DOCSLIB.ORG

Edmund Kirby Smith

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Edmund Kirby Smith Edmund Kirby Smith Edmund Kirby Smith was an American soldier who rose to the rank of general with the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was born in 1824 in St. Augustine, Florida, the son of a U.S. District Judge. He joined the army in 1841 as a cadet in the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. After four years of military training, he graduated as a temporary (brevetted) second lieutenant, before being appointed a permanent second lieutenant the following year. Service in the Civil War Smith joined the Confederate Army in 1861. In his first major conflict, he led his brigade in the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. During the battle, he was wounded and was out of action for nearly three months. During his recovery, he returned to Florida where he was made commander of the Department of Middle and East Florida. In October, he returned to the Civil War front as a major general, commanding a division of the Army of Northern Virginia. Smith was transferred to the Army of East Tennessee in February 1862, where he took part in the attempted invasion of Kentucky. Following his success at the Battle of Richmond in Kentucky, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. Trans-Mississippi Department In January 1863, Smith was once again transferred, this time west of the Mississippi to take command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, which was made up mainly of Texas, Western Louisiana and Arkansas. He was stationed there for the remainder of the Civil War, where he became virtually cut off from the main Confederate forces. He had about 30,000 men under his command, but these were spread over a huge area, which greatly restricted any opportunities for him to challenge the Union forces. Surrender Despite the surrender of Confederate armies in the East, some Southern soldiers wished to continue the fight. Nearly a month after Lee’s surrender, General Edmund Kirby Smith declared his intention to keep fighting. As a result the last battle of the Civil War took place in Texas. At the Battle of Palmito Ranch on May 13, 1865, the Union soldiers could not stand up to the Confederate cavalry, and the Northern troops retreated. The battle resulted in only a few dozen casualties, although more than 100 Union soldiers were captured. A few days later, Confederate governors in Texas and nearby states advised General Smith to end the fighting. Smith complied, and Palmito Ranch became the last battle of the Civil War. On May 26, 1865, after signing the surrender documents, Smith went to Mexico and then to Cuba to avoid the possibility of being tried for treason. He returned to America the following year under an amnesty agreement, where he lived until his death in 1893. John Bell Hood – Lieutenant General – June 29, 1831-August 30, 1879 Born in Owingsville, Kentucky in 1831 and a West Point Graduate at the age of 22, John Bell Hood was one of the most rapidly promoted leaders in the Confederate history of the Civil War. After serving in California and Texas for the United States Military, he resigned his commission in April of 1861 to join the Confederacy as a cavalry captain but soon promoted to colonel of the Texas 4th Infantry. Thereafter he distinguished himself on a dozen fields, beginning in the Peninsula Campaign and at Second Manassas. At the Battle of Gaines' Mill on June 27, he distinguished himself by leading his brigade in a charge that broke the Union line; this is arguably the most successful Confederate performance in the Seven Days Battles. While Hood escaped the battle without an injury, every officer in his brigade was killed or wounded. He was promoted to major general in 1862 serving with distinction at Sharpsburg and at Fredericksburg. Hood was a significant player at Gettysburg, being ordered by Longstreet to attack the Union’s left flank against his own wishes. His command was bloodily blunted by union forces in Devils Den, and finally undone at Little Round Top. Hood was severely wounded in the arm at Gettysburg and was forced to hand off command, and soon thereafter lost a leg at Chickamauga. After some recovery, he was appointed to lieutenant general serving under J.E. Johnston, whom he would surpass in rank in the spring of 1864. Hood conducted the remainder of the Atlanta Campaign with the strong aggressive actions for which he was famous. He launched four major offensives that summer in an attempt to break Sherman's siege of Atlanta, starting almost immediately with an attack along Peachtree Creek; however, all of the offensives failed, with significant Confederate casualties. Finally, on September 2, 1864, Hood evacuated