A Guide to Marine Plankton
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The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks Bioblitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of BioBlitz participants conducting data entry into iNaturalist. Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service. ON THE COVER Photograph of BioBlitz participants collecting aquatic species data in the Presidio of San Francisco. Photograph courtesy of National Park Service. The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 Elizabeth Edson1, Michelle O’Herron1, Alison Forrestel2, Daniel George3 1Golden Gate Parks Conservancy Building 201 Fort Mason San Francisco, CA 94129 2National Park Service. Golden Gate National Recreation Area Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1061 Sausalito, CA 94965 3National Park Service. San Francisco Bay Area Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Manager Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1063 Sausalito, CA 94965 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. -
Salmon Mortalities at Inver Bay and Mcswyne’S Bay Finfish Farms, County Donegal, Ireland, During 2003 ______
6$/0210257$/,7,(6$7,19(5%$<$1'0&6:<1(¶6%$< ),1),6+)$506&2817<'21(*$/,5(/$1''85,1* )HEUXDU\ 0V0DUJRW&URQLQ 'U&DUROLQH&XVDFN 0V)LRQD*HRJKHJDQ 'U'DYH-DFNVRQ 'U(YLQ0F*RYHUQ 'U7HUU\0F0DKRQ 'U)UDQFLV2¶%HLUQ 0U0LFKHiOÏ&LQQHLGH 0U-RH6LONH &KHPLVWU\6HFWLRQ0DULQH,QVWLWXWH*DOZD\ (G 3K\WRSODQNWRQ8QLW0DULQH,QVWLWXWH*DOZD\ )LVK+HDOWK8QLW0DULQH,QVWLWXWH'XEOLQ $TXDFXOWXUH8QLW0DULQH,QVWLWXWH*DOZD\ &KHPLVWU\6HFWLRQ0DULQH,QVWLWXWH*DOZD\ %LRWR[LQ8QLW0DULQH,QVWLWXWH'XEOLQ %HQWKLF0RQLWRULQJ8QLW0DULQH,QVWLWXWH*DOZD\ 0DULQH(QYLURQPHQW )RRG6DIHW\6HUYLFHV0DULQH,QVWLWXWH*DOZD\ %LRWR[LQ8QLW0DULQH,QVWLWXWH*DOZD\ ,66112 Salmon Mortalities at Inver Bay and McSwyne’s Bay Finfish farms, County Donegal, Ireland, during 2003 ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Marine, Environment and Health Series, No.15, 2004 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Page no. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 Summary 6 1.2 Background 6 1.3 Summary mortalities by farm 8 1.4 Pattern of mortality development 9 1.5 Phases of MI investigation 10 1.6 Alternative scenarios 11 CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 12 2.1 Summary 12 2.2 Currents 12 2.3 Water column structure 17 2.4 Wind data 19 2.5 Temperatures recorded in Inver and McSwynes Bay during 2003 21 2.6 References 24 CHAPTER 3 FISH HEALTH AND FARM MANAGEMENT, 2003 25 3.1 Data sources and approach 25 3.2 Site visits and Veterinary investigations 25 3.3 Farm management 36 3.4 Feed 36 3.5 Cage analysis 37 3.6 Sea lice (counts and treatments) 37 3.7 Discussion -
Climate Change and Fisheries: Policy, Trade and Sustainable Nal of Fisheries Management 22:852-862
Climate Change and Alaska Fisheries TERRY JOHNSON Alaska Sea Grant University of Alaska Fairbanks 2016 ISBN 978-1-56612-187-3 http://doi.org/10.4027/ccaf.2016 MAB-67 $10.00 Credits Alaska Sea Grant is supported by the US Department of Commerce, NOAA National Sea Grant, grant NA14OAR4170079 (A/152-32) and by the University of Alaska Fairbanks with state funds. Sea Grant is a partnership with public and private sectors combining research, education, and extension. This national network of universities meets changing environmental and Alaska Sea Grant economic needs of people in coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes University of Alaska Fairbanks regions. Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5040 Funding for this project was provided by the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy (ACCAP). Cover photo by (888) 789-0090 Deborah Mercy. alaskaseagrant.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................... 2 Take-home messages ...................................................................... 2 Introduction............................................................................................. 3 1. Ocean temperature and circulation ................................................ 4 2. Ocean acidification ............................................................................ 9 3. Invasive species, harmful algal blooms, and disease-causing pathogens .................................................... 12 4. Fisheries effects—groundfish and crab ...................................... -
A New Type of Plankton Food Web Functioning in Coastal Waters Revealed by Coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse Metho
A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis Marouan Meddeb, Nathalie Niquil, Boutheina Grami, Kaouther Mejri, Matilda Haraldsson, Aurélie Chaalali, Olivier Pringault, Asma Sakka Hlaili To cite this version: Marouan Meddeb, Nathalie Niquil, Boutheina Grami, Kaouther Mejri, Matilda Haraldsson, et al.. A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis. Ecological Indicators, Elsevier, 2019, 104, pp.67-85. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.077. hal-02146355 HAL Id: hal-02146355 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02146355 Submitted on 3 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling 2 Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis 3 4 5 Marouan Meddeba,b*, Nathalie Niquilc, Boutheïna Gramia,d, Kaouther Mejria,b, Matilda 6 Haraldssonc, Aurélie Chaalalic,e,f, Olivier Pringaultg, Asma Sakka Hlailia,b 7 8 aUniversité de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de phytoplanctonologie 9 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie. -
