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THE SARMATIAN REVIEW Vol. XXXII, No. 2 April 2012 The Heritage of Polish Republicanism The Cloth Hall, an architectural monument of Sarmatian (eo ipso Republican) Poland, erected in 1555. It is located in Kraków’s Central Market, the site where in 1525 Albert I, Duke of Prussia, paid homage to King Sigismund I, accepting the Polish king’s suzerainty. Here in 1531 nobleman Jan Tarnowski celebrated Polish victory in the Muscovite wars, while in 1683 Jan III Sobieski proclaimed his victory over the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Vienna. The Central Market was also the site where in 1794 Thaddeus Kosciuszko proclaimed a general rising against the powers that partitioned Poland. Photo by Edwin Dyga (January 2012). 1656 THE SARMATIAN REVIEW April 2012 Nazi Concentration Camps,” The Sarmatian Review (ISSN 1059- In this issue: Performative Body Spaces 5872) is a triannual publication of the Polish Sarmatian Review Data . 1657 Institute of Houston. The journal deals with (Amsterdam-New York: Rodopi, 2010). Polish, Central, and Eastern European affairs, Krzysztof Koehler, The Heritage of and it explores their implications for the United Polish Republicanism . 1658 Krzysztof Koehler is Professor of States. We specialize in the translation of Božena Karwowska, Inne wyzwania. Old Polish Literature at the Cardinal documents. Sarmatian Review is indexed in the Poezja Bogdana Czaykowskiego i Stefan Wyszyƒski University in American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies, EBSCO, and P.A.I.S. Andrzeja Buszy w perspektywie Warsaw and former Director of the International Database. Since September 1997, dwukulturowoÊci, by Janusz Pasterski Polish TV Channel Kultura. A noted files in PDF format are available at the Central (review) . 1665 poet and essayist, he is also Editor and Eastern European Online Library Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Scotland (www.ceeol.com). of the Old Polish Literature Series Subscription price is $21.00 per year for and Poland: Historical Encounters published by Ignatianum College in 1500–2010, individuals, $28.00 for institutions and edited by Tom M. Devine Kraków. libraries ($28.00 for individuals, $35.00 for and David Hesse (review). 1666 libraries overseas, air mail). The views expressed Anna Gàsienica-Byrcyn, Ruch Teofil Lenartowicz was a Polish by authors of articles do not necessarily represent poet and sculptor whose art those of the Editors or of the Polish Institute of ludowy przed, w czasie i po wojnie Houston. Articles are subject to editing. (Biuletyn IPN) (review) . 1669 reflected his Catholic beliefs. Unsolicited manuscripts and other materials are James E. Reid, They Came to See a Adam Mickiewicz is the best not returned unless accompanied by a self- Poet, by Tadeusz Róžewicz (review) . known poet of Polish Romanticism. addressed and stamped envelope. Please submit your contribution electronically and, if . 1671 James Edward Reid is a Canadian requested, send a printout by air mail. More Books and Periodicals . 1672 editor and writer. He publishes in Submissions and Letters to the Editor can be e- Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz, Vallum: new international poetics, mailed to <[email protected]>, with the Book Eight, translated by Christopher accompanying mailing return address. Other The Sarmatian Review, and the letters and subscription queries should be A. Zakrzewski . 1674 Pacific Rim Review of Books.His emailed to <[email protected]>. Teofil Lenartowicz, The Last Word work has also appeared in The Dance Subscription checks should be mailed to (poem), translated by Barbara Witak . The Sarmatian Review, P. O. Box . 1682 Current, The Globe and Mail Books, 79119, Houston, Texas 77279–9119. About the Authors . 1656 Highgrader Magazine, and Cirque. The Sarmatian Review retains the copyright for Thank You Note. 1656 His poetry has appeared in The all materials included in print and online issues. Copies for personal or educational use are Canadian Forum, The Sarmatian permitted by section 107 and 108 of the U.S. Review, and The Guardian. Copyright Law. Permission to redistribute, About the Authors Barbara Witak teaches at the republish, or use SR materials in advertising or promotion must be submitted in writing to the Marek Jan Chodakiewicz is University of Natural and Humanistic Editor. Professor of History and Dean of Sciences in Siedlce, Poland. Editor: Ewa Thompson (Rice