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Stakeholder Involvement in Strategic Planning: a Strategy to Mitigate the Effects of Hiv and Aids on Secondary Education in Botswana

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Stakeholder Involvement in Strategic Planning: a Strategy to Mitigate the Effects of Hiv and Aids on Secondary Education in Botswana STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN STRATEGIC PLANNING: A STRATEGY TO MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS ON SECONDARY EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA by VICTOR YOBE MGOMEZULU submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in the subject EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROFESSOR A.G. KRUGER JOINT PROMOTER: MRS J. P. ORR NOVEMBER 2007 I declare that “Stakeholder involvement in strategic planning: a strategy to mitigate the effects of HIV and AIDS on secondary education in Botswana” is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. --------------------------------------- ------------------------ SIGNATURE DATE (V.Y. MGOMEZULU) ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Scolastica and children, Maliwase, Kandoko and Yewo. iii SUMMARY STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN STRATEGIC PLANNING: A STRATEGY TO MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS ON SECONDARY EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA This study explores the involvement of stakeholders in strategic planning to mitigate the effect of HIV and AIDS in secondary education in Botswana. The prevalence of HIV and AIDS-related illness and deaths is high in Botswana and affects both teachers and learners. Education provision has been affected through increased mortality and morbidity and increased absenteeism which affect education-related personnel and the demand for education has been reduced due to growing numbers of orphaned and vulnerable children as a consequence of parent/guardian mortality and morbidity related to HIV and AIDS. The problem was investigated by means of a literature review and an empirical inquiry which combined quantitative and qualitative data collection. Based on the findings, in addition to medical and other interventions, an education management approach is required to mitigate the effects of HIV and AIDS on secondary education in Botswana. The strategies of coping, caring and preventing have been effective in this regard. Some internal stakeholders of the Department of Secondary Education (DSE) are not meaningfully involved in strategic planning. Similarly, most of the selected external stakeholders were not involved in the DSE HIV and AIDS strategic plan. Both external and internal stakeholders should be involved at all stages of planning. Furthermore, inducement-contribution exchanges and teacher credibility should be considered in a strategic plan. To improve the current DSE strategic plan, a stakeholder involvement model to involve internal and external stakeholders was designed. Based on this model and the above findings, recommendations for practice and suggestions for future research are made. iv KEY TERMS HIV and AIDS, mitigating the effects of HIV and AIDS, coping with the effects of HIV and AIDS, caring for the infected/affected, preventing the spread of HIV, supply of education, demand for education, involvement, key stakeholders, external stakeholders, internal stakeholders, orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC), strategic planning. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my promoter, Professor A.G. Kruger and joint promoter, Mrs. J.P. Orr for their invaluable guidance and advice during my studies. I also wish to thank the following: Professor Salome Schulze for her useful guidance in methodology; My wife, Scolastica for her understanding when I could not be available to the family; My children, Maliwase, Kandoko and Yewo for giving me the space and time to study; and The selected school managers, teachers and external stakeholders who participated in the research. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ARV Antiretroviral AZT Azidothymidine DSE Department of Secondary Education HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HPC High Prevalence Countries KRA Key Result Area MoE Ministry of Education MoH Ministry of Health OVC Orphaned and Vulnerable Children PMTCT Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission PTA Parents-Teachers Association U N A I D S J o i n t U n i t e d N a t i o n s P r o g r a m m e o n A I D S vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE ORIENTATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY --------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2.1 Prevalence of HIV and AIDS amongst the youth and employees in the education Sect ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.2.2 Stakeholder involvement ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM --------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.4 THE SUBQUESTIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.5 AIMS OF THE RESEARCH ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.6 MOTIVATION FOR THE RESEARCH -------------------------------------------------- 11 1.7 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ------------------------------------------------- 12 1.7.1 Design ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 1.7.2 Methodology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 1.7.2.1 Literature study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.7.2.2 Empirical research ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.8 PILOT STUDY ON THE QUESTIONNAIRE ------------------------------------------- 17 1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS ------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.10 CHAPTER DIVISION ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 1.11 CONCLUSION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 viii CHAPTER TWO THE IMPACT OF HIV AND AIDS ON EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES CONCERNING ITS EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.2 BACKGROUND TO “HIV”/ “AIDS” AND ITS EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.2.1 The meanings of “HIV”/ “AIDS” and how HIV can be transmitted ------------------- 26 2.2.2 How HI-Virus works in the human body --------------------------------------------------- 27 2.2.3 Clinical manifestations of AIDS ------------------------------------------------------------ 27 2.3 THE IMPACT OF HIV AND AIDS ON THE SUPPLY OF EDUCATION --------- 28 2.3.1 Increased morbidity and mortality amongst the teachers and other education-related personnel ------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 2.3.2 Increased absenteeism amongst teachers and other education-related personnel ----- 31 2.3.3 Stress amongst teachers and other education-related personnel ------------------------- 33 2.3.3.1 Definition of the term “stress” --------------------------------------------------------------- 33 2.3.3.2 HIV and AIDS as a source of stress for teachers and other education-related personnel --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 2.3.3.3 Effects of stress -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 2.3.4 Work-place-related effects of HIV and AIDS --------------------------------------------- 37 2.3.5 Financial concerns ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.3.6 Undermined teacher training programmes ------------------------------------------------- 39 2.4 ADDRESSING THE EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS ON TEACHERS AND OTHER EDUCATION-RELATED PERSONNEL ------------------------------- 40 2.4.1 Coping with the effects of HIV and AIDS ------------------------------------------------- 41 2.4.1.1 Strategies for addressing the effects of morbidity and mortality ------------------------ 41 2.4.1.2 The management of sickness and absenteeism in education ----------------------------- 43 2.4.1.3 Response to HIV and AIDS-related stress ------------------------------------------------- 46 2.4.1.4 Mitigating the effects of HIV and AIDS in the work place ------------------------------ 48 2.4.1.5 Dealing with financial concerns related to the supply of education -------------------- 51 2.4.2 Caring for the infected and the affected education-related personnel ------------------ 52 ix 2.4.2.1 Social care -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 2.4.2.2 Medical care ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 2.4.3 Preventing the spread of HIV through teacher training ---------------------------------- 55 2.4.3.1 Obstacles to HIV and AIDS information dissemination in education ------------------ 55 2.4.3.2 Training teachers and other education-related personnel -------------------------------- 57 2.5 THE IMPACT OF HIV AND AIDS ON THE DEMAND FOR EDUCATION ----- 58 2.5.1 Decline in demand for education amongst the orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 2.5.1.1 Definition of the term “orphan” ------------------------------------------------------------- 59 2.5.1.2 Problems leading to poor academic performance and increased withdrawal from school by orphaned learners ----------------------------------------------------------- 60 2.5.1.3 Definition of the
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