the city of Atlanta, burning as many military supplies and installations as possible. Hood marched his army into Tennessee where his forces were crippled trying to break through Union breastworks at the Battle of Franklin. His army suffered again at the battle of Nashville from Union forces lead by General Thomas. Hood was relieved of his rank (at his own request) in January of 1865 and returned to his post as lt. general. He was to have taken control of the Texas army, but they surrendered before his arrival. In May 1865, Hood gave himself up to Union forces in Natchez, Mississippi. After the war, Hood moved to New Orleans and lived there with his wife and children until he died in 1879 of yellow fever. Francis R. Lubbock (1815-1905) Francis Lubbock was born in South Carolina on October 15, 1815. Lacking a formal education, he engaged in an unsuccessful mercantile trade while still in his youth. He moved to New Orleans, then to Texas soon after the revolution was won. In 1837, he entered into public service as a clerk of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Texas. President Houston named him comptroller, but he soon transferred to the field, as adjutant of a command organized to protect the Texas frontier. In 1841, Houston again appointed him comptroller, but again Lubbock resigned after only a short time in office, as he was elected district clerk of Harris County. After serving sixteen years in that position, he was elected as Lieutenant-Governor in the Runnels administration. Lubbock was elected Governor of Texas during the early years of the Confederacy. He declined to run a second term, however, preferring to enter the military and serve in the field. After serving briefly in Louisiana, however, he was recruited by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to serve on Davis' staff in Richmond, Virginia. Lubbock served and developed a close relationship with Davis throughout the balance of the war. He was with Davis when captured and imprisoned by Union troops after the fall of the Confederacy. Lubbock was kept in solitary confinement until released in late 1865. After returning to Texas, Lubbock served as State Treasurer throughout the 1880's. He recorded his personal experiences in business, war, and politics in his memoirs, Six Decades in Texas, published in 1900. He died June 22, 1905 in Austin, where he is buried in the state cemetery. Thomas Green (1814-1864) As a 21-year-old college graduate when he first came to Texas in 1835, Tom Green was no doubt one of the most schooled of all Texans. Over the next twenty nine years in Texas, he would also prove to be one of the most courageous. Green was born in Virginia on June 8, 1814, but moved with his family to Tennessee at an early age. In his youth, he attended Jackson College in Tennessee and Princeton College in Kentucky before graduating from the University of Tennessee. Then after studying law for about a year, he left Tennessee to join the Texans in their struggle for independence. In Texas, Green entered the Texas army at Nacogdoches, only a few months before the Battle of San Jacinto. At that historic battle, Green helped man one of the "Twin Sisters" artillery pieces. In the new Republic, Green served as clerk for the House of Representatives for the first terms of Congress. He was then elected to represented Fayette County in the Fourth Congress. In addition to these "desk jobs", Green served the Republic in several of its more militant struggles. He participated in several frontier skirmishes with the Indians, and accompanied General Alexander Somervell to Mexico in the ill-fated Somervell Expedition. In the Mexican-American War, Green raised a company of volunteers and served under Jack Hayes regiment in the taking of Monterrey. He then settled back into a relatively sedate life during the early years of statehood. During that time, he married, began a family, and served as clerk of the Supreme Court of Texas. Green entered the Civil War as a colonel in the brigade of General H. H. Sibley. Early in the War, the brigade saw service in New Mexico. On January 1, 1863, Green was back in Texas and led the forces on board the two Texas "cottonclads" used in the Battle of Galveston. After the success at Galveston, Green and his men participated in several major battles in Louisiana, including the Battles of Mansfield and Pleasant Hill in early 1864. Then, on April 12, 1864 at the Battle of Blair's Landing, he was killed at short range by the cannon of a Federal gunboat on the Red River. John Reagan (1818-1905) Reagan was born in Sevier County, Tennessee, in 1818. His rural raising denied Reagan much education until he left home; then he attended several academies and seminaries before settling down to the study of law.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • United Confederate Veterans Association Records