University). Humanities at the Institute of World Christopher A. Zakrzewski is a Associate Editors: Tamara Trojanowska (University of Toronto), Bogdan Czaykowski, Politics in Washington, DC. His noted translator from the Polish. He 1932–2007 (University of British Columbia). numerous books include Spanish teaches at the Our Lady Seat of Editorial Advisory Committee: George Gasyna (University of Illinois-Urbana), Janusz A. Carlism and Polish Nationalism: The Wisdom Academy in Ontario, Ihnatowicz (University of Saint Thomas- Borderlands of Europe in the 19th and Canada. He has translated Pan Houston), Božena Karwowska (University of 20th Centuries (2003). Tadeusz twice, in prose and in verse. British Columbia), Joseph A.Kotarba (University of Houston), Alex Kurczaba Edwin Dyga is the Australian Editor (University of Illinois-Chicago), Marcus D. of Quarterly Review. Thank You Note Leuchter, 1909–2008 (Holocaust Museum Anna Gàsienica Byrcyn is Lecturer We would like to thank the following Houston),Witold J. Lukaszewski (Sam Houston State University), Theresa Kurk McGinley and Polish Language Coordinator at individuals for their generous (Lone Star College-North Harris), Michael J. the University of Illinois-Chicago. donations to the Sarmatian Review MikoÊ (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), Jan Rybicki (Jagiellonian University), Dariusz Božena Karwowska is Associate Publication Fund: Skórczewski (Catholic University of Lublin), Professor in the Department of Ms. Roza Ekimov; Professor Marerk Piotr Wilczek (University of Warsaw). Central, Eastern and Northern Kimmel and Mrs. Barbara Kimmel; Copy Editor: Cyndy Brown Web Pages: Jane Zhao (Rice University). European Studies at the University of Mr. Chester H. Kurk and Mrs. Web Address: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia. British Columbia. Her most recent Krystyna Kurk; Professor Michael J. Alternate Web Address: Central and East publications deal with the body, MikoÊ and Mrs. Susan G. Mikos; Mr. European Online Library (www.ceeol.com), under Periodicals—United States— sexuality, and Nazi concentration & Mrs. Richard C. and Alina Sarmatian Review. camps, e.g., “The Metaphor of Prusinski; Ms. Teresa Tyszewicz; Mr. Archival Web Address: Dancing and the Human Body in the Kenneth W. Walpuck. http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/21840 April 2012 SARMATIAN REVIEW 1657 Sarmatian Review Data Polish demography in 2011 Population of Poland: 38,3 million (includes noncitizens and permanent residents). Percentage of people with postsecondary education: 17.5 percent (increase of 7.6 percent since 2002 census). Urban vs. rural population: 59.4 percent and 40.6 percent (increase of 2.4 percent in the rural population, mainly because of moves from cities to suburbs). Source: 2011 Central Statistics Office census, as reported by <wpolityce.pl>, accessed 26 December 2011. Ethnic unity in Poland the highest in the European Union Percentage of Polish citizens born abroad: 0.1 percent, or the lowest in the European Union. Increase in applications for work permits in Poland in the last two years: 100 percent, with Ukrainians the most frequent applicants. Source: Joanna Bronowicka, “Poland announces amnesty for illegal immigrants,” <Townhall.com>, 29 December 2011 (accessed 30 December 2011). Size of bureaucracy in Poland under Prime Minister Donald Tusk Number of people who worked in the government bureaucracy in 2011: over 450,000 persons, or one person per 80 citizens, working or nonworking, of any age. Source: Krzysztof Rybiƒski, “Dziennik,” <wpolityce.pl>, accessed 24 December 2011. Crude oil pollution in Russia: Comparisons and figures Estimated number of tons of crude oil leaked into soil or rivers of the Russian Federation every year: from 5 million tons (Greenpeace estimate) to 20 million tons (Russian Economic Development Ministry estimate). Confirmed number of tons of oil spilled into northern Russian rivers every year, heading for the Arctic: 500,000 tons (National Resources Ministry report). Russia’s ranking among world polluters: Russia is the world’s worst oil polluter. Comparison: a leak of 5 million tons per year is equivalent to one Deepwater Horizon-scale leak every two months. Source: Nataliya Vasilyeva, “Oil fields in Russia slowly ooze disaster” (Associated Press), reprinted in Houston Chronicle, 18 December 2012. Penetration of Bulgarian Churches by Soviet intelligence—new discoveries Number of members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Synod