Photographs of plankton. Top row is zooplankton (from left to right), a copepod (Acartia) (photo courtesy of R. Hopcroft), a copepod (Euchaeta) (photo courtesy of J. Yen), and a larval sand dollar (Dendraster) (photo courtesy of T. Clay). Bottom row is phytoplankton (from left to right), Thalassiosira sp Chaetoceros sp, Ceratium fusus (photos courtesy of K. Holtermann). Note: Images are not to scale.

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366 THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 6, AUGUST 2008 -FTTPO1SBDUJDF$BMDVMBUJOH3FZOPMET/VNCFST -FTTPO)PNFXPSL 6KOG4GSWKTGF0OFNJOVUFDMBTTQFSJPEJGSFTFBSDIJTBTTJHOFEBTIPNFXPSL PUIFSXJTFUXP 5IF-PX3FZOPMET NJOVUFDMBTTQFSJPET /VNCFS$PODMVTJPO $CEMITQWPF+PHQTOCVKQP 6KOG 4GSWKTGF 0OF NJOVUF Inertia >>> 1 = High Reynolds Number: Inertial force is dominant DMBTT QFSJPE PS BTTJHO BT Viscosity IPNFXPSL Inertia <<< 1 = Low Reynolds Number: Viscous force is dominant 2TQEGFWTG Viscosity 8SJUF BO FTTBZ UIBU 3FZOPMET&RVBUJPO BOTXFST UIF GPMMPXJOH 3F 6%R 4QFFEPGPCKFDU %JBNFUFSPGUFTUPCKFDU %FOTJUZPGGMVJE RVFTUJPO ²)PX EPFT BO M 'MVJE7JTDPTJUZ PSHBOJTNµTTJ[FDPOUSJCVUF UP JUT BCJMJUZ UP NPWFGFFE 6 4QFFEPGPCKFDU JF UIFTQFFEXJUIXIJDIXBUFSNPWFTQBTUPCKFDU VOJUTBSFDOU JOBMPX3FZOPMETOVNCFS % %JBNFUFSPGPCKFDU VOJUTBSFDO FOWJSPONFOU ³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luid Forces domi- TVQQPSUTZPVSBOTXFS Speed Diameter Density of Fluid Viscosity Reynolds nating move- Organism (sea water) )TCFKPIETKVGTKC (cm/s) (cm) (g/cm3) (sea water) number ment (inertial (g/cm s) or viscous?) &TTBZJTXPSET Copepod 0.002 1 0.012 QUT Orca Whale 15.4 1 0.012 "OTXFSJTDMFBSMZTUBUFE Diatom 0.0000058 1 0.012 QUT Pacific Sardine 1.6 1 0.012 7PDBCVMBSZXPSETBSF Sea Nettle 0.05 1 0.012 VTFEDPSSFDUMZ QUT Black Sea Turtle 9.83 1 0.012 Sun Fish 0.454 1 0.012 "OTXFSJTTVQQPSUFEXJUI FWJEFODFGSPN²1SBDUJDF White Shark 0.67 1 0.012 $BMDVMBUJOH3FZOPMET Copepod 0.001 1 0.012 /VNCFST³BOEPUIFSJO Appendage DMBTTXPSL QUT 4IBSFXJUIUIFDMBTTUIFJOGPSNBUJPOZPVSHSPVQIBTGPVOEBCPVUZPVSPSHBOJTN *OZPVSHSPVQ DBMDVMBUFUIF3FZOPMETOVNCFSVTJOHUIFFRVBUJPOEJTDVTTFEJODMBTT *O ZPVS HSPVQ EFUFSNJOF XIJDI GPSDFT ° JOFSUJBM PS WJTDPVT ° EPNJOBUF FBDI NBSJOF PSHBOJTNµTNPWFNFOU %JTDVTTSFTVMUTBTBDMBTT