    UNITED CONFEDERATE VETERANS ASSOCIATION RECORDS (Mss. 1357) Inventory Compiled by Luana Henderson 1996 Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections Special Collections, Hill Memorial Library Louisiana State University Libraries Baton Rouge, Louisiana Revised 2009 UNITED CONFEDERATE VETERANS ASSOCIATION RECORDS Mss. 1357 1861-1944 Special Collections, LSU Libraries CONTENTS OF INVENTORY SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 3 BIOGRAPHICAL/HISTORICAL NOTE ...................................................................................... 4 SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE ................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF SUBGROUPS AND SERIES ......................................................................................... 7 SUBGROUPS AND SERIES DESCRIPTIONS ............................................................................ 8 INDEX TERMS ............................................................................................................................ 13 CONTAINER LIST ...................................................................................................................... 15 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................... 22 APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Skirmisher
    THE SKIRMISHER CIVIL WAR TRUST THE STORM AFTER THE CALM: 1861 VOLUME 5 THINGS FALL APART The new year of 1861 opened with secession weighing heavily on the American mind. Citing abuses of constitutional law, plans for the abolition of slavery, and a rigged 1860 presidential election, the state of South Carolina had dissolved its bonds with the Union less than two weeks before. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana left by the end of January, seizing a number of Federal arsenals as they went. Northerners were agog at the rapid turn of events. Abraham Lincoln refused to surrender Federal forts in Confederate territory, but their garrisons would starve without fresh provisions. The new president, only 60 days into his first term, sent the steamer Star of the West to resupply Fort Sumter in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor. Charleston’s cannons opened fire on the ship, turning it away at the mouth of the harbor. The brief salvo showed the depth of feeling in the Rebel states. Texas left the Union, even though Texas governor Sam Houston refused to take the secession oath, telling his citizens South Carolina seceded from the Union with that “you may, after a sacrifice of countless millions of treasures and hundreds of thousands great fanfare. (Library of precious lives, as a bare possibility, win Southern independence…but I doubt it.” of Congress) In February, the newly-named Confederate States of America held its first constitutional convention. The Confederate States Army took shape, and quickly forbade any further resupplies of Federal forts. The Fort Sumter garrison was very low on food.
    [Show full text]
  • Gen. Braxton Bragg and Two Texas Ghost Stories
    Gen. Braxton Bragg and Two Texas Ghost Stories Norman Dasinger, Jr., August 7, 2020 blueandgrayeducation.org Braxton Bragg grew up in North Carolina. The rumor was that his mother was in prison for killing a free Black man, and she gave birth to him there. Young Braxton was a smart boy. He managed to get to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and he graduated fifth in the 1837 class. He served bravely in the Mexican War and returned to his hometown a hero receiving cheers from the very people that had maligned him for his family history while growing up Soon, he met the daughter of a rich Louisiana sugar cane plantation owner, Eliza Ellis. They were married, and Bragg decided to leave the army. He resigned and moved to Thibodaux and bought a 1,600-acre sugar cane plantation of his own. He used his superior talents of organization to make the endeavor profitable When Louisiana seceded from the United States, Braxton Bragg Bragg was made a brigadier general in the new Confederate States Army and commanded the Department of West Florida headquartered in Pensacola. Following the battle of Shiloh, he was made a full general and given command of the Army of Tennessee. He led a campaign into Kentucky, and his soldiers fought at the battles of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and Chickamauga, Georgia. By December 1863, Bragg was removed from army command and given an advisory role in Richmond’s War Department. On May 9, 1865, Bragg was captured near Monticello, Georgia, and upon his release he moved into his brother’s house in Lowndesboro, Alabama.