Krill Oil and Astaxanthin
Krill Oil and Astaxanthin Krill are small reddish-color crustaceans, similar to shrimp, that abound in cold Arctic waters. They survive in such cold, frigid temperatures because of their natural anti- freeze, the polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA are bound to molecules called phospholipids (especially phosphatidyl choline) that act to help transport nutrients into cells and change the structure of animal cell membranes. Studies show that these combined fatty acids have better absorption into the cell membranes throughout the body, especially the brain, as compared to other types of fish oils. Although it has less EPA/DHA content than most fish oils, krill oil seems to be almost twice as absorbable. Unlike fish oil, krill oil also contains a very potent antioxidant, astaxanthin, which helps prevent krill oil from oxidizing (turning rancid). Astaxanthin is a red pigment found in different types of algae and phytoplankton. It is astaxanthin that gives salmon and trout their reddish color. It is considered to be one of the most potent natural antioxidants, almost 50 times stronger than beta-carotenes found in fruits and vegetables and 65 times better as an anti-oxidant than vitamin C. Krill oil is composed of 40% phospholipids, 30% EPA and DHA, astaxanthin, vitamin A, vitamin C, various other fatty acids, and flavanoids (anti-oxidant compounds) Human studies indicate krill oil is powerful at decreasing inflammation throughout the body, especially in the brain. It reduces C-reactive protein, a marker for heart disease. Tests indicate it has a powerful anti-inflammatory remedy for rheumatoid as well as osteoarthritis. -
First Record of Navicula Pelagica (Bacillariophyta) in the South Atlantic Ocean: the Intriguing Occurrence of a Sea-Ice-Dwelling Species in a Tropical Estuary
First record of Navicula pelagica (Bacillariophyta) in the South Atlantic Ocean: the intriguing occurrence of a sea-ice-dwelling species in a tropical estuary HELEN MICHELLE DE JESUS AFFE1*, DIOGO SOUZA BEZERRA ROCHA2, MARIÂNGELA MENEZES3 & JOSÉ MARCOS DE CASTRO NUNES1 1 Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115. Brazil 2 Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Rua Pacheco Leão, nº 915, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-030. Brazil 3 Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristovão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20940040. Brazil * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract. Despite the wide distribution of species of the genus Navicula in the most diverse habitats around the globe, Navicula pelagica Cleve (Bacillariophyceae) is reported almost exclusively as one of the main components of the diatom biota of Arctic sea-ice. The present study is the first record of N. pelagica in the South Atlantic Ocean (Brazil) and demonstrates an ecological niche model of the species. The analyzed specimens were rectangular, with rounded angles in pleural view, the pervalvar axis measured 7.9-9.5μm and the apical axis 22-25μm, an evident central nucleus and two comma-shaped chloroplasts, one on each side of the nucleus, were observed. The specimens formed chains of 35 cells, on average, arranged in the typical pattern of rotation about the chain axis relative to their neighboring cell. The applied ecological niche model indicated that the Brazilian coast has low environmental suitability (~12%) for the development of N. -
28-Protistsf20r.Ppt [Compatibility Mode]
9/3/20 Ch 28: The Protists (a.k.a. Protoctists) (meet these in more detail in your book and lab) 1 Protists invent: eukaryotic cells size complexity Remember: 1°(primary) endosymbiosis? -> mitochondrion -> chloroplast genome unicellular -> multicellular 2 1 9/3/20 For chloroplasts 2° (secondary) happened (more complicated) {3°(tertiary) happened too} 3 4 Eukaryotic “supergroups” (SG; between K and P) 4 2 9/3/20 Protists invent sex: meiosis and fertilization -> 3 Life Cycles/Histories (Fig 13.6) Spores and some protists (Humans do this one) 5 “Algae” Group PS Pigments Euglenoids chl a & b (& carotenoids) Dinoflagellates chl a & c (usually) (& carotenoids) Diatoms chl a & c (& carotenoids) Xanthophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Chrysophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Coccolithophorids chl a & c (& carotenoids) Browns chl a & c (& carotenoids) Reds chl a, phycobilins (& carotenoids) Greens chl a & b (& carotenoids) (more groups exist) 6 3 9/3/20 Name word roots (indicate nutrition) “algae” (-phyt-) protozoa (no consistent word ending) “fungal-like” (-myc-) Ecological terms plankton phytoplankton zooplankton 7 SG: Excavata/Excavates “excavated” feeding groove some have reduced mitochondria (e.g.: mitosomes, hydrogenosomes) 8 4 9/3/20 SG: Excavata O: Diplomonads: †Giardia Cl: Parabasalids: Trichonympha (bk only) †Trichomonas P: Euglenophyta/zoa C: Kinetoplastids = trypanosomes/hemoflagellates: †Trypanosoma C: Euglenids: Euglena 9 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates cell membrane 10 5 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Dinoflagellata/Pyrrophyta: -