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HOW PLANKTON SWIM 367 UIF MFTTPOT QSPHSFTTFE UP UIF EFUBJMTPGIPXQMBOLUPONPWF "DUJWJUJFT %VSJOH UIFTF MFTTPOT TUVEFOUT HBJOFE GJSTU IBOE FYQFSJFODF XJUI IPX NBUIFNBUJDT BOE QIZTJDT DBO JOGPSNUIFJSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPG CJPMPHZ 'PDBM DPODFQUT XFSF WJTDPVTBOEJOFSUJBMGPSDFT 4G BOEBEBQUBUJPOTGPSMJGFBUMPX 4G5IFGJOBMMFTTPOT "DUJWJUJFT XFSF TZOUIFTJT BDUJWJ UJFT UIBU SFRVJSFE TUVEFOUT UP Figure 3. A student using a BQQMZ UIFJS MFBSOJOH UP B OFX feeding appendage that he/she TJUVBUJPO BOEUIFSFGPSFTFSWFE designed and built, to move a bead BTBTTFTTNFOUUPPMT (“food”) into a test tube (“mouth”) in a viscous environment (corn- -FTTPOT-FBSOFE syrup) as part of the “Model Feeding "QQSPBDIFT UIBU XPSLFE Figure 2. A student experiencing viscosity by trying to move lentils Appendage” activity. Several other XFMMUPJODSFBTFTUVEFOUJOUFS around in container full of corn syrup in the “Viscosity and the Reynolds appendages built by students are FTU BOE FGGPSU XFSF IBOETPO Number” activity. visible in the foreground. BDUJWJUJFT JOWPMWJOH TUVEFOUT UISPVHIPVU BO BDUJWJUZ BOE TZOUIFTJT )BOETPO BDUJWJUJFT VMUJNBUFMZEFWFMPQJOHUIFJSPXOJOUVJUJPOGPSUIFDPODFQUTQSF QSPWJEFE PQQPSUVOJUZ GPS TUVEFOUT UP FYQMPSF B HJWFO UPQJD TFOUFE 'PS FYBNQMF JO POF MBC 7JTDPTJUZ BOE UIF 3FZOPMET

ChangeChangeChanges in insphere Surface in sphere Areasurface(m2) wsurface ith changes area area ChangeChangesChangeChanges in in inVolume sp Volume inhere (m3) sphere (m3) with vo with changeslume changes volume in (m in 3) in radius 3 radiusradius (m2(m) with2) with change change in radius in radius (mwith) withchange change in radius in radius ) 2 ) 4500 45004500 2 ) 3 40004000 ) 400040004000 4000 3 4000 3500 35003500

30003000 3000 3000m 3000 30003000 3 3

2500 25002500 2000 2000 20002000 20002000 Volume (m Volume (m Surface Area (m2 Surface Area ( 1500 15001500 1000 10001000 100010001000 Sphere volume (m

500 Sphere volume (m 500500 Sphere surface area (m

Sphere surface area (m 0 00 00 0 0246810051005100510024681002468100510 SphereSphereRadius radius radius (m) (m) (m) SphereSphereRadiusRadius radius radius (m) (m) (m) (m)

c) Graphs of how sphere surface area and volume change with radius.

Student Observations a) Cubes of different sizes. “Slope of the volume is steeper than that of the surface area.” “Volume will increase faster because it is cubed.” “Volume increases faster with size than surface area.” Volume of a sphere: 4 r3 3 Student Questions 2 Surface area of a sphere: 4 r “Does SA always equal 1/3 of the radius?” Volume = (4/3) r3 =4 r3 =r3 =r “What will the SA be when the radius is less than 0.01?” 2 2 2 Surface Area 4 r 3x4 r 3r 3 “What is the step by step process in solving the equations?”

b) Formulas for volume, surface area, and the ratio d) Student observations of and questions about surface area and (volume)/(surface area) of a sphere. volume. Figure 4. 4OOLSPROVIDEDA B C TOAIDSTUDENTTHINKINGABOUTHOWSURFACEAREAANDVOLUMESCALEWITHANOBJECTSSIZE ANDOBSERVATIONSANDQUES- tions (d) students developed after working with these tools.