    [Show full text]
  • A Murder in Kentucky In
    A Murder in Kentucky http://civilwar150.longwood.edu In late September 1862, most of the nation’s attention was focused on Kentucky, where Confederate forces under General Braxton Bragg were advancing into the central region of the state, while Edmund Kirby-Smith’s command moved into Eastern Kentucky. As Bragg’s army occupied Bardstown, a Union force under General Don Carlos Buell raced northward from Tennessee in a frantic effort to reach Louisville before the Confederates could occupy that strategically important city. On September 25 Buell’s force arrived in Louisville, beating Bragg in the race to the city. The Federals still had much work to do over the following days in order to complete the city’s defenses in the event of a southern attack. Buell also sent a portion of his force towards the Kentucky capital of Frankfort, in an effort to prevent Bragg and Smith from uniting their commands. Buell eventually moved his troops southward against Bragg, which would culminate in the October 8th battle of Perryville. As the Federals strengthened Louisville’s defenses, a bizarre confrontation would occur between two Union generals that would leave one of the men dead. Union Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis had been born in 1828 and served in the Mexican War, where he earned a promotion to lieutenant. At the outbreak of the Civil War he took part in the defense of Fort Sumter, before leading units at the battles of Wilson’s Creek and Pea Ridge and subsequently being assigned to the command of Major General William Nelson in Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • End: Grant Sidebar>>>>>
    FINAL History of Wildwood 1860-1919 (chapter for 2018 printing) In the prior chapter, some of the key factors leading to the Civil War were discussed. Among them were the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the McIntosh Incident in 1836, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 which led to “the Bleeding Kansas” border war, and the Dred Scott case which was finally decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1856. Two books were published during this turbulent pre-war period that reflected the conflicts that were brewing. One was a work of fiction: Uncle Tom’s Cabin or a Life Among the Lowly by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852. It was an anti-slavery novel and helped fuel the abolitionist movement in the 1850s. It was widely popular with 300,000 books sold in the United States in its first year. The second book was nonfiction: Twelve Years a Slave was the memoir of Solomon Northup. Northup was a free born black man from New York state who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C. and sold into slavery. He was in bondage for 12 years until family in New York secretly received information about his location and situation and arranged for his release with the assistance of officials of the State of New York. His memoir details the slave markets, the details of sugar and cotton production and the treatment of slaves on major plantations. This memoir, published in 1853, gave factual support to the story told in Stowe’s novel. These two books reflected and enhanced the ideological conflicts that le d to the Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • CODING: Words Stricken Are Deletions; Words Underlined Are Additions
    FLORIDA HOUSE OF REP RES ENTATIVE S HB 139 2018 1 A bill to be entitled 2 An act relating to the National Statuary Hall; 3 requesting the Joint Committee on the Library of 4 Congress to approve the replacement of the statue of 5 Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith in the National 6 Statuary Hall Collection with a statue of Mary McLeod 7 Bethune; providing an effective date. 8 9 WHEREAS, in March 2016, the Florida Legislature passed, and 10 the Governor signed into law, Senate Bill 310, authorizing the 11 replacement of the statue of Confederate General Edmund Kirby 12 Smith in the National Statuary Hall Collection with a statue of 13 a prominent Florida citizen recommended by the ad hoc committee 14 of the Great Floridians Program within the Division of 15 Historical Resources of the Department of State, and 16 WHEREAS, one of the three prominent Florida citizens 17 recommended by the ad hoc committee is Mary McLeod Bethune, and 18 WHEREAS, Mary McLeod Bethune was born on July 10, 1875, in 19 Mayesville, South Carolina, and she was the first member of her 20 family, including all of her 16 siblings, born free following 21 the conclusion of the Civil War, and 22 WHEREAS, beginning at a young age, Mary McLeod Bethune 23 became engaged with learning and teaching after receiving an 24 opportunity to attend Trinity Presbyterian Mission School in her 25 hometown, and her dedication was evidenced through attending as Page 1 of 4 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 423 1