Seasonal Dynamics of Meroplankton in a High-Latitude Fjord
1 Seasonal dynamics of meroplankton in a high-latitude fjord 2 3 Helena Kling Michelsen*1, Camilla Svensen1, Marit Reigstad1, Einar Magnus Nilssen1, 4 Torstein Pedersen1 5 6 1Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 7 Norway 8 9 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 10 Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, 11 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, 12 UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. 1 13 Abstract 14 Knowledge on the seasonal timing and composition of pelagic larvae of many benthic 15 invertebrates, referred to as meroplankton, is limited for high-latitude fjords and coastal areas. 16 We investigated the seasonal dynamics of meroplankton in the sub-Arctic Porsangerfjord 17 (70˚N), Norway, by examining their seasonal changes in relation to temperature, chlorophyll 18 a and salinity. Samples were collected at two stations between February 2013 and August 19 2014. We identified 41 meroplanktonic taxa from eight phyla. Multivariate analysis indicated 20 different meroplankton compositions in winter, spring, early summer and late summer. More 21 larvae appeared during spring and summer, forming two peaks in meroplankton abundance. 22 The spring peak was dominated by cirripede nauplii, and late summer peak was dominated by 23 bivalve veligers. Moreover, spring meroplankton were the dominant component in the 24 zooplankton community this season. In winter, low abundances and few meroplanktonic taxa 25 were observed. Timing for a majority of meroplankton correlated with primary production 26 and temperature. The presence of meroplankton in the water column through the whole year 27 and at times dominant in the zooplankton community, suggests that they, in addition to being 28 important for benthic recruitment, may play a role in the pelagic ecosystem as grazers on 29 phytoplankton and as prey for other organisms. -
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MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 166: 301-306, 1998 Published May 28 Mar Ecol Prog Ser l NOTE Diel vertical movement by mesograzers on seaweeds Cary N. Rogers*, Jane E. Williamson, David G. Carson, Peter D. Steinberg School of Biological Science. University of New South Wales. Sydney 2052. Australia ABSTRACT- Diel vertical movement is well documented for nutrients across trophic levels in such systems (Kitting many zooplankton. The ecology of small benthic herbivores et al. 1984, Longhurst & Harrison 1989). which use seaweeds as food and habitat, known as 'meso- Arguably, the dominant model to explain die1 verti- grazers', is similar in some regards to zooplankton, and we hypothesised that mesograzers might also exhlbit diel pat- cal movement by zooplankton is avoidance of visually terns of movement on host algae. We studied 3 non-swim- feeding predators in surface waters during the day ming species of mesograzer, the sea hare Aplysia parvula, the (Zaret & Suffern 1976, Stich & Lampert 1981, Bollens & sea urchin Holopneustes purpurascens, and the prosobranch Frost 1989).This model is supported by studies of both mollusc Phasianotrochus eximius. All exhibited diel move- & ment on host algae. This behaviour occurred on different host demersal and pelagic zooplankton (Robertson algae, despite variation in algal morphology and other char- Howard 1978, Alldredge & King 1985, Ohman 1990, acters. Possible factors causing diel movement by mesograz- Osgood & Frost 1994), although the impact of preda- ers include predation, nutritional gain, avoidance of photo- tion on zooplankton vanes with nntogenetic stage, damage, micro-environmental vanation near host algae, and food availability, and predator evasion or defence reproductive strategies. -
The Health Benefits of Krill Oil Versus Fish Oil