of Bishops who were agents of the secret services: 11 out of 15. Number of communist agents in the Higher Muslim Council: five out of 29 members. Number of Catholic bishops who were agents: one, out of an undisclosed total number. How this was discovered: one bishop and several younger Orthodox priests called for vetting of the clergy, and the governing Synod (and presumably other denominations as well) finally agreed to conduct it. Source: Polish Press Agency (PAP), as reported by <niezalezna.pl>, 18 January 2012, accessed on the same day. Military draft and ethnic conflict in the Russian Federation in 2011 Number of Russian Federation men drafted in 2011: 135,800. Of these, the number of draftees from Chechnya: none. Last time the Russians attempted
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  • Acta 116 Kor.Indd

    Acta 116 Kor.Indd

    Discourses on the Armenian Diaspora Acta Poloniae Historica 116, 2017 PL ISSN 0001–6829 Alexandr Osipian Taras Ševčenko National University of Kyiv BETWEEN MERCANTILISM, ORIENTAL LUXURY, AND THE OTTOMAN THREAT: DISCOURSES ON THE ARMENIAN DIASPORA IN THE EARLY MODERN KINGDOM OF POLAND*1 Abstract This paper analyses the attitudes toward the Armenian Diaspora in early modern Polish society through a close examination of the issues viewed as burning by the contemporaries. The paper is focused on three such burning topics – a) the ‘price revolution’ and, in connection therewith, mercantilism; b) the growing level of consumption (“redundant luxury” – zbytek nierozmyślny) and the fears of social disorder aroused by it; and c) the Ottoman threat (real and imagined). The paper argues that there were a variety of discourses on the Armenians because the dis- courses were infl uenced by the different answers to the challenging issues presented by the representatives of various social estates – noblemen (szlachta), clergymen (duchowieństwo) and burghers (mieszczaństwo). Therefore, the attitudes to the Mono- physite Armenians in Polish society were mostly shaped not as part of the Coun- ter-Reformation agenda (as was the case with respect to Protestants and the Greek- Orthodox), but rather within the framework of economic (mercantilism), social (consumption), and psychological/political (fears of the Ottoman threat) issues. Key words: mercantilism, luxury, the Ottoman threat, trading Diaspora, Armenians I THE OBJECTIVES The main aim of this paper is to analyse the attitudes toward the Armenian Diaspora in early modern Polish society. The paper deliberately avoids the present-day concepts of tolerance and intoler- ance, which are considered as irrelevant in this case.
  • About the Authors

    About the Authors

    1656 THE SARMATIAN REVIEW April 2012 Nazi Concentration Camps,” The Sarmatian Review (ISSN 1059- In this issue: Performative Body Spaces 5872) is a triannual publication of the Polish Sarmatian Review Data . 1657 Institute of Houston. The journal deals with (Amsterdam-New York: Rodopi, 2010). Krzysztof Koehler, The Heritage of Polish, Central, and Eastern European affairs, Krzysztof Koehler is Professor of and it explores their implications for the United Polish Republicanism . 1658 States. We specialize in the translation of Božena Karwowska, Inne wyzwania. Old Polish Literature at the Cardinal documents. Sarmatian Review is indexed in the Poezja Bogdana Czaykowskiego i Stefan Wyszyƒski University in American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies, EBSCO, and P.A.I.S. Andrzeja Buszy w perspektywie Warsaw and former Director of the International Database. Since September 1997, dwukulturowoÊci, by Janusz Pasterski Polish TV Channel Kultura. A noted files in PDF format are available at the Central (review) . 1665 poet and essayist, he is also Editor and Eastern European Online Library Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Scotland (www.ceeol.com). of the Old Polish Literature Series Subscription price is $21.00 per year for and Poland: Historical Encounters published by Ignatianum College in individuals, $28.00 for institutions and 1500–2010, edited by Tom M. Devine Kraków. libraries ($28.00 for individuals, $35.00 for and David Hesse (review). 1666 Teofil Lenartowicz was a Polish libraries overseas, air mail). The views expressed Anna Gàsienica-Byrcyn, Ruch by authors of articles do not necessarily represent poet and sculptor whose art those of the Editors or of the Polish Institute of ludowy przed, w czasie i po wojnie Houston.