    CATALOGUE 423 1 1. ADAMS, John R[ipley]. Memorial and Letters of Rev. John R. Adams, D.D., Chaplain of the Fifth Maine and the One Hundred and Twenty-First New York Regiments during the War of the Rebellion, Serving from the Beginning to Its Close. [Cambridge: University Press] Privately Printed: 1890. 1st ed. 242 pp. Mounted photograph portrait frontis. Orig. cloth, T.e.g. Spine expertly repaired; corners bumped, else a very good copy. $650.00 "Chaplain Adams' many printed letters treat for the most part of military rather than spiritual matters in the Army of the Potomac." Nevins I, p. 49. Flyleaf reads: "This volume is printed for private distribution among our father's friends and acquaintances." 2. ADDEY, Markinfield. "Stonewall Jackson." The Life and Military Career of Thomas Jonathan Jackson, Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army. New-York: Charles T. Evans, 1863. 1st ed. 290pp. Portrait frontis., Orig. cloth. Wear to spine ends and corners, some edgewear, light scattered foxing, else very good. $400.00 Dornbusch II 2815. "This laudatory account of Jackson's military achievements was published a few months after the General's death" Nevins II, p.35. 3. (ALABAMA REGIMENTAL). McMORRIES, Edward Young. History of the First Regiment Alabama Volunteer Infantry C.S.A. Montgomery, AL: The Brown Printing Co., 1904. 1st ed. 142 pp. Later cloth, orig. printed wrappers bound in. A near fine copy. $300.00 HOWES M-172. An extensive, detailed history of the First Alabama Regiment's campaigns throughout the Southeast, accounts of imprisonment at Johnston's Island, Ohio, and camps in Illinois and Wisconsin, and personal anecdotes.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9325494 “War at every man’s door” : The struggle for East Tennessee, 1860—1869. (Volumes I and n) Fisher, Noel Charles, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Texas, Wartime Morale, and Confederate Nationalism, 1860-1865
    “VICTORY IS OUR ONLY ROAD TO PEACE”: TEXAS, WARTIME MORALE, AND CONFEDERATE NATIONALISM, 1860-1865 Andrew F. Lang, B. A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2008 APPROVED: Richard G. Lowe, Major Professor Randolph B. Campbell, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Committee Member Adrian R. Lewis, Chair of the Department of History Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Lang, Andrew F. “Victory is Our Only Road to Peace”: Texas, Wartime Morale, and Confederate Nationalism, 1860-1865. Master of Arts (History), May 2008, 148 pp., bibliography, 106 titles. This thesis explores the impact of home front and battlefield morale on Texas’s civilian and military population during the Civil War. It addresses the creation, maintenance, and eventual surrender of Confederate nationalism and identity among Texans from five different counties: Colorado, Dallas, Galveston, Harrison, and Travis. The war divided Texans into three distinct groups: civilians on the home front, soldiers serving in theaters outside of the state, and soldiers serving within Texas’s borders. Different environments, experiences, and morale affected the manner in which civilians and soldiers identified with the Confederate war effort. This study relies on contemporary letters, diaries, newspaper reports, and government records to evaluate how morale influenced national dedication and loyalty to the Confederacy among various segments of Texas’s population. Copyright 2008 by Andrew F. Lang ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Professors Richard Lowe, Randolph B. Campbell, and Richard B. McCaslin for their constant encouragement, assistance, and patience through every stage of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 7-Civil War and Reconstruction
    Unit 7-Civil War and Reconstruction 1861-1876 Unit 7 Vocabulary • Sectionalism – Concern for regional needs and interests. • Secede – To withdraw, including the withdrawal of states from the Union. • Blockade – Blocking off an area to keep supplies from getting in or out. • Emancipation – The act of giving someone freedom • Reconstruction – The act of rebuilding; Generally refers to the rebuilding of the Union following the Civil War. • Martial Law – The imposition of laws by a military authority, general in defeated territories. • Sharecropper – A tenant farmer who receives a portion of the crop. • Popular Sovereignty – Independent power given to the people. • The Democrats were the dominant political party, and had Political very little competition from the Parties Whig party. -Texans would vote for