The Health Benefits of Krill Oil versus Fish Oil Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Antarctic krill is a rich source of long chain Ȧ-3 PUFAs: EPA & DHA Human trials show EPA and DHA significantly lower i~70% incorporated into phospholipids and ~30% is free fatty acids triglycerides, VLDL, LDL, and iDHA content in krill oil is similar to fish oil, EPA content is much higher blood pressure, and raise HDL. in krill oil than fatty fish Fish oil, a prominent source of Krill Oil contains antioxidants Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Astaxanthin EPA and DHA, maintains a long founded history in Clinical Trials epidemiologic and intervention i1 g and 1.5 g krill oil significantly more effective than 3 g fish oil in studies which support it can reducing glucose and LDL help reduce atherosclerotic plaque growth, cancer, i2 g and 3 g krill oil showed significantly greater reduction in glucose, arrhythmia, inflammation, LDL, and triglycerides compared to 3 g fish oil arthritis, kidney disease, and iAfter an additional 120 days at 0.5 g/d krill oil (after 90 days at 1±1.5 g/d skin disorders, as well as krill oil) cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and glucose became increase endothelial function, significantly different from baseline anti-thrombosis, insulin sensitivity, neurological i.ULOORLO¶VKLJKSURSRUWLRQRI(3$ '+$ERXQGWRSKRVSKROLSLGVDQGDV function, retinal and brain free fatty acids demonstrates greater bioavailability and absorption in development, and the intestine compared to fish oil whose EPA & DHA is bound to immunological function. The triglycerides level of causation is so i Mice fed 10% krill oil had higher liver expression of endogenous profound even the American antioxidant enzymes than corn fed mice. -
Zooplankton Chapters 6-8 in Miller for More Details 1. Crustaceans- Include Shrimp, Copepods, Euphausiids ("Krill") 2
Ocean Processes and Ecology Spring 2004 Zooplankton Chapters 6-8 in Miller for more details I. Major Groups Heterotrophs— consume organic matter rather than manufacturing it, as do autotrophs. Zooplankton can be: herbivores carnivores (several levels) detritus feeders omnivores Zooplankton, in addition to being much smaller than familiar land animals, have shorter generation times and grow more rapidly (in terms of % of body wt / day). 1. Crustaceans- include shrimp, copepods, euphausiids ("krill") Characteristics: Copepods, euphausiids and shrimp superficially resemble one another. All have: • exoskeletons of chitin • jointed appendages • 2 pair of antennae • complex body structure, with well developed internal organs and sensory organs Habitats: Ubiquitous. • Euphausiids predominate in the Antarctic Ocean, but are common in most temperate and polar oceans. • Copepods are found everywhere, but are less important in low-productivity areas of the ocean - the "central ocean gyres". They are found at all depths but are more abundant near the surface. Role in food webs: • Euphausiids and copepods are filter-feeders. Copepods are usually herbivores, while the larger euphausiids consume both phytoplankton and other zooplankton. • Shrimp are usually carnivores or scavengers. 2. Chaetognaths - ("Arrow worms") Characteristics: • 2-3 cm long • wormlike, but non-segmented • no appendages (legs or antennae) • complex body structure with internal organs Habitat: Ubiquitous Ocean Processes and Ecology Spring 2004 Role in food web: Carnivore feeding on small zooplankton such as copepods. 3. Protozoan - Include foraminifera, radiolarians, tintinnids and "microflagellates" ca. 0.002 mm Characteristics: • Single-celled animals. • Forams have calcareous shell • Radiolarians have siliceous shell. • Both Forams and Radiolarians have spines. Habitat: Ubiquitous • Radiolarians are especially abundant in the Pacific equatorial upwelling region. -
Measurements of Plankton Distribution in the Ocean Using
Measurements of Plankton Distribution in the Ocean Using Submersible Holography Edwin Malkiel, Omar Alquaddoomi and Joseph Katz Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21218 USA Abstract A submersible holography system for in situ recordings of the spatial distribution of plankton has been developed and deployed. The system utilizes a ruby laser with an in-line recording configuration and has a sample volume of 732 ml. The reconstructed images have a resolution ranging from 10 - 20 µm for spherical particles and 3 µm for linear particles that lie within 100 mm from the film. Reconstructed volumes from holograms recorded during two recent deployments in the Strait of Georgia are scanned to obtain focused images of the particles, their position, size, orientation. The particles are also classified to several groups based on their morphological characteristics. One of the sets includes holograms recorded during a 15 minute vertical transect of the top 30 m of the water column. Along with the holograms, the data includes records of depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and optical transmissivity. The results show substantial variations in population makeup between layers spaced a short distance apart, particle concentration maxima at and near a pycnocline and evidence of zooplankton migration. A predominant horizontal diatom orientation is indicated in the region of peak diatom concentration. Individual holograms show clustering within different classes of plankton. Keywords: holography, plankton distribution, thin layer, copepod 1.0 Introduction As demand on the world's fisheries increase, there is considerable concern over the sustainability of such resources. There is also concern over the increasing frequency of harmful algal blooms in coastal waters, not only because of their effect on the fisheries, but also because their effect on people.