368 THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 6, AUGUST 2008 /VNCFS±-FTTPO TUVEFOUT XFSFDIBMMFOHFEUPVTFFWFSZ Understanding Marine Organisms Pre- and Post-test NAME______EBZVUFOTJMTUPQJDLVQMFOUJMT 1. What is the difference between phytoplankton and zooplankton? GSPN B CFBLFS GVMM PG DPSO TZSVQ 'JHVSF %VSJOHUIJT 2. What is diffusion? FYQMPSBUJPO TUVEFOUT EJTDPW FSFE UIBU ²UIF VUFOTJMT QVTI 3. Why might scientists need to use math? UIF MFOUJMT GVSUIFS BXBZ³ 4. Give an example when you used math in a science class. 5ISPVHI UIJT IBOETPO BDUJW JUZ TUVEFOUT EJTDPWFSFE XIBU 5. What is chlorophyll? What organisms do you associate with this word? JUJTMJLFUPNPWFBOEGFFEJOB MPX4GFOWJSPONFOU 6. List one marine issue you have heard in the news this past year. 8IFOIBOETPOFYQMPSB 7. Determine the surface area of a sphere that has a radius of 0.1m, surface area = 4 r2? UJPOT XFSF OPU GFBTJCMF TUV EFOU JOUFSFTU XBT JODSFBTFE 8. Where in the ocean do sea-stars live? Why do they live there?

XIFO TUVEFOUT XFSF IFBW -13 -3 JMZ JOWPMWFE UISPVHIPVU BO 9. Circle the larger number: 8 X 10 or 3.8 X 10 BDUJWJUZ 'PS FYBNQMF JO POF 10. Give an example or define the following: FYFSDJTF 1SBDUJDF$BMDVMBUJOH 3FZOPMET /VNCFST±-FTTPO a. turbulence TUVEFOUT XFSF BTLFE UP b. viscosity DBMDVMBUF UIF 4G GPS B OVN CFS PG PSHBOJTNT 5IJT DPVME c. inertia IBWF CFFO B SPVUJOF ²QMVH BOEDIVH³ BMHFCSB FYFSDJTF d. surface area )PXFWFS CFDBVTF TUVEFOUT XFSF SFRVJSFE UP DPMMFDU UIF e. volume OFDFTTBSZNPSQIPMPHJDBMBOE CFIBWJPSBM JOGPSNBUJPO UIFZ Figure 5. Pre- and post-test questions. Questions 1, 5, 6, and 8 address knowledge about marine biology and CFUUFS VOEFSTUPPE UIF DPO plankton. Questions 3 and 4 address student awareness of the use of mathematics in biology and other environ- UFYU BOE²PXOFE³UIFBQQMJDB mental sciences. Questions 2, 10a, 10b, and 10c address student understanding of physics terminology. Questions UJPOPGUIFJSDBMDVMBUJPOT 7, 9, 10d, and 10e address basic mathematics operations. 5IF GJOBM TUSBUFHZ DJUFE CZ UIF TUVEFOUT UP CF DSJUJDBM NBUIFNBUJDT DMBTTFT NPTU TUVEFOUT DPNQMBJOFE UIBU UIFZ EJE GPSTVDDFTTXBTUIFJODMVTJPOPGTZOUIFTJTBDUJWJUJFT5IFTFBDUJWJ UJFT IFMQFE TUVEFOUT UP TFF UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQT CFUXFFO NVMUJQMF OPU LOPX IPX UP DBMDVMBUF TVSGBDF BSFB PS WPMVNF FWFO XJUI DPODFQUT*OPOFJOTUBODFXFVTFEBXSJUJOHFYFSDJTFBTBOPQQPS UIFGPSNVMBQSPWJEFE UIBUUIFZEJEOPULOPXXIBU²UIFMJUUMF UVOJUZGPSTZOUIFTJT -PX3FZOPMET/VNCFS$PODMVTJPO±-FTTPO BOEMJUUMFBCPWFUIFS³NFBOU BOEUIBUUIFZEJEOPULOPX 1SFEJDUBCMZ TUVEFOUT DPNQMBJOFE BCPVU IBWJOH UP XSJUF XIBUBSBUJPXBT PSIPXUPNBOBHFOVNCFSTXJUITPNBOZ[FSPT BO FTTBZ CVU BGUFSXBSET NBOZ DPNNFOUFE UIBU UIJT BDUJWJUZ JOUIFJSDBMDVMBUPST5ISPVHIEJTDVTTJPOTXJUIUIFTUVEFOUT XF IBEQSPWJEFEUJNFUPUIJOLDMFBSMZBCPVUDPOOFDUJPOTCFUXFFO GPVOEUIBUJONPTUDBTFTTUVEFOUTIBEUIFNBUIFNBUJDBMTLJMMT OFX DPODFQUT " TFDPOE TZOUIFTJT BDUJWJUZ .PEFM 'FFEJOH OFFEFEUPDPNQMFUFUIFBTTJHONFOU CVUXFSFOPUVTFEUPJOUF "QQFOEBHF±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²5IBUXJMMOFWFS GFSFODFTCFUXFFOTVSGBDFBSFBBOEWPMVNF 'JHVSF )PXFWFS XPSL ZPVµSFSFMZJOHPOJOFSUJB³ UIFJSRVFTUJPOTJOEJDBUFEUIBUNBOZTUVEFOUTMBDLFEUIFBCJMJUZUP 0OFLFZPCTUBDMFUPVTJOHJOUFSEJTDJQMJOBSZBQQSPBDIFTJO BQQMZUIFTFDPODFQUT"CSJFGNJOJMFDUVSF CBTFEPOUIFTUVEFOUTµ UIFCJPMPHZDMBTTSPPNXBTBTTVNJOHUIBUUIFTUVEFOUTXPVMECF RVFTUJPOT QSPWJEFE BMM TUVEFOUT XJUI UIF VOEFSTUBOEJOH BOE SFBEZ UP FOHBHF JO NBUIFNBUJDBM QSPCMFN TPMWJOH JO B CJPMPHZ FYQFSJFODFOFDFTTBSZUPDPNQMFUFUIFBTTJHONFOU5IJTNJOJMFD DMBTT 5IJT JT CFTU JMMVTUSBUFE JO UIF BDUJWJUZ 'PSDFT BOE .BSJOF UVSFQSPWJEFEPQQPSUVOJUZUPDMBSJGZNJTVOEFSTUBOEJOHTBOEUP -JGF±-FTTPO 4UVEFOUT XFSF CSPLFO JOUP HSPVQT BOE DIBM EFNPOTUSBUFUIFVTFPGUIFGPSNVMBTGPSTVSGBDFBSFBBOEWPMVNF MFOHFEUPDBMDVMBUFUIFTVSGBDFBSFB WPMVNF BOESBUJP WPMVNF "MMPXJOHTUVEFOUTUJNFBOETQBDFUPNBLFPCTFSWBUJPOTNBEFJU TVSGBDFBSFB PGGPVSPSHBOJTNTEFTDSJCFEBTTQIFSFTPGEJGGFSFOU QPTTJCMFGPSBOFYFSDJTFUIBUIBEJOJUJBMMZCFFOPWFSXIFMNJOHUP SBEJJ S 5IFSBUJPPGWPMVNFTVSGBDFBSFBXBTVTFEUPNBLFUIF CFDPNFDMFBS5IJTJMMVTUSBUFTUIFJNQPSUBODFPGSFNBJOJOHGMFY SBUJP TJNJMBS UP UIF 3FZOPMEµT OVNCFS SBUJP PG JOFSUJBMWJTDPVT JCMFBOEUBLJOHUIFUJNFUPBMMPXTUVEFOUTUPHBJOUIFTLJMMTBOE GPSDFT %FTQJUFIBWJOHCFFOFYQPTFEUPUIFTFDPODFQUTJOUIFJS FYQFSJFODFOFDFTTBSZUPDPNQMFUFBTTJHONFOUT

HOW PLANKTON SWIM 369 3FTVMUT Difference between pre- and post-test scores for biology and marine biology classes. 8F VTFE QSF BOE QPTUUFTUT UP BTTFTT 1.6 Biology UIF TVDDFTT PG UIFTF DVSSJDVMBS NBUFSJBMT JO 1.4 * UFSNT PG PVS PCKFDUJWFT 5IF UFTUT BTTFTTFE Marine Biology * TUVEFOULOPXMFEHFPGNBSJOFCJPMPHZQMBOL 1.2 UPO 2VFTUJPOT BXBSFOFTTPGUIF 1 VTF PG NBUI JO CJPMPHZ BOE FOWJSPONFOUBM 0.8 * TDJFODFT 2VFTUJPOT BOE VOEFSTUBOE * * JOH PG QIZTJDT UFSNJOPMPHZ 2VFTUJPOT 0.6 B C D BOETVDDFTTGVMDPNQMFUJPOPG 0.4 * * * CBTJDNBUIFNBUJDTPQFSBUJPOT 2VFTUJPOT * E F 'JHVSF 5FTUTXFSFUBLFOCZB 0.2 pre- and post-test scores

USFBUNFOUHSPVQUIBUSFDFJWFEUIFTFDVSSJDV Average difference between 0 MBS NBUFSJBMT BOE B DPOUSPM HSPVQ UIBU EJE -0.2 OPU SFDFJWF UIFTF NBUFSJBMT 5IF USFBUNFOU HSPVQ JODMVEFE UI UISPVHI UI HSBEF -0.4 3 4 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) fQ fQ 7 ) 9 ) d e 2 a b c ) 1 1 5 5) 6 6) 8 8) if 3) if 4) 7 9 0 0 2) 0 0 0 TUVEFOUT UBLJOH B NBSJOF CJPMPHZ DMBTT BT f Q f Q f Q f Q d d QQ Q 1 0d) 1 0e) 1 1 1 fQ( fQ( fQ( fQ( ( (Q ( (Q iff ( ifQf ( Q 1 Q 1 i (Q Q 10a) Q 10b) Q 10c h h h DffQ io io io io t th t t (Q (Q s (Q (Q (Q BOFMFDUJWF5IFDPOUSPMHSPVQJODMVEFEUI B B B B a a a a ic h h s s s s r r r r M M M M t t y ic ic ic a a a a a a h s s s HSBEF TUVEFOUT UBLJOH B CJPMPHZ DPVSTF UP M M M M & & M M y y y P h h h ne P P P GVMGJMMBSFRVJSFNFOU ec ne i iec c c 5FTUT XFSF DPEFE GPS TUVEFOU OBNF S S DMBTT BOE QSF WFSTVT QPTUDVSSJDVMVN BOE Figure 6. Average difference between pre- and post-test scores for the biology students HSBEFECMJOEMZ5IFHSBEJOHTDIFNFBTTJHOFE TDPSFTPGGPSBCMBOLPSJODPSSFDUBOTXFS (grey) and the marine biology students (white). Black asterisk indicates significant differences GPSBQBSUJBMMZDPSSFDUBOTXFS GPSBDPSSFDU between pre- and post-tests for the marine biology students at the p < 0.05 level. BOTXFS BOE GPS BO FYDFQUJPOBM BOTXFS 4DPSFT XFSF DPNQBSFE VTJOH UIF OPOQBSB NFUSJD8JMDPYPOTJHOFESBOLTTUBUJTUJDBMUFTU 3PPTFWFMU )JHI 4DIPPM GPS UIFJS DPOUSJCVUJPOT UP UIF NBUFSJBMT 0OMZTDPSFTGPSTUVEFOUTXIPUPPLCPUIQSFBOEQPTUUFTUTXFSF BOE UIF NBOVTDSJQU 5IF BVUIPST HSBUFGVMMZ BDLOPXMFEHF TVQ DPOTJEFSFEJOUIFTUBUJTUJDBMBOBMZTJT NBSJOFCJPMPHZTUVEFOUT QPSUCZUIF/BUJPOBM4DJFODF'PVOEBUJPO (SBOU0$& BOECJPMPHZTUVEFOUT *NQSPWFNFOUPWFSUIFEVSBUJPOPGFBDIDPVSTFDBOCFJEFOUJ 3FGFSFODFT GJFECZDPNQBSJOHQSFBOEQPTUUFTUTGPSFBDIDMBTT5IFNBSJOF CJPMPHZTUVEFOUTµ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µT DMBTTFT BU 4FBUUMFµT QMBOLUPOJDDPQFQPET$KQNQIKECN$WNNGVKP

370 THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 6, AUGUST 2008