southern democrats until the 1980’s! • Sam Houston, though he never joined the party, supported the Know-Nothing party which opposed immigration to the United States. Know-Nothing party flag Republican Party • 1854 Northerners created the Republican Party to stop the expansion of slavery. Southerners saw the Republican party as a threat and talk of secession increased. (The act of a state withdrawing from the Union) Abolitionist movement • Beginning in the 1750s, there was a widespread movement after the American Revolution that believed slavery was a social evil and should eventually be abolished. • After 1830, a religious movement led by William Lloyd Garrison declared slavery to be a personal sin and demanded the owners repent immediately and start the process of emancipation. (Granting Freedom to slaves) An Abolitionist is someone who wanted to abolish slavery William Lloyd Garrison Slavery in the South • In 1793 with the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, the south saw an explosive growth in the cotton industry and this greatly increased demand for slave labor in the South.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 8 Test—Wed. Feb. 25
    Unit 8 Study Guide: Pre-AP 2015 Civil War and Reconstruction Era (Ch. 15 & 16) Expectations of the Student/Essential Questions Identify the Civil War and Reconstruction Era of Texas History and define its characteristics Explain the significance of 1861 Explain reasons for the involvement of Texas in the Civil War such as states’ rights, slavery, secession, and tariffs Analyze the political, economic, and social effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction in Texas Identify significant individuals and events concerning Texas and the Civil War such as John Bell Hood, John Reagan, Francis Lubbock, Thomas Green, John Magruder and the Battle of Galveston, the Battle of Sabine Pass, and the Battle of Palmito Ranch Identify different points of view of political parties and interest groups on important Texas issues Essential Topics of Significance Essential People (5) Causes of Civil War Food shortages/ John Wilkes Booth Robert E. Lee substitutes Union vs. Conf. advantages Jefferson Davis Abraham Lincoln Appomattox Courthouse TX Secession Convention Dick Dowling Francis Lubbock State government collapse Fort Sumter “Juneteenth” John S. Ford John Magruder Battle of Galveston Freedmen’s Bureau Ulysses S. Grant Pendleton Murrah Battle of Sabine Pass (3) Recons. Plans Battle of Brownsville Thomas Green Elisha M. Pease (3) Recons. Amendments Red River Campaign Andrew Jackson Hamilton John Reagan (5) Provisions of Texas Battle of Palmito Ranch John Bell Hood Lawrence Sullivan Ross Constitution of 1869 Texans help for war effort Ironclad Oath Andrew Johnson Philip Sheridan Women’s roles Immigration/Emigration Albert Sidney Johnston James W. Throckmorton Essential Vocabulary Dates to Remember states’ rights preventive strike amendment Unit 8 Test—Wed.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Eggleston Johnston | January 2016
    Essential Civil War Curriculum | Stephen Cushman, Joseph Eggleston Johnston | January 2016 Joseph Eggleston Johnston By Stephen Cushman, University of Virginia Resources If you can read only one book Author Title. City: Publisher, Year. Symonds, Craig L. Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Books and Articles Author Title. City: Publisher, Year. | “Title,” in Journal ##, no. # (Date): #. Castel, Albert Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. Cullum, George Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, N. Y., from its Establishment in 1802, to 1890: With the Early History of the United States Military Academy. 3rd ed., rev. and extended. 3 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1891. Joseph E. Johnston is Cullum Number 553, 1:427-9. http://digital- library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/colle ction/p16919coll3/id/13311/rec/1 Govan, Gilbert E. and James W. Livingood A Different Valor: The Story of Joseph E. Johnston, C.S.A. Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill Company, 1956. Hughes, Robert M. General Johnston. New York: D. Appleton, 1893. Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2016 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 1 of 3 Essential Civil War Curriculum | Stephen Cushman, Joseph Eggleston Johnston | January 2016 Johnston, Joseph E. Narrative of Military Operations, Directed, During the Late War Between the States, by Joseph E. Johnston, General C.S.A. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1874. Reprinted with introduction by Frank E. Vandiver. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1959. Woodworth, Steven E.
    [